Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci., Vol(3), No (6), June, 2014. pp.

311-316

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences

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ISSN:
2306-7276

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Study Of The Relationship Between Organizational Health and

Establishment of School-Based Management in Secondary Schools of
The City of Chabahar City, Iran
Hossein Jenaabadi

Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.

Zahra Zare Javan

M. A. Student in Educational Management, Department of Education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.
*Corresponding author: hjenaabadi@ped.usb.ac.ir

Keywords
Organizational health
School-based management
School principals
Chabahar city

1.

Abstract
This study was conducted with the goal of investigating the relationship between organizational health
and establishment of school-based management of secondary schools of the city of Chabahar. In terms
of type, the present study is applied and in terms of method, it is descriptive of the correlation type. The
population of this study includes all the secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and by means of
the method of census the whole statistical population (100 individuals) was investigated. For collection
of the required data of the present study through two containing questionnaires, the organizational
health questionnaire of Hoy et. al.,. for secondary schools has been designed and translated into Persian
by Alagheband (1998). It measures seven dimensions of organizational health, that is, institutional unit,
influence of the principal, considerateness, constructing, provision and support of resources, spitit and
scientific emphasis and the questionnaire of school-based management include 42 questions. The
reliability of these questionnaires has been obtained by means of Cronbach's alpha test using SPSS
software to be respectively 0.85 and 0.89. In this study, the results showed that all statements of
organizational health are directly and significantly related to the establishment of school-based
management

Introduction

Education is as the basis and infrastructure of cultural, social, economic and political development of every society. Today, in most
countries education is considered as the growth industry and is allocated the highest state budget after defense affairs. As a considerable
bulk of education takes place in schools, as sensitive and important social systems schools have a certain position. Schools will be able to
carry out the important duty given to them in the best way possible in order to be healthy and dynamic organizations. Healthy and
supportive organizational climate leads to more trust o people and their high morale and naturally leads to the increase in teachers'
efficiency. Formal education is considered as the special means or mechanism of achieving goal or goals for the society generally or partly.
Successful achievement of goals through implementation of effective management requires accurate recognition and understanding of
complicated and various aspects of formal organizations[11]. Organizational health of schools is established on the multilateral cooperation
between teacher-principal and students. Many researchers believe that the teachers' perception of the environment and school atmosphere
with organizational health reflects an important source of information in their life, and this social interaction, both in the healthy school
environment and also in unhealthy school environment plays an important role in measuring the whole organization. The principals'
perceptions of the quality of their environment will affect their commitments toward job performance and educational quality of people. In
a definition of organizational health, Keith Davis considers an organization to be healthy which is creative and for this feature, that is
creativity, has distinguished features that include: accepts diversity, endears new thoughts and regards failure as part of success and
appreciates the effort of people. On the other hand, an organization that has a healthy climate is an organization which 1-is trustworthy in
information exchange. 2-has flexibility and creativity for making necessary changes based on the data obtained. 3-has unity and
commitment toward the goals of the organization. 4-there exists internal support and it is free from any fear and threat since threat damages
a good and healthy relationship, decreases flexibility and instead of interest in the whole system, stimulates self-protection [5].
Bacal states the secret of success and health of organizations to be in investigation of health resources. Resources of organizational health
include:
A) People's inclination for establishment of communications in work and activity (communications management).
B) Learning resources of systems thinking and establishment of a continuous learning system in organizations and in other words learning
organizations (Knowledge Management).
C) Inclination of organizations for improvement and evaluation of management systems simply and clearly (management of change).
Recognition of organizational health of schools can facilitate educational and administrative affairs of schools and also be an effective
predictor for school activities and lead to implementation of programs in a scientific and expert manner and prevention of unwise
actions[2].
On the other hand, education authorities over the recent years proposed a school-based policy so that principals can freely decide through
this for the school to turn into a developing, dynamic and effective environment for nourishing potential talents and for the administration
of school affairs to be based on increase of decision-making power and relative independence in participation methods according to the
differences resulting from geographic and environmental conditions; but was this slogan put into effect and it did it manage to fulfill the
defined goals that have been considered in the regulations? Therefore, the understanding and reflection of how the school-based procedure
can be effective, requires the specification of the conditions required for motivation and enablement of schools in order to make use of their

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (6), June, 2014.

decision-making power and also adjustment of the innovations in accordance with and developing the performance of school. According to
the cases mentioned above the research question is whether there is a relationship between organizational health of secondary schools of the
city of Chabahar and establishment of school-based management of principals.

2.

