Micro CHP

The School of Electrical Engineer Systems
Dublin Institute of Technology

In Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree
Bachelor of Science in
Electrical Services and Energy Management
Title: Micro-CHP in district Heating System

and its Potential for future use in Ireland
By: Mr Brian Redmond

Project Supervisor: Mr Thomas Shannon
Date: 10th of January 2011
i. Declaration:
I hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this thesis, is entirely my own
work and has not been submitted for any academic assessment other than as part
fulfilment of the assessment procedures for the programme Electrical Services
Engineering and Energy Management (BSc) (DT 018/2).
Signature of student:
Date:
10th of January 2011
ii. Foreword and Acknowledgment:

It is the objective of this thesis to provide an insight into the potential for Micro
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) development and use in Ireland through the analysis
of a recently installed and operational system for an apartment scheme delivering district
heating to it residents while providing electricity for its landlord services.
It is the purpose of this thesis to inform the reader of the current technological advances
of Micro CHP systems through a review of recently published academic literature
produced on this topic in Ireland and other European countries and to provide a synopsis
of the benefits of such a system and the various barriers that may exist in Ireland for those
considering the implementation of such a system.
The author gratefully acknowledges the support of Mr Michel Galvin BSc (Eng) MSc
(Tech) CEng MIEI, Director of Envirobuild & Associates Ltd for access to the premises
and information on the design, operation and costs for the initial setup of the system, Mr
Barry Gavin of The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) for making available
the technical data on the energy consumption and output for the Micro CHP system from
the onsite Building Management Systems data loggers and also Mr Brendan Gallagher
BSc (Eng) Mechanical and Electrical Consultant Engineer for providing a valuable
insight into the technical operation of Micro-CHP system and their connection to the
local low-voltage network of the Public Electricity Supplier (PES).
In addition to this the author would also like to thank Mr Thomas Shannon, Lecturer in
Electrical Services Engineering, DIT Kevin Street for his continued support, advice and
assistance throughout the composition of this thesis and finally the author would like to
acknowledge the Dublin institute of Technology for the use of their facilities throughout
this final year and the Library staff and its contents which proved invaluable for this
research.
Content:
Page:
i. Declaration: ................................................................................................................ 2
ii. Foreword and Acknowledgment: ............................................................................. 3
iii. Tables: ...................................................................................................................... 7
iv. Equations: ................................................................................................................. 8
v. Figures: ...................................................................................................................... 9
vi. Glossary of Terms: ................................................................................................. 10
1.0 Chapter One: Introduction: .................................................................................. 11
2.0 Chapter Two: Literature Review:......................................................................... 13
2.1 CHP systems and their Benefits: ................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Micro-CHP systems: .................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Types of Micro-CHP Engines and Fuels: ............................................................................... 17
2.2.2 Analysis of Micro-CHP Engine Types: .................................................................................. 19
2.3 CHP system in Ireland: ................................................................................................................ 21
2.3.1 Classification & Definition of CHP plant Sizes: ..................................................................... 22
2.4 Barriers to implementing CHP systems in Ireland: ........................................................................ 23
2.4.1 Financial Barriers: ............................................................................................................... 24
2.4.2 Technical Barriers: ............................................................................................................... 25
2.4.3 Awareness and Information Barriers: .................................................................................... 25
2.5 Analysis of Micro-CHP systems in other countries: ....................................................................... 27
2.5.1 Effect on Carbon Emissions: ................................................................................................. 29
2.6 Current Legislation for connection to the Low-Voltage Network: .................................................. 30
2.6.1 Irish Requirements for Network Connection: ......................................................................... 33
2.6.2 Irish Export Tariff for Network Connection: .......................................................................... 39
2.7 Methods of Micro-CHP Evaluation:.............................................................................................. 41
2.7.1 Quantitative Data Analysis: .................................................................................................. 41
2.7.2 Qualitative Analysis: ............................................................................................................. 42
3.0 Chapter Three: Methodology: .............................................................................. 43

3.1 System Information: ..................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.1 Requirements for Building Construction: ............................................................................... 44
3.1.2 Involvement of Sustainable Energy Ireland:........................................................................... 45
3.2 Detailed Project Description: ....................................................................................................... 47
3.2.1 Bases of System Operation: ................................................................................................... 49
3.2.2 System Buffer Tank: .............................................................................................................. 51
3.2.3 Micro-CHP Condensers: ....................................................................................................... 52

3.2.4 Apartment Heat Station Operation: ....................................................................................... 52
4.0 Chapter Four: Data Collection: ............................................................................ 56

4.1 Apartment Heat Station Characteristics: ....................................................................................... 56
4.1.1 Heat meter Operation: .......................................................................................................... 56
4.1.2 Items measured by the Heat Meter: ....................................................................................... 59
4.2 Mechanical Plant Cylon BMS system: ........................................................................................... 60
4.2.1 Operation of Cylon Controllers: ............................................................................................ 61
4.2.2 Items Measured by the Cylon BMS system: ............................................................................ 63
4.2.3 Metering of Main Gas Supply:............................................................................................... 65
5.0 Chapter Five: Data Analysis and Discussion of Results:...................................... 66

5.1 Analysis of Gas Energy Costs: ...................................................................................................... 67
5.1.1 Micro-CHP Fuel Input Costs: ............................................................................................... 69
5.2 Analysis of Electrical Energy Costs: ............................................................................................. 70
5.2.1 Avoided Electricity Costs: ..................................................................................................... 75
5.3 Establishing a Cost per Unit of Energy: ........................................................................................ 78
5.3.1 Cost of Energy for Billing Period 1: ...................................................................................... 80
5.3.4 Average Cost per unit of Energy District Heating: .............................................................. 83
5.4 Typical cost for single Apartment (A) District heating system: .................................................... 84
5.5 Typical cost for similar single apartment (B) Standalone Boiler: ................................................ 87
5.6 Evaluation of Heat Energy Costs for Both Apartments: ................................................................. 89
6.0 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Summary: .............................................................. 93

6.1 Potential for Future Use: .............................................................................................................. 95
7.0 Bibliography: ......................................................................................................... 96

8.0 Appendices: .......................................................................................................... 100
8.1 ESB Micro-Generation Notification Form: ................................................................................. 100
8.2 ESB Micro-Generation Application Form: .................................................................................. 101
8.3 Product Technical Data For Dachs Micro-CHP units: ................................................................ 102
8.4 Bord Gais Natural Gas Business Tariffs: .................................................................................... 103
8.5 SEAI Comparison of Energy Costs: ............................................................................................ 104
8.6 Example of Cylon Data on CHP1 Performance:.......................................................................... 105
8.6.1 Cylon Data on CHP2 Performance (Feb 09): ...................................................................... 106
8.6.2 Cylon Data on Buffer Tank and Mechanical Performance (Feb 09): .................................... 107
8.6.3 Energy Efficiency Data for CHP1 & CHP 2 (Feb 09): ......................................................... 108
8.7 Energy Usage Calculator (Jan 09 to April 09): ........................................................................... 109
8.7.1 Apartment Energy Costs (Jan 09 to April 09): ..................................................................... 110
8.7.2 Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Jan 09 to April 09): ........................................................ 111
8.8 Energy Usage Calculator (May 09 to Aug 09):............................................................................ 112
8.8.1 Apartment Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09): ...................................................................... 113
8.8.2 Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09):......................................................... 114
8.9 Energy Usage Calculator (Sep 09 to Jan 10): ............................................................................. 115
8.9.1 Apartment Energy Costs (Sept 09 to Jan 10): ....................................................................... 116
8.9.2 Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Sept 09 to Jan 10): ......................................................... 117
8.10 Sample Gas Bill for Standard Boiler ( May 09 July 09): .......................................................... 118
9.0 Student Supervisor Log Record Sheets: .......................................................... 119
iii. Tables:
Table 1 - Key Market Application and relevant size of CHP plant.(European Parliament,
2004) ............................................................................................................................. 23
Table 2 - LV Network Rating for Ireland.(ESB Networks, 2010) ................................... 32
Table 3 - Micro Generation Interface Settings (Ireland Specific) (European Committee
for Electrotechnical Standardisation, 2007).................................................................... 37
Table 4 - ESBN Guide for Micro-Generation Connections. (ESB Networks , 2010) ...... 38
Table 5 - Dachs Micro-CHP Technical Data: ................................................................. 49
Table 6 - Structure of Cylon control .............................................................................. 63
Table 7 - Cylon Monitored Items of Plant ...................................................................... 64
Table 8 - Accumulated Gas Energy Bill for 1 Year District Heating system. ............... 67
Table 9 - Summary of total Gas Energy Bill: ................................................................. 68
Table 10 - Electrical Energy Costs (Jan 09 to Apt 09): ................................................... 70
Table 11 - Electrical Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09): ................................................ 71
Table 12 - Electrical Energy Costs (Aug 09 to Dec 09): ................................................. 72
Table 13 - Summary of Total Electricity Bill: ................................................................ 74
Table 14 - Electricity cost for Mechanical System: ........................................................ 75
Table 15 - Combined Energy costs: ............................................................................... 79
Table 16 - Cost of Energy (Jan 09 - April 09) ................................................................ 80
Table 17 - Total cost of Energy (May 09 to Aug 09) ...................................................... 81
Table 18 - Total Energy Cost (Sept 09 to Jan 10) ........................................................... 82
Table 19 - Combined cost of Energy bill (2009): ........................................................... 83
Table 20 - Apt 201 - Cost of Heat Energy (Jan 09 - April 09) ........................................ 84
Table 21 - Apt 201 - Cost of Heat Energy (May-09 to Oct 09) ....................................... 85
Table 22 - Apt 201 - Cost of Energy (Oct 09 - Jan 10) ................................................... 85
Table 23 - Total Energy Bill for Apt (A) 201 (2009):..................................................... 86
Table 24 - Accumulated Gas Energy Bill for 1 Year Standard Heating system. ........... 87
Table 25 - Total Energy Cost (Apt B) - Standard System (Jan 09 to Jan 10)................... 88
Table 26 - Comparison of annual heat costs Apt A and B: ............................................. 89
Table 27 Performance of CHP1 (Feb 09): ................................................................. 105

Table 28 - Performance of CHP2 (FEB 09): ................................................................ 106
Table 29 - Performance of Buffer Tank and Mech System (Feb 09): ............................ 107
Table 30 - Energy Efficiency Ratio CHP1 & 2 (Feb 09): ............................................. 108
Table 31 - Energy usage Calculator (Jan 09 to April 09) .............................................. 109
Table 32 - Energy Cost per Apartment (Jan 09 to April 09) ......................................... 110
Table 33 - Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Jan 09 to April 09): ............................... 111
Table 34 - Energy Usage Calculator (May 09 to Aug 09) ............................................. 112
Table 35 - Energy Cost per Apartment (May 09 to Aug 09) ......................................... 113
Table 36 - Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09): ............................... 114
Table 37 - Energy Usage Calculator (Sept 09 to Jan 10) .............................................. 115
Table 38- Energy Cost per Apartment (Sept 09 to Jan 10) ............................................ 116
Table 39 - Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Sept 09 to Jan 10): ................................ 117
iv. Equations:
Equation 1 - Operational hours of -CHP: ..................................................................... 76
Equation 2 - Total Avoided Electricity Cost: ................................................................. 76
Equation 3 - Possible Electricity Bill: ............................................................................ 77
v. Figures:
Figure 1 - Charlotte Quay Apartments, South Dock, Dublin 4. ...................................... 47
Figure 2 - Two Dach Micro CHP Units ......................................................................... 48
Figure 3 - Actual Micro-CHP System Line Diagram (Envirobuild & Associates Ltd) .... 50
Figure 4 - Insulated Buffer Tank .................................................................................... 51
Figure 5 - Danfoss Heat Station & Meter ....................................................................... 53
Figure 6 - Danfoss Akva Vita TDP-F Schematic Diagram. ............................................ 54
Figure 7 - Danfoss Sonometer 1000 ............................................................................... 57
Figure 8 - Information Gathered in EEPROM Memory.................................................. 58
Figure 9 - Main Cylon Mechanical Control Panel .......................................................... 60
Figure 10 - Two 4 kW Duty/Standby Pumps.................................................................. 60
Figure 11 - Cylon Unitron UC32 controllers .................................................................. 61
Figure 12 - Typical Cylon System Architecture ............................................................. 62
Figure 13 - Cylon GMS Modem .................................................................................... 62
Figure 14 - Natural Gas Meter supply Central Plant. ...................................................... 65
Figure 15 - ESB Networks Notification Form NC6. (ESB Customer Supply, 2009) ..... 100
Figure 16 - ESB Micro-Generation Application Form.................................................. 101
Figure 17 - Dachs Micro-CHP Technical Data. ............................................................ 102
Figure 18 - Bord Gais Natural Gas Tariffs 2010: ......................................................... 103
Figure 19 - SEAI Chart of Energy Costs 2010: ............................................................ 104
Figure 20 - Sample Gas Bill for Standard Boiler. ......................................................... 118
vi. Glossary of Terms:

CEN - European Committee for Standardisation.
CENELEC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation.
CER Commission for Energy Regulation.
CHP - Combined Heat and Power also known as Cogeneration.
Cogeneration The use of a Heat Engine to simultaneously produce useful heat and
electricity.
DCENR Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources.
Dynamic Simulation - the use of a computer program to model the time varying
behaviour of a system.
District heating - A system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for
residential, Industrial and commercial heating requirements.
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
ESBN Electricity Supply Board Network
ESBCS Electricity Supply Board Customer Supply
HRV Heat Recovery Ventilation
ICHPA Irish Combined Heat and Power Association
LoM - Loss of Mains
MHCP Micro Combined Heat and Power
MIC Maximum Import Capacity of Electricity
PES Public Electricity Supplier
PLEXOS Industry standard modelling software for the evaluation of energy costs.
Qualitative Analysis Is the process of interpreting data collected during the course of
qualitative research.
Quantitative Analysis Is the process of presenting and interpreting numerical data.
R&D Research and Development
SEAI - Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland formerly known as Sustainable Energy
Ireland or SEI
VSD Variable Speed Drive generally used in conjunction with electric driven motors.
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1.0 Chapter One: Introduction:

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the operational benefits of a recently installed and
functioning Micro-CHP system for the provision of district heating in an apartment
scheme in Dublin, Ireland. The author will then evaluate how it compares to a standalone
gas boiler system in a similar apartment of equal size. The justification of this evaluation
is to assess the potential for future schemes of this nature and its possible benefits to the
occupiers of the premises and the environment as a whole.
It is anticipated that by culminating the quantitative data results recently gathering in

these premises for energy consumption, a detailed analysis can then be made of the
financial and environmental savings which could be achieved in similar projects. The
bases for the benchmarking of these saving will be by analytical comparison of these
results to those of an existing apartment scheme also in Dublin with a self-contained gas
boiler heating system.
As this Micro-CHP district heating system is one of only eleven currently installed in
Ireland and as such very little is known about their performance to-date, it is envisaged
that the potential research outcomes for this report will be to give a detailed and unbiased
synopses of how well this type of system is performing in Ireland.
In order for this author to establish an opinion on the performance of this Micro-CHP
District Heating System it was important to become conversant on the technology itself.
As such a literature review has been conducted to inform the author as to the background
of the technology and to establish the classification of a Micro-CHP system as opposed to
a CHP system. From this a review of the latest engine types and sizes currently used
across Europe has been undertaken and several new technologies still under test have
been examined. The most suitable fuel types for such engines have been recognised.
As part of this process the author also investigated the various barriers that exist in
Ireland to the implementation of Micro-Generations systems and the Tariff structures
11
available for those considering this form of generation. This subsequently then led to an
examination of the current legislation for the connection of such systems to the LowVoltage network. Following from this a synopsis on the effects to carbon emissions has
been conducted and the various benefits of Micro-generation have been highlighted. The
potential of other such schemes of this type has been examined through comparison with
a standard system and a final conclusion on the bases for such system considerations
given.
Fundamentally the reason for us to move toward such technologies is as detailed in the
statement below given by the Commissioners for Energy Regulation in Ireland that is
requiring Building Service Engineers, Architects and Planners to incorporate renewable
technologies into their designs. Improvements in efficiency are the key to complying with
these directives if targets are to be achieved.
The European Directive 2001/77/EC imposes an obligation on EU Member
States to implement measures that facilitate the generation of electricity from
renewable sources in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance
Security of supply and improve economic competitiveness. A key component of
the Directive is for the 25 EU Member States to increase their share of electricity
generated from renewable resources to 21%. Additionally, the Governments
energy white paper Delivering a sustainable energy future for Ireland
established targets regarding the generation of electricity from renewable energy
sources, including a commitment to achieve 15% of Irelands electricity demand
from renewables by 2010 and 33% by 2020. (CER, 2009)
To summarise, it is the authors intention to provide a detailed evaluation of the
performance of an operational Micro-CHP system for the domestic market in Ireland with
regards to cost effectiveness, potential energy and environmental savings. The author also
intends to establish if it is and can be, as detailed in the Governments White Paper on
energy, a major economic benefit to Ireland by 2020 and in addition a viable alternative
to current methods of energy production in future apartment complexes.
12
2.0 Chapter Two: Literature Review:

The purpose of this literature review is to provide relevant information on the theory and
concepts behind the use of Combined Heat and Power production including the analysis
of current standards, codes of practice and previous case studies carried out in the area of
Micro Combined Heat and Power applications.
Mr John Marecki in his book entitled Combined heat & power generating systems
describes combined heat and power or CHP as it is more commonly known as the
simultaneous production of thermal energy and electrical energy in one process
(Marecki, 1988). It is also often referred to as cogeneration and in basic terms is the
utilisation of heat generated during the process of electricity production, Power led, or the
production of electricity resulting from the process of thermal heat generation, Heat led,.
An example of such a system would be a power generation station burning gas or coal,
producing steam to turn electrical turbines and the effective harnessing of this steams
waste heat to increase the thermal heat of water for district or local heating etc. (Petchers,
2003)
With regards to the power led method of cogeneration, a synchronous generator driven by
a gas or oil fired engine runs in parallel with the electricity supply authority power supply
thereby reducing greatly the electrical consumption required by the operator from the
mains. (Irish CHP Association, 2010) The heat generated by the engine, in the form of
hot water, can be fed into the buildings heating system.
2.1 CHP systems and their Benefits:

There are numerous benefits to using Combined Heat and Power systems in various types
of premises. The following list, produced by Temp Technology Ltd, one of Irelands
leading installers of CHP systems, contains some examples of these benefits but however
it is worth noting that these will change depending on the type of operation, design and
purpose for the CHP unit. The Irish CHP Associations website advises that one major
factor to evaluate when considering or designing for the use of this type of system is to
13
ascertain whether the system will be a Heat led or an electricity led system. (Irish CHP
Association, 2010) This means whether the system will be mainly used to produce Heat
or produce Electricity with the latter being a by-product of the other.
CHP becomes the lead electrical supply for the building with the Electrical
Utility supply is only used as a top up for power when required. (Temp
Technology Ltd, 2010)
CHP becomes the lead heat source for the building with the boilers used to
supply back up and top up heat only when required in the premises. (Temp
Technology Ltd, 2010)
CHP is a revenue earning investment and can give an average payback period of
between 3 and 5 years depending on the size of the system installed and the
duration of its operation. (Temp Technology Ltd, 2010)
CHP is regarded as being environmentally friendly (in comparison to

conventional power generation) and can give a significant reduction of CO2 levels
of approximately 1.2Kg per unit of kWe generated. (Temp Technology Ltd, 2010)
CHP gives security of electrical supply on site to the end user; it can be used as a
standby generator, and is totally independent of the Electrical Utility
Companys supply. (Temp Technology Ltd, 2010)
The biggest issue with producing electricity has for a long time been the losses that occur
in the form of thermal heat loss through the cooling towers of generating stations which
can be as much as 50% . Also transmission losses resulting from the long runs of high
tension overhead cabling required for the vast distances of the electrical supply grid to the
sub-station transformer losses combined, account for almost 10% in additional losses and
as such all these losses must be shared in appropriate tariffs designed by the supply
authority to provide the electricity to your door. (Harrison, 2009)
14
The Irish CHP associations website also describes how combined heat and power acts to
reduce these losses by making use of the thermal heat losses which occur during
production of electricity and by being closer to the demand location, reducing
transmission losses.
2.2 Micro-CHP systems:

Micro Combined Heat and Power or Micro-CHP (CHP) as it is more commonly
referred to works on the same basis as larger scale CHP systems however they are
generally heat led and the production of electricity is a by-product of this heat production.
(Pehnt, et al., 2006) They are used for smaller applications such as small factories, small
industrial and commercial premises and domestic homes. The Micro-CHP unit in effect
replaces the gas central boiler system used to provide heat and hot water but in addition
to this it can produce electricity to help offset the normal required electrical demand
purchased from the supply authority. (Harrison, 2009)
While the use of CHP has been around for many years in large scale industrial and
commercial premises were the cost of the cogeneration equipment can be more
justifiable, Micro-CHP has been less popular until recent years. This was mostly due to
the high cost of purchasing and installing the Micro-CHP generation equipment and the
slow return on investment that the end user might encounter. (Peacock & Newborough,
2005) With rising fuel costs and thus the rising cost of purchasing energy from the supply
authorities, coupled with recent technological advances in the development of MicroCHP systems, they have become a much more viable option for operators of small
industrial and commercial premises and indeed in domestic homes. Their use in the
domestic market in Ireland is slow and may not be as attractive from a cost perspective
for the moment but this may change in the years to come.
A strong case has been put forward for the need for Micro-CHP systems in the United
Kingdom by Mr Jeremy Harrison of Powergen UK PLC, a technical consultant at E.ON
15
Engineering, who describes in his book entitled Micro CHP The Big Picture how by
2016 Britains electricity demand will have increased by a further 45% (Harrison, 2009,
p. 13) and that a viable alternative to building more power stations to meet this demand
could be the increased use of Micro-CHP systems in domestic homes. In a one off
scenario a micro CHP system offers very little electricity to be supplied back into the
grid, however if millions of homes have them installed and are capable of supplying back
to the grid then the potential for increased levels of electricity being supplied back into
the grid would be highly significant. In effect turning each home or business using a
Micro-CHP system into a mini generation station of significant value, not only in
monitory terms but also in environmental and social terms.
Harrison describes how a typical Micro-CHP system installed in a family home might
generate 3000kWh or so annually, or around 75% of the average UK households
electricity consumption (Harrison, 2009, p. 14) he elaborates further on this then by
adding that if domestic micro CHP units were installed in place of the current gas
boilers in central heating system, this represents a total installed generating capacity of
18GWe based on 1kWe Sterling engines and as much as 36GWe for high efficiency fuel
cells, more than half the current peak electricity demand in the UK (Harrison, 2009, p.
14). This gives an indication of the levels of potential contribution Micro-CHP systems
could give to the current electricity demand of the United Kingdom and other countries
although the use of fuel cells can bring additional problems and expense to a Micro-CHP
installation for the average consumer.
Domestic gas boilers are generally considered and claimed by their manufactures to be
typically 80% efficient at converting from gas to useful heat. Micro-CHP units offer
similar levels of efficiency for the production of thermal heat whilst at the same time 1015% is converted to electrical energy.
The problem is that at present the cost of Micro-CHP units, when compared to that of
standard domestic gas boilers, are exponentially higher given the dual operation
requirement and the technical equipment used in them. They need to be visually and
16
acoustically unobtrusive in their construction to meet the demand of domestic customers

and must be vibration free and still provide the existing operational parameters in terms
of flow rates, temperatures produced and ease of installation of existing systems if they
are to replace the standard boiler. Maintenance costs can also be significantly higher for
Micro-CHP systems due mainly to increased frequency of servicing intervals resulting
from the higher operational hours required of the units. (Harrison, 2009)
At present some of the larger manufacturers of Micro-CHP systems are SenerTec in

