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Strength of Materials II
DETERMINATE BEAMS

Equations of pure bending:

M: Bending Moment
: normal stress
E: Modulus of elasticity
R: Radius of Curvature
y: Distance from neutral surface
I: Moment of inertia
Equation of elastic curve:

M
E
=
= y
I
R
[N*m]
[N/m2]
[N/m2]
[m]
[m]
[m4]

d 2y
E I
2 = M
dx

Boundary Conditions:

(c) Cantilever beam

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INDETERMINATE BEAMS

Macaulays Method (Singularity functions)

1
< x -a >
n+1

< x -a > d x =

If positive then the brackets (< >) can

be replaced by parentheses. Otherwise
the brackets will be equal to ZERO.

< x -a > = 0
n

< x -a > = (x -a )

x>a

b
L

x>a

0<x<a

n+1

w
a

b
L

Stepwise processes in order to determine the reactions, the slope and the deflection.

Superposition Method
We solve the problem separately

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STRAIN ENERGY
Strain Energy of a member: is the increase in energy associated with the
deformation of the member.
S tr a in E n e r g y = U =

P dx

Strain Energy Density of a material: Strain Energy per unit Volume.

S tr a in E n e r g y D e n s ity = u =

1
dU
12
= d x =
2
dV
0

ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR NORMAL STRESS

1

Strain energy under Axial Loading

2

P L
U=
2A E

Strain Energy in Bending

U=

M 2 dx
2EI

ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR SHEARING STRESS

u=

XY
XY d XY
0

dU
u=
dV

X Y: s h e a rin g s tre s s
X Y: s h e a rin g s tra in c o rre s p o n d in g to XY
U =

XY
XY2 d V
0 2G

U =

T L
2G J

J : p o la r m o m e n t o f in e rtia
T : In te rn a l T o rq u e
G : m o d u lu s o f r ig id ity

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BUCKLING OF COLUMNS
Column: Long slender member subjected to an axial compressive force.
Buckling: Lateral deflection ( )
IDEAL COLUMN WITH PIN SUPPORT

COLUMNS HAVING VARIOUS TYPES OF SUPPORTS

C o e ff ic ie n t K : E ffe c tiv e le n g th f a c to r

K L /r : E f f e c t iv e - s le n d e r n e s s r a t i o

P cr=

EI
(K L )

K depends on the support:

c r=

E
( K L /r)

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P

P
P

L = a c tu a l
c o lu m n
le n g th

E ff e c tiv e
le n g th
(K L )
= 1 .0 * L

P in n e d e n d s

(K L )
= 0 .5 * L

(K L )
= 0 .7 * L
(K L )
= 2 *L

F ix e d e n d s

F ix e d /P in n e d e n d s

F ix e d a n d fre e e n d s

INELASTIC BUCKLING
In engineering practice columns are generally classified according to the type of
stresses developed within the column at the time of failure.

Long slender columns become unstable when the compressive stress remains
elastic. (Elastic Instability).
Intermediate columns fail due to inelastic instability.
Short columns, sometimes called posts, usually do not become unstable.

In practise most columns selected to have intermediate lengths. The behavior of

these columns can be studied by modifying the Euler equation so that it applies for
inelastic buckling.

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INELASTIC BENDING
Maximum Elastic Moment
Assume that the applied moment M=MY is sufficient to produce yielding strains in the
top and bottom fibers of the beam as shown in figure 9.1b. Since the strain
distribution is linear, we can determine the stress distribution by using the stress
strain diagram (figure 9.1c). When these stresses are plotted at the measured points
y=h/2, y=y1, y=y2 the stress distribution in figure 9.1d-e results.

Figure 9.1
We must check to see if equation (Eq.9.1) is satisfied. In other words we must check
to see if the resultant force is equal to ZERO.

dA=0
A

Eq.9.1

To do so we will first calculate the resultant force for each of the two portions of the
stress distribution shown in figure 9.1e. Geometrically this is equivalent to finding the
VOLUMES under the two triangular blocks.
We have:
Since T=C, equation Eq.9.1 is satisfied and the neutral axis passes through the
centroid of the cross sectional area.

The Maximum Elastic Moment can be calculated by multiplying the forces T,C by
their corresponding distances from the neutral axis.
Thus:

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The same result can of course be obtained in a more direct manner by using the
flexure formula, that is,
( Y = M Y c / I ).
I: Moment of inertia
c: The perpendicular distance
from the neutral to a point
farthest away where the force
acts.
The flexure formula then, gives:

, or

Maximum plastic Moment

If the internal moment M>MY, the material at the top and bottom of the beam will
begin to yield, causing a redistribution of stress over the cross section until the
required internal moment M is developed. Using the stresses shown in figure 9.2c the
stress distributions can result (figure 9.2d-e). Here the compression and tension
stress blocks each consist of component rectangular and triangular blocks.

Their volumes are:

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The Plastic Moment can be calculated by multiplying the forces T,C by their
corresponding distances from the neutral axis.

Beams used in steel buildings are sometimes designed to resist a plastic moment.
When this is the case, codes usually list a design property for a beam called the
shape factor. The shape factor (k) is design as the ratio of plastic moment (MP)
versus the yielding moment (MY):

k=

M
M

P
Y