Materials and methods

2.1 Research Background

In a study entitled "investigation of the relationship between organizational health and morale of teachers of male state high schools of the
city of Tehran, Taheri (2002) came to the conclusion that there is a high correlation between organizational health and morale of teachers;
the highest effectiveness in the variable of morale has been related to the dimension of observance and the dimensions of constructing,
support of resources and institutional unity have been next in order of effectiveness. Also, the level of organizational health and morale of
teachers of Tehran high schools have been recognized to be inappropriate and it can be said that improper organizational health of schools
has been greatly effective in reduction of the morale of teachers. Furthermore, between organizational health and each of the ten mentioned
components an average relationship was recognized.
In his study, Shariatmadari(2009) has investigated the relationship organizational health and effectiveness of principals of schools in
Tehran city and has reached the following conclusions: there is a significant relationship between all dimensions of organizational health
(constructing, considerateness, support of resources, morale, scientific emphasis and institutional unity) and organizational effectiveness.
In a paper, Khishi(2008) has investigated the relationship between organizational health of principals of the educational three-level schools
of the city of Maragheh, and has come to the following conclusions.
1) There is no significant relationship between organizational health of the institutional dimension (institutional unity) and the performance
of principals.
2) There is a relationship between the dimension of the influence of the principal, observance, support of resources, constructing (official
level) and morale and scientific emphasis (technical level).
In a paper, Aghasi and Sharifi(2010) investigated the relationship between performance of principals and organizational health in IRNA,
and the following conclusions have been obtained. There is a relationship between components of performance of principals and
organizational health. The performance of principals in the area of communicational tasks and decision-making is higher than average but it
is average in the area of intelligence tasks.
In his study, Maleknia ( 2008) concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between participation and organizational
health.
Study of the effects of the external environment on the school organizational health is the thesis title of LEUNG, STAN-WHNG in the
University of Hong Kong, China. The measuring tools of the researcher included the questionnaire of assessment of external pressure on
the school environment prepared by LAM and the questionnaire of school organizational health list (OHD) prepared by Goy and Karter
Katkamp. It was concluded that healthy schools have a low pressure from outside but that unhealthy schools have a low pressure from the
external environment.
Hoy and Woolfolk have also investigated the relationship between effectiveness of teaching of teachers and the seven dimensions of
organizational health, and have realized that only two factors among the dimensions of organizational health, that is institutional unit and
morale of teachers, are related to the effectiveness of group teaching of professors and lead to the increasing of this effectiveness.
Miller has conducted a study entitled "the relationship between the teachers' perception of organizational health of school and level of
teachers' trust in the principal, colleagues and the organization. The research findings showed that there is a direct and significant
correlation between perception of teachers, organizational health and trust in the principal colleagues and school.
The relationship between organizational health of secondary schools, and trust and reliance and participation in decision-making of teachers
is the doctoral dissertation title of Barnes and the six dimensions of organizational health in this study were: teacher attachment,
educational leadership, support of resources, scientific emphasis, institutional unit and influence of the principal. The research results have
shown that there is a relationship between the principals' trust in teachers and organizational health. Also, there is an inverse relationship
between teachers' limitation in the decision-making related to class and school organization, and organizational health.
Korcmaz(2007) has investigated the effect of leadership styles on organizational health of schools in Turkey. In this paper, he has mostly
investigated the effect of transformational and transactional leadership styles along with teachers' satisfaction on the organizational health.
His main objective is to research the question of to what existent organizational health changes of schools are related to leadership styles
and job satisfaction of teachers.
In his study on organizational health, Miller Stanley John(1993) has investigated the relationship between the teachers' perception of
organizational health of secondary schools, and trust in the principal, colleagues and the school institution. The findings indicate that:
1) There was a direct correlation between organizational health and teachers' trust.
2)There was a positive correlation between level of trust of teachers in the principal, colleagues and organization, and their perception of
organizational health.
In his doctoral dissertation entitled "organizational health of secondary schools and trust and participation in decision-making", Barnes
Kevin Michel,1994 by the 6 organizational health dimensions of teacher attachment, educational leadership, support of resources, scientific
emphasis, institutional unit and influence of the principal states that there is a positive relationship between organizational health of
secondary schools and trust of board of board of education in the principal and trust of board of education in the colleagues. There is also
an inverse relationship between organizational health and absence of board of education in decision-making for class affairs and in
decisions of the principal. In his study, Bateman(2000) also showed that there is a relationship between organizational health dimensions
(scientific emphasis, constructing, influence of the principal) and some aspects of delegation of authority to the subordinates.
Based on the studies he has conducted, Likert, 1967 maintains that there is a direct and close relationship between efficiency and
effectiveness and morale. That is, with an increase in the morale of the staff their efficiency increases as well in proportion to that. Likert
concludes from the studies conducted that maintenance and development of human resources is considered as a greatly effective factor in
efficiency of the organization.

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Study of The Relationship between Organizational Health and Establishment of School-Based Management in Secondary Schools of the City of Chabahar City...
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (6), June, 2014.

2.2 Research method

In terms of type, the present study is applied since it is used with the goal of achieving the results of findings for solving the issues present
at schools and in terms of method, it is descriptive of the correlation type.
The population of this study includes all secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and using the census method the whole population
(100 individuals) was investigated.
For collection of the required data of the present study two questionnaires were used as explained below:
1-The organizational health questionnaire of Hoy et al. has been designed for secondary schools and translated into Persian by Alagheband
(1999). It measures the seven organizational health dimensions, that is to say, institutional unit, influence of the principal, considerateness,
constructing, provision and support of resources, morale and scientific emphasis. The principals state the level of their success with items in
the form of Likert's 5-point spectrum that include always, often, sometimes, rarely, never which are allocated the grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
respectively.
The self-made school-based management questionnaire that includes 42 questions and is stated by Likert's 5-point scale that includes
rarely, sometimes, much, very much that are allocated the grades 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively.
The reliability of these questionnaires using Cronbach's alpha test has been obtained by means of the SPSS software above which is ordered
as below:
Table 1. reliability of research questionnaires
Name of variable
Level of Cronbach's alpha
Organizational health
0/89
School-based management
0/85
The most important statistical method used in this study is the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results

The first hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between institutional unity and establishment of school-based management among
secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
Table 2.The relationship between institutional unit and establishment of school-based management
Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Institutional unity
.121*
.041
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 2 results show there is positive and significant relationship between institutional unit and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 99% confidence level (r=0/12, p<0/05).
The second hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between influence of the principal and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
Table 3. relationship between influence of the principal and establishment of school-based management
Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Influence of the principal
*
.112
.044
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 3 results show there is positive and significant relationship between influence of the principal and establishment of schoolbased management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 95% confidence level (r=0/11, p<0/05).
The third hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between observance (considerateness) and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
Table 4. relationship between observance (considerateness) and establishment of school-based management
Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Observance (considerateness)
**
.206
.000
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 4 results show there is positive and significant relationship between observance (considerateness) and establishment of schoolbased management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 99% confidence level (r=0/20, p<0/01).
The fourth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between constructing and establishment of school-based management among
secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (6), June, 2014.

Table 5. The relationship between constructing and establishment of school-based management

Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Constructing
.260**
.000
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 5 results show there is positive and significant relationship between constructing and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 99% confidence level (r=0/26, p<0/01).
The fifth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between support of resources and establishment of school-based management among
secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
Table 6. The relationship between support of resources and establishment of school-based management
Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Support of resources
**
.242
.000
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 6 results show there is positive and significant relationship between support of resources and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 95% confidence level (r=0/24, p<0/01).
The sixth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between morale and establishment of school-based management among secondary
principals of the city of Chabahar.
Table 7. The relationship between morale and establishment of school-based management
Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Morale
**
.289
.000
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 7 results show there is positive and significant relationship between morale and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 95% confidence level (r=0/28, p<0/01).
The seventh hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between scientific emphasis and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
Table 8.The relationship between scientific emphasis and establishment of school-based management
Pearson correlation
Variables
r
Sig
Scientific emphasis
**
.332
.000
Establishment of school-based management
As the table 8 results show there is positive and significant relationship between scientific emphasis and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar at the 95% confidence level (r=0/33, p<0/01).

4. Discussion
The first hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between institutional unity and establishment of school-based management among
secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between institutional unit and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Hoy & Wool Folk(1993),
Aghasi & Sharifi (2010), and Aghasi & Kermani( 2007).
Schools that have unity are immune from unreasonable demands and pressures and wills of parents and the place. When environmental
demands aren't in line with school programs local groups and protesting parents can't affect the school operations much. The school council
and its management act successfully in order to deal with external destructive forces. At this level, the organization is linked to the
environment since the school must be legitimate and supported in the community or place it works. Expressed opinions of people can lead
to a reduction in information inadequacies and transaction costs; timely exertion of pressure by governmental organizations and people's
support of them on the state forces them to provide public services with more proper quality.
The second hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between influence of the principal and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between influence of the principal and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Khishi( 2008) and Miller

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (6), June, 2014.