Germany producing the Baxi and Dachs range of units, Sterling Systems producing the
SOLO Stirling range, PowerPlus Technologies producing the Ecopower range, Sterling
Denmark producing the SM5A range, Honda in Japan producing the Ecowill range and
WhisperTech Ltd in New Zealand producing the Whispergen units. Each of these
manufacturers are currently investing heavily in the technology and design of Micro-CHP
systems to overcome the considerable challenges of noise reduction and lower levels of
emissions to help achieve more realistic service intervals for owners and operators of
their systems. They are also competing heavily to develop smaller 1KWe units
considered more suitable for the domestic home market.
However economies of scales will prevail over time, as the more units are required in the
market, the greater the demand from manufacturers will be to supply Micro-CHP systems
and thus cost will inevitably go down and technological advances will increase in their
design and construction. This is the belief of the main manufacturers and the reason they
are investing in the technology at present.
2.2.1 Types of Micro-CHP Engines and Fuels:

Currently the most common types of engines used in the area of Micro-CHP development
are the Internal and External combustion engine. Both types of engine offer various
advantages and disadvantages over each other and depending on which specification
documents you read on the operation of each system, the results are inconclusive as to
which type it truly better for Micro-CHP use.
17
Harrison describes how Internal combustion engines use a mixture of air and fuel
injection in the cylinders where the combustion takes place to produce temperature and
pressure changes which in turn act on the internal pistons of the engine producing the
required energy output. This process occurs in a cyclical manner and does not continue as
such. Therefore it is regarded as difficult to guarantee that full combustion of the fuel
source occurs. (Harrison, 2009)
Resulting from this they tend to produce higher pollution emissions and can also be noisy
due to the injection process. However they do provided the ability to vary the power
output of the engine by simply changing the rate of flow of fuel to the mixture with air
which can be achieved with relative ease in these systems. Harrison informs us that the
most common types of internal combustion engines using natural gas as their primary
fuel source is the gas turbine engine and the Otto engine. (Harrison, 2009)
External combustion engines carryout the working gas fuel process and the combustion
process separately to each other. The pressure fluctuation which then occur between the
two gases as they heat up and cool down, act alternately on the engines piston and thus
produce the required energy output. (Harrison, 2009)
As the combustion process provides a constant heat source for the working gas the
external combustion engine is regarded as more controllable and somewhat cleaner,
efficient and quieter than internal combustion engines described above. They are
considered a more suitable type of engine for constant running applications where a fixed
output of energy is required. Harrison advises us that the most common types of External
combustion engines using natural gas as their primary fuel source is the Rankin engine
and the Sterling engine for Micro-CHP systems. (Harrison, 2009)
Of the fuel types that are currently being used or investigated for use with Micro-CHP
systems Natural Gas is by far the most widely available and as such the most popular. It
is a clean fuel, it is relatively inexpensive and it burns easily to the required temperatures.
However with the two main engine types described above other fuel sources can be used
18
with minor adjustments to the operation and setup of the units according to the engine
manufacturers. Examples of these fuels are that of vegetable oil, biomass, rapeseed oil,
LPG and wood gas. However the ready availability and comparatively low cost of natural
gas makes it the most popular fuel source for Micro-CHP systems at present. Also units
configured for use with natural gas can then be a direct replacement for existing central
heating systems using gas boilers at present. This is because the necessary pipe works and
gas grid connection will already be in place.
2.2.2 Analysis of Micro-CHP Engine Types:

With regards to the performance of the various types of engines currently in use, a report
published in 2008 by Thomas Bernd in the Reutlingen University in Germany entitled
Benchmark Testing of Micro-CHP Units (Bernd T. , 2008) sets out to evaluate the
performance of four types of existing Micro-CHP units in the range of 5-9kWe currently
used in Germany. In order to provide a benchmark for the evaluation of the test results
with regard to regulations the German Der Blaue Engel environmental label and its set
of standards and requirements were used. (Eco-label, 2004) The purpose of this was to
see if the most popular systems currently in use met the high environmental standards set
by this Label in Germany.
The Micro-CHP units tested and evaluated by Bernd for this benchmark procedure were
as follows:
The Dachs unit manufactures by SenerTec consisting of an internal combustion

Otto engine with a 2-pole asynchronous generator running at approximately
2530rpm and providing 5.5kW of electrical output together with approximately
12.5kW of nominal thermal output. (Baxi SenerTec, 2009)
The Solo Stirling 161 by Stirling Systems consisting of an External combustion 2cylinder Stirling engine with a 2-pole asynchronous generator running at
approximately 1500rpm and providing between 2-9kW of electrical output
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together with approximately 8-26kW of thermal output depending on part load or

full load condition. (Sterling Systems, 2010)
The Ecopower unit manufactured by PowerPlus Ltd consisting of an Internal

combustion Gas-Otto engine with a synchronous generator allowing for variable
speed operation and running at between 1200rpm and 3600rpm and providing
between 1.3-4.7kW of electrical output together with approximately 4-12.5kW of
thermal output depending on reduced load or full load condition. (PowerPlus Ltd,
2010)
The SM5A (Prototype) by Stirling Denmark consisting of an External combustion

Stirling engine with a 3-pole asynchronous generator running at approximately
1020rpm and providing approximately 9kW of electrical output together with
approximately 25kW of thermal output. (Sterling Denmark, 2009)
The tests were undertaken on each of the above units while in steady and unsteady state
conditions. Bernd describes how under steady state conditions tests are carried out to
evaluate performance data and emission levels over operational parameters such as flow
velocity in the heating circuit and supply / return temperatures. These tests are also
conducted under part load conditions for the units that provide this function, which are
the Solo Stirling and Ecopower systems.
Under the unsteady state condition the start-stop performance of each unit is evaluated
and for both conditions the electrical power consumption and electrical output is recorded
and measured.
The tests were conducted over several months on the various units for a number of
operational durations of approximately 160 hours each. Bernd concluded that the SOLO
Stirling Micro-CHP unit was the only system to meet the environmental requirements as
laid down by the Der Blaue Engel labelling parameters but operates at lower supply
and return temperatures than the other units making it difficult to compare like for like.
20
Bernd goes on to clarify that the SenerTec Dachs Micro-CHP unit provided the best
electrical efficiency and the Ecopower unit provided the lowest emission levels. The
SM5A by Stirling Denmark was a prototype but as it is not commercially available yet, it
could not be considered in the final comparisons. As such they could not declare an
overall ranking for best performance. (Bernd T. , 2008)
Bernds final synopsis is that due to the average cost for one of the above units with an
electrical output ranging in size from 2-9kWe and costing approximately 3,000/kWe,
this size of unit does not represent an economically beneficial return for a single house.
Bernd states in his report:
that this is due to the fact that the heat demand is highly seasonal and hence prevents a
sufficient yearly time of operation. In order to meet the requirements for amortization a
number of yearly hours of operation beyond 5000 should be feasible Hence, installations
in bigger units such as apartment houses or hotels are favourable (Bernd T. , 2008, p.
2054).
Bernd also points out that the development of 1kWe Micro-CHP systems currently only
under design and testing will bring the technology into single-family homes in the
coming years.
Harrison also made a similar statement regarding the development of the smaller 1kWe
Micro-CHP units and there suitability for us in the domestic market and also reiterates the
importance of minimum operational hours of use.
2.3 CHP system in Ireland:

In the context of Ireland, the Irish Association of CHP system or IACHP have discussed
how in this country CHP systems thus far have mainly only been used by large scale
commercial and industrial consumers of energy for their own use. Several state and
privately run swimming pool complexes for example Monkstown pool and leisure facility
in South Co. Dublin and St Michaels House swimming pool in Belcamp Lane, Dublin
17, have installed CHP systems. This has come about as a result of their requirement for
21
large amounts of hot water which in effect requires their boilers to be operating all year
round.
Other examples of commercial consumers using CHP systems are hotels. The Burlington
Hotel in Dublin installed a CHP system in May 1991 for which a report was published by
SEI. This is as a good example of a high use consumer as they have a large requirement
for hot water year round and it was this demand that made the installation of a CHP
system economically viable according to this report. The Irish CHP Association together
with Sustainable Energy Ireland have produced several reports on the use of CHP
systems in these types of premises, most notable of which is entitled A guide to
Combined Heat and Power in Ireland (Irish CHP Association, 2006) which discusses the
benefits and levels of efficiency one can expect to receive for the use of CHP systems in
larger premises in this country. However these consumers generally have a design output
if they are large scale of greater than 1MW or if they are small scale less than 1MW but
greater than 50KW of electricity.
These reports discussing the positive aspects of CHP use are for large projects with large
investments and the general consensus by the SEAI and the IACHP through the
evaluation of numerous reports on projects of this type is that they perform well and will
provide a reasonable return on investment over a relatively short period of time. The
situation with Micro-CHP is not as clear. This is because the residential and domestic
market is still at research stage and how well these types of systems will perform in
Ireland is relatively unknown according to both these groups.
2.3.1 Classification & Definition of CHP plant Sizes:

The EU Combined Heat and Power Directive has provided a category of classification
and definition of plant sizes based on the key markets and relevant size of the CHP plants
application and Market association. This defines the scale at which a CHP plant is
considered Micro, Small-scale or Large Scale. Below is a table of these definitions for
reference.
22
Key Market Applications and relevant size of CHP plant:

Micro CHP
Small-Scale CHP
<50kWe
>50 kWe & <1MWe > 1MWe
Industrial
No
No
Yes
Services
No
Yes
Yes
Commercial
Yes
Yes
No
District Heating
No
No
Yes
Domestic
Yes
No
No
Market
Large-Scale CHP
Table 1 - Key Market Application and relevant size of CHP plant.(European Parliament, 2004)
As can be seen from Table 1 above under EU directive 2004/8/EC (European Parliament,
2004, p. 24) the classification for Micro-CHP systems is stated as being a Cogeneration
system capable of producing an electrical supply of less than or equal to approximately
50 kilowatts of electricity.
It is this scale of CHP system that is currently under the research phase in Ireland and it is
this area of cogeneration that we know little about in terms of performance, efficiency
and economical value in Ireland.
As the table indicated the main market areas for targeting the use of Micro-CHP is in the
commercial and domestic sectors but unfortunately the majority of Micro-CHP systems
currently being manufactured and used in Europe operate at a different supply voltage
than that of Ireland and the United Kingdom.
2.4 Barriers to implementing CHP systems in Ireland:

A recent report prepared for Sustainable Energy Ireland by Byrne Clirigh entitled
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) potential in Ireland (O'Cleirigh, 2009) published in
August 2009 describes how our traditional single phase supplies to small dwellings in
Ireland has acted as a barrier to the take-up and development of these systems as most are
23
produced in Germany which operates on a three phase network. This is changing slowly
led mainly by demand coming from the United Kingdom and it is envisaged that in the
coming years small scale Micro-CHP will be available for single phase supplies in the
United Kingdom and thus Ireland as a result of this.
In the interim however projects like that of Charlotte Quay Dublin, as discussed in the
coming chapters, serving multiply occupancy apartment dwellings acts as a perfect
opportunity to use larger three phase Micro-CHP units through the means of a small scale
district heating network serving the hot water and heating demands of an apartment
complex.
Other barriers which exist for the viability of implementing further Micro-CHP systems
in Ireland can be summaries into the following categories:
2.4.1 Financial Barriers:

Clirigh describes how due to a lack of demand for Micro-CHP systems and the
subsequent low volumes of sales, manufacturers need to recoup their cost incurred to-date
for research and development. These costs therefore have to be passed onto consumers
and thus resulting in a relatively high cost for purchasing such a system. With greater
demand in the future, the lowering of the cost spread onto the consumers will become
apparent.
Gas market price volatility could also deter investment in Micro-CHP systems because if
consumers are fearful of a sudden increase in gas prices they are less likely to want to
invest in a system which could, under such circumstances, increase the cost of them
meeting their energy needs. However the reality is that under this situation they will more
than likely see an increase in their utility bills if purchasing electricity from the supply
authorities also as they will undoubtedly be passing on their costs incurred to consumers
to offset such increases. (O'Cleirigh, 2009)
24
2.4.2 Technical Barriers:

According to Clirigh report, these mainly fall under the area of access and connection
to the electrical grid. The implementation of appropriate metering arrangements for
supplying electricity back into the distribution network for small scale systems needs to
be addressed by the supply authorities. An affordable and fast means of achieving this
metering arrangement coupled with a fair return for the electricity they supply back into
the grid will increase take-up in the use of Micro-CHP systems in Ireland.
Trading rules and conditions for the exporting of electricity back into the distribution
network need to be transparent and non-discriminatory for the owners of small MicroCHP systems. They should not overly favour the owners of large scale system which
traditionally offer more consistent and readily available electricity for export. (Harrison,
2009)
2.4.3 Awareness and Information Barriers:

The Irish Association for CHPs highlight how more information needs to be available to
potential installers of such systems through marketing programmes, awareness campaigns
and guidelines from authoritative organisations in the area of CHP systems. An
accreditation systems for installers and producers would also provide a further incentive
for potential consumers of Micro-CHP systems and would give them confidence in the
technology.
Greater awareness of the environmental benefits of using Micro-CHP systems would also
play a major part in the decision making procedure for potential consumers and as such
could be incentivised by way of tax credits or reduced VAT.
The Irish Commissioners for Energy Regulation (CER), which has a duty under the
Electricity Regulation Act 1999 (Commission for Electricity Regulation, 1999) to
promote the use of renewable, sustainable or alternative forms of energy, have outlined
in their latest five year Strategic Plan for 2010-2014 (Commission for Energy Regulation,
25
2009) how they welcome the incentives put in place in 2009 to encourage the
development of Micro-generation for suitable sites. However they do identify that
additional incentives and supports for the sector are primarily a matter for Government.
Under section 4.3 of this strategic plan they outline their actions to facilitate the
development of micro-generation as follows:
4.3.1 We will continue to encourage the development of micro-generation in Ireland, taking into
account its environmental and demand-reduction benefits. The performance of the existing
schemes will be monitored to determine if they are achieving their objectives. (CER, 2009, p. 30)
4.3.2 We will make sure that there are no regulatory barriers in place to further development of
micro-generation in Ireland. (CER, 2009, p. 30)
The CER report identifies the growth in small generating units for the domestic and
business market which includes small wind generators, photovoltaic convertors, Microhydro and domestic Micro-CHP units. It recognises the contribution these systems make
to the efficient use and production of electricity for Ireland.
The Energy White Paper published by the Irish government in 2007 entitled Delivering a
Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland identified the main areas of growth to be targeted
in the period to 2020 which clearly indicated the potential available for the use of CHP
and Micro-CHP as a form of energy production and energy saving in the coming years.
(Dept of communications, marine and natural resources, 2007) This White Paper goes on
to state and I quote that Growth in Combined Heat and Power deployment is an
important objective to 2020. The national economic benefit from CHP grows with scale
of deployment. It is also the case that CHP investment yields a relatively low return at
high risk. So barriers need to be addressed and supports maintained in order to realise
the deployment potential, not just in community and buildings, but also in large scale
plants. (Government White Paper, 2007-2020)
26
This statement represents a commitment from the Irish government to implement and
encourage the use of CHP systems in the coming years however many issues exist in
restricting the rollout of such systems in Ireland. One of the main restrictions being put
forward by this author is that there is little research carried out and published on the
actual performance of functioning Micro-CHP systems in this country and as such the
data has not been available for engineers and designers to examine and incorporate into
their current designs for new buildings or for retro fitting in existing building to replace
current gas boilers.
2.5 Analysis of Micro-CHP systems in other countries:

A report published in Belgium in 2006 by Michel De Paepe, Peter DHerdt and David
Mertens of Ghent University entitled Micro-CHP systems for residential applications
(De Paepe, DHerdt, & Mertens, 2006) Energy Conversion and Management which
provides a thorough examination of three types of Micro CHP systems installed for
residential use. This report gives an analysis of the various operational parameters that
exist for the implementation of this system based on the climate in Belgium which
traditionally has warmer summers and cooler winters than those experienced in Ireland.
This will greatly affect the performance of the Micro CHP units and their production of
electrical energy as heating demand is limited in summer months. As such this report may
not prove to be entirely suitable for use when considering Micro- CHP systems for use in
this country. However it does correspond with the conclusions also reached by both
Harrison and Bernd in their evaluation for the use of small systems for domestic use.
The analysis carried out by the team from Ghent University compared the operational
parameters of Micro-CHP in detached and terrace houses to that of a two storey
apartment. They dynamically determined the energy demand for heat and electricity in
each building when using two different types of commercially available gas engines, two
types of sterling engines and a fuel cell. With the results from this analysis above, the
team then, using dynamic simulation, compared the results from the five types of systems
27
to that of a natural gas condensing boiler and buying electricity from the grid. This is
currently the most common method of energy consumption used in domestic dwellings.
The condensing gas boiler was chosen for comparison over the standard natural boiler as
the majority of units being sold today are this type, replacing the standard boiler.
They concluded from their analysis that if well sized, all Micro-CHP systems will reduce
the consumers primary energy usage however the different technologies examined will
have different impacts in achieving these reductions. In all, the gas engine Micro-CHP
units are stated as giving the best performance but they note that installation costs need to
be reduced by at least 50% before Micro-CHP becomes a viable option for residential
use. (De Paepe, DHerdt, & Mertens, 2006) Most notably when compared to the cost of
installing and running a condensing gas boiler which offers a modest reduction in energy
consumption but enough to give good competition over the consideration of installing a
Micro-CHP system.
With greater relevance to the Irish climate and the use of Micro-CHP systems here, an
assessment of the benefits for Micro-CHP was conducted in 2003-2004 by M.
Newborough, Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
Edinburgh , entitled Assessing the benefits of implementing Micro-CHP systems in the
UK (Newborough, 2004) this report sets out to highlight the main benefits that exist for
the use of such systems in the United Kingdom and details the predictive energy cost
savings through simulations of the operation of these systems. It details that the main
issue which exists is the demand for heating which does not occur consistently thoughtout the day and as a result when the micro CHP is not producing heat it is not producing
electricity. This fluctuation and reduction in the demand for domestic heating is due to
the relatively mild climate experienced in the United Kingdom and can also be applied
when describing Irelands temperature conditions.
Newborough describes how various configurations of 1kWe Micro-CHP systems can

result in annual reductions of between 16-39% of energy expenditure and a potential
reduction in CO2 of one tonne per year. These levels of reduction however are very much
28
dependant on the level of transient heat and power demand variations, the mode of
operation, the capacity and general efficiency of the selected Micro-CHP system and the
amount of electrical energy imported or exported to the distribution network.
(Newborough, 2004)
2.5.1 Effect on Carbon Emissions:

With regards to Carbon emissions a subsequent report produced by A.D. Peacock and M.
Newborough from the School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt
University, Edinburgh entitled Impact of Micro-CHP systems on domestic sector CO2
emissions (Peacock & Newborough, 2005) provides a valuable insight into the possible
saving that can be achieved in the reduction of C02 emission if implementing the use of
Micro-CHP system for Domestic use. The report is based on the use of sterling engines
and fuel cells in single UK dwellings with data collected on a 1-min time base across a
full year.
The investigation results of this report conclude that 1kWe Micro-CHP systems are
predicted to achieve C02 emission savings of between 9% and 16% per annum and the
scale of these savings is equivalent to changing from the use of a standard gas-fired
central heating system to that of a condensing boiler system which offers an improved
90% efficiency for the domestic consumer. (Peacock & Newborough, 2005)
Newborough advises that the capacity of the prime mover, its electrical efficiency and the
adopted control logic and strategy employed in the domestic premises, have a large
influence on the magnitude of annual carbon and cost savings. These criteria are very
much dependant on the energy consumption of the dwelling and he notes that the
particular dwelling used in their investigation had a significantly greater power
requirement than the UK average. Thus dwellings with average annual power
consumption will achieve lower carbon and economic benefits from installing a new
Micro-CHP system.
29
With fluctuating climate and temperature conditions in the UK the control logic and
strategy is particularly important because if the Micro-CHP system remains operational at
full capacity on mild or warm days, a thermal surplus is generated. This surplus, if not
limited, will result in an increase in C02 emissions when compared to non-CHP systems.
A thermal store in the form of a tank can be used in this instance but as it would need to
be quite sizable to store the surplus hot water; this may not be practical in all types of
domestic premises.
The control logic can be applied to turn the prime mover off or down during periods of
low heat demand but this variation in operation of the CHP will affect the life span of the
system and its components. At present Micro-CHP systems offering variable operating
conditions are not readily available and those that are have proven costly to produce and
have the consequence of their efficiency being greatly reduced once the prime movers
speed has been altered. Also the effect of reducing the operation of the Micro-CHPs
prime mover will result in less electricity, if any, being exported to the grid and thus
reduced revenue and a slower return on investment.
As will be discussed in this authors paper, the key to the successful operation of a MicroCHP systems in a multi occupancy dwelling is to ensure that the CHP is operational as
much of the time as possible. The use of Buffer storage tanks to store hot water produced
by the CHP helps keep them operational all the time and will allow the Micro-CHP to
continuously produce electricity and this is where the payback of the system really comes
from. Without these storage tanks the demand will fluctuate too much and will greatly
affect the potential payback period for these types of systems.
2.6 Current Legislation for connection to the Low-Voltage Network:

In 2005 a study and analysis entitled Potential for Micro generation (Energy Saving
Trust, 2005) was carried out by the Energy saving Trust on behalf of the DTI in
conjunction with Element Engineering Limited, Econnect and the Cambridge University
Faculty of Economics to document the current status of micro generation in the United
30
Kingdom and to provide an insight into the potential benefits of this form of energy
production.
This report highlights how the existing low voltage electrical network in the UK has the
ability to accommodate up to approximately 50% exported energy from the domestic
sector providing electricity back into the grid before any noticeable impact on the
network will be felt. As a result of this, it has been established that there should be no
need for prior notification to be given to the supply authority before making such a
connection. This would help eliminate some of the barriers that exist for the connection
of Micro-CHP systems and may increase take-up of the technology. However post
connection notification, once commissioned is necessary to allow the authority to track
long-term trends and plan network reinforcements, upgrading etc, as the amount of
micro-generation increases.
As the impact of connecting one Micro-CHP system to the supply authorities low voltage
network grid is very minute, there is no need for the installation of additional equipment
outside the domestic premises. This again simplifies the process and could act to increase
take-up of the technology for domestic users. Based on this the UK have adopted the fit
and inform approach to the installation of small micro-generation system using typecertified equipment to industrial standard and connection by accredited installers.
As the production of Micro-CHP systems is aimed at a mass market approach to

installation, the practicality and requirement for the supply authority to test each
individual system before connection to the low voltage network would be impractical and
too time consuming. As such the type-certified approach has been adopted in the UK with
accredited installers. This approach, under European Directives requires that the MicroCHP unit being installed contains the European conformity marking CE that guarantees
the quality of the appliance before connection to the electricity network.
All appliances containing the CE mark must undergo rigorous testing and certification
before their manufactures declaration is applied to the device. This European directive
31
acts to ensure that the product being sold complies with the essential requirements of the
relevant European Health, Safety and Environmental Protection Legislation and
Productive Directives.
The Product Directives contains the "essential requirements" and/or "performance levels" and
"Harmonized Standards" to which the products must conform. Harmonized Standards are the
technical specifications (European Standards or Harmonization Documents) which are
established by several European standards agencies (CEN, CENELEC, etc.). (Ce-marking, 2010)
At present the work of standardisation for the electrical interface between micro
generation units and the low voltage network is being implemented by the European
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation or CENELEC as it is more commonly
known. The purpose of this is to develop a European norm for such connections under
standard EN50438:2007. (Cenelec, 2007) The Cenelec technical committee coordinating
this standardisation is known as TC8X WG2 and the next update to this standard is due in
the coming year as it is continuously being updated as a result of changes in technology.
EN 50438 specifies the requirements for the connection of Micro-generators in parallel

with public low-voltage distribution networks and defines Micro-generation as a source
of electrical energy and all associated equipment designed to operate in parallel with the
low voltage system.
The table below indicated the ratings of such low voltage connections in Ireland and the
UK. Slightly higher ratings are used in some European countries:
LV Network System Ratings for Ireland:

