KITCHEN VENTILATION [DW172]

[The prime function of a kitchen canopy is to protect the area surrounding the cooking process from
soiled matter and flame to make tolerable and safe the immediate area for people to work in.

Purpose of Ventilation in both the kitchen and the adjoining areas is :

Considerable convective and radiant heat is given off by the cooking equipment.
The air becomes laden with odours, grease fumes and products of combustion.
During meal preparation and washing up, humidity is increased over a wide area.
Air replacement and consistency of temperature are required in adjoining areas.
Air is required to dilute and replace products of combustion from gas fired appliances.
Supply air is required to ensure complete combustion of the fuel and provide safe operation of the gas
equipment
The four main emissions that require removal are:
Smoke
Expanded air from the heat load surrounding the cooking device.
Precipitation of moistures existing in the food into a vaporous state, primarily consisting of steam,
grease and cooking odours.
Exhaust fumes from combustion appliances such as gas, charcoal or mesquite.
Design Considerations:
Internal noise level should be from NR4O - NR5O.
Average lighting levels of 500 lux at the work surface.
Dedicated make up air systems to be 85% maximum, of the extract flow rate.
Minimum air change rate of 40 per hour - not to be used as a basis of design of the canopy or ventilated
ceiling.
Fresh air ventilation rates must be sufficient to ensure that the CO exposure levels to which the kitchen
staff are subjected do not exceed the COSHH limits of 300 parts per million (ppm) for 10 minutes, or
the World Health Organization (WHO) guide-lines of 10 ppm as an average over 8 hours.

The ideal discharge temperatures for the various supply options are shown:
Inboard canopy supply air - outside ambient
Outboard canopy supply air minimum 10degC
Ventilated ceiling supply air minimum - 16degC
HVAC general make-up air minimum - 16degC

EXTRACT RATE CALCULATION

Method 1: Thermal Convection Method
1. Determine the mode type, plan size and power source for each item of cooking equipment located
under the canopy.
2. Calculate the plan area of the cooking equipment from Fig 3 and from Table 2; allocate a thermal
coefficient for each item of equipment.
3. Multiply the area by the coefficient to obtain a theoretical extract flow rate for each item.
4. Add the individual rates to arrive at a total extract flow rate for the canopy.
5. Select the appropriate canopy factor to suit the type and location of canopy.
6. Multiply the total by the canopy factor to arrive at the total extract flow rate.

Method 2 - Face Velocity Method:

(This is a provisional method when there is insufficient information available regarding the cooking
equipment) The volume of air to be extracted may be determined by selecting a velocity across the face
area of the canopy that is appropriate for the type of appliances expected to be used. The capture velocity
is multiplied by the canopy area to determine the volume of air to be extracted. The capture velocity
should be selected to ensure an even distribution of air across the canopy face, this velocity will vary
according to the cooking application and whether the canopy is either wall or island mounted.
Light loading - 0.25 mIs. Applies to steaming ovens, boiling pans, bains marie and stock-pot stoves.
Medium loading - 0.35 mIs. Applies to deep fat fryers, bratt pans, solid and open top ranges and
griddles.
Heavy Loading - 0.5 mIs. Applies to chargrills, mesquite and specialist broiler units

Method 3 - Appliance Power Input:

(This is a provisional method when there is insufficient information available regarding the cooking
equipment) When details of the cooking equipment to be used is limited to the amount of power required
rather than the physical size of the appliance, then the power input method may be used. Each type of
appliance is allocated a recommended flow rate in m3/s which is then multiplied by the power input in
kW to determine the flow rate required for each appliance. The total air required is then determined by
adding together the recommended extract rate for each item of equipment.
Method 4 -Air Changes:
(This is a provisional method when there is insufficient information available regarding the cooking
equipment) These can vary widely depending on the size of kitchen, type of cooking, number of people
present, and therefore not recommended as a method of calculating air volumes. Whilst 40 air changes per
hour should be regarded as a minimum for comfort in the absence of any other information, it is not
unusual for rates as high as 60 - 120 to be created when high- output equipment is densely located in a
relatively small space.
Method 5 - Linear Extract:
(This is a provisional method when there is insufficient information available regarding the cooking
equipment). Favoured in the United States, this method depends upon selecting a flow rate to suit a
particular type of canopy. The figures, which are listed in the Table 5, do not vary with the canopy width
and are given in m3/s per linear metre of active filter length.