Analisis-analisis dalam GIS

Historically, overlay was one of the first ways

in which people combined map information to
produce a new map.

all layers must be

drawn to the same
scale in the same
projection to ensure
they overlay properly
often required redrafting of maps:
time consuming
and error prone
automated overlay
became one of the first
objectives for GIS

Operasi tindanan

most applications of geographic information

must integrate information from different
sources - overlay plays a key role
procedure:

1. Georeferencing
2. Geometric Intersection Processing

raster implementations
vector implementations

3. Attribute Combination

1. Georeferencing
o knowledge of the absolute location of each
feature is a universal requirement

2. Geometric Intersection Processing

2 basic types of overlay operations: (a)

arithmetic and (b) logical:
(a) Arithmetic Overlay

arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division, etc.) between data values
in corresponding locations in multiple data layers

Vector Overlay

each polygon can differ in size and shape so their

boundaries will not usually coincide between data layers
attributes are stored in separate attribute tables
if polygons A and D do not overlap or if one is totally
contained within the other, then little additional effort is
needed
if polygons A and D do overlap, the area of overlap must be
defined as a separate new polygon and assigned a new
attribute value
clipping - the process of subdividing polygons during
overlay

1. find all intersections between the boundary

lines of the polygons
2. these intersections become new nodes in
the result image
3. topology must be built and all new/existing
polygon tables must be updated with a new
polygon definition

4. a new attribute table is created

efficient overlay processing requires careful
use of topology (e.g. left & right polygon id's)
to limit calculations
although there will be fewer arithmetic
operations than in the raster case, clipping
makes vector overlay operations
considerably more complex

slivers - small polygons created during overlay from

slight differences in the representation of boundaries
that should have been the same.

mis-registration of sources
temporal differences
inaccuracy of one database relative to another
fuzzy tolerance - a distance within which intersections and
points are treated as being coincident.

(b) Logical (Boolean) Overlay

overlay binary images

Logical AND

overlay with multiply

Output = 1 only where
Image1 AND Image2 =1

Logical OR

overlay with
add; reclass 2
to 1
Output = 1
where Image1
OR Image2 = 1

Logical XOR

overlay with
add; reclass
2 to 0
Output = 1
where
Image1 OR
Image2 = 1,
but not both

Logical NOT

overlay to select undesired class; reclass

to reverse coding: reclass 0 to 1, reclass 1
to 0

Output =1 where Image1 =0

3. Attribute Combination

once all the spatial information is into a common

grid, raster overlay analysis requires only some
relatively simple attribute manipulations
vector overlay analysis may be more complicated,
especially if more than one polygon on Image1
overlays on a single polygon on Image2: whose
attribute should Image2 receive?

many modern GISs use a hybrid approach to take

advantage of the capabilities of both data models

Aplikasi tindanan

Many Layer Update

Multivariate Classification
Cut & Fill
Accuracy Assessment
Change Detection

identify areas of change between coincident data

sets acquired several years apart
coverages must use identical categories