Connection Type
Voltage
Amperes
kWe Output
Single Phase
230V
> 25A
> 6kW
Three Phase
230/400V
> 16A
> 11kW
Table 2 - LV Network Rating for Ireland. (ESB Networks, 2010)
In addition to the European Standards for such connections, other countries within the
Eurozone are developing their own National Standards and regulations for the installation
32
and connection of Micro-CHP systems. These deviations do not supersede the European
standards but are specific recommendations and legislation to also be adhered to in that
particular country or area.
2.6.1 Irish Requirements for Network Connection:

From an Irish perspective the Commissioner for Energy Regulation (CER) responsible
for overseeing the regulation of Irelands electricity and gas sectors, published a
consultation paper on the 10th of October 2006, CER/06/190 (Commission for Energy
Regulation, 2006) which sets out the proposed arrangements for micro generation in this
country. The paper was designed to set out a framework for the installation of micro
generation and when originally published, sought comment from the public on
arrangements for metering and payment of exported energy along with other issues such
as whether there was a need to inform the supply authorities before connection of a
system.
This paper deals with the proposed process for the installation of Micro-generators onto
the network. It discusses how the exporter of electricity can be paid and the metering
arrangements required to monitor this export. It also sets out the technical requirements
for Micro-generation in accordance with the European Standards previously discussed
and outlines how they will be applied in Ireland. The paper does note however that these
European Standards are not open for comment and must be implemented. The
consultation process welcoming comments on the other aspects of the paper was open for
dispute until the 3rd of November 2006.
The key issues addressed in the consultation paper are broken down into the following
areas of information:
Installation process for Micro Generation which deals with issues such as
notifying the network operators, Informing the ESBN of installations, consent to
such connection, safety requirements and licensing. (CER, 2006)
33
Metering and Commercial Arrangements which discusses payment options,

metering options such as net metering, smart metering and interval metering for
importers and exporters. (CER, 2006)
The Technical aspects of micro generation providing information on the European
standard EN50438, interface protection devices for Ireland, accessibility of
isolation devices, loss of mains protection and automatic reconnection procedures
to be adhered to. (CER, 2006)
During the consultation period the CER received many responses from interested
commercial companies such as Airtricity, Eirgrid, Coenergy AG, ESBN and other noncommercial parties such as Colleges, Political groups and Private individuals all with an
interest in how the implementation of Micro-generation should be arranged in Ireland.
On the 20th of November 2010 the CER produced an additional document CEN/07/208
(Commission for Energy Regulation, 2007) which details their decisions and responses to
the comments received from the various parties that expressed opinions during the
consultation period.
As a result of these comments, various considerations have been implemented and the
commission has recommended the following items be included in the arrangements for
Micro-generation in Ireland:
The technical standard to apply in Ireland will be EN50438 as set out by the
Committee of Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC).
An inform, consent and fit process will apply in Ireland for the installation and
connection of micro generation systems.
The initial limit in any local area for the connection of micro generation to be
installed should be 40% of the sub-station transformers capacity. This will be
34
reviewed after two years or as soon as this limit is reached in an area for
assessment.
No application fee will be required for single installations but developers
installing micro generation as part of a scheme are required to pay the standard
published fee.
Micro generators will be exempt from paying the CER levy.
An approved list or register will be maintained by the ESBN of type approved
micro generation units or type-certified as it is called in the UK.
Micro generators will be a priority group in the smart metering implementation
programme which will replace the interval metering arrangement currently being
used for monitoring import and export from Micro-generation to the grid.
As can be seen from the brief synopsis of the technical documents detailed above, the
Commission of Energy Regulation in Ireland is playing a significant role in the
application of policies for the connection of micro generation systems and as such any
individual considering the installation of a Micro-CHP system must be familiar with
these arrangements.
However it is worth noting the while the ESBN have endeavoured to implement the
consideration detailed by the CER in their consultation paper, they have opted to have no
function on the qualifying of equipment or installers and it has been subsequently agreed
that Sustainability Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) will maintain lists of registered
products and installers that meet the relevant standards and accreditation requirements.
Currently in Ireland only one supply company is offering a feed-in tariff support scheme
to consumers with micro-generation equipment. This company is the ESB customer
Supply and its tariff is offered on a commercial basis and operates under certain terms
and conditions. The ESB require that all Micro-generation units used for exporting
35
electricity to the network, must conform to the Conditions Governing the Connection
and Operation of Micro-generation as detailed in their technical document no DTIS230206-BRL-Rev 4 (ESB Customer Supply, 2009), of the same title.
This document was published by ESB networks in 2009 and sets out their policies
regarding the connection and operation of Micro-generation systems to be used for
possible export of electricity in parallel with the public network grid. In order to avail of
the support offered by the ESB to Micro-generators, the requirements of EN50438 and
the specific Irish Protection settings appropriate to the ESBs networks as outlined in this
document, both of which must be adhered to by the operators. These Irish settings are
detailed in the national deviations table of the document. Other Eurozone countries will
have their own national deviations to EN50438 and this is where standardisation permits
a change for the specific requirements for different countries.
This ESB document outlines the common considerations with regards to metering, wiring
standards, interface protection, testing and certification, safety, labelling and a host of
requirements for Type testing of Interface Protection of equipment being connected to the
low-voltage network. One of the most important aspects detailed in this document is the
requirements for disconnection from the supply network during times of Loss of Mains
(LoM) or in case of hardware malfunction. This protection system is generally achieved
by invertors incorporating existing acceptable techniques into the system controls such as
Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) and Vector shift protection to ensure cessation of
supply from the micro generator if the low-voltage Network has gone down. This will
enable the network technicians to work on the power lines safely without the possibility
of a Micro-generator inadvertently commencing or continuing the exportation of
electricity into the grid under fault condition. The interface protection device can be
incorporated into the micro generator or contained in a separate device.
This is a requirement as set out in EN50438 and DTIS-230206-BR to accommodate Irish

G10 settings and explicit requirements for LoM. The table below details the deviations
accepted by the CENELEC for Ireland.
36
Table 3 - Micro Generation Interface Settings (Ireland Specific) (European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardisation, 2007)
In general this document is broad and is so as it must cater for all the requirements of the
various different types of Micro-generation that could be connected to the low-voltage
network. However with regards to the connection of once-off domestic systems like
Micro-CHP, section 4 of this document, entitled implementation of Inform and Fit
principle, deals with the procedure required for sporadic once-off installations and the
protocol which must be followed to ensure correlation issues do not arise.
In contrast to the fit and inform method of connection used in the UK where the system
can go live once commissioned by a certified installer using Type Approved equipment,
the Irish approach requires that the ESB Networks are notified via an NC6 notification
form which must be issued prior to any connection being made to the low-voltage
network. An example of this form is shown in the appendices at the back of this
document.
Figure 15 - ESB Networks Notification Form NC6.
The issuing of this form, accompanied by the relevant certification documentation, helps
all involved meet the CER requirements of inform, consent and fit giving the ESBN
Networks 20 working days from receipt of same to inform the consumer to cease
installation if the requirements of EN50438 and the Conditions Governing the
37
Connection and Operation of Micro-generation are not met. If the consumer is not
contacted by the ESBN during this time frame, they are deemed cleared to connect to the
low voltage network. As previously stated, from 2007 no fee is required by applicants for
single installations of Micro-generation systems however developers installing Microgeneration as part of a larger development are required to pay the standard published fee.
It was envisaged that such a fee would create a disincentive for the take-up of microgeneration, could cause additional cost on the ESBN and could disrupt the flow of
information to the processing authority.
The ESBN have produced a stepped guide to follow when connecting a Micro-generator
to the low-voltage network and these steps are summarised as follows:
ESBN Guide for Micro-Generator Connection

Steps to be Taken:
Details of Requirements:
Step 1: Familiarisation with the process
To connect a micro-generator to the electricity

network, the requirements outlined in the document
Conditions Governing the Connection and
Operation of Micro-generation must be adhered to.
Step 2: Inform ESB Networks
Complete the NC6 notification form to notify the

ESB of the intention to connect a micro-generator to
the electricity network.
Step 3: Return Notification
Issue the completed NC6 form together with the

relevant certification documentation to the ESBN.
Step 4: Installation of Micro-Generator
Ensure the micro-generator is installed by a

registered electrical contractor to ETCI standards
and complying with EN50438.
Step 5: Go Live
When the ETCI electrical certificate has been

received by ESBN they will install import/export
metering. Once payment arrangements have been
agreed the system can go live.
Table 4 - ESBN Guide for Micro-Generation Connections. (ESB Networks , 2010)
It is this authors opinion that the inform, consent and fit method of notification as
required in Ireland, is a reasonable prerequisite as it will allow the ESBN assess on an on-
38
going basis the impact on the low-voltage network before systems go live. This would be
beneficial if for example a local authority introduced a campaign to encourage the
installation of Micro-generation systems in a specific area and as a result a sudden
increase in take-up of the systems resulted in an increase of exported power into the grid.
This inform procedure will allow the ESBN to be prepared in such circumstances. In
addition to this the consent and fit approach will most likely reduce the chances of noncompliant equipment and devices being connected to the network which may have safety
implications for the maintainers of the grid.
2.6.2 Irish Export Tariff for Network Connection:

On the 12th of December 2008 the CER published a consultation paper (CER/08/259)
(Commission for Energy Regulation, 2008) on the export tariff proposal for domestic
Micro-generation from the ESB Customer supply. This paper addressed the various
issued raised during consultation with ESBCS on costs and metering arrangements and
the proposals put forward by them in their proposal letter (CER/08/259A) (ESB
Customer Supply, 2008) issued on the 3rd of December 2008. The consultation period
was open to the public until the 16th of January 2009 and the Commission received 46
responses from suppliers, manufactures, installers, individuals and political
representatives during this period.
Following on from this the CER published their decision paper (CER/09/003) (CER,
2009) on the 18th of February 2008 outlining their consideration and final decision
resulting from the comments received during the public consultation. Resulting from this
the CER approved the PESs proposal based on the following main points.
The offer is only open to domestic customers of the PES and in accordance with
CER/08/259 it is however open to all supplier that offer innovative products that
reward sufficiently for the export of electricity by Micro-generation. (CER, 2009)
39
Taxation issues that restrict small to medium sized business and non-domestic
consumers from exporting to the grid will be addressed during the 2009 and 2010
tariff period. (CER, 2009)
The current tariff offered is an interim offer that will expire at the end of 2010 and
is in response to the commissions request to reward domestic Micro-generation
exporting electricity which is pending the development of a lasting industry
solution. (CER, 2009)
The export tariff payments will be provided on an annual basis outside the current
billing system. (CER, 2009)
The payment for exported electricity is to be linked to the economic cost of

procuring electricity in the wholesale market. The payment for 2009 will be
9.00c/kWh and is due to be revised for 2010. The tariff is derived from forecasted
run of wholesale price fluctuations using PLEXOS modelling software.
The development of a long term investment policy and any premium is to be a

matter for government policy and is outside the CERs and the PESs remit.
In addition to the above the ESBCS is providing metering free of charge for the first 4000
domestic customers to install and export electricity to the network over the next 3 years
and as an supplementary incentive they are also providing an extra support payment of
10.00c/kWh for the first 3000kWh exported annually to these 4000 customers paid over a
5 year period.
The CER concludes by welcoming the introduction of the export tariff and hopes industry
concerns regarding barriers to Micro-generation will be removed. It also plans to
contribute to a government solution regarding the promotion and financing of micro
generation to ensure successful transition to a low carbon economy. (CER, 2009, p. 17)
40
This literature review has been composed to give an analysis of the technologies
available, the benefits of such technologies, the barrier that exist and rewards that can be
achieved from the installation of Micro-generation in Ireland and acts as the bases for
which this author will evaluate the current operational status of a recently installed and
fully operational Micro-CHP system in this country based on Irish experiences.
2.7 Methods of Micro-CHP Evaluation:

The above information gathered in this literature review should give the reader an insight
into the technology available and the barriers and benefits that exist for the use of MicroCHP technology in Ireland. In order to evaluate these issues this author will implement
quantitative and qualitative analysis of a recently installed Micro-CHP system focusing
on the current operational results of the system to date.
2.7.1 Quantitative Data Analysis:

For this Micro-CHP system quantitative analysis will be conducted by the examination of
operational results for the function of the system which has been gathered through the
building management systems data loggers. This information has been provided to the
author by the buildings energy management team and has been recorded since the system
went live.
Mr David Byrne in his book on this subject entitled Interpreting Quantitative Data
describes how in order to analysis a subject its results must be broken down into its
component parts and explaining the whole in terms of the properties of the parts which
make it up referred to as the reductionist programme. He also describes how the point of
the analysis is to establish cause by seeing if between differences as compared with
within differences sufficiently large in relation to the sample size for us to infer that
they really exist. (Byrne, 2003) This implies that regardless of the results of any test, its
the comparison of the variables of this test to subsequent tests, when broken down into its
various parts that provide the interpreter with the information he or she needs to evaluate
41
the consistent performance of a subject and as such any change in such performance can
be targeted if found.
Through the analysis of the data results for the operation of this Micro-CHP system this
author will evaluate the performance of the system and provide information on any
deviation from the performance characteristic provided by the manufacturers and also to
those considered during the design of the installation by the engineers in terms of value
for money and payback duration when compared to installation and current operational
costs for the system.
2.7.2 Qualitative Analysis:

In order to establish the fundamental and real issues that arose during the pre-installation
evaluation and post-construction operation of the proposed Micro-CHP system for these
premises, the author conducted qualitative research during several interviews with the
consultant engineer for this project to gather qualitative data for analysis of the system.
Matthew B. Miles and A. M. Huberman describe in their book entitled Qualitative data
analysis: an expanded sourcebook how important the use of qualitative inquiry is to
understand which event lead to which consequences in any process and thus can
provide a person with valuable insight into how problems and barriers were overcome.
They explain that good qualitative data are more likely to lead to serendipitous findings
and to new integrations; they help researchers to get beyond initial conceptions and to
generate or revise conceptual frame works. (Miles & Huberman, 1994)
This can be applied when evaluating the resultant data in an engineering exercise and has
been used in this thesis. Resulting from such analysis with the design engineers this
author has established and gained an invaluable insight into various design and
implementation issues which had to be overcome in these premises in order to achieve
successful operation of the installed Micro-CHP system as discussed in the following
chapters.
42
3.0 Chapter Three: Methodology:

The main objective of this thesis will be achieved by a combination of various
quantitative and qualitative examinations of the status of the current Micro-CHP system
in operation within these premises in comparison to that of an apartment scheme
consisting of standalone gas burners.
In order to ascertain a good understanding of this particular area of research for MicroCHP systems the previous literature review serves to identify, in the authors opinion, the
most relevant and significant information available from external sources on Micro-CHP
systems to-date with particular emphasis on the barriers and rewards that exist in Ireland
for the uptake of such systems. The aim is to inform the reader on the bases of the
technology and to establish the critical points of current knowledge on this topic. The
current standards and network connection procedures that are commonly used in this field
have also been addressed.
3.1 System Information:

At site level it was essential to monitor and measure current BMS information on the
actual performance of the premises since going live. This was conducted by examination
and evaluation of the data gathered from the BMS systems data loggers which have been
made available to this author by the industrial partners, the SEAI and the building energy
management team.
Quantitative examination of the existing gas and electricity bills will provide an insight
into the current operational costs of the system and any fluctuations in these costs that
have taken place over the last few years since the system became operational through
increases in gas and electricity prices if any. The actual cost of maintenance of such a
system including the cost of maintaining the backup boilers will also be gathered and
incorporated into the annual total operational costs of the system in order to provide us
with an in-depth evaluation of the actual cost of operating the system.
43
One of the main additional costs incurred by the system operators is the requirement to
have a permanent backup supply available from the electricity supply authority. The
implications of this requirement will be examined and analysis will be conducted to
establish if the exportation of electricity back into the grid has successfully been used to
offset a percentage of this cost based on current export rates and how this might change if
these rates were increased in the coming years as the supply authority adjust to provide
incentives for such exports from similar electrical energy producers.
Until recently restrictions existed for domestic consumers in the exporting of electricity
back into the national grid however as discussed in the literature review, the
commissioner for energy regulation (CER) and the ESB Customer Supply have
collaborated together to provide a structured agreement and procedural process for the
establishment of such Micro-generation systems in Ireland.
Through qualitative research and analysis with the design team and consultant engineer
for this project the author will endeavour to establish the difficulties faced during the
initial connection phase to the supply authorities low-voltage network as the Micro-CHP
system in these premises was installed prior to the agreements being made between the
CER and ESB Customer supply.
3.1.1 Requirements for Building Construction:

A significant criteria required by Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) when the designers of
these premises applied for a grant for the Micro-CHP system was the incorporation of
energy efficient glazing and construction fabrics. In order to understand the consequence
of the use of these materials the author will examine if they contributed positively to the
efficiency of the building itself. The main purpose for raising this question is to establish
if these materials represented a major factor in improving the overall effectiveness of
conserving heat in the apartments and thus reducing energy costs.
44
From the prospective of the developer these additional costs from installing higher
efficient material may act as a deterrent to constructing the building within a reasonable
budget however payback from reduced electrical energy costs could counteract these over
time.
Finally the author will provide a synopsis on the potential for the implementation of
further Micro-CHP systems in Ireland based on how attractive they are or not from the
results produced in the report above. As the system in Charlotte Quay was fortunate to
receive a grant, the majority of the investment in Micro-CHP was offset by this grant and
as such we wish to establish if this type of system will remain attractive and financially
viable to investors and developers when a grant for such a system is not available. This
will fundamentally come down to reviewing the annual running cost for such a system
and also the potential for exporting electricity back into the grid at favourable rates if
possible.
3.1.2 Involvement of Sustainable Energy Ireland:

In February 2008 Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) and Bord Gais produced a brief case
study (Case Study No. 13) (Bord Gais, 2008) of this Apartment scheme in South Dock,
Charlotte Quay, Dublin 4 under the heading New Connections, Micro CHP & Central
Plant as this complex was one of only eleven pilot scheme buildings incorporating
Micro CHP in Ireland to-date. This apartment complex represented possibly the largest of
these schemes for which a case study was produced and as such both the SEI and Bord
Gais found it of great interest.
The main purpose for the involvement of Sustainable Energy Ireland was for the design
team, developers and financers to ascertain a grant for the installation and provision of
the Micro CHP equipment under the House of Tomorrow Programme supported by SEI
in 2008. The level of financial assistance would represent a substantial contribution
towards the provision of the heating system if successful.
45
The scheme was successful in its application for this grant under this programme. As part
of the conditions for receiving this financial support the SEI requested permission to
monitor and gather information on the performance of the system which is still in the
process of being culminated.
Shortly following the initial evaluation period for the designation of the grant for this
complex the SEI are quoted saying We are delighted to support the Charlottes quay
development under our House of Tomorrow Programme, in particular this pilot scheme
provides proven demonstration of how CHP can be successfully incorporated into the
sustainable heating of apartment dwellings (Clirigh, 2009) which is a true indication of
the level of interest displayed by the SEI on such a development with regards to
sustainable energy and energy conservation in Ireland.
Following on from the above favourable response with regards to the construction and
design of the complex and based on the strong support this Micro-CHP system has
received from all involved, including Sustainable Energy Ireland, the author of this thesis
will endeavour to produce a non-biased evaluation of the performance of the complex
two years on from receiving its grant and exam the potential for further developments of
a similar nature in Ireland utilising Micro-CHP through a local district heating system.
The benchmarking for such an evaluation will be by comparing the operational results of
this system to that of an apartment scheme with traditional, standalone, individual gas
boiler central heating systems as are commonly found in Ireland. Through a review of the
total expenditure spent on heat energy in each of the apartment types as conclusive result
can be given on which performed best and how this was achieved.
46
3.2 Detailed Project Description:

The Charlotte Quay Apartment scheme is a new building consisting of 78 apartments of
various sizes, split over seven floors and located in the South Dock area of Dublins
Ringsend. The project was designed in 2005, commenced construction in 2006 and was
completed in late 2007. The design team consisted of Architects, Fitzgerald Kavanagh +
Partners and Energy Consultants, Envirobuild & Associates Ltd. The construction team
consisted of James Elliott Construction Ltd on behalf of Monrick Developments, and
Ashcoin Ltd who were the mechanical & electrical contractors for this project.
Figure 1 - Charlotte Quay Apartments, South Dock, Dublin 4.
The design brief for the scheme was to construct Apartments with energy efficiency and
environmental concerns in mind and this resulted in each apartment being fitted with
highly insulated glazing systems and mechanically ventilated via heat exchangers to
reduce heat loss to a minimum. In order to provide a high level of air tightness the fabric
of the buildings construction material was selected to allow for less than one air change
per hour infiltration in conjunction with the windows and ventilation system.
The thermal performance and overall comfort levels of the apartments have been
improved through a balanced approach in designing appropriate levels of fabric U-values
and fabric air tightness at construction stage. To further reduce the space heating
requirement in the apartments, ventilation levels have been optimised with the use of heat
recovery ventilation (HRV) system which helps decrease the space heating load.
47
Significant fabric air tightness was achieved in the region of 1 air changes per hour at
50pa which in turn is improving the performance of the HRV system and reducing
infiltration losses. A balanced approach delivers good results whereby equal attention is
given to Insulation, Ventilation and Innovative heating systems. Integrating the micro
CHP into the DH (district heating) design will improve energy performance in the region
2
of 10 kWh/m /yr. (Bord Gais, 2008, p. Case Study 13)
In addition to these energy efficient measures the scheme was also designed, from a
building services prospective, to employ a local district heating network within the
apartment complex utilising Micro-CHP for the generation of heating and hot water in
each apartment while generating electricity for use by the landlord services. For example
lighting in common areas and power for the operation of the boiler house equipment such
as pumps and actuators are all powered by the Micro CHP units.
At the design stage the base electrical load for

landlord services was calculated to be
approximately 11KWe and from this electrical
load requirement it was determined to install
two Dachs 20.5KW Micro CHP units each
capable of providing 5.5KW of electrical
output and approximately 14.8KW of thermal
output. (Baxi SenerTec, 2009) Additional
electrical demand and backup support in case
of failure of the Micro-CHP units is provided
by a permanent connection to the national
electricity low-voltage network. A breakdown of
the Micro-CHP units technical data is shown below.
48
Figure 2 - Two Dach Micro CHP Units
DACHS G5.5C M-CHP Unit

Fuel Type:
Natural Gas
Electrical
5.5kWe
output:
Heat output
12.5kWt to
@83 Deg C:
14.8kWt
Fuel Input
20.5kWg
LHV:
Gas Engine
599cc 4 Stroke
type:
Sachs
Electrical
27%
Efficiency:
Thermal
72%
Efficiency:
Frequency
50Hz
Voltage
400V
Full Load
Current
Power to Heat
Ratio
Operation
Efficiency
System
availability
13-20A
1:2.6
88-99%
98%
Table 5 - Dachs Micro-CHP Technical Data:
The manufacturers state in their product specification literature that the efficiency of the
units will amount to approximately 79% to 92% with the higher level of efficiency being
obtainable through the use of external heat exchangers or condensers that can extract heat
from the generators themselves during operation and also from the engine exhausts and
flue systems. This facility was provided at a cost of 1,500 per unit and the consultant
engineers have advised that the benefits were immediately apparent.
3.2.1 Bases of System Operation:

The bases of operation of the system, as can be seen in the line diagram below, is that the
two Micro-CHP units are operated in conjunction with two large Viessman Vitoplex 200
440KW gas fired boilers which act as backup support for the heating and hot water
systems in the event of failure of the Micro-CHP units while at the same time providing
additional heat when required during colder times of the year. If the Micro-CHP units
were sized at the level of maximum demand for heating during this short period of time
during the year they would not have been Micro in size and full sized CHP units would
have been required thus increasing the cost of the system exponentially.
49
Figure 3 - Actual Micro-CHP System Line Diagram (Envirobuild & Associates Ltd)
The two 14.8kW Micro-CHP units and the two 440kW gas boilers shown in the
schematic diagram, intermittently provide hot water to the 7500 Litre buffer tank which
serves the hot water and heating demands of the 78 apartments.
The cost of the entire mechanical installation including the two 440KW boiler amounted
to approximately 400,000 and the supply and installation of the two Micro-CHP units
added an additional 40,000 to the system cost. As previously stated the provision of the
condenser heat exchangers cost a further 3,000 for the two unit. The buffer tank
installation cost 5,000 and finally the equipment required to allow for the export if
electrical energy back to the low-voltage network added an additional 2,000 to the cost.
As such the total cost for the mechanical system, the Micro-CHP units, the buffer tanks,
condensers and the export facility for electricity amounted to approximately 450,000.
The addition of the Micro-CHP system to the District Heat System equated to
approximately 50,000 of this total cost.
50
3.2.2 System Buffer Tank:

The large buffer tank allows the Micro-CHP units to be continuously run by providing a
storage location for the hot water produced and not used during low demand times thus
ensuring electricity is constantly being produced.
Figure 4 - Insulated Buffer Tank
The hot water passes through the buffer tank and on to the boilers again via the return line
coming back from the apartments, which still contain heat at approximately 72C, and in
effect this means that the boilers and the Micro CHP units are only reheating the already
returned hot water to the required temperature of approximately 83C thus maximizing
the operational efficiency of the district heating system network and the gas burners. The
main disadvantage with the use of the large buffer storage is its size. The unit required
approximately 8 cubic meter of space including insulation and may prove difficult to
accommodate in plant room of other building, however in this building space was
available.
As the Micro-CHP units remain in operation almost permanently the gas boilers are only
used to provide additional heat when required. This situation will only occur under two
scenarios, the first is when one of the two Micro-CHP units is shut down for maintenance
or repair and the other is during the coldest part of the winter months when the demand
for hot water and heating is at its highest. During this brief period of the year the return
51
temperature of the hot water from the apartments can drop to below 60 C and as such the
boiler will assist the Micro-CHP units in producing hot water at a faster rate. These
occurrences are irregular and as such they have minimal effect on the functioning of the
system however as numerous occupants of the apartment complex rely on the district
heating system throughout the entire year for their heating and hot water demands, it is as
such vitally important that the gas boilers are also available when needed. As the building
management company are providing this service it is important to ensure customer
satisfaction is maintained at all times. In essence the gas boilers act as a backup to the
Micro-CHP system for heating just as the permanent connection to the ESB low-voltage
networks acts a backup supply for the landlord electricity in the event of a failure of the
system. See Table 29 - Performance of Buffer Tank and Mech System (Feb 09):
3.2.3 Micro-CHP Condensers:

The Micro-CHP units are fitted with internal heat exchangers that are used to extract heat
produced by the systems generator, engine, oil and flue gases. This heat exchange then
assists in raising the temperature of the water being heated in the process and will act to
improve efficiency. In addition to this an external heat exchanger in the form of a
condenser is used to extract heat from the engine exhausts and this heat is then used to
raise the temperature of the base water to be heated in the process. The combination of
these practices ensures maximum possible efficiency is achieved. The operators of the
system claim that the use of the external condensers has resulted in an additional 2.3KW
of heat energy being gained in the system and that this has improved the efficiency of the
Micro-CHP systems from 88% to a maximum achievable 99%.
3.2.4 Apartment Heat Station Operation:

Each of the 78 apartments in the complex are provided with a Heat and water Meter
incorporated into a Danfoss Akva Vita TDP-F Heat Station (Danfoss Redan A/S, 2010)
which is approximately the size of a standard domestic gas fire boiler. The unit has the
capacity for 15KW of heating and 35KW of domestic hot water demand which ensures
52
that enough instantaneous hot water is available to serve each apartments heating (HE)
and Domestic hot water (DHW) demands by acting as a direct link with the two-pipe
district heating (DH) network coming from the boiler plant located in the basement and
through an interface with the systems building management system (BMS) controls.
Figure 5 - Danfoss Heat Station & Meter
The heat station also incorporates smart metering for remotely downloading heat energy
consumption readings and thus facilitating automated invoicing by the system operators
for the energy consumed in each apartment. The heat and water meter ensures accurate
billing is achieved by monitoring the actual consumption of hot water by measuring the
temperature and flow rate of the water entering each apartment through the district
heatings supply pipework connection and comparing it to the temperature and flow rate
on the return line leaving each apartment and subsequently returning back into the
network. The unit can also meter the use of domestic cold water (DCW) being used in
each apartment for additional billing if required.
53
The schematic diagram below produced by Danfoss provides an illustration of the actual
pipework connections required for the district heating network and for the decentralised
heating and domestic hot water pipework in each apartment.
Figure 6 - Danfoss Akva Vita TDP-F Schematic Diagram.
The heating supply (HE) in each apartment is fed and metered directly from the district
heating (DH) network to limit losses. The actuator valve and the room thermostat provide
control via a time-clock for turning on and off the heating supply. The differential
pressure controller is used to set the optimum operating conditions for the radiator
thermostatic valves (TRV) to facilitate individual temperature control in each room of the
apartments. (Danfoss Redan A/S, 2010)
The Domestic Hot Water (DHW) supply is produced in the Heat Exchanger which is
used to transfer heat from the hot water contained in the pipework coming from the
district heating supply system with that of the water supply coming from the domestic
cold water pipework. This separation of the district heating hot water and the domestic
hot water is essential to ensure that contamination of the water does not occur and that
its safe for human contact. The heat exchanger uses a hydraulically controlled
proportional valve to provide a constant temperature in the domestic hot water being
54
supplied. The hydraulic control valve will ensure that the flow stops immediately when
tapping ends to help prevent the build-up of lime scale and bacteria in the system
No additional storage tanks are required in the apartments and the local space heating is
provided by traditional radiators, controlled locally via self-regulating thermostatic
valves, room thermostats and a time clock just as would be found in a traditional central
heating system for a house or apartment providing. This provides the end user with an
uncomplicated level of control that would be familiar to most occupants.
End of Chapter.
55
4.0 Chapter Four: Data Collection:

Data on the energy consumption and production of the Mechanical plant, Micro-CHP and
Apartment heat stations in these premises is gathered from two main sources. The
Mechanical plant and Micro-CHP are monitored through the Building Management
System using a CYLON BMS interface and the Apartments heat meters are monitored
individually through each apartments heat station. The operators of the system monitor
these processes to ensure efficiency is maintained, to check for errors in the system
procedures and for analysis of data for billing. The total gas energy consumption is
metered by Bord Gais Networks and the electrical energy consumption is metered by the
ESB both for billing purposes.
4.1 Apartment Heat Station Characteristics:

The measurement of consumed hot water for each of the 78 apartments is gathered in the
Danfoss heat station in conjunction with its incorporated heat meter as briefly discussed
in the previous chapter. The operation and function of this heat meter is essential for the
successful monitoring of the district heating system to ensure precise and accurate data is
used in the billing process. As such the function characteristics of this heat station and
meter must be calibrated to match those of industry standard and applied unit rates.
4.1.1 Heat meter Operation:

The type of meter used for this process is a Danfoss Sonometer 1000 which is an
ultrasonic static compact heat meter which is designed especially for district heating
systems. It contains various components to achieve its function consisting of an ultrasonic
flow sensor, a calculator with integral hardware and software for measuring flow rate,
temperature and energy consumption, and also temperature sensors for connection into
the supply or return line of the district heating pipework serving the apartment.
56
Figure 7 - Danfoss Sonometer 1000
The calculator will display current and past reading on its 7-digit LCD screen and will
also log the results of readings it has taken for specified periods of time. The data
gathered is saved in a non-volatile internal memory unit called the EEPROM which saves
the measured values, devices parameters and types of errors or faults that may occur all at
regular intervals as selected by the system programmers.
This event memory has a capacity of up to 31 entries and will record the following
events:
Checksum error
Temperature measurement
error
Start and end of test mode
Ultrasonic echo time

measurement error
The event memory allows maintenance personnel to easily and quickly gather
information on any errors that have occurred with the operation of the heat meter. In
addition to the event memory the heat meter also has a Monthly memory for 24 months
of operation during which time the EEPROM will gather the following information for
each month cycle:
57
Impulse
counter 2
Date /
Time
Volume
Date of
Max
Monthly
power
Tariff
energy 1
Date of
Max
Monthly
flow rate
Tariff
energy 2
EEPROM
Maximum
monthly
power
Tariff
definition
1
Maximun
Montly
flow rate
Tariff
definition
2
Error Day
Counter
Impulse
Counter 1
Energy
Figure 8 - Information Gathered in EEPROM Memory.
Interfacing with the units EEPROM is achieved through a communications module. The
module comes with a ZVEI optical interface for connection to the M-Bus protocol as per
EN1434 and uses HYDRO-SET parameterization software to culminate the data and edit
it if necessary. The communications module can also permit data exchange directly with
the heat meter through an RS232 serial interface and a Radio module can be used to
communicate a list of predefined data records.
A second slot is available for a pulse module which has two inputs and two outputs which
are used to gather the information on the input side for heat, water electricity and on the
output side for pulse values on energy use, volume, tariffs and errors. These pulse values
are used in combination with the communications modules for data transmission to the
system software and on to the BMS system for the premises.
Power to the unit is achieved through a 230V AC or 24V AC mains supply and the unit
also contains a 3.0 V DC lithium battery with a 12 year life to ensure the data is protected
in the memory unit.
58
4.1.2 Items measured by the Heat Meter:

The flow of hot water entering and exiting the heat station from the supply and return
lines of the district heating network is measured using the ultrasonic flow sensor which
permits very high measuring accuracy in accordance with EN 1434 / class 2 and 3
requirements. It is important the this European standard is met by the heat meter to ensure
reliability in the reading being taken for, with regards to energy consumption and
subsequently ensuring that the correct data is used for billing to the consumer.
The temperature readings from the supply and return lines are gathered using 2-wire
Pt500 temperature sensors which are Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) sensors
made from platinum which have a resistance of 500 ohms at 0C and are commonly
referred to as a Platinum Resistance Thermometer (PRT) or RTD probes. Any change in
the electrical resistance is a function of temperature so as the temperature rises and falls
the resistance of the thermometer will vary and its corresponding resistance value is
logged by the heat meter.
A log memory is then used to store consumption values at various storage intervals with
frequencies from 1 to 60 minutes over a 24 hour period for every day of each month
depending on the level and regularity of information required by the system
administrators up to a maximum of 440 data records per day.
The calculator stores on the EEPROM the maximum values for power, heat and flow rate
based on consumption time and can then offer tariff memories to automatically be applied
against these values for billing to the consumer after transmission through the
communications module.
The structure of the tariffs for energy used in the premises is very much at the discretion
of the system operators but must incorporate the maintenance, operation and fuel costs
for the main plant serving the district heating system.
59
4.2 Mechanical Plant Cylon BMS system:

The main boiler house in the basement of the Charlottes Quay apartment complex houses
the two equally sized gas burners and also the two Micro-CHP units. The combined
operation of these systems is controlled and managed by a main Mechanical control panel
which contains a CYLON Building Management System. This BMS system constantly
monitors the temperature of the
supply and return lines of the
mechanical plants main header
which serves the district heating
system and also monitors the
temperature of hot water available in
the buffer tank to serve the heating
and hot water demands of the
Apartments in the complex. The heat
in the system is then distributed to
the apartments using two 4 KW
Figure 9 - Main Cylon Mechanical Control Panel
duty/standby pumps.
Originally the system contained two 7.4KW duty/standby pumps with modulation via
variable speed drives (VSD) which could
reduce the work of the pumps down to
30% depending on the heat demand of the
system. However these pumps were
deemed wasteful over time as they
consumed too much electricity even when
on part load. This power consumption in
effect was using a significant amount of
the electrical energy being produced by the
Micro-CHP systems thus rendering the
system inefficient. Through the monitoring Figure 10 - Two 4 kW Duty/Standby Pumps
of the demands on the system via the BMS data loggers it was established that two 4 KW
60
duty/standby pumps would adequately provide the necessary power to circulate the hot
water through the system and as such the 7.4 KW pumps were removed and replaced.
4.2.1 Operation of Cylon Controllers:

The BMS system in these premises utilises the CYLON UnitronUC32 range of I/O
controllers and the Unitron Command Centre software package for the control and
monitoring of the Boiler house operations. All the pumps, actuator valves, temperature
sensors, gas meters, boilers and MicroCHP units within the boiler plant are
connected to the Cylon controller via a
Modbus point configuration with
fieldbus integration which allows the
devices to communicate their status to
the system controller in real time while
constantly monitoring and logging
system performance allowing the
building supervisor to view and adjust
conditions on their site. All the Unitron
Figure 11 - Cylon Unitron UC32 controllers
UC32 controllers are networked together locally via an Ethernet TCP/IP Connection
protocol or can be connected directly to a PC using an RS-232 connection for direct
system evaluation if required.
Once all the devices are connected on the network the command centre provides a
graphic view of the site, allows the building supervisor to view and set data logs, alarms
and time schedules for system operation all through a user friendly web based graphical
platform. Events within the system can be scheduled using a schedule planner application
for individual time zone control and a time schedule manager can be used for grouping of
schedules.
61
An overview of the Cylon system architecture for the connection and setup of typical
Unitron UC32 building Management Systems has been provided below for reference.
Figure 12 - Typical Cylon System Architecture
The UnitronUC32 controller contains a GSM modem to allow users to monitor and
communicate with the BMS system via
a GSM telephone network. Remote
accessibility is as such provided for
system operators. The GMS modem
uses a Dual Band 900/1800MHz Class 1
and 2 GMS serial communication
solution for this remote access and also
provides an RS-232 serial interface for
local connection to the controller with a
computer. The serial interface uses Baud
Figure 13 - Cylon GMS Modem
Rates from 2400 to 9600 for universal communication to other equipment. With this
device automatic remote alarm reporting to supervisors is achieved direct to the user via
telephone or through the system connected computers.
62
The unitron command centre software contains a reports package for collecting data and
processing reports which can be time, date or event triggered. Historical data can be built
up automatically and can be exported to other application as CSV, ODBC/SQLserver
format or HTLM data file types for further analysis. This data can then be used for
metering applications and in-depth analysis can be provided on the operational
performance of the system in terms of gas consumption and heat produced over given
periods of time.
4.2.2 Items Measured by the Cylon BMS system:

In addition to the actual control of the mechanical system within the buildings main plant
room, the cylon system is also used to gather relevant information on the real time utility
usage for the boilers and Micro-CHP system to allow for accurate analysis of energy
consumption. See Table 27 Performance of CHP1 (Feb 09):
The temperature differences between the flow and return of the hot water feeding into
and leaving the buffer tank will determine whether the gas boilers 1 and/or 2 are needed
in addition to the two operating Micro-CHP units. As a result of this and depending on
current operational temperatures, the Cylon command centre will bring in the additional
boilers as required.
Cylon
Command
Centre
Micro CHP 1
Micro CHP 2
Buffer Tank
Mech System
Boiler 1
Table 6 - Structure of Cylon control
63
Boiler 2
The system is used to monitor and track multiple meters and multiple fuels within the
system along with operational temperature and as such can provide vital information on
the systems energy and carbon performance. This information is then used to allocate
utility costs and provide information on trends and patterns of use for the system
operators. The Table below shows the structure of devices for which reading are taken
from the mechanical plant and Micro-CHP systems thought the Cylon Command Centre.
Cylon BMS Command Centre

CHP 1
CHP 2
Buffer Tank
Mechanical System
Gas Meter
Gas Meter
Flow Temperature
Gas Temperature
Active Power
Active Power
Return Temperature
Plant Room Temp
Exported Power
Exported Power
Volume Ltrs
Outside Temp
Volume Ltrs
Volume Ltrs
Energy kWh
Heat Flow Temp
Flow Temperature
Flow Temperature
Heat Return Temp
Return Temperature
Return Temperature
Boiler 1 Temp
Flue Temperature
Flue Temperature
Boiler 2 Temp
Table 7 - Cylon Monitored Items of Plant
The table indicates the relationship that exists between the temperature demands of the
system and fuel demands required to achieve this. The Cylon command centre is used to
monitor the gas consumption via a gas meter for boilers and each of the two Micro-CHP
units. This data is then compared to the temperature and volume of the hot water being
produced along with the level of exported electricity to establish the overall efficiency of
the Micro-CHP systems. If the temperature of the water entering the Micro-CHP units to
be heated, is already of a sufficiently high temperature then this will increase the
efficiency of their operation. This is achieved through the use of internal and external
heat exchangers or condensers as previously discussed in chapter 3. However if the less
efficient natural gas boilers are used to pre-heat the water in the system the overall
efficiency will be compromised as such their operation is limited to stringent conditions.
64
The cylon command centre will only allow the natural gas boilers to operate under
several scenarios. These are most likely to be firstly when the outside temperature sensor
indicates a significant drop in external temperature which will as such result in an
increase in heating demand for the occupants of the apartments and secondly when the
volume of hot water demand is increased independent of external weather conditions.
This can occur at periods of high water usage for shower and cleaning when the heating
demand is also present.
4.2.3 Metering of Main Gas Supply:

Although the Cylon Command Centre monitors independently the consumption of Gas by
each of the two Micro-CHP units and boilers for analysis of the performance of the
system, the main gas supply into the complex is metered by the supply authority for
billing purposes. In this case the main natural gas supply is provided by Bord Gis
Networks and as such bi-monthly billing is conducted by them for the total consumption
of gas serving the entire system.
Figure 14 - Natural Gas Meter supply Central Plant.
The natural gas meter supplied by Bord Gis Networks is a G65 meter and has the
capacity of supplying up to 1035 KW of gas energy into the system. Analysis of the cost
of the gas consumed will be carried out in the subsequent chapter.
65
5.0 Chapter Five: Data Analysis and Discussion of Results:

In order to establish the operational cost for the Micro-CHP system in these premises
analysis of the quantitative data made available on the Gas and Electricity consumption
of the system has been undertaken. The following tables and charts provide details on the
costs incurred to run the system by looking at the total cost of electricity and gas
consumed and how this is then subsequently billed to the occupants of the apartments
through analysis of a typical energy bill for one apartment over a one year period. The
annual cost of energy consumption for one typical apartment in this complex utilising the
district heating system will then be compared to a typical gas bill for a similar apartment
using an individual standalone domestic gas boiler. It is the authors intention to establish
at this point if this system is proving to be financially beneficial to the occupants of the
apartments in this scheme.
While the combined use of a central heating plant may appear to represent a reduced
demand for gas energy and thus billed consumption, the costs incurred in the operation
and maintenance of the main mechanical plant process must be passed onto the apartment
occupants through the tariff structure for their energy consumption. This is similar to a
standing charge normally applied by a utility company but in this case such a charge is
broken down and added into the cost per unit of energy consumed for each apartment.
This obligation will add additional cost to the consumers bill which may counteract any
savings and may act to balance the cost comparison between a standalone system and a
district heating system.
For the operators of the system monetary gain is achieved through the use of the
electricity being produced by the Micro-CHP units which is used to serve the electricity
demand of the landlord services. At design stage analysis of the landlord services
electrical load requirements was conducted and it was determined that the base load
equated to approximately 11KWe and the Micro-CHP units were thus sized accordingly.
The landlords demand for electricity will fluctuate throughout the year mainly as a result
of increased daylight hours in the summer months and as a result of this the potential to
66
export unused electricity back into the grid exists during these periods. This again can
provide a monetary gain for the operators.
5.1 Analysis of Gas Energy Costs:

The Table below provides a breakdown of the natural gas bill for the entire mechanical
plant systems energy consumption in these premises over a one year period commencing
on the 16th of January 2009 and ending on the 20th of January 2010. The slight overrun in
total days is due to changes to the billing dates over the various months of the year. As
can be seen in the column headings from left to right the tariff is broken down to include
the rate for total gas used, a standing charge and a site charge.
CHARLOTTE QUAY ENERGY BILLING - GAS BILL (JAN 09 to JAN 10)
Billing Period
From
To
16-Jan-09 17-Feb-09
17-Feb-09 18-Mar-09
Meter Readings
Conversion
Conversion
Present Previous Factor
100504 91530
107694 100504
18-Mar-09 24-Apr-09 115228 107694

Total cost for Gas from Jan 09 to April 09
11.3625 81696
11.3911 85821
20-May-09 18-Jun-09 124724E 120223

18-Jun-09 20-Jul-09 128909 124724E
20-Jul-09 17-Sep-09 132259 128909
Balancing Estimates
136929 132259
Total cost for Gas from April 09 to Sept 09
Balancing of Estimates
17-Sep-09 30-Sep-09
136929 138969
01-Oct-09 20-Jan-10 138969 142107
147453 142107
153847 147453
164682 153847
Total cost for Gas from Sept 09 to Jan 10
Combined Total of 12 Month operation
0.03657
0.03657
0.03657
3776.00
2987.62
3138.47
32
29
35
11.3625
11.3911
11.4485
11.3051
11.3625
16216
51271
47912
37872
53063
0.03218
0.03657
0.03218
0.03218
0.03218
0.03218
0.03218
11.3625
11.4772
11.4772
11.4198
11.4772
SITE CHARGE
RATE PER TOTAL / N OF RATE PER

V.A.T. @
DAY / c
DAYS DAY / c
TOTAL / 13.5%
0.143
0.143
0.142
9,902.10
40540
120223 115228
STANDING CHARGE
RATE PER
N OF
kWh UN. /c
TOTAL / DAYS
11.5059 103254
22-Apr-09 20-May-09
GAS USED
4.58
4.15
4.97
32
19.661
29
35
19.661
19.661
13.69
1304.58
593.02
1649.90
1541.81
28
29
32
0.142
2926.29
59
0.142
0.142
0.142
1,887.46
AMOUNT
TOTAL /
595.31 5,005.04
480.86 4,042.80
517.26 4,348.84
1,593.44 13,396.68
0
484.51
501.82
553.73
322.12 2,708.21
291.04 2,446.87
283.51 2,383.59
629.152
570.169
688.135
0.00
3.98
4.12
4.54
28
29
32
17.304
17.304
17.304
8.38
59
17.304 1,020.94
534.01 4,489.61
2,560.99 1,430.68 12,028.28
8,015.59
21.02
0.00
0.00
23180 0.03218
745.93
13
0.142
1.85 13
17.304
224.95
131.32
133389 .009526/.012156
1469.63 294745 0.00381 1122.98
0.00
350.00
93607 0.01063
995.04 57737 0.000145
8.37 111 22.71047 2,520.86
475.78
67749 0.01263
855.67 169259 0.000168
28.44
0.00
119.35
67748 0.000162
10.98
0.00
1.48
4,066.27
1,172.61
2,745.81 1,077.93
21,983.96
1,207.32
1,104.05
2,942.61
4,000.05
1,003.46
12.46
9,062.63
7,194.26 4,102.05 34,487.59
Table 8 - Accumulated Gas Energy Bill for 1 Year District Heating system.
The total quantity of units consumed by the process between January 2009 and January
2010 was 73152 which equated to approximately 835570 KWh of Gas used during this
period. This represents gas used by the two Micro-CHP units and the two natural Gas
67
boilers. A conversion factor formula is used to calculate from the units used to the gas
KWh. This factor is provided by the supply authority and may adjust throughout any
given billing period over a year.
As estimated readings were used during some of the months the table was adjusted to
accommodate discrepancies and these are shown under the rows entitled balance of
estimates however the total costs are correct for each period according to the energy
consultants.
The standing charge is applied by the supply authority and is charged at a daily rate
throughout each billing period. The purpose of this charge is to cover administration costs
incurred by the supply authority and is chargeable regardless if any gas is consumed or
not in the system. The unit cost of this charge is calculated by the supply authority and is
based on the level of gas provided.
Total for GAS Energy:

