BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Course No. : EEE 310

Group No.: 03

Experiment No.: 06
Name of the Experiment: Study of Digital Modulation and Demodulation.

Date of Performance: 24.08.2010

Date of Submission: 21.09.2010

Name: Imtiaz Ahmed

Student No.: 0606016
Level: 03
Term: 02
Section: A1
Department: EEE
Partners Student No.:
0606018
0606019
0606020
0606021
0606022
0606023

1|P a ge

Experiment No.: 06

Experiment Name: Study of Digital Modulation and Demodulation.

Objectives:
ASK and PSK signal generation and demodulation.

Theory:
Digital Modulation:
The process of modulating digital signal is digital modulation. Carrier can be both continuous
(analog) and discrete (digital).
Classification of Digital Modulation:
1. Digital Modulation of Continuous Wave
a. ASK (Amplitude Shifting Keying)
b. PSK (Phase Shifting Keying)
c. FSK (Frequency Shifting Keying)
2. Digital Modulation of Pulse Wave
a. PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
ASK (Amplitude Shifting Keying):
ASK is a modulation process in which the binary ones and binary zeroes of the digital
intelligence signal are represented by a high and low amplitude carrier, respectively. ASK uses
amplitude modulation techniques to shift the ASK signal between two predetermined amplitudes.
One particular amplitude level is used to represent the binary ones and another one is used to
represent the binary zeroes of the digital intelligence signal. The specific amplitudes that are
used depend on the transmitting and receiving devices. The frequency and the phase of the ASK
signal remain fixed. ASK signals can be demodulated using both asynchronous and synchronous
detector.
FSK (Frequency Shifting Keying):
It is a modulation process in which the binary ones and zeros of the digital intelligence
signal are represented by a high low frequency carrier.
PSK (Phase Shifting Keying):
PSK is a modulation process in which the binary ones and binary zeroes of the digital
intelligence signal are represented by a phase difference of the carrier. PSK uses phase
2|P a ge

modulation techniques to shift the phase of the PSK signal. A shift in phase occurs at transition
of every binary 1 to binary 0 and transition of binary 0 to binary 1 of the digital intelligence
signal. The amount of phase shift depends on the transmitting and receiving devices. The
frequency and the amplitude of the PSK signal remain fixed. PSK signals can be demodulated
using only synchronous detector since asynchronous detector cannot detect phase shifts in a
signal.
Process of Modulation of Digital Signal:
ASK is the modulation of carrier amplitude by a digital signal, while PSK is the modulation of
the carrier phase by a digital signal. A summing junction with DC offset voltage and a balanced
modulator are use to generate both ASK and PSK signals. The balanced modulator multiplies the
sum of digital signal and offset voltage by the carrier and output produces ASK or PSK signal.

Figure 01:
ASK Generation:
For ASK the DC offset voltage is adjusted to add a dc voltage to the digital signal so that a
binary 0 is above zero volt. When the digital signal is binary 1, the carrier is multiplied by the
maximum positive value of the digital signal. ON-OFF keying is one sort of ASK. Here the DC
offset voltage of the balanced modulator is adjusted in such way that it adds a dc voltage to the
digital signal that a binary 0 equal to zero volts. When the digital signal is 1, the carrier is
multiplied by the maximum positive value of the carrier signal. So, the product appears as the
large amplitude portion of the OOK signal. And when the digital signal is binary 0, the carrier
signal is multiplied by zero. In this case, the product appears as the minimum amplitude portion
or zero volts in the OOK signal.
PSK Generation:
For PSK no DC offset voltage is applied. But the digital intelligent signal is made polar (having
negative and positive polarities). When the digital signal is binary 1, the carrier is multiplied by a
positive voltage. The product is the PSK signal output by the modulator. When the digital signal
3|P a ge

is binary 0 the carrier is multiplied by a negative voltage. This process inverts the product,
making binary 0 representation of the PSK signal 180 degrees out of phase with the binary 1.
When the digital signal return to a binary 1, the carrier is again multiplied by a positive voltage
and this will invert the product again, shifting binary 1 representation of the PSK signal 180
degrees out of phase with binary 0.
Processes of Demodulation of ASK and PSK Signals:
Demodulation is the process of recovering the transmitted digital signal from a modulated signal.
Modulated signal can be detected by asynchronous detection and synchronous detection process.

Figure 01:

Asynchronous Detection:
ASK signal can be demodulated by Asynchronous detection, detector doesnt require the
receiver carrier to be synchronized with carrier frequency of the transmitted signal.
Demodulation of PSK cannot be done by this method as it cannot determine the shift of phase.
The detector consists of a Band pass filter, an envelope detector consist of full wave rectifier and
low pass filter, and a pulse shaping circuit. The BPF is tuned to the carrier frequency is used after
the modulator to attenuate excessive harmonics and shape the envelope of the signal. The full
wave rectifier of the envelope detection circuit, inverts the negative portion of the signal from
BPF and provide a full wave rectified wave at the output. The low pass filter of the envelope
detection circuit removes the high frequency components of the rectified signal and resembles
the envelope shape of the BPF output. The pulse shaping circuit is used to shape the signal
output from LPF. The sloping binary 1 to 0 and binary 0 to binary 1 transition are squared and
results the fully recovered digital intelligent signal.

4|P a ge

Synchronous Detection:
This type of detection process can detect both PSK and ASK. Synchronous detector circuit
consists of a product detector, carrier synchronizer, low pass filter and pulse shaping circuit to
recover the digital intelligent signal from ASK and PSK signal. The carrier synchronizer
produces a locally generated reference signal that matches the carrier signal in phase and
frequency. The reference signal and the ASK/PSK signals are input to the product detector.
Product detector multiplies both of the signals. Output of product detector is fed into the LPF.
LPF removes high frequency components and smoothes the signal. The pulse shaping circuit is
used to shape the signal output from LPF. The sloping binary 1 to 0 and binary 0 to binary 1
transition are squared and results the fully recovered digital intelligent signal.

Block Diagrams:

To Frequency
Counter

FSK MOD /
OSCILLATOR
FREQ ADJ

J18

J20

CH-2

ASK MOD / PSK MOD

J23
J19

OFF SET
ADJ

J24
XMT BAND-PASS
FILTER

BALANCE
ADJ

J22
LO

HI

J21

CH-1

J5

XMT CLOCK GEN /

INTERFACE

J1

FREQ ADJ

J2

J4

DATA
GENERATOR

J8
J9

To Scope Ext. Trigger

Figure 01: ASK/PSK modulation.

5|P a ge

To Frequency
Counter

J18

FSK MOD /
OSCILLATOR
FREQ ADJ

J20

ASK MOD / PSK MOD

J23
J19

OFF SET
ADJ

J24
XMT BAND-PASS
FILTER

BALANCE
ADJ

J22
LO

HI

J21

J31
XMT CLOCK GEN /
INTERFACE

BANDWIDTH
SELECT

J5
DATA
GENERATOR

FREQ ADJ

J1

J2

J4

POST DETECTION J32

FILTER

J8
J9
To Scope
Ext. Trigger

LO

HI

J39
J40

ASK DEMOD /
PSK DEMOD

J41

J42

VOLTAGE
COMPARATOR

J44

Figure 02: ASK/PSK demodulation.

6|P a ge

Wave Shapes:
ASK (Amplitude Shifting Keying):

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 03: Intelligence signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1] and carrier wave.

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 04: ASK (Amplitude Shifting Keying) modulated wave.

7|P a ge

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 05: OOK (On Off Keying) modulated wave.

20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5
-4

x 10

Figure 06: After bandpass filter ASK modulated signal ready to be transmitted.

8|P a ge

20

15

10

-5
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 07: After receiving the demodulated ASK wave.

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 08: After lowpass filter ASK demodulated signal.

9|P a ge

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 09: After comparator the finally revived ASK signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1].

PSK (Phase Shifting Keying):

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 10: Intelligence signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1] and carrier wave.

10 | P a g e

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 11: PSK (Phase Shifting Keying) modulated wave.

20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5
-4

x 10

Figure 12: After bandpass filter PSK modulated signal ready to be transmitted.

11 | P a g e

25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 13: After receiving the demodulated PSK wave.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 14: After lowpass filter PSK demodulated signal.

12 | P a g e

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-8

-6

-4

-2

8
-5

x 10

Figure 15: After comparator the finally revived PSK signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1].

Results:
Answers of the questions and data taken in different steps of the procedure are given below.
Step 03: The signal at J19 is the carrier wave for the transmission.
Step 04: The signal at J20 is the digital intelligence signal to be transmitted.
Step 05: The signal at J22 is the modulated signal to be transmitted.
Data taken at Step 05:
Number of carrier cycles = 2;

Amplitude
Phase Shift

Binary 0
4V p-p
0

Binary 1
4V p-p
0

Transition
0
180

The signal at J22 is the PSK modulated signal.

Step 06: The signal at J22 is the modulated signal to be transmitted.
Data taken at step 06:
Number of carrier cycles = 2;

13 | P a g e

Amplitude
Phase Shift

Binary 0
2V p-p
0

Binary 1
4.8V p-p
0

Transition
0
180

The signal at J22 is the ASK modulated signal.

Step 07: The XMT band pass filter leaves out the low frequency components and lets only
frequency components within 66KHz range of 192KHz pass through (i.e. 126
KHz~258KHz).This is for modeling the real techniques used in digital data transmission where
due to antenna size constraints high frequency transmission is essential.
Step 08: The kind of ASK modulation in which binary 0 is transmitted by zero amplitude signal
is called On Off Keying (OOK).
Step 10: The signal at J41 represents the demodulated signal. It has frequency components in the
low frequency range and centered about twice the carrier frequency.
Step 11: The post detection filter is a low pass filter which filters out the high frequency
components and the original message signal is reproduced.
Step 12: Because of the intrusion of noise the reproduced signal matches only the shape of the
original intelligence signal. It is essentially a distorted version of the message signal. But with
certain criteria checking it is possible to satisfactorily reproduce the original digital signal. The
receiver decides which of the bit value (0 or 1) the received signal is closest to and it is decided
by the comparator circuit.

Discussions:
Actually in this experiment, the output signals were not same as the input signals, although in
matlab simulation it is shown that they are same. Practically, the output signals were quite
distorted. Because, when the signals pass through a channel some noise add with the signals
which distort the output signal. Moreover, in practical case the filters do not have the same gain
for different frequencies in their pass band. For these reasons the output signals become
distorted.

The End

14 | P a g e