Stanley John(1993) In schools, the principals have an authority on the heads and cooperate well with the head of the educational
department and their decisions and suggestions re heeded by the heads and have dynamic and healthy schools. Lobouf (1994) states the
notable points for influence of the principal over the subordinates as follows: personally praise the good points of the behavior of your
head, voluntarily do routine and everyday tasks and try to find ways that solve crises.
The third hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between observance (considerateness) and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between observance (considerateness) and establishment of schoolbased management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Aghasi Kermani
(2007), Drive( 2004), and Korcmaz(2007).
When a school has a higher level of organizational health, school-based management will be implemented better there, the principal has a
supportive treatment with his/her staff, the school has an open atmosphere and the behavior of the head is indicative of a behavior filled
with respect and friendship toward the staff. This standard can also be stated with the title of adequacy of communication. Adequacy of
communication means that the communications are relatively devoid of deviation in the horizontal and vertical direction and also mutually
exist between the organization and its environment and are also working well. MirKamali( 1999) says regarding the importance of
communications in educational organizations: if educational principals have adequate skills in addition to knowledge, doubtless the
educational system will also have a high effectiveness and efficiency and reputation and this is the first priority of school-based
management.
The fourth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between constructing and establishment of school-based management among
secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between constructing and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Khishi(2008), Bateman(2000), and
Shariatmadari(2009). The behavior of the principals is task-oriented and success-oriented. They express their duties and attitudes clearly
and ask their colleagues to act according by regulations and make progress in their activities by programming. This standard is related to
the duty of the organization and at the official level, is aligned with the objectives of the organization which are completely clear and
acceptable for its members. Also, according to the available and accessible resources the objectives must be appropriate and obtainable and
almost aligned and compliant with the environmental demands and requests.
The fifth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between support of resources and establishment of school-based management among
secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
The table results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between support of resources and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Shariatmadari(2009) and
Dudek Shriber ( 1995) who explain in their study the relationship between organizational health and leadership and also with studies by
Murphy & Datnow(2003) who realized that the success of the proposed amendments of principals for improving the healthy organizational
atmosphere is subject to establishment of a participation-seeking relationship between them and teachers.
For teachers to be able to and want to act by their professional duties, they must be endowed with proper conditions for this and these
conditions include three main basic components:
A) Educational supplies including equipments, resources, space and other auxiliary facilities.
B) The official system that includes rules, regulations, relationships and communications and formations.
C) Human resources that are related to the needs, interests, reputation and prestige, authority and advance of employees' capabilities and in
other words, job satisfaction.
The sixth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between morale and establishment of school-based management among secondary
principals of the city of Chabahar.
The table results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between morale and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Bateman(2000), and Likert, (1967).
One of the most important psychological-social phenomena of the present age for evaluation of qualitative features and mental states of
humans is full attention to the morale of organizational staff. Morale isn't only related to organizational issues. The health of people's
personality is also effective in increasing the closeness to the level of complete organizational health and the results of the present study
also confirm the relationship between these two. The strong morale is created among people when people have an attachment to their work
and their satisfaction has been provided. Delegation of more authority leads to the provision of participation of lower level people in
decision-making and increase in the morale of people.
The seventh hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between scientific emphasis and establishment of school-based management
among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar.
The table results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between scientific emphasis and establishment of school-based
management among secondary principals of the city of Chabahar and these results are aligned with the studies by Shariatmadari(2009),
Khishi(2008) and Aghasi Kermani(2007) according to which the perception of Tehran Education Organization is scientifically at a high
level.
According to the close relationship it has with the category of education and learning and training, education is at a high scientific level and
is technically almost in tandem with scientific and cultural advances of the day:
A) Career and technical education.
B) Teaching the explanation of tasks.
C) Teachings of integration of the attitudes of legalism and production-orientedness.
D) Teaching anti-crises.
E) Moral teachings.
F) Teaching the conceptual thinking in managers and inductive thinking among the staff.

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (6), June, 2014.

G) Behavioral teaching in human relations.

5.

Conclusion

In this study, it is inferred from the results above that all items of organizational health have a direct and significant relationship with
establishment of school-based management. In educational management, the principal is the person who is able to employ scientific
principles and findings and technical skills artistically and by observance of moral standards in the work environment as required by the
circumstances and surmount problems and fulfill objectives. The prerequisite for such management in educational environment is that the
principal be informed of educational objectives and processes, provide a proper organizational climate for carrying out the tasks and
activities of the staff and eventually motivate his/her colleagues and subordinates for effective work and activity. The principal of a healthy
organization creates a dynamic leadership; a principal who is both task-oriented and relationship-oriented. The principal must competently
and effectively act both inside the system (school) and also in interaction of school with the environment. School must not be an alienated
environment devoid of liveliness and health for teachers and other colleagues. Such an organization supports the staff and additionally,
leads them and considers higher performance standards for improvement of the staff. In addition, the principal is autonomous in his/her
thinking. Researchers maintain that increase of organizational health isn't a one-dimensional and sudden measure the same way as schoolbased management which is a gradual and continuous process.

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