Billing Period
Total Cost
Total cost for Gas from Jan 09 to April 09
13,396.68
Total cost for Gas from April 09 to Sept 09
12,028.28
Total cost for Gas from Sept 09 to Jan 10
9,062.63
Total for 1 Year
34,487.59
Table 9 - Summary of total Gas Energy Bill:
The site charge which is also known as transit capacity is a charge payable in order to
move gas through the pipelines. This charge results from the need for the Natural Gas
Suppliers to reserve space on the gas pipeline on behalf of their customers for the coming
gas year. The amount of space reserved is called Supply Point Capacity (SPC). Each gas
point has an individual, site specific SPC. This capacity for Non-Daily Metered
Customers is an estimation of peak day consumption measured in kWh. The estimation
68
methodology is based on the FAR process and has been approved by the Commission for
Energy Regulation. Bord Gis Networks are responsible for estimating SPC for all
customers. (Bord Gais, 2010)
During the year the data was gathered for Gas usage in these premises, the operators
renegotiated their tariff with Bord Gais to a new Fuel Variation Tariff for customers who
consume more than 73,000kWh and have a supply point capacity of more than
3,750kWh. The average cost per unit of gas used during this period subsequently adjusted
to between 3.66 to 3.218 cent per kWh.
5.1.1 Micro-CHP Fuel Input Costs:

In generating the 11kWe of electricity all year and then also between 25kWt to 29.6kWt
of thermal heat for this complex the two Micro-CHP units will consume 41kWg of gas
per hour. The cost of this gas is calculated using the estimated gas price previously
provided above and is at a rate of 0.0366/kWh however when the standing charge, site
charge and VAT are included in this unit rate it will equate to approximately
0.042/kWh.
The Micro-CHP units operational hours will be almost constant for 365 days of the year
24hours a day, however to allow for maintenance and repair an availability factor of 98%
is used resulting in total operational hours of 8585hr per annum.
The Micro-CHP Fuel Input Cost = 0.042 x 41kWg Micro-CHP Input = 1.722(On an
Hourly Basis) Therefore approximate Annual Micro-CHP operational Fuel Input Cost =
1.722 x 8585 Micro-CHP hours = 14,783.37
As can be seen from the above approximate cost for running the Micro-CHP units, the
gas boilers will still use the larger amount of gas energy equating to about 57% of the
purchased energy and remain a vital part of the system. However it is when both systems
are working in parallel that the heating system becomes a cost-effective energy centre.
69
5.2 Analysis of Electrical Energy Costs:

The three Tables below provide a breakdown of the Electricity Consumption of the
landlord services over a 1 year period. These services include electrical items such as
amenity lighting, External lighting, lifts, fire alarm systems, door access systems and
power for the mechanical plant in the boiler room.
Table 10 - Electrical Energy Costs (Jan 09 to Apt 09):
Landlord Block A - ESB Summary

Billing Period Inv Date
Inv NO
Amount
Jan-Feb 09
04.03.09 1302422451 1,694.29
Mar-Apr 09
8.032009 1902312823 852.61
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,546.90
Sub Total
Usage by Boiler Room
Charge to Heating System
Billing
Period Inv Date
Inv #
Jan-Feb 09 04.03.09 1302422451
Mar- apr 09 08.05.09 1902312823
Sub Total
Usage by Boiler Room ESTIMATE
30%
764.07
Max
Import
Cap
Unit 1
336.49 745.38
180.11
305.37
516.60
1,050.75
Units 2
187.45
81.5
268.95
Units 3
45.27
184.22
229.49
Standin
ESB for
g
the
Charge
VAT
Period
178.18 201.52 1,694.29
0
101.41 852.61
178.18 302.93 2,546.90
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE ESTIMATE ESTIMATE

ESTIMATE
30%
764.07
The ESB are the current providers of electricity for these premises and the billing
analysis provided in these tables accounts for the energy used less the 11KWe provided
by the Micro-CHP units thus reducing the overall cost.
The landlord services are divided into units 1, 2 and 3 to correspond with the buildings
layout and have separate meters. These sections represent the three main access areas of
the building which includes stair lobbies and lifts. The basement car park and boiler
house are also combined across these units. As can be seen the energy advisers (Gastec
70
Ltd) have established that the boiler house plant represents an estimated 30% of the
overall electrical use and as such this percentage of cost for electrical energy must be
incorporated into the energy bill issued as part of the heating bills for each apartment.
Table 11 - Electrical Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09):

Billing Period
May -Jun09
Jul- Aug 09
Inv Date
Inv NO
30.06.09
1302622245
14.10.09
327050093410
1,559.74
Sub Total
Billing
Period Inv Date
Inv #
May -Jun09 30.06.09 1302622245
Jul- Aug 09 14.10.09 327050093410
Sub Total
Amount
804.99
754.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
Max
Import
Cap
180.11
232.635
412.75
30%
467.92
Unit 1
265.05
202.28
467.33
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
Units 2
Units 3
79.86
184.22
50.82 179.23
130.68 363.45
Standin
g
Charge
VAT
0
95.75
0
89.78
0.00
185.53
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE
ESB for
the
Period
804.99
754.75
1,559.74
30%
467.92
The electricity produced by the Micro-CHP units, which is either used by the landlord
services or exported back into the grid, has assisted in reducing the total electrical energy
cost and thus also acts to reduce the cost burden for the operation of the mechanical plant
in the boiler room. This saving is then passed back onto the apartment consumers in their
overall tariff for heating.
The Maximum import capacity (MIC) is a charge applied to consumers for the loading to
which the connection has been designed and is the capacity that ESB Networks commits
itself to deliver to these premises. It places an upper limit on the total electrical load that
can be used and for this building it must be sized to allow for a scenario in which the
Micro-CHP units are not providing their 11KWe. When this occurs the ESB supply must
71
be sized and available to provide the total required electrical load to the premises. Hench
the MIC charge represents a significant proportion of the cost of electrical energy in these
premises.
Table 12 - Electrical Energy Costs (Aug 09 to Dec 09):

Billing Period
Aug-Sep 09
Oct- Dec 09
Inv Date
05.02.10
14.10.09
Inv NO
Amount
3.2705E+11
736.51
327050093410 1,952.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,688.69
Sub Total
Billing
Period Inv Date
Inv #
Aug-Sep 09 05.02.10 327050070813
Oct-09 05.02.10 327050070813
Oct- Dec 09 05.02.10
327050046954
Sub Total
Max
Import
Cap
96.64
100.07
172.02
368.73
30%
806.61
Unit 1
35.23
29.28
295.88
360.39
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
Units 2
118.85
0.62
844.93
964.40
Units 3
33.76
219.91
253.67
Standin
ESB for
g
the
Charge
VAT
Period
96.64
38.49
419.61
143.2
49.11
322.28
187.24
232.2
1952.18
427.08 319.80 2,694.07
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE
30%
808.22
The standing charge, as with the Gas Energy, is applied by the supply authority and is
charged at a daily rate throughout each billing period. The purpose of this charge is to
cover administration cost incurred by the supply authority. The approximate cost for
purchasing electricity from the supply authority is 14.10 cent per kWh excluding the
various additional charges as discussed.
As can be seen in the electrical summaries above, the summer months from May to
August represent the greatest reduction in electricity consumption throughout the year
however even with this reduced demand for electricity the Micro-CHP units must remain
in full operation mode to ensure that the maximum running hours are maintained if the
72
system is be to financially viable. It is at this point that the provision of the 7,500 Ltr
buffer tank is essential for the system to be feasible. The tank allows the Micro-CHP
systems to continuously operate throughout the year by providing a buffer area between
the hot water produced by the Micro-CHP system and the hot water demand of the
apartments. During the summer months there will be less need for the standard boilers
however they are still available as a backup in case either of the Micro-CHP units fail to
operate and also to allow for servicing and maintenance of the Micro-CHP units in
advance of the pending winter season.
During the summer period the 11kWe power supply generated by the Micro-CHP units
will meet almost the entire base electrical load requirement of the landlord services
throughout the day and any additional electricity available at this point can be exported
back into the national grid in coordination with the supply authority. However as
discussed in chapter 2 of this thesis, due to barriers that previously existed for the
connection of small Micro-generators and the low return in revenue from the tariffs set by
the ESB networks, the operator of this Micro-CHP system did not until recently
implement an export strategy for any excess electricity produced.
Results for the amount of revenue gained through the export of electricity will be
available next year however the energy consultants have advised it will be minimal and
as such is not deemed to be of significant financial benefit to the operators of the system.
The system was designed to use all the electricity produced by the Micro-CHP systems
when operational and was not envisaged to profit from the export of electricity though
this potential may exist in other premises and as such it may be a design consideration for
future schemes.
The table below shows the total cost for electrical energy consumed in the premises for
this single year period. These costs are based on the balance of electricity required to be
purchased from the ESB after the Micro-CHP units have provided the base electrical
requirements for the total system. The estimated value of electricity to operate the
73
mechanical system will be deducted from this and is added to the heating bill for the
apartments as previously discussed.
Total for Electrical Energy:

Billing Period
Total Cost
Cost for Electricity from Jan 09 to April 09
2,546.90
Cost for Electricity from April 09 to Aug 09
1,559.74
Cost for Electricity from Sept 09 to Jan 10
2,688.69
Total for 1 Year
6,795.33
Table 13 - Summary of Total Electricity Bill:
The table below shows the accumulated value of electricity consumed by the mechanical
system in the premises which is a result of the power required to serve the heating pump,
valves stats, dampers, BMS system, controllers and start-up motors for the Micro-CHP
units and the main boilers.
The boiler house was not provided with a separate metered supply and is fed from the
landlord services however based on the load readings taken from the BMS control panel
the energy consultants have established that approximately 30% of the electrical demand
is for mechanical services and as such estimated values based on this percentage are
added to the apartment heating bills. This in turn will cover the costs incurred to provide
the electrical element of the district heating service.
Total for Electrical Energy (Mech):

Billing Period
Total Cost
Cost for Electricity from Jan 09 to April 09
764.07
Cost for Electricity from April 09 to Aug 09
467.92
74
Cost for Electricity from Sept 09 to Jan 10
808.22
Total for 1 Year
2,040.21
Table 14 - Electricity cost for Mechanical System:
As can be determined from the above the landlord will pay 4,755.12 for electricity
during the entire year and the occupiers of the apartments will pay the balance of
2,040.21 due to ESB through their heating bills to the system operators. This equates to
approximately 26 per year per apartment.
5.2.1 Avoided Electricity Costs:

The total electricity costs for the entire apartment complex detailed through the analysis
of the bills for this single year of operation may appear inconsequential in monitory terms
when compared to those of the Natural Gas Bills for heating. This is correct. The minimal
electrical cost for the complex was achieved directly as a result of implementing the two
Micro-CHP units.
In order to accurately evaluate the cost of electrical energy consumed in the premises we
must look at the total amount of avoided electricity cost as a result of gaining the 2 x 5.5
kWe of electricity from the Micro-CHP units while they are providing heat to the district
heating system and add this to the purchased electricity.
As the Micro-CHP units will be required to remain in operation 365 days a year, 24 hours
a day, 7 days a week the benefits of what may appear to be only a small amount of
electrical energy, will add-up to a significant value throughout an entire year. Both the
units have an availability factor of 98% applied to allow for maintenance or possible
system failure during this period.
75
This will give us a total operational duration or up-time of 8585hrs per annum. Any
periods when the unit is out of service will require electricity from the grid and heat from
the backup boiler systems.
Operational Hours of Micro-CHP units:

Micro-CHP operation: 365 Day x 24 Hours = 8760 hours per annum
Micro-CHP Down time: 8760 Hrs x 0.98 Availability factor = 8584.8hrs per annum
Equation 1 - Operational hours of -CHP:
The total avoided electricity costs can be calculated from the above information based on
the unit of electricity that is applied by the ESB if this electricity was purchased from
them for this same period of time at approximately 14.1 cent/kWh ex VAT and excluding
the various services charges which will still exist regardless of the level of electricity
consumed on the system.
Avoided Electricity Costs:

Micro-CHP no. 1 = 8585 hrs. per annum x 5.5 kWe x 14.1 cent/kWh = 6,657.67
Micro-CHP no. 2 = 8585 hrs. per annum x 5.5 kWe x 14.1 cent/kWh = 6,657.67
Total approximate value of electricity produced by the Micro-CHP = 13,315.34 ex VAT
Equation 2 - Total Avoided Electricity Cost:
As can be seen in Equation 2 above the level of electricity that the landlord services are
benefiting from for the Micro-CHP system is of a significant financial gain to the
operators of the system.
The total electricity cost for operating the landlord services within the complex without
the additional electricity provided by the Micro-CHP units would be as follows:
76
Total Electricity Bill without Micro-CHP:

Description:
Value:
Total Cost of purchased Electricity
6,795.33 per annum
Value of Micro-CHP produced Electricity
15,112.90 per annum
Total approximate Electricity Bill
21,908.24 p/a inc VAT
Equation 3 - Possible Electricity Bill:
While these savings for the operators do not represent a major financial benefit to the
customers they act as major incentive for developers and landlords. They also ensure
increased energy efficiency is achieved through the use of advanced state of the art
equipment and this will ultimately contribute to reduced carbon emissions for the
complex.
End of Section.
77
5.3 Establishing a Cost per Unit of Energy:

In order to establish a charge-out rate for the cost per unit of energy provided by the
operators of the district heating system on to the apartment occupiers, the total annual
cost for gas consumption and electricity used by the mechanical system must be added
together. In addition to these items several additional cost incurring factors must also be
incorporated in this charge-out rate. It is also important to recognise that unknown events
may occur during the year that could result in additional cost for the operation of the
system and as such the charge-out rate must allow for a reasonable level of contingency
to cover such events. One years operation is generally required for estimated billing.
The following list details the items which must be added together to establish the actual
cost of operating the system throughout the year.
Gas Consumption Costs Total for all consumed gas throughout the year by the
Micro-CHP units and the Natural Gas Boilers.
Electricity Costs Total costs for all electricity required to operate the
mechanical system over the year.
Maintenance and Repair Costs As the system relies on numerous items of
interconnected plant and machinery to operate it is essential that a good
preventative maintenance programme is put in place for each of the critical
aspects of the system. This cost will cover maintenance of the Boilers, MicroCHP units, BMS system and cover a level of Call-outs for faults and repairs.
Energy consultation Fees The on-going supervision and evaluation of the
performance, operation and efficiency of the system is vital to ensure maximum
results are achieved form the mechanical system and as such it is very important
to ensure trained professional are employed to run the system on the client behalf.
For these premises Envirobuild & Associates Ltd have been contrcated for such
services on a annual bases.
Administration Costs The total cost for running the financial aspect of the
system from dealing with suppliers to the issuing of invoices to the apartments
occupants must be cover in the cost of operating the system.
78
Contingency Sum To facilitate any unexpected costs that maybe incurred

throughout the year due to issues out of the control of the system operators, from
breakdown to fuel cost increases, a contingency sum must be available and as
such is incorporated into the customers tariff.
The example below provides a breakdown of how the total cost of energy for a period is
gathered and shows the accumulated cost for maintenance and management.
Energy Cost for period 17th of January 2009 to 30th of April 2009:
(Example for billing Period 1)
Gas Energy:
Electrical Energy (Mech only):
Maintenance and repairs:
Gas Boilers
Standard Callout
BMS system
Micro-CHP Units
Total cost for year and apportioned
764
245 x 2
185 x 2
740 x 1
240 x 2
376 x 2
425 + 240
VAT @ 13.5%
to 103 days for this period only.
Energy Consultant:
Technical Services
Total cost for year and 40% apportioned
7500 x 40%
VAT @ 21.5%
Administration Costs:
Admin Services
Total cost for year and apportioned
13,397
3000 per year

VAT @ 21.5%
Contingency Sum:
490.00
370.00
740.00
1,906.50
3,506.50
473.38
3,979.88
1,123
3,000.00
645.00
3,645.00
1,029
3,000.00
645.00
3,645.00
1,029
100
Total cost of energy for this period:
17,441
Table 15 - Combined Energy costs:
79
The table above provides a breakdown of how the costs for a period are accumulated and
also how the annual costs are gathered. From this value the total cost per unit of energy to
be bill from the operators to the customers will be established.
If services and repairs are not required throughout the year, any revenue previously
gained from these charges will be returned in the final billing period thorough an
adjustment to the unit rates.
5.3.1 Cost of Energy for Billing Period 1:
Table 16 - Cost of Energy (Jan 09 - April 09)
The total rate at which energy is charge-out to the customers for each period is
established by dividing the total cost of energy used during that period by the total
energy consumed for the apartments. The total energy consumed value of 122792in
this period is the accumulation of the units acquired from all the Heat Station Meters in
the apartments during this given period of time. See Table 34 - Energy Usage Calculator
80
(May 09 to Aug 09). The total cost per unit of energy for this period is 0.146 and as such
all billing for consumed energy for this period was based on this rate.
Table 17 - Total cost of Energy (May 09 to Aug 09)
The table above shows how the unit rate over this period from April to September 2009
was reduced as a result of no repairs being required during this period and the omission
of the Administration costs. This occurred as a result of changes being made to the billing
structure of the system and also due to a surplus being gathered in pervious year before a
proper tariff structure was put in place.
There was no requirement for a contingency sum during this period as additional funds
were available from the surplus gathered in the previous billing period as such there was
no need to bill the customers for such an event.
81
The total cost per unit of energy for this period is now 0.1146 and as such all billing for
consumed energy for this period was based on this rate.
Table 18 - Total Energy Cost (Sept 09 to Jan 10)
The final Energy cost table above shows how the cost per unit of energy has been
reduced again as a result of credits been given back on the administration, energy
management costs and contingency sums due to over estimating of costs during the
previous billing year. The energy management acknowledged that over charging
occurred and as a result it was agreed to return costs to customers during the final billing
period in the form of a reduced unit rate for energy as can be seen above.
82
5.3.4 Average Cost per unit of Energy District Heating:

In order to get an accurate value for the rate per unit of energy produced for billing, the
combined cost of energy for the entire year will be ascertained and then divided by the
total value of energy consumed based on the units gather back for all the heat meters in
the apartments via the Cylon system.
Combined cost for 1 years energy billing:

Total cost of Energy
Heat Meter Units
Period 1 (Jan April 09)

Period 2 (May June 09)
Period 3 (July Jan 10)
17,441
14,148
5,630
122,762
123,501
160,602
Combined Total
37,219
406,865
Average Cost per unit of Energy
0.0915 per unit
Table 19 - Combined cost of Energy bill (2009):
The average cost per unit of energy detailed above is inclusive of all standing and
additional charges for both gas and electricity supplied to run the system. It also
incorporates charges for maintenance, administration and management expenses as
previously detailed and the chargeable rates of VAT at 13.5% and 21.5% are included. As
such this can be described as an inclusive average rate per unit.
These figures are based on the exact information provided by the energy consultants for
this single year period and this author notes that the discrepancies which may become
apparent to the reader are factual and could justify a requirement for additional analysis
through comparisons with future billing possibly for the this coming year in order to
establish a more accurate set of data from the system through historical comparison.
83
5.4 Typical cost for single Apartment (A) District heating system:
In order to establish the total cost for heat energy used by a single customer in one
apartment over a one year period the accumulated total cost for a typical apartment will
be used. For this purpose apartment A, which is apartment no. 201of the Charlotte Quay
development has been chosen as it a midlevel unit with 2 bedrooms, bathroom, en-suite,
kitchen and living room. The entire apartment has an average floor area of approximately
88msq which represents an averaged sized apartment in the Dublin.
The level of insulation in these apartments is of a high standard and the ventilation
system employs heat recovery which will further improve the efficiency of heat
purchased for the apartment.
The three tables below show a snapshot of the invoiced amount due for the apartment
over the three billing periods used to make up the 12 month supply of service.
Table 20 - Apt 201 - Cost of Heat Energy (Jan 09 - April 09)
The first table above shows that during the period of January 2009 to the 30th of April
2009 apartment 201 used 2,171 units of Energy (kWh). The rate per unit of energy
applied by the operators of the systems to the consumers at this point was 0.146 and as
84
such the total billed amount to the customer for this period was 316.99 inclusive of VAT
and services charges.
Table 21 - Apt 201 - Cost of Heat Energy (May-09 to Oct 09)
The table above shows the next set of data for the second billing period and details that
apartment 201 used 1,522 units of Energy (kWh). The rate per unit of energy applied by
the operators of the systems to the consumers at this point was reduced to 0.1146 and as
such the total billed amount to the customer for this period was 174.30 inclusive of VAT
and services charges. The reduced rate took into account changes to the gas rates from the
supply authority and also credits due back for unused contingency sums etc.
Table 22 - Apt 201 - Cost of Energy (Oct 09 - Jan 10)
85
The third table provides the final set of data for billing and details that apartment 201
used 3,358.2 units of Energy (kWh). The rate per unit of energy applied by the operators
of the systems to the consumers at this point was reduced to 0.03505 and as such the
total billed amount to the customer for this period was 117.73 inclusive of VAT and
services charges.
The rate per unit of energy was dramatically reduced at this point as a result of
discrepancies in the original rates and incorrect estimates being charged for maintenance
and administration. In order to return this over charged money to the customers it was
agreed to provide a reduced energy rate for the final billing period. This worked out as a
favourably solution for most of the customers as the final period was during winter
months when their usage was at its highest but the rates were discounted. However it
does serve to point out to this author the level of accuracy that must be given to the
establishment of a properly structured tariff system. The customers must feel assured of
the accuracy of the systems meters and software and of the company employed to gather
and accumulate the information for billing to them.
Combined cost for 1 years energy billing (Apartment 201):

Total cost of Energy
Heat Meter Units
Period 1 (Jan April 09)

Period 2 (May June 09)
Period 3 (July Jan 10)
316.99
174.30
117.73
2,171
1,522
3,358.2
Combined Total
609.02
7,051.2
Average Cost per unit of Energy
0.086 per unit
Table 23 - Total Energy Bill for Apt (A) 201 (2009):
The total annual cost for heat energy consumed by the occupants of apartment 201 during
this year amounted to 609.02 and the Heat meter logging system showed that they used
a total of 7,051.20 units during this period giving an average cost of 0.086 per unit.
In order to establish if this represents good value we will compare this cost to that of a
standard boiler system in a similar type apartment.
86
5.5 Typical cost for similar single apartment (B) Standalone Boiler:
The table below shows the combined annual cost for the purchase of gas energy for
heating in a comparably sized apartment in a complex in Santry Co. Dublin (Type B).
This information will be used for comparison to apartment 201 described in Charlotte
Quay. This is a second floor apartment, with a total floor area of 85msq. It has the same
number of rooms as apartment no. 201 described in the previous section. Each apartment
in these premises contains their own individual standalone natural Gas boiler for the
provision of central heating and for domestic hot water. Each apartment also contains a
150 Ltr hot water cylinder tank to store hot water for domestic use only. Instantaneous
hot water is not as readily available as in Charlotte quay and the domestic boiler must be
operational for approximately 15-25 minutes to produce adequate hot water for either
domestic use or for the radiator heating system.
Table 24 - Accumulated Gas Energy Bill for 1 Year Standard Heating system.
STANDARD APARTMENT ENERGY BILLING - GAS BILL (JAN 09 to JAN 10)
Billing Period
Meter Readings
Conversion
STANDING CHARGE
15-Jan-09 13-Mar-09
13183
12896
11.4485
3286
0.05471
179.76
57
0.143
8.15
AMOUNT
TOTAL /
25.37 213.28
14-Mar-09 30-Apr-09
01-May-09 19-May-09
13199
13350
13183
13199
11.3625
11.3625
1360
538
0.05471
0.04814
74.41
25.90
48
19
0.142
0.142
6.82
2.70
10.96
3.86
92.19
32.46
20-May-09
14-Jul-09
13405
13350
11.4198
628
0.04814
30.24
56
0.142
7.95
5.16
43.34
15-Jul-09 14-Sep-09
13462
13405
11.4198
651
0.04814
31.34
62
0.142
8.80
5.42
45.56
15-Sep-09 30-Sep-09 13507.27 13462

01-Oct-09 16-Nov-09
13640 13507.3
11.4485
11.4485
518
1520
0.04814
0.04274
24.95
64.95
16
47
0.142
0.164
2.27
7.71
3.67
9.81
30.90
82.46
From
To
Conversion
Present Previous Factor
GAS USED
RATE PER
N OF
kWh UN. /c
TOTAL / DAYS
RATE PER TOTAL / V.A.T. @

DAY / c
13.5%
17-Nov-09 18-Jan-10
14108 13640
11.4485
5358 0.04274
229.00
63
0.164
10.33
32.31 271.64
Total cost for Gas from Jan 09 to Jan 10
11.419825 13858 0.048433 660.53
368 0.147625 54.73
96.56 811.82
Note: For an example of a typical Gas Energy Bill for this apartment as issued by Bord Gais Energy please see appendix Figure 20 Sample Gas Bill for Standard Boiler.
As can be seen from the table above with a domestic heating system no site charge is
applicable but the standing charge still applies. The rate per unit of Gas purchased is
significantly greater than that of Charlotte Quay. This is because as a single consumer
they do not avail of the reduced gas energy tariffs available to bulk purchase customers
like the operators of the Micro-CHP system in the Charlotte quay apartment complex.
87
However these larger consumers must endure greater site and capacity charges in their
costs which may even-out the rate per unit when all is considered.
The domestic system consumed 13858 kWh of gas over the entire year and the end user
paid an average of 0.0484 c/kWh excluding standing changes and VAT which must also
be considered. The average cost per kWh inclusive of all the above items amounts to
approximately 0.0586 c/kWh.
The cost of electricity for the operation of the gas boiler systems pump, actuator valves,
room stat and the time-clock is minimal and only amounts to approximately 25.00 per
annum based on approximately 1680 hours of operation over the year with a 90W pump
and electricity charged at a rate 14.1 c/kWh.
Table 25 - Total Energy Cost (Apt B) - Standard System (Jan 09 to Jan 10)
The annual servicing and maintenance of a standard domestic boiler is approximately

100.00 excluding any replacement parts or repairs that may be required. An additional
contingency sum of 50.00 has been added for possible faults that could arise.
88
The table above combines the costs associated with the operation of the Standard Boiler
system for clarity. As we can see the total cost for heat energy in the standard apartment
for 2009 equated to 987.00 which gives and average cost per unit of energy at a rate of
approximately 0.07 c/kWh.
5.6 Evaluation of Heat Energy Costs for Both Apartments:

In order to establish if the District Heating system offers as significant a benefit to the
consumer as it does to the operator, we now compare the actual total energy costs to heat
both types of apartments for the 1 year period from January 2009 to January 2010.
The total money spent by both consumers is detailed in the table below with Apartment
type A representing that served by the Micro-CHP fed District Heating System and
Apartment type B representing that served by a standard local gas boiler.
It is important to note that both apartments are of equal scale and of a similar build
quality and age. The heating systems in both premises have been correctly sized.
Comparison of Heating Costs for Apartments:

Apartment Type A
(District Heating System)
Apartment Type B
(Standard Gas Boiler)
Total cost of Heat energy

for 1 year period.
609.02
987.00
Total Units of Energy

Consumed
7,051.2
13,858.0
Average Cost per unit of

Energy
0.086 per unit
0.071 per unit
Table 26 - Comparison of annual heat costs Apt A and B:
89
We can see from the comparison table above that Apartment type A was significantly
cheaper to heat for the year than Apartment type B representing a saving to the occupants
in the region of 38%. This reduced cost does not appear to have come about as a result of
lower tariff rates for energy consumed as the average rate per unit of energy in the
District Heating Scheme is 0.086 which is greater than the calculated rate of 0.071 for
the standard boiler system.
The unit rates of energy for both systems are not extremely different however the
standard boiler systems rates are approximately 20% less than that charged by the
operators of the District Heating System which may need to be re-evaluated by the
energy engineers to ensure conformity with industry standard rates as detailed on the
SEAIs comparison of energy cost schedule detailed in Figure 19 - SEAI Chart of
Energy Costs 2010:
The most significant difference between the two types of apartments appears to be the
level of units consumed over the 12 month period. Apartment type A served via the
district heating system has used almost 51% less energy than apartment type B over the
same given period of time and it is this energy saving that is in turn providing a
significant cost saving for the consumer and not the rate at which the energy is purchased.
From this we can gather that the combination of high energy efficient material and
features contained within the apartments of the Charlotte Quay complex are greatly
reducing the level of heat energy required and as such the need for heating and its
demand has been greatly reduced.
Some of these features as previously discussed in chapter 3 of this thesis are contained in
the list below as follows:
90
Energy Efficient Features of Charlotte Quay:

1. Highly insulated glazing for windows will reduce the level of heat escaping
from the apartments and external cold air from penetrating the apartments.
2. The High level of specification for building fabric U-Values will increase the
performance of the apartments ability to hold heat.
3. The use of the Heat Recovery Ventilation system (HRV) is playing a major part
in conserving the heat already in the apartment and. These systems can recover
up to 92% of the heat passing through an apartment and only 10-14Watts to run
4. The instant availability of hot water from the district heating system and the
Danfoss Heat Stations means that hot water for showers, baths and sinks is
constantly on hand, 24hrs a day without the need for a large hot water storage
tank in each apartment.
With the Standard boiler system in apartment type B the higher level of units of energy
being consumed and thus cost, is most likely as a direct result of inefficiencies with the
system and its design. As of 2008 most apartments built in Ireland now utilise a
condensing gas boiler rather than a flue vented system. These gas burning condensing
boiler can be significantly more energy efficient than standard boiler and could save the
consumer up to 25% on energy cost.
Other issues that exist in the standard apartment are relating to the 150Ltr Hot water
storage boiler which even if well insulated, will require additional heat energy to keep hot
water available from it at the required times. Also inefficiencies within the building and
its fabric are adding to loss of heat in the complex.
The following list details some of the areas in which efficiency is most possible being
lost.
91
Inefficient Features of Stand Apartment Heating System:

1. Standard Gas Boilers are not as efficient as condensing boilers and
approximately 10-15% of the heat generated by the boiler is being lost in the
vented flue.
2. The time and heat energy required to heat up the water in the 150 Ltr Hot
water storage tank of the apartment for sinks, baths and showers is
extremely significant. The energy required to maintain a level of hot water in
the tank will place a significant demand of increased operational hours for
the boiler system.
3. Ventilation is provided in the standard apartment through small window
vents and there is no Heat Recovery System as such when natural ventilation
takes place heat is being lost to the external environment and not recovered.
It is this authors opinion that the combination of various energy efficient measure taken
in the design and construction of the apartments in Charlottes Quay coupled together with
the constant availability of instant hot water, with no build-up or pre-heat time required in
apartment type A is what has resulted in such a lower level of energy units being required
an thus providing the cost savings to the consumer.
The occupier of these apartments are ultimately only being billed for exactly the levels of
hot water they need which is drawn off the district heating system and as such they are
not paying to heat up water in a tank now for hot water they may need in two hours time
and as such it is the elimination of waste that has reduced the level of units for consumed
energy to a minimum.
92
6.0 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Summary:

To summaries, in the literature review we looked at the fundamentals of what constitutes
a Combined Heat and Power system and established the types of Engines and Fuels
currently used or under evaluation for use in Micro-CHP systems. This gives an
understanding as to the current technology behind such systems. We then examined the
financial and technical barriers restricting the take-up of the technology in this country as
opposed to the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe. This process highlighted the
differences between current legislation in Ireland for connection into the Low-Voltage
Network and also the limited incentives by way of adequate Tariffs for the exporting of
electricity backing into the Grid. Finally in the literature review we discussed the use of
quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate the current operational parameters and costs
of the Micro-CHP and District Heating system in Charlotte Quay Dublin.
In the methodology we then discussed the requirements for the construction of the
building to ensure its energy efficiency will match that of the Micro-CHP District
Heating system being installed. This is important to ensure both areas complement each
other in the overall design and operation of the system. A full description is given as to
the construction and process of the mechanical system including how the Micro-CHP
units work in tandem with the gas boilers. The bases of system operation incorporating
the buffer tank for storing heat energy and the distribution of this heat in the apartments
through the Heat Station is explained.
Once the systems operation is understood we then examined how data is collected from
the various sources in the network. The importance of the Cylon Command system for
the gathering of data on the inputs and outputs of the mechanical system to ensure
efficiency is highlighted. The configuration of the Heat Meters in the Heat Stations of the
apartments for monitoring is explained. A comprehensive list of the items of equipment
monitored in both systems is provided for clarity and the main gas meters importance is
conferred.
93
Having collected the relevant data on the systems operation we then analysed the cost of
gas energy to provide the entire system and the fuel input costs for the Micro-CHP
system. From this we established the avoided electricity costs from using the Micro-CHP
units. This is to the benefit of the System Operator and the Landlord in terms of
discounted electricity available for use. The balance of the electricity costs for the
operation of the system was then determined and detail provided on how much of this
cost is shared with the apartment occupiers.
The combined total cost for gas and electricity is evaluated over a 1 year period and an
average cost per unit of energy is established. The fluctuation in this unit rate is noted
over the 3 billing periods of the year and an explanation regarding metering issues and
over changing is raised. This acts to enforce the authors original concerns regarding how
information is gathered from the Heat Stations in the apartments and subsequently billed
to the consumers. The calibration of such meters is vital and any estimation made in bills
should be as accurate as possible to avoid crediting for errors.
An annual cost for heat energy consumption is calculated for both the District Heating
served Apartment and a similar sized Apartment heated via a standard boiler system. The
heat energy costs for both are evaluated and a synopsis is given. It is concluded that while
the cost of purchasing heat in the District Heating served Apartment is more expensive
than that of the Standard Apartment, the energy efficiency of the first ensures that only
half of the level heat energy will be needed overall. From this it has been established that
the Charlotte Quay apartments are significantly more energy efficient than standard
apartment schemes but not merely as a result of incorporating a District Heat System.
They also benefit greatly through the combination of complimentary building materials,
glazing and heat recovery system all aimed and achieving a higher standard of efficiency
and reducing waste energy for the occupiers of the apartments.
94
6.1 Potential for Future Use:

The potential for the future use of Micro-CHP systems in Ireland is substantial and as the
voltage and phase issued are addressed with the manufacturers, we will see more types
available in this country. The need and demand for such technologies exists and is
growing exponentially.
The barriers that previously existed in terms of legislation, export tariffs and restrictions
to grid connections are being removed and the Commissioners for Energy Regulation in
Ireland are facilitating this at a much faster pace than in previous years. This is due to
new European Directives and requirements for all member countries to encourage
renewable technologies to expedite energy conservation.
The biggest issue with Micro-CHP as a renewable technology still remains the limited
requirement for heat energy in Ireland with our mild climate. In apartment schemes
utilising a District Heating System the solution is to introduction a Buffer tank that will
allow the Micro-CHP system to remain in operational. Once the unit remains in operation
and producing heat then electricity is available from it thus reducing the demand from the
electrical supply authority. In a single domestic dwelling the hot water demand would
never be enough to require the system to remain operational permanently even with a
buffer tank.
So to conclude, there is a real potential for the future use of Micro-CHP systems in
Ireland but they will be mainly limited to use in multi-occupancy premises and apartment
schemes incorporating district heating and shared heating systems similar to that detailed
for Charlotte Quay and should be strongly considered for new buildings of this type.
On a final note it is again important to emphasis the requirement to ensure accurate

metering of energy consumed for proper billing to consumers in such premises. It is the
Authors opinion that legislation should be implemented to ensure this is done correctly
and in all circumstances to avoid extensive profiteering from such schemes.
End of Text.
95
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for Ireland, the energy policy frame work 2007-2020:
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Eco-label, C. o. (2004). The Blue Angle Eco-Brand label Der Blaue Engel". Retrieved
October 29th, 2010, from www.blauer-engel.de: http://www.blauerengel.de/_downloads/publikationen/Endbericht_final_28_04_04.pdf
Energy Saving Trust. (2005). Potential for Micro Generation. London: Energy Saving
Trust, DTI, Element Energy Ltd, Econnect, Cambridge University.
97
Envirobuild & Associates Ltd. (n.d.). Image produced by Envirobuild & Associates Ltd,.
Michel Galvin BSc(Eng) MSc(Tech) CEng MIEI, Leastown, Oldtown Co.
Dublin.
ESB Customer Supply. (2008). Letter regarding proposal for Domestic Micro generator
Export Tariff. Retrieved November 29th, 2010, from www.cer.ie:
http://www.cer.ie/en/electricity-retail-market-currentconsultations.aspx?article=6ade4dc2-3a1d-41b0-9081-57399705c278
ESB Customer Supply. (2009). Conditions Governing the Connection and Operation of
Micro-generation. Document no DTIS-230203-BRL., Operations Policy and
Safety.
ESB Networks . (2010). Connect a Micro-Generator; Guide to connect a MicroGenerator. Retrieved November 28th, 2010, from www.esb.ie:
http://www.esb.ie/esbnetworks/en/generatorconnections/micro_gen_connections.jsp
ESB Networks. (2009). Micro Generation Notification Form. Retrieved November 26th,
2010, from www.esb.ie: http://esbnetworks/en/commercial-downloads/NC6.pdf
ESB Networks. (2010). Connect a Micro-Generator. Retrieved November 14th, 2010,
from www.esb.ie: http://www.esb.ie/esbnetworks/en/generatorconnections/micro_gen_connections.jsp
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation. (2007). Requirements for the
connection of micro-generation in parallel with public low-voltage distribution
networks. Standard EN50438.
European Parliament. (2004). Council Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament.
European Parliament, C. (2004, February 11). Directive 2004/8/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council. The promotion of cogeneration based on a useful
heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC
Article 3, Definitions. (m), (n) & (o). .
Government White Paper. (2007-2020). Delivering a sustainable energy future for
Ireland. Energy Policy Framework. Dublin: Department of Communications,
marine and natural resources.
Harrison, J. (2009). Micro CHP - The Big Picture. Nottingham United Kingdom: Big
Picture Publishing.
Irish CHP Association. (2006). A Guide to Combined Heat and Power in Ireland.
Dubllin: bmf Business Services.
98
Irish CHP Association. (2010). Combined Heat and Power Explained. Retrieved October
14th, 2010, from www.ichpa.com:
http://www.ichpa.com/CHP_in_Ireland/What_is_CHP.php
Marecki, J. (1988). Combined heat & power generating systems. (T. I. Engineers, Ed.)
London, UK: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded
sourcebook (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Newborough, M. (2004). Assessing the benefits of implementing Micro-CHP systems in
the UK. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal
of Power and Energy, Volume 218(Number 4), 203-218.
O'Cleirigh, B. (2009, August). Combined Heat and Power Potential in Ireland. Dublin:
Sustainable Energy Ireland.
Peacock, A., & Newborough, M. (2005, December). Impact of Micro-CHP systems on
domestic sector CO2 emissions. Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 25(Issues
17-18), Pages 2653-2676.
Pehnt, M., Colijn, M., Fischer , C., Praetorius , B., Schneider, L., Schumacher , K., et al.
(2006). Micro cogeneration: towards decentralized energy systems. Springer.
Petchers, N. (2003). Combined heating, cooling, and power handbook. New York:
Mercel Dekker, Inc.
PowerPlus Ltd. (2010). Brochures. Retrieved November 10th, 2010, from
www.ecopower.de: http://www.ecopower.de/antraege-downloads.html
Regulation, T. C. (1999). Electricity Regulation Act, Section 9; Functions of the
Commission. Retrieved November 15th, 2010, from www.irishstatutebook.ie:
http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1999/en/act/pub/0023/index.html
Sterling Denmark. (2009). What we offer. Retrieved November 10th, 2010, from
www.stirling.dk: http://www.stirling.dk/?Technology
Sterling Systems. (2010). Retrieved November 10th, 2010, from www.stirlingsystems.ch: http://stirling-systems.ch/en/produkt.html
Temp Technology Ltd. (2010). Main Menu, CHP Benefits, Co2 Levels;. Retrieved from
www.temptech.ie: http://www.temptech.ie/chp/chp-benefits
99
8.0 Appendices:
8.1 ESB Micro-Generation Notification Form:
Figure 15 - ESB Networks Notification Form NC6. (ESB Customer Supply, 2009)
100
8.2 ESB Micro-Generation Application Form:
Figure 16 - ESB Micro-Generation Application Form.
101
8.3 Product Technical Data For Dachs Micro-CHP units:
Figure 17 - Dachs Micro-CHP Technical Data.
102
8.4 Bord Gais Natural Gas Business Tariffs:
Figure 18 - Bord Gais Natural Gas Tariffs 2010:
103
8.5 SEAI Comparison of Energy Costs:
Figure 19 - SEAI Chart of Energy Costs 2010:
104
8.6 Example of Cylon Data on CHP1 Performance:
Table 27 Performance of CHP1 (Feb 09):
105
8.6.1 Cylon Data on CHP2 Performance (Feb 09):
Table 28 - Performance of CHP2 (FEB 09):
106
8.6.2 Cylon Data on Buffer Tank and Mechanical Performance (Feb 09):
Table 29 - Performance of Buffer Tank and Mech System (Feb 09):
107
8.6.3 Energy Efficiency Data for CHP1 & CHP 2 (Feb 09):
Table 30 - Energy Efficiency Ratio CHP1 & 2 (Feb 09):
108
8.7 Energy Usage Calculator (Jan 09 to April 09):

30/4/0916/01/2009Description Payee Unit
Close
Open
1
Energy [kWh]
6,822
6221.1
2
Energy [kWh]
7,953
7271.7
3
Energy [kWh]
3,894
3614.4
101
Energy [kWh]
16911
12442.6
102
Energy [kWh]
17585
14267.4
103
Energy [kWh]
3030
2500
104
Energy [kWh]
11788
8035.6
105
Energy [kWh]
13816
10288.4
106
Energy [kWh]
5746
4464.2
107
Energy [kWh]
14354
10838.8
108
Energy [kWh]
7198.7
6851.7
109
Energy [kWh]
16276
11734.5
110
Energy [kWh]
7796
6601.4
111
Energy [kWh]
11813
8523.9
201
Energy [kWh]
13374
11203
202
Energy [kWh]
3568
2421.8
203
Energy [kWh]
18090
13378.6
204
Energy [kWh]
8218
7117
205
Energy [kWh]
2256
1976
206
Energy [kWh]
9262
6910.1
207
Energy [kWh]
11274
7555.7
208
Energy [kWh]
5186
4265.1
209
Energy [kWh]
2398
2038.4
210
Energy [kWh]
11128
7842
211
Energy [kWh]
5175
4396.6
301
Energy [kWh]
9568
7354.9
302
Energy [kWh]
10254
9407.5
303
Energy [kWh]
6348
5356.2
304
Energy [kWh]
11023
8159.3
305
Energy [kWh]
10275
8348.8
306
Energy [kWh]
4474
3659.5
307
Energy [kWh]
9445
8130.7
308
Energy [kWh]
3180
2754.1
309
Energy [kWh]
12914
10308.4
310
Energy [kWh]
7978
5710.8
311
Energy [kWh]
10042
8088
401
Energy [kWh]
7254
5756.6
402
Energy [kWh]
12188
6904.3
403
Energy [kWh]
8009
6882.7
404
Energy [kWh]
5074
2849.9
405
Energy [kWh]
2346
1826.6
406
Energy [kWh]
4006
3372.6
407
Energy [kWh]
3136
2893.4
408
Energy [kWh]
7225
5176.4
409
Energy [kWh]
6848
3655.3
410
Energy [kWh]
4288
3039.9
411
Energy [kWh]
3160
2769.1
501
Energy [kWh]
4269
3373.9
502
Energy [kWh]
4005.6
3053.6
503
Energy [kWh]
4724
4175
504
Energy [kWh]
5127.9
4508.9
505
Energy [kWh]
7346.2
5619.2
508
Energy [kWh]
4815
2300.5
509
Energy [kWh]
2824
2278.3
510
Energy [kWh]
6339
3758.3
511
Energy [kWh]
8489
6109.1
512
Energy [kWh]
6012
4805.9
513
Energy [kWh]
4194
3101.2
514
Energy [kWh]
4018
3227
515
Energy [kWh]
2984
2262.4
601
Energy [kWh]
6836
5649
602
Energy [kWh]
10635.3
9671.3
01B
Energy [kWh]
15,714
13140.9
02B
Energy [kWh]
13,624
11596.6
03B
Energy [kWh]
4,958
4475.5
04B
Energy [kWh]
3,500
2500
05B
Energy [kWh]
4,620
3677.2
06B
Energy [kWh]
3,800
3497.8
07B
Energy [kWh]
5,066
4515.5
08B
Energy [kWh]
3,507
3029
09B
Energy [kWh]
13,110
11871.3
10B
Energy [kWh]
8,008
6849.6
11B
Energy [kWh]
8,707
7696.9
12B
Energy [kWh]
5,039
4085.9
13B
Energy [kWh]
3,602
3192.8
14B
Energy [kWh]
4,565
4076.4
15B
Energy [kWh]
11,621
10984.9
16B
Energy [kWh]
9,287
8251.1
Sub Total
595,292
472,500
Boiler Meter
ESB Meter
ESB Meter
16/01/2008
1,001
1,135
467
2,002
2,198
884
633
1,863
533
2,013
579
2,289
1,428
1,027
1,226
534
2,196
1,063
804
1,399
1,143
779
247
745
140
799
1,360
866
835
582
705
804
1,412
1,362
755
902
1,335
1,761
1,271
528
640
552
896
684
1,062
881
960
568
1,587
882
1,033
2,879
343
892
821
907
786
805
701
364
1,979
1,607
4,288
3,378
805
1,571
503
917
796
2,065
1,930
1,683
1,588
683
815
1,059
1,726
89,234
Billing Period
Commneced
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
17 January 2009
Closing
Estimate
Readings-May Close
6,822
601
7,953
681
3,894
280
Apt 101
16911
4,468
Apt 102
17585
3,318
Apt 103
3030
530
Apt 104
11788
3,752
Apt 105
13816
3,528
Apt 106
5746
1,282
Apt 107
14354
3,515
Apt 108
7198.7
347
Apt 109
16276
4,542
Apt 110
7796
1,195
Apt 111
11813
3,289
Apt 201
13374
2,171
Apt 202
3568
1,146
Apt 203
18090
4,711
Apt 204
8218
1,101
Apt 205
2256
280
Apt 206
9262
2,352
Apt 207
11274
3,718
Apt 208
5186
921
Apt 209
2398
360
Apt 210
11128
3,286
Apt 211
5175
778
Apt 301
9568
2,213
Apt 302
10254
847
Apt 303
6348
992
Apt 304
11023
2,864
Apt 305
10275
1,926
Apt 306
4474
815
Apt 307
9445
1,314
Apt 308
3180
426
Apt 309
12914
2,606
Apt 310
7978
2,267
Apt 311
10042
1,954
Apt 401
7254
1,497
Apt 402
12188
5,284
Apt 403
8009
1,126
Apt 404
5074
2,224
Apt 405
2346
519
Apt 406
4006
633
Apt 407
3136
243
Apt 408
7225
2,049
Apt 409
6848
3,193
Apt 410
4288
1,248
Apt 411
3160
391
501
4269
895
502
4005.6
952
503
4724
549
504
5127.9
619
505
7346.2
1,727
Apt 508
4815
2,515
Apt 509
2824
546
Apt 510
6339
2,581
Apt 511
8489
2,380
Apt 512
6012
1,206
Apt 513
4194
1,093
Apt 514
4018
791
Apt 515
2984
722
601
6836
1,187
602
10635.3
964
01B
15,714
2,573
02B
13,624
2,027
03B
4,958
483
04B
3,500
1,000
05B
4,620
942
06B
3,800
302
07B
5,066
550
08B
3,507
478
09B
13,110
1,239
10B
8,008
1,158
11B
8,707
1,010
12B
5,039
953
13B
3,602
410
14B
4,565
489
15B
11,621
636
16B
9,287
1,036
122,792
1
2
3
Energy [kWh]
450,379
450,379
Energy [kWh]
15,564
15,564
Energy [kWh]->Inc. per Input
26 Pulse on26
Input Ch. 0
Energy Usage Calculation

Opening Reading
16/01/2009-Open472,500
Closing Reading
30/4/09-Close Estimate
595,292
Energy Usage
122,792
Table 31 - Energy usage Calculator (Jan 09 to April 09)
109
8.7.1 Apartment Energy Costs (Jan 09 to April 09):

Description Payee
1
2
3
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
Sub Total
Unit
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
30/4/09Close
Estimate
6,822
7,953
3,894
16,911
17,585
3,030
11,788
13,816
5,746
14,354
7,199
16,276
7,796
11,813
13,374
3,568
18,090
8,218
2,256
9,262
11,274
5,186
2,398
11,128
5,175
9,568
10,254
6,348
11,023
10,275
4,474
9,445
3,180
12,914
7,978
10,042
7,254
12,188
8,009
5,074
2,346
4,006
3,136
7,225
6,848
4,288
3,160
4,815
2,824
6,339
8,489
6,012
4,194
4,018
2,984
433,622
Opening
Reading Billing Period
17/01/2009 Commneced
6221.1
15 Aug'08
7271.7
15 Aug'08
3614.4
15 Aug'08
12442.6
15 Aug'08
14267.4
15 Aug'08
2500
15 Aug'08
8035.6
15 Aug'08
10288.4
15 Aug'08
4464.2
15 Aug'08
10838.8
15 Aug'08
6851.7
15 Aug'08
11734.5
15 Aug'08
6601.4
15 Aug'08
8523.9
15 Aug'08
11203
15 Aug'08
2421.8
15 Aug'08
13378.6
15 Aug'08
7117
15 Aug'08
1976
15 Aug'08
6910.1
15 Aug'08
7555.7
15 Aug'08
4265.1
15 Aug'08
2038.4
15 Aug'08
7842
15 Aug'08
4396.6
15 Aug'08
7354.9
15 Aug'08
9407.5
15 Aug'08
5356.2
15 Aug'08
8159.3
15 Aug'08
8348.8
15 Aug'08
3659.5
15 Aug'08
8130.7
15 Aug'08
2754.1
15 Aug'08
10308.4
15 Aug'08
5710.8
15 Aug'08
8088
15 Aug'08
5756.6
15 Aug'08
6904.3
15 Aug'08
6882.7
15 Aug'08
2849.9
15 Aug'08
1826.6
15 Aug'08
3372.6
15 Aug'08
2893.4
15 Aug'08
5176.4
15 Aug'08
3655.3
15 Aug'08
3039.9
15 Aug'08
2769.1
15 Aug'08
2300.5
15 Aug'08
2278.3
15 Aug'08
3758.3
15 Aug'08
6109.1
15 Aug'08
4805.9
15 Aug'08
3101.2
15 Aug'08
3227
15 Aug'08
2262.4
15 Aug'08
333,008
Table 32 - Energy Cost per Apartment (Jan 09 to April 09)
110
Units
Consumed
601
681
280
4,468
3,318
530
3,752
3,528
1,282
3,515
347
4,542
1,195
3,289
2,171
1,146
4,711
1,101
280
2,352
3,718
921
360
3,286
778
2,213
847
992
2,864
1,926
815
1,314
426
2,606
2,267
1,954
1,497
5,284
1,126
2,224
519
633
243
2,049
3,193
1,248
391
2,515
546
2,581
2,380
1,206
1,093
791
722
100,614
Unit Cost
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
Total Invoice
87.73
99.46
40.89
652.43
484.40
77.39
547.89
515.06
187.16
513.25
50.67
663.10
174.42
480.24
316.99
167.36
687.91
160.76
40.88
343.40
542.91
134.46
52.51
479.79
113.65
323.13
123.60
144.81
418.13
281.24
118.93
191.90
62.19
380.44
331.03
285.30
218.64
771.47
164.45
324.74
75.84
92.48
35.42
299.12
466.17
182.24
57.08
367.14
79.68
376.81
347.49
176.10
159.56
115.49
105.36
14,690.69
8.7.2 Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Jan 09 to April 09):
Description
Payee
01B
BIH
02B
BIH
03B
BIH
04B
BIH
05B
BIH
06B
BIH
07B
BIH
08B
BIH
09B
BIH
10B
BIH
11B
BIH
12B
BIH
13B
BIH
14B
BIH
15B
BIH
16B
BIH
BIH/DDDA SUBTOTAL
Unit
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
501
502
503
504
505
601
602
Sub Total
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Eamonn McGrath
Hazel Elliott
Anne Molloy
Patrick Elliott
Jim Elliott
Paul Elliott
Barry Gavin
30/4/09-Close
Estimate
15,714
13,624
4,958
3,500
4,620
3,800
5,066
3,507
13,110
8,008
8,707
5,039
3,602
4,565
11,621
9,287
118,726
Opening
Reading
17/01/2009
13,141
11,597
4,476
2,500
3,677
3,498
4,516
3,029
11,871
6,850
7,697
4,086
3,193
4,076
10,985
8,251
103,441
4,269
4,006
4,724
5,128
7,346
6,836
10,635
42,944
3,374
3,054
4,175
4,509
5,619
5,649
9,671
36,051
Billing Period
Units
Commneced Consumed Unit Cost
17 Jan 09
2,573
0.1460
17 Jan 09
2,027
0.1460
17 Jan 09
483
0.1460
17 Jan 09
1,000
0.1460
17 Jan 09
942
0.1460
17 Jan 09
302
0.1460
17 Jan 09
550
0.1460
17 Jan 09
478
0.1460
17 Jan 09
1,239
0.1460
17 Jan 09
1,158
0.1460
17 Jan 09
1,010
0.1460
17 Jan 09
953
0.1460
17 Jan 09
410
0.1460
17 Jan 09
489
0.1460
17 Jan 09
636
0.1460
17 Jan 09
1,036
0.1460
15,284
17 Jan 09
17 Jan 09
17 Jan 09
17 Jan 09
17 Jan 09
17 Jan 09
17 Jan 09
Table 33 - Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Jan 09 to April 09):
111
895
952
549
619
1,727
1,187
964
37,462
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
0.1460
Total Invoice
375.65
295.95
70.48
146.01
137.60
44.09
80.32
69.76
180.87
169.11
147.46
139.14
59.82
71.41
92.81
151.20
2,231.66
130.69
139.00
80.16
90.38
252.16
173.31
140.75
1,006.46
8.8 Energy Usage Calculator (May 09 to Aug 09):

30/4/0914/10 /2009
Open16/01/2009Description Payee Unit
Close
Estimate
Open
16/01/2008
1
Energy [kWh]
11353.8
6,822
6221.1
1,001
2
Energy [kWh]
12471.4
7,953
7271.7
1,135
3
Energy [kWh]
9845
3,894
3614.4
467
101
Energy [kWh]
19779.5
16911
12442.6
2,002
102
Energy [kWh]
17877.7
17585
14267.4
2,198
103
Energy [kWh]
6000
3030
2500
884
104
Energy [kWh]
12576.8
11788
8035.6
633
105
Energy [kWh]
14100.2
13816
10288.4
1,863
106
Energy [kWh]
6389.1
5746
4464.2
533
107
Energy [kWh]
17519.1
14354
10838.8
2,013
108
Energy [kWh]
9521.1
7198.7
6851.7
579
109
Energy [kWh]
17947.9
16276
11734.5
2,289
110
Energy [kWh]
9597.3
7796
6601.4
1,428
111
Energy [kWh]
13473.8
11813
8523.9
1,027
201
Energy [kWh]
14895.5
13374
11203
1,226
202
Energy [kWh]
5990.8
3568
2421.8
534
203
Energy [kWh]
21473.6
18090
13378.6
2,196
204
Energy [kWh]
11200
8218
7117
1,063
205
Energy [kWh]
2551.2
2256
1976
804
206
Energy [kWh]
9950.3
9262
6910.1
1,399
207
Energy [kWh]
12881.3
11274
7555.7
1,143
208
Energy [kWh]
5963.3
5186
4265.1
779
209
Energy [kWh]
2941.1
2398
2038.4
247
210
Energy [kWh]
13145.3
11128
7842
745
211
Energy [kWh]
5587.3
5175
4396.6
140
301
Energy [kWh]
11324.6
9568
7354.9
799
302
Energy [kWh]
11698.9
10254
9407.5
1,360
303
Energy [kWh]
7794.4
6348
5356.2
866
304
Energy [kWh]
13222.1
11023
8159.3
835
305
Energy [kWh]
11012.4
10275
8348.8
582
306
Energy [kWh]
5174.1
4474
3659.5
705
307
Energy [kWh]
9724.6
9445
8130.7
804
308
Energy [kWh]
4162.7
3180
2754.1
1,412
309
Energy [kWh]
13463.7
12914
10308.4
1,362
310
Energy [kWh]
8840.5
7978
5710.8
755
311
Energy [kWh]
11998.7
10042
8088
902
401
Energy [kWh]
7789.7
7254
5756.6
1,335
402
Energy [kWh]
13290.2
12188
6904.3
1,761
403
Energy [kWh]
8954.9
8009
6882.7
1,271
404
Energy [kWh]
5715.2
5074
2849.9
528
405
Energy [kWh]
2598.4
2346
1826.6
640
406
Energy [kWh]
4130.7
4006
3372.6
552
407
Energy [kWh]
3709.3
3136
2893.4
896
408
Energy [kWh]
7656.8
7225
5176.4
684
409
Energy [kWh]
9785.5
6848
3655.3
1,062
410
Energy [kWh]
4553.9
4288
3039.9
881
411
Energy [kWh]
3299.5
3160
2769.1
960
501
Energy [kWh]
5193.3
4269
3373.9
568
502
Energy [kWh]
3709.1
4005.6
3053.6
1,587
503
Energy [kWh]
5650.7
4724
4175
882
504
Energy [kWh]
6519.1
5127.9
4508.9
1,033
505
Energy [kWh]
6120
7346.2
5619.2
2,879
508
Energy [kWh]
5368.8
4815
2300.5
343
509
Energy [kWh]
3564.1
2824
2278.3
892
510
Energy [kWh]
8397.4
6339
3758.3
821
511
Energy [kWh]
8760.2
8489
6109.1
907
512
Energy [kWh]
6657.1
6012
4805.9
786
513
Energy [kWh]
4900.2
4194
3101.2
805
514
Energy [kWh]
4342.8
4018
3227
701
515
Energy [kWh]
3484.3
2984
2262.4
364
601
Energy [kWh]
6210.6
6836
5649
1,979
602
Energy [kWh]
13325.2
10635.3
9671.3
1,607
01B
Energy [kWh]
17686.1
15,714
13140.9
4,288
02B
Energy [kWh]
13848.7
13,624
11596.6
3,378
03B
Energy [kWh]
7167.5
4,958
4475.5
805
04B
Energy [kWh]
6500
3,500
2500
05B
Energy [kWh]
4001.3
4,620
3677.2
1,571
06B
Energy [kWh]
7211.1
3,800
3497.8
503
07B
Energy [kWh]
6610.2
5,066
4515.5
917
08B
Energy [kWh]
4883.1
3,507
3029
796
09B
Energy [kWh]
17367.7
13,110
11871.3
2,065
10B
Energy [kWh]
10579.6
8,008
6849.6
1,930
11B
Energy [kWh]
12559.2
8,707
7696.9
1,683
12B
Energy [kWh]
9706.6
5,039
4085.9
1,588
13B
Energy [kWh]
3908.5
3,602
3192.8
683
14B
Energy [kWh]
9394.1
4,565
4076.4
815
15B
Energy [kWh]
16266.2
11,621
10984.9
1,059
16B
Energy [kWh]
13967.2
9,287
8251.1
1,726
Sub Total
718,793
595,292
472,500
89,234
Boiler Meter
Gas Meter
ESB Meter
Billing Period
Commneced
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
1 May 09
Energy [kWh]
1,048,304
450,379
450,379
Energy [kWh]
140,940
15,564
15,564
Energy [kWh]->Inc. per34,826
Input Pulse on Input
26 Ch. 0
26

Opening Reading
Closing Reading
Energy Usage
30/4/09-Open-Estimate
14/10 /2009 Close
595,292
718,793
123,501
Table 34 - Energy Usage Calculator (May 09 to Aug 09)
112
Actual
Closing
Estimate
Reading14/ Readings-May Close
10/2009
8th @ 12 Noon 30/4/09
1
11353.8
6,822
601
2
12471.4
7,953
681
3
9845
3,894
280
Apt 101
19779.5
16911
4,468
Apt 102
17877.7
17585
3,318
Apt 103
3030
530
Apt 104
12576.8
11788
3,752
Apt 105
14100.2
13816
3,528
Apt 106
6389.1
5746
1,282
Apt 107
17519.1
14354
3,515
Apt 108
9521.1
7198.7
347
Apt 109
17947.9
16276
4,542
Apt 110
9597.3
7796
1,195
Apt 111
13473.8
11813
3,289
Apt 201
14895.5
13374
2,171
Apt 202
5990.8
3568
1,146
Apt 203
21473.6
18090
4,711
Apt 204
8218
1,101
Apt 205
2551.2
2256
280
Apt 206
9950.3
9262
2,352
Apt 207
12881.3
11274
3,718
Apt 208
5963.3
5186
921
Apt 209
2941.1
2398
360
Apt 210
13145.3
11128
3,286
Apt 211
5587.3
5175
778
Apt 301
11324.6
9568
2,213
Apt 302
11698.9
10254
847
Apt 303
7794.4
6348
992
Apt 304
13222.1
11023
2,864
Apt 305
11012.4
10275
1,926
Apt 306
5174.1
4474
815
Apt 307
9724.6
9445
1,314
Apt 308
4162.7
3180
426
Apt 309
13463.7
12914
2,606
Apt 310
8840.5
7978
2,267
Apt 311
11998.7
10042
1,954
Apt 401
7789.7
7254
1,497
Apt 402
13290.2
12188
5,284
Apt 403
8954.9
8009
1,126
Apt 404
5715.2
5074
2,224
Apt 405
2598.4
2346
519
Apt 406
4130.7
4006
633
Apt 407
3709.3
3136
243
Apt 408
7656.8
7225
2,049
Apt 409
9785.5
6848
3,193
Apt 410
4553.9
4288
1,248
Apt 411
3299.5
3160
391
501
5193.3
4269
895
502
3709.1
4005.6
952
503
5650.7
4724
549
504
6519.1
5127.9
619
505
6120
7346.2
1,727
Apt 508
5368.8
4815
2,515
Apt 509
3564.1
2824
546
Apt 510
8397.4
6339
2,581
Apt 511
8760.2
8489
2,380
Apt 512
6657.1
6012
1,206
Apt 513
4900.2
4194
1,093
Apt 514
4342.8
4018
791
Apt 515
3484.3
2984
722
601
6210.6
6836
1,187
602
13325.2
10635.3
964
01B
17686.1
15,714
2,573
02B
13848.7
13,624
2,027
03B
7167.5
4,958
483
04B
3,500
1,000
05B
4001.3
4,620
942
06B
7211.1
3,800
302
07B
6610.2
5,066
550
08B
4883.1
3,507
478
09B
17367.7
13,110
1,239
10B
10579.6
8,008
1,158
11B
12559.2
8,707
1,010
12B
9706.6
5,039
953
13B
3908.5
3,602
410
14B
9394.1
4,565
489
15B
16266.2
11,621
636
16B
13967.2
9,287
1,036
595,292 122,792
8.8.1 Apartment Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09):
Description
1
2
3
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
Sub Total
30/4/0914/10 /2009
OpenUnit
Close
Estimate
Energy [kWh]
11353.8
6,822
Energy [kWh]
12471.4
7,953
Energy [kWh]
9845
3,894
Energy [kWh]
19779.5 16,911
Energy [kWh]
17877.7 17,585
Energy [kWh]
6000
3,030
Energy [kWh]
12576.8 11,788
Energy [kWh]
14100.2 13,816
Energy [kWh]
6389.1
5,746
Energy [kWh]
17519.1 14,354
Energy [kWh]
9521.1
7,199
Energy [kWh]
17947.9 16,276
Energy [kWh]
9597.3
7,796
Energy [kWh]
13473.8 11,813
Energy [kWh]
14895.5 13,374
Energy [kWh]
5990.8
3,568
Energy [kWh]
21473.6 18,090
Energy [kWh]
11200
8,218
Energy [kWh]
2551.2
2,256
Energy [kWh]
9950.3
9,262
Energy [kWh]
12881.3 11,274
Energy [kWh]
5963.3
5,186
Energy [kWh]
2941.1
2,398
Energy [kWh]
13145.3 11,128
Energy [kWh]
5587.3
5,175
Energy [kWh]
11324.6
9,568
Energy [kWh]
11698.9 10,254
Energy [kWh]
7794.4
6,348
Energy [kWh]
13222.1 11,023
Energy [kWh]
11012.4 10,275
Energy [kWh]
5174.1
4,474
Energy [kWh]
9724.6
9,445
Energy [kWh]
4162.7
3,180
Energy [kWh]
13463.7 12,914
Energy [kWh]
8840.5
7,978
Energy [kWh]
11998.7 10,042
Energy [kWh]
7789.7
7,254
Energy [kWh]
13290.2 12,188
Energy [kWh]
8954.9
8,009
Energy [kWh]
5715.2
5,074
Energy [kWh]
2598.4
2,346
Energy [kWh]
4130.7
4,006
Energy [kWh]
3709.3
3,136
Energy [kWh]
7656.8
7,225
Energy [kWh]
9785.5
6,848
Energy [kWh]
4553.9
4,288
Energy [kWh]
3299.5
3,160
Energy [kWh]
5368.8
4,815
Energy [kWh]
3564.1
2,824
Energy [kWh]
8397.4
6,339
Energy [kWh]
8760.2
8,489
Energy [kWh]
6657.1
6,012
Energy [kWh]
4900.2
4,194
Energy [kWh]
4342.8
4,018
Energy [kWh]
3484.3
2,984
510,408
433,622
Opening
6221.1 1 May 09
7271.7 1 May 09
3614.4 1 May 09
12442.6 1 May 09
14267.4 1 May 09
2500 1 May 09
8035.6 1 May 09
10288.4 1 May 09
4464.2 1 May 09
10838.8 1 May 09
6851.7 1 May 09
11734.5 1 May 09
6601.4 1 May 09
8523.9 1 May 09
11203 1 May 09
2421.8 1 May 09
13378.6 1 May 09
7117 1 May 09
1976 1 May 09
6910.1 1 May 09
7555.7 1 May 09
4265.1 1 May 09
2038.4 1 May 09
7842 1 May 09
4396.6 1 May 09
7354.9 1 May 09
9407.5 1 May 09
5356.2 1 May 09
8159.3 1 May 09
8348.8 1 May 09
3659.5 1 May 09
8130.7 1 May 09
2754.1 1 May 09
10308.4 1 May 09
5710.8 1 May 09
8088 1 May 09
5756.6 1 May 09
6904.3 1 May 09
6882.7 1 May 09
2849.9 1 May 09
1826.6 1 May 09
3372.6 1 May 09
2893.4 1 May 09
5176.4 1 May 09
3655.3 1 May 09
3039.9 1 May 09
2769.1 1 May 09
2300.5 1 May 09
2278.3 1 May 09
3758.3 1 May 09
6109.1 1 May 09
4805.9 1 May 09
3101.2 1 May 09
3227 1 May 09
2262.4 1 May 09
333,008
Table 35 - Energy Cost per Apartment (May 09 to Aug 09)
113
Units
Consumed
4532
4519
5951
2869
293
2970
789
284
643
3165
2322
1672
1801
1661
1522
2423
3384
2982
295
688
1607
777
543
2017
412
1757
1445
1446
2199
737
700
280
983
550
863
1957
536
1102
946
641
252
125
573
432
2938
266
140
554
740
2058
271
645
706
325
500
0
Unit Cost
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
Total Invoice
519.15
517.62
681.67
328.60
33.53
340.23
90.36
32.56
73.67
362.58
266.04
191.53
206.35
190.25
174.30
277.55
387.61
341.60
33.82
78.85
184.13
89.04
62.22
231.09
47.23
201.23
165.52
165.69
251.92
84.47
80.20
32.03
112.57
62.97
98.80
224.15
61.37
126.26
108.36
73.45
28.91
14.29
65.67
49.47
336.51
30.46
15.98
63.44
84.78
235.80
31.07
73.90
80.90
37.21
57.31
8,796.28
8.8.2 Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09):
Description Payee Unit

