Sie sind auf Seite 1von 5

BIOTECH REVIEWER

2nd quarter
I.CELL CYCLE is required for cell growth and cell division into two new daughter cells.
~ Cell Cycle
1st G1 or Gap 1 = is required for cell growth and preparation of DNA synthesis.
2nd S1 or Sythesis = replicates the DNA (genome)
3rd G2 or Gap 2 = is needed for cell growth and preparation for mitosis.
4th M or Mitosis (Karyokinesis) = where cells separate duplicated chromosomes
5th C or Cytokinesis = cells divide
~Dividing stage
Karyokinesis nuclear division
M Phase which can be by
Mitosis or Meiosis
Cytokinesis cytoplasmic division involving the formation of Cleavage furrow and Cell plate
II. MITOSIS is the process whereby cells divide to form new cells (daughter cells) which are identical
to the original cell (parent cell).
~ The process includes 5 stages
1) Prophase
2) Prometaphase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase
~Eukaryotic Chromosomes
All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in chromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50 chromosomes in their body cells
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 identical pairs
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Each chromosome is composed of a single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
Chromosomes cant be seen when cells arent dividing and are called chromatin
DNA is tightly coiled around proteins called histones
Duplicated chromosomes are called chromatids & are held together by the centromere

~Karyotype
First 22 pairs are called autosomes
Last pair are the sex chromosomes
XX female or XY male
~ Types of Cell Reproduction
1.) Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells
2.) Mitosis & binary fission are examples of asexual reproduction
3.) Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a new cell (zygote) that is
NOT identical to the original cells. Meiosis is an example

~Four Mitotic Stages


1.) Prophase - Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
*Prometaphase - Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing & are clearly visible
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores at the centromere of each chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the poles of the cell
2.) Metaphase - Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore fibers, move to the center of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator
3.) Anaphase - Occurs rapidly
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fibers
4.) Telophase - Single-stranded chromosomes reach opposite poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of single-stranded chromosomes
Nucleolus reappears
Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
~Comparison of Anaphase and Telophase

~Uncontrolled Mitosis
If mitosis is not controlled, unlimited cell division occurs causing cancerous tumors
Oncogenes are special proteins that increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a
tumor cell

III. MEIOSIS - Combines genetic material from 2 parents (sperm & egg) so offspring are genetically
different from parents
~ Human Chromosomes
Humans have 46 (23 pairs) chromosomes
44 chromosomes (22pairs): autosomal
2 chromosomes (1 pair): sex chromosomes (XX, XY)
All human cells have 46 chromosomes except for the egg & sperm
Egg = 23
Sperm = 23
All other cells = 46 (2 sets of chromosomes)
(liver, cardiac, blood cells)
Diploid (2N) = 2 sets of chromosomes (46)
Haploid (1N) = 1 set of chromosomes (23)
N = haploid #

~If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells . . . baby would have too
many chromosomes! If egg and sperm had half the number of chromosomes than other body cells .
. . baby would have just the right amount!
~ Meiosis is a special kind of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in gametes. This
insures that the correct number of chromosomes are passed on.
Makes 4 cells genetically different from parent cell & from each other
Production of gametes = sperm & egg
Contain half the number of chromosomes = haploid (1N)
Called the reduction division =
o Diploid
Haploid
o 2N
1N
Used in sexual reproduction
~Where does it happen?
In males- in the testes
In females- in the ovaries
~Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes - maternal & paternal - similar in shape & size.
Homologous pairs tetrads - carry genes controlling the same inherited traits.
Each locus - position of a gene - is in the same position on tetrads.

~Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis: production of sperm
Oogenesis: production of egg
~Phases of Meiosis
*Meiosis I
Interphase I -Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes.
Prophase I - Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to
form a tetrad.
o There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad.
o Crossing-over: Homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids in a
process
o Crossing-over produces new combinations of alleles.
Metaphase I - Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
o Tetrads line up in the middle: metaphase plate.
Anaphase I - Spindle fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the
cell.
o Tetrads split into single chromosomes.
Telophase I / Cytokinesis - Nuclear membranes form.
o Cell separates into two cells.
o The two cells produced have chromosomes and alleles that are different from each
other and from the diploid cell that entered meiosis I.
*Meiosis II - The two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a second meiotic division.
Unlike meiosis I, neither cell goes through chromosome replication.
Each of the cells chromosomes has 2 chromatids
Prophase II - Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number
of chromosomes as the original cell.
Metaphase II - The chromosomes line up in the center of cell.
Anaphase II - The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis - Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
~ Gamete Formation
In male animals, meiosis results in four equal-sized gametes called sperm.
In many female animals, only one egg results from meiosis. The other three cells,
called polar bodies, are usually not involved in reproduction.
Interphase I - DNA replicates forming duplicate homologous chromosomes. (S phase).
Centriole pairs also replicate.
Nucleus & nucleolus visible.
Meiosis I - Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half.
4 Phases:
A.
Prophase I - Longest and most complex phase (90%).
Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad = Synapsis
Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister
chromatids).
B.
Metaphase I - Shortest phase
Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
Leads to variation
C.
Anaphase I - Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.
D.
Telophase I & Cytokinesis - Each pole now has haploid (1n) set of
chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.
Meiosis II - No interphase II
Similar to mitosis
4 Phases:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Prophase II - Centrioles separate


Nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase II - Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate
Spindle fibers attach at centromere
Anaphase II - sister chromatids separate & move toward opposite ends of the
cell
Telophase II & Cytokinesis - Nuclei form
Cytokinesis occurs.
Four haploid daughter cells produced.
gametes = sperm or egg

II. CANCER ppt. tnamad nko hahaha sorry labyu ol.,

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen