Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I. General Principles
A. Involves formation of a precipitate
B. Must determine the volume of a
standardized titrant needed to just
precipitate all of the ion.
C. Need an indicator or electrode to
determine when the precipitation is
complete
II. For Method to Work
A. Must produce a very insoluble precipitate
B. Solvent
0.000 M
0.001 M
0.005 M
0.010 M
1.00 x 10-5 M
1.04 x 10-5 M
1.08 x 10-5 M
1.12 x 10-5 M
1.00 x 10-5 M
1.21 x 10-5 M
1.48 x 10-5 M
1.70 x 10-5 M
2. Example
CaC2O4 Ca +2 + C2O4-2
Ksp = [Ca+2] [ C2O4-2]
&2
C2O4-2 + H+ HC2O4-
Ka2 '
HC2O4- + H+ H2C2O4
CaC2O4 9
H+
&
[HC2O4 ]
&
Ka1 '
Ca+2
[H %][C2O4 ]
[H %][HC2O4 ]
[H2C2O4]
H+
C O HC O H C O
-2
F. Effect of Hydrolysis
1. Insoluble Salt MA 9
MA M+ + A2. Suppose A- is a salt of a very weak
Acid
A- + H2O HA + OH 3. Effect:
G. Effect of Complexation
1. Insoluble Salt e.g. AgCl
AgCl Ag+ + Cl 2. Suppose Ag+ forms a complex
Ag+ + 2 NH3 Ag (NH3)2+
3. Effect-
IV.
1.
O
H
N
2.
Al+3
:N
2. B (C6H5)4- Tetraphenylboron
(-)
H
N:
:N
+ H2SO4
9
H
:N
N-H
+
H
SO4-2
VI.
Titration Curve
A. For Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
B. Titrate Cl- unknown with
standardized Ag+
C. Monitor [Cl-]. Calculate pCl
pCl= -log [Cl-]
D. Plot pCl versus ml Ag+ added
Until EP [Cl-] relatively high
After EP [Cl-] relatively low
See large change in [Cl-] (pCl) at EP
PCl
ml Ag+
VII.
3. At Equivalence Point
Calc. solubility of AgCl in distilled
water
Solubility = [Cl-]
ie 0 ml AgNO3
[Cl-] = 0.100 M
2. After 10 ml AgNO3
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
[Cl-]i = 0.100
m moles Cl & '
.100 mmoles
(50 ml)
ml
= 5.0 mmoles
mmoles Ag+ added = .100 mmoles/ml (10.0 ml)
= 1.0 mmoles
mmoles Cl- left = 5.0 mmoles -1.0 mmoles =
= 4.0 mmoles
Total Vol = 50 ml + 10 ml = 60 ml
[Cl-] = 4 mmoles ' 0.067 M
60 ml
pCl = 1.17
_____________________________
mmoles Cl- left =
0.01 mmoles
Total Vol= 50 ml + 49.9 ml
[Cl-] = .01 mmoles ' 1.00x 10&4 M
99.9 ml
pCl = 4.00
mmoles
ml
50ml'5.0 mmoles
mmoles
60 ml ' 6.0 mmoles
ml
___________________
Excess Ag+ =1.0 mmoles
1 x 10&10
[Ag %]
'
1.0 x 10&10
9.1 x 10&3
PCl
*
*
*
ml Ag+