01B
BIH Energy [kWh]
02B
BIH Energy [kWh]
03B
BIH Energy [kWh]
04B
BIH Energy [kWh]
05B
BIH Energy [kWh]
06B
BIH Energy [kWh]
07B
BIH Energy [kWh]
08B
BIH Energy [kWh]
09B
BIH Energy [kWh]
10B
BIH Energy [kWh]
11B
BIH Energy [kWh]
12B
BIH Energy [kWh]
13B
BIH Energy [kWh]
14B
BIH Energy [kWh]
15B
BIH Energy [kWh]
16B
BIH Energy [kWh]
BIH/DDDA SUBTOTAL
501
Eamonn McGrath
Energy [kWh]
502
Hazel Elliott
Energy [kWh]
502
Enrico Giromini
503
Anne Molloy
Energy [kWh]
504
Patrick Elliott
Energy [kWh]
505
Jim ElliottEnergy [kWh]
601
Paul Elliott
Energy [kWh]
602
Barry Gavin
Energy [kWh]
Sub Total
Opening
Billing
14/10 /2009 30/4/09-Open- Reading
Period
Units
Close
Estimate
17/01/2009 Commneced Consumed Unit Cost
17686.1
15,714
13,141
1 May 09
1,972
0.1146
13848.7
13,624
11,597
1 May 09
225
0.1146
7167.5
4,958
4,476
1 May 09
2,209
0.1146
6500
3,500
2,500
1 May 09
3,000
0.1146
4001.3
4,620
3,677
1 May 09
-618
0.1146
7211.1
3,800
3,498
1 May 09
3,411
0.1146
6610.2
5,066
4,516
1 May 09
1,545
0.1146
4883.1
3,507
3,029
1 May 09
1,376
0.1146
17367.7
13,110
11,871
1 May 09
4,258
0.1146
10579.6
8,008
6,850
1 May 09
2,572
0.1146
12559.2
8,707
7,697
1 May 09
3,852
0.1146
9706.6
5,039
4,086
1 May 09
4,668
0.1146
3908.5
3,602
3,193
1 May 09
306
0.1146
9394.1
4,565
4,076
1 May 09
4,829
0.1146
16266.2
11,621
10,985
1 May 09
4,646
0.1146
13967.2
9,287
8,251
1 May 09
4,681
0.1146
161657.1
118,726
103,441
42,931
5193.3
3363
3709.1
5650.7
6519.1
6120
6210.6
13325.2
50,091
4,269
4,006
3,363
4,724
5,128
7,346
6,836
10,635
46,307
3,374
1 May 09
924
3,054 018/05/09-24/06/09 -643
24/06/2009-14/10/2009346
4,175
1 May 09
927
4,509
1 May 09
1,391
5,619
1 May 09
-1,226
5,649
1 May 09
-625
9,671
1 May 09
2,690
36,051
3,784
Table 36 - Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (May 09 to Aug 09):
114
0.1146
0.1461
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
0.1146
Total Invoice
225.96
25.80
253.09
343.67
-70.83
390.79
176.94
157.67
487.74
294.62
441.31
534.72
35.06
553.15
532.19
536.18
4,918.03
105.88
-93.88
39.65
106.16
159.37
-140.47
-71.64
308.14
413.21
8.9 Energy Usage Calculator (Sep 09 to Jan 10):

1
Energy [kWh]
2
Energy [kWh]
3
Energy [kWh]
101
Energy [kWh]
102
Energy [kWh]
103
Energy [kWh]
104
Energy [kWh]
105
Energy [kWh]
106
Energy [kWh]
107
Energy [kWh]
108
Energy [kWh]
109
Energy [kWh]
110
Energy [kWh]
111
Energy [kWh]
201
Energy [kWh]
202
Energy [kWh]
203
Energy [kWh]
204
Energy [kWh]
205
Energy [kWh]
206
Energy [kWh]
207
Energy [kWh]
208
Energy [kWh]
209
Energy [kWh]
210
Energy [kWh]
211
Energy [kWh]
301
Energy [kWh]
302
Energy [kWh]
303
Energy [kWh]
304
Energy [kWh]
305
Energy [kWh]
306
Energy [kWh]
307
Energy [kWh]
308
Energy [kWh]
309
Energy [kWh]
310
Energy [kWh]
311
Energy [kWh]
401
Energy [kWh]
402
Energy [kWh]
403
Energy [kWh]
404
Energy [kWh]
405
Energy [kWh]
406
Energy [kWh]
407
Energy [kWh]
408
Energy [kWh]
409
Energy [kWh]
410
Energy [kWh]
411
Energy [kWh]
501
Energy [kWh]
502
Energy [kWh]
503
Energy [kWh]
504
Energy [kWh]
505
Energy [kWh]
508
Energy [kWh]
509
Energy [kWh]
510
Energy [kWh]
511
Energy [kWh]
512
Energy [kWh]
513
Energy [kWh]
514
Energy [kWh]
515
Energy [kWh]
601
Energy [kWh]
602
Energy [kWh]
01B
Energy [kWh]
02B
Energy [kWh]
03B
Energy [kWh]
04B
Energy [kWh]
05B
Energy [kWh]
06B
Energy [kWh]
07B
Energy [kWh]
08B
Energy [kWh]
09B
Energy [kWh]
10B
Energy [kWh]
11B
Energy [kWh]
12B
Energy [kWh]
13B
Energy [kWh]
14B
Energy [kWh]
15B
Energy [kWh]
16B
Energy [kWh]
Sub Total
Boiler Meter
Gas Meter
ESB Meter
20/01/2010 Close 14/10 /2009 Close

16/01/2008
15939.3
11353.8
1,001
16090
12471.4
1,135
13336.8
9845
467
23100.4
19779.5
2,002
23081.3
17877.7
2,198
8000
6000
884
12874.8
12576.8
633
16705.9
14100.2
1,863
8374
6389.1
533
21686.6
17519.1
2,013
12551.3
9521.1
579
19922.5
17947.9
2,289
10786.9
9597.3
1,428
14104.2
13473.8
1,027
18253.7
14895.5
1,226
6960.7
5990.8
534
26277.1
21473.6
2,196
14200
11200
1,063
4189.2
2551.2
804
12058.6
9950.3
1,399
15239.1
12881.3
1,143
6522.9
5963.3
779
3826.7
2941.1
247
15543.7
13145.3
745
7203.5
5587.3
140
13203.6
11324.6
799
14738.5
11698.9
1,360
10526.1
7794.4
866
14376.9
13222.1
835
12098.5
11012.4
582
5519.4
5174.1
705
10348.8
9724.6
804
5495.5
4162.7
1,412
14528
13463.7
1,362
11076.8
8840.5
755
16289.6
11998.7
902
8365
7789.7
1,335
17290.8
13290.2
1,761
10643.4
8954.9
1,271
7825.9
5715.2
528
3510.1
2598.4
640
5162.4
4130.7
552
5904.2
3709.3
896
7924.3
7656.8
684
15044
9785.5
1,062
5854.5
4553.9
881
3626.8
3299.5
960
6785
5193.3
568
4239.9
3709.1
1,587
8687.9
5650.7
882
8570.8
6519.1
1,033
6674.3
6120
2,879
6714.6
5368.8
343
5277.4
3564.1
892
10205.2
8397.4
821
9176.2
8760.2
907
10051.8
6657.1
786
5540.3
4900.2
805
4828.5
4342.8
701
4895.6
3484.3
364
6284.1
6210.6
1,979
17244
13325.2
1,607
21424
17686.1
4,288
15520.6
13848.7
3,378
9633.3
7167.5
805
8950
6500
4906
4001.3
1,571
8883.3
7211.1
503
8187.9
6610.2
917
5871.3
4883.1
796
19700.1
17367.7
2,065
13023.3
10579.6
1,930
15553.3
12559.2
1,683
10630.6
9706.6
1,588
4204.5
3908.5
683
12850.9
9394.1
815
19882.1
16266.2
1,059
18816.5
13967.2
1,726
879,396
718,793
89,234
Billing Period
Commneced
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
Energy [kWh]
1,281,533
1,048,304
Energy [kWh]
41,097
140,940
Energy [kWh]->Inc. per Input 25.7
Pulse on Input Ch. 034,826

Opening Reading
14/10 /2009 Close
Closing Reading
20/01/2010 Close
Energy Usage
Actual Reading
20/01/2010
1
2
3
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
501
502
503
504
505
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
601
602
01B
02B
03B
04B
05B
06B
07B
08B
09B
10B
11B
12B
13B
14B
15B
16B
Boiler Meter
ESB Meter
ESB Meter
718,793
879,396
160,602
Table 37 - Energy Usage Calculator (Sept 09 to Jan 10)
115
15939.3
16090
13336.8
23100.4
23081.3
12874.8
16705.9
8374
21686.6
12551.3
19922.5
10786.9
14104.2
18253.7
6960.7
26277.1
4189.2
12058.6
15239.1
6522.9
3826.7
15543.7
7203.5
13203.6
14738.5
10526.1
14376.9
12098.5
5519.4
10348.8
5495.5
14528
11076.8
16289.6
8365
17290.8
10643.4
7825.9
3510.1
5162.4
5904.2
7924.3
15044
5854.5
3626.8
6785
4239.9
8687.9
8570.8
6674.3
6714.6
5277.4
10205.2
9176.2
10051.8
5540.3
4828.5
4895.6
6284.1
17244
21424
15520.6
9633.3
4906
8883.3
8187.9
5871.3
19700.1
13023.3
15553.3
10630.6
4204.5
12850.9
19882.1
18816.5
848245.6
1281533.471
41096.5
25.7
Actual
Closing
Estimate
Reading14/ Readings-May Close
10/2009
8th @ 12 Noon 30/4/09
11353.8
6,822
601
12471.4
7,953
681
9845
3,894
280
19779.5
16911
4,468
17877.7
17585
3,318
3030
530
12576.8
11788
3,752
14100.2
13816
3,528
6389.1
5746
1,282
17519.1
14354
3,515
9521.1
7198.7
347
17947.9
16276
4,542
9597.3
7796
1,195
13473.8
11813
3,289
14895.5
13374
2,171
5990.8
3568
1,146
21473.6
18090
4,711
8218
1,101
2551.2
2256
280
9950.3
9262
2,352
12881.3
11274
3,718
5963.3
5186
921
2941.1
2398
360
13145.3
11128
3,286
5587.3
5175
778
11324.6
9568
2,213
11698.9
10254
847
7794.4
6348
992
13222.1
11023
2,864
11012.4
10275
1,926
5174.1
4474
815
9724.6
9445
1,314
4162.7
3180
426
13463.7
12914
2,606
8840.5
7978
2,267
11998.7
10042
1,954
7789.7
7254
1,497
13290.2
12188
5,284
8954.9
8009
1,126
5715.2
5074
2,224
2598.4
2346
519
4130.7
4006
633
3709.3
3136
243
7656.8
7225
2,049
9785.5
6848
3,193
4553.9
4288
1,248
3299.5
3160
391
5193.3
4269
895
3709.1
4005.6
952
5650.7
4724
549
6519.1
5127.9
619
6120
7346.2
1,727
5368.8
4815
2,515
3564.1
2824
546
8397.4
6339
2,581
8760.2
8489
2,380
6657.1
6012
1,206
4900.2
4194
1,093
4342.8
4018
791
3484.3
2984
722
6210.6
6836
1,187
13325.2
10635.3
964
17686.1
15,714
2,573
13848.7
13,624
2,027
7167.5
4,958
483
3,500
1,000
4001.3
4,620
942
7211.1
3,800
302
6610.2
5,066
550
4883.1
3,507
478
17367.7
13,110
1,239
10579.6
8,008
1,158
12559.2
8,707
1,010
9706.6
5,039
953
3908.5
3,602
410
9394.1
4,565
489
16266.2
11,621
636
13967.2
9,287
1,036
595,292 122,792
8.9.1 Apartment Energy Costs (Sept 09 to Jan 10):

1
Energy [kWh]
2
Energy [kWh]
3
Energy [kWh]
101
Energy [kWh]
102
Energy [kWh]
103
Energy [kWh]
104
Energy [kWh]
105
Energy [kWh]
106
Energy [kWh]
107
Energy [kWh]
108
Energy [kWh]
109
Energy [kWh]
110
Energy [kWh]
111
Energy [kWh]
201
Energy [kWh]
202
Energy [kWh]
203
Energy [kWh]
204
Energy [kWh]
205
Energy [kWh]
206
Energy [kWh]
207
Energy [kWh]
208
Energy [kWh]
209
Energy [kWh]
210
Energy [kWh]
211
Energy [kWh]
301
Energy [kWh]
302
Energy [kWh]
303
Energy [kWh]
304
Energy [kWh]
305
Energy [kWh]
306
Energy [kWh]
307
Energy [kWh]
308
Energy [kWh]
309
Energy [kWh]
310
Energy [kWh]
311
Energy [kWh]
401
Energy [kWh]
402
Energy [kWh]
403
Energy [kWh]
404
Energy [kWh]
405
Energy [kWh]
406
Energy [kWh]
407
Energy [kWh]
408
Energy [kWh]
409
Energy [kWh]
410
Energy [kWh]
411
Energy [kWh]
508
Energy [kWh]
509
Energy [kWh]
510
Energy [kWh]
511
Energy [kWh]
512
Energy [kWh]
513
Energy [kWh]
514
Energy [kWh]
515
Energy [kWh]
Sub Total
Opening
20/01/2010
14/10 /2009
Close
Close
15939.3
11353.8
6221.1 15 Oct 09
16090
12471.4
7271.7 15 Oct 09
13336.8
9845
3614.4 15 Oct 09
23100.4
19779.5
12442.6 15 Oct 09
23081.3
17877.7
14267.4 15 Oct 09
8000
6000
2500 15 Oct 09
12874.8
12576.8
8035.6 15 Oct 09
16705.9
14100.2
10288.4 15 Oct 09
8374
6389.1
4464.2 15 Oct 09
21686.6
17519.1
10838.8 15 Oct 09
12551.3
9521.1
6851.7 15 Oct 09
19922.5
17947.9
11734.5 15 Oct 09
10786.9
9597.3
6601.4 15 Oct 09
14104.2
13473.8
8523.9 15 Oct 09
18253.7
14895.5
11203 15 Oct 09
6960.7
5990.8
2421.8 15 Oct 09
26277.1
21473.6
13378.6 15 Oct 09
14200
11200
7117 15 Oct 09
4189.2
2551.2
1976 15 Oct 09
12058.6
9950.3
6910.1 15 Oct 09
15239.1
12881.3
7555.7 15 Oct 09
6522.9
5963.3
4265.1 15 Oct 09
3826.7
2941.1
2038.4 15 Oct 09
15543.7
13145.3
7842 15 Oct 09
7203.5
5587.3
4396.6 15 Oct 09
13203.6
11324.6
7354.9 15 Oct 09
14738.5
11698.9
9407.5 15 Oct 09
10526.1
7794.4
5356.2 15 Oct 09
14376.9
13222.1
8159.3 15 Oct 09
12098.5
11012.4
8348.8 15 Oct 09
5519.4
5174.1
3659.5 15 Oct 09
10348.8
9724.6
8130.7 15 Oct 09
5495.5
4162.7
2754.1 15 Oct 09
14528
13463.7
10308.4 15 Oct 09
11076.8
8840.5
5710.8 15 Oct 09
16289.6
11998.7
8088 15 Oct 09
8365
7789.7
5756.6 15 Oct 09
17290.8
13290.2
6904.3 15 Oct 09
10643.4
8954.9
6882.7 15 Oct 09
7825.9
5715.2
2849.9 15 Oct 09
3510.1
2598.4
1826.6 15 Oct 09
5162.4
4130.7
3372.6 15 Oct 09
5904.2
3709.3
2893.4 15 Oct 09
7924.3
7656.8
5176.4 15 Oct 09
15044
9785.5
3655.3 15 Oct 09
5854.5
4553.9
3039.9 15 Oct 09
3626.8
3299.5
2769.1 15 Oct 09
6714.6
5368.8
2300.5 15 Oct 09
5277.4
3564.1
2278.3 15 Oct 09
10205.2
8397.4
3758.3 15 Oct 09
9176.2
8760.2
6109.1 15 Oct 09
10051.8
6657.1
4805.9 15 Oct 09
5540.3
4900.2
3101.2 15 Oct 09
4828.5
4342.8
3227 15 Oct 09
4895.6
3484.3
2262.4 15 Oct 09
622,872
510,408
333,008
Table 38- Energy Cost per Apartment (Sept 09 to Jan 10)
116
Units
Consumed
4585.5
3618.6
3491.8
3320.9
5203.6
2000
298
2605.7
1984.9
4167.5
3030.2
1974.6
1189.6
630.4
3358.2
969.9
4803.5
3000
1638
2108.3
2357.8
559.6
885.6
2398.4
1616.2
1879
3039.6
2731.7
1154.8
1086.1
345.3
624.2
1332.8
1064.3
2236.3
4290.9
575.3
4000.6
1688.5
2110.7
911.7
1031.7
2194.9
267.5
5258.5
1300.6
327.3
1345.8
1713.3
1807.8
416
3394.7
640.1
485.7
1411.3
112,464
Unit Cost
Total Invoice
0.035056979
160.7537767
0.035056979
126.8571838
0.035056979
122.4119589
0.035056979
116.4207212
0.035056979
182.4224954
0.035056979
70.11395779
0.035056979
10.44697971
0.035056979
91.34796991
0.035056979
69.58459741
0.035056979
146.0999596
0.035056979
106.2296575
0.035056979
69.22351053
0.035056979
41.7037821
0.035056979
22.0999195
0.035056979
117.7283465
0.035056979
34.00176383
0.035056979
168.3961981
0.035056979
105.1709367
0.035056979
57.42333143
0.035056979
73.91062861
0.035056979
82.65734484
0.035056979
19.61788539
0.035056979
31.04646051
0.035056979
84.08065819
0.035056979
56.65908929
0.035056979
65.87206335
0.035056979
106.5591931
0.035056979
95.76514925
0.035056979
40.48379923
0.035056979
38.07538478
0.035056979
12.10517481
0.035056979
21.88256623
0.035056979
46.72394147
0.035056979
37.31114264
0.035056979
78.39792191
0.035056979
150.4259908
0.035056979
20.16827996
0.035056979
140.2489498
0.035056979
59.19370887
0.035056979
73.99476536
0.035056979
31.96144766
0.035056979
36.16828513
0.035056979
76.94656298
0.035056979
9.377741855
0.035056979
184.3471235
0.035056979
45.59510675
0.035056979
11.47414919
0.035056979
47.1796822
0.035056979
60.06312194
0.035056979
63.37600645
0.035056979
14.58370322
0.035056979
119.0079263
0.035056979
22.43997219
0.035056979
17.02717465
0.035056979
49.47591432
3,942.64
8.9.2 Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Sept 09 to Jan 10):

01B
Energy [kWh]
02B
Energy [kWh]
03B
Energy [kWh]
04B
Energy [kWh]
05B
Energy [kWh]
06B
Energy [kWh]
07B
Energy [kWh]
08B
Energy [kWh]
09B
Energy [kWh]
10B
Energy [kWh]
11B
Energy [kWh]
12B
Energy [kWh]
13B
Energy [kWh]
14B
Energy [kWh]
15B
Energy [kWh]
16B
Energy [kWh]
BIH/DDDA SUBTOTAL
501
502
502
503
504
505
601
602
Sub Total
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
Energy [kWh]
30/4/0920/01/2010
14/10 /2009
OpenClose
Close
Estimate
21424
17686.1 15,714
15520.6
13848.7 13,624
9633.3
7167.5
4,958
8950
6500
3,500
4906
4001.3
4,620
8883.3
7211.1
3,800
8187.9
6610.2
5,066
5871.3
4883.1
3,507
19700.1
17367.7 13,110
13023.3
10579.6
8,008
15553.3
12559.2
8,707
10630.6
9706.6
5,039
4204.5
3908.5
3,602
12850.9
9394.1
4,565
19882.1
16266.2 11,621
18816.5
13967.2
9,287
198037.7
161657.1 118,726
6785
0
4239.9
8687.9
8570.8
6674.3
6284.1
17244
58,486
5193.3
0
3709.1
5650.7
6519.1
6120
6210.6
13325.2
50,091
4,269
4,006
3,363
4,724
5,128
7,346
6,836
10,635
46,307
Opening
Units
17/01/20 Commneced Consumed Unit Cost
13,141
15 Oct 09
3737.9 0.0351
11,597
15 Oct 09
1671.9 0.0351
4,476
15 Oct 09
2465.8 0.0351
2,500
15 Oct 09
2450 0.0351
3,677
15 Oct 09
904.7 0.0351
3,498
15 Oct 09
1672.2 0.0351
4,516
15 Oct 09
1577.7 0.0351
3,029
15 Oct 09
988.2 0.0351
11,871
15 Oct 09
2332.4 0.0351
6,850
15 Oct 09
2443.7 0.0351
7,697
15 Oct 09
2994.1 0.0351
4,086
15 Oct 09
924 0.0351
3,193
15 Oct 09
296 0.0351
4,076
15 Oct 09
3456.8 0.0351
10,985
15 Oct 09
3615.9 0.0351
8,251
15 Oct 09
4849.3 0.0351
103,441
36,381
3,374
3,054
4,175
4,509
5,619
5,649
9,671
36,051
Table 39 - Penthouse & Block Energy Costs (Sept 09 to Jan 10):
117
15 Oct 09
1591.7
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
15 Oct 09
530.8
3037.2
2051.7
554.3
73.5
3918.8
11,758
0.0351
0.1461
0.0351
0.0351
0.0351
0.0351
0.0351
0.0351
Total Invoice
131.04
58.61
86.44
85.89
31.72
58.62
55.31
34.64
81.77
85.67
104.96
32.39
10.38
121.18
126.76
170.00
1,275.39
55.80
0.00
18.61
106.48
71.93
19.43
2.58
137.38
412.20
8.10 Sample Gas Bill for Standard Boiler ( May 09 July 09):
Figure 20 - Sample Gas Bill for Standard Boiler.
118
9.0 Student Supervisor Log Record Sheets:
119

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The School of Electrical Engineer Systems

Dublin Institute of Technology

Title: Micro-CHP in district Heating System

By: Mr Brian Redmond

Date: 10th of January 2011

10th of January 2011

ii. Foreword and Acknowledgment:

3.0 Chapter Three: Methodology: .............................................................................. 43

3.2.3 Micro-CHP Condensers: ....................................................................................................... 52

4.0 Chapter Four: Data Collection: ............................................................................ 56

5.0 Chapter Five: Data Analysis and Discussion of Results:...................................... 66

6.0 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Summary: .............................................................. 93

7.0 Bibliography: ......................................................................................................... 96

9.0 Student Supervisor Log Record Sheets: .......................................................... 119

Table 27 Performance of CHP1 (Feb 09): ................................................................. 105

vi. Glossary of Terms:

1.0 Chapter One: Introduction:

It is anticipated that by culminating the quantitative data results recently gathering in

2.0 Chapter Two: Literature Review:

2.1 CHP systems and their Benefits:

CHP is regarded as being environmentally friendly (in comparison to

2.2 Micro-CHP systems:

acoustically unobtrusive in their construction to meet the demand of domestic customers

At present some of the larger manufacturers of Micro-CHP systems are SenerTec in

2.2.1 Types of Micro-CHP Engines and Fuels:

2.2.2 Analysis of Micro-CHP Engine Types:

The Dachs unit manufactures by SenerTec consisting of an internal combustion

together with approximately 8-26kW of thermal output depending on part load or

The Ecopower unit manufactured by PowerPlus Ltd consisting of an Internal

The SM5A (Prototype) by Stirling Denmark consisting of an External combustion

2.3 CHP system in Ireland:

2.3.1 Classification & Definition of CHP plant Sizes:

Key Market Applications and relevant size of CHP plant:

>50 kWe & <1MWe > 1MWe

2.4 Barriers to implementing CHP systems in Ireland:

2.4.1 Financial Barriers:

2.4.2 Technical Barriers:

2.4.3 Awareness and Information Barriers:

2.5 Analysis of Micro-CHP systems in other countries:

Newborough describes how various configurations of 1kWe Micro-CHP systems can

2.5.1 Effect on Carbon Emissions:

2.6 Current Legislation for connection to the Low-Voltage Network:

As the production of Micro-CHP systems is aimed at a mass market approach to

EN 50438 specifies the requirements for the connection of Micro-generators in parallel

LV Network System Ratings for Ireland:

Table 2 - LV Network Rating for Ireland. (ESB Networks, 2010)

2.6.1 Irish Requirements for Network Connection:

Metering and Commercial Arrangements which discusses payment options,

This is a requirement as set out in EN50438 and DTIS-230206-BR to accommodate Irish

ESBN Guide for Micro-Generator Connection

Step 1: Familiarisation with the process

To connect a micro-generator to the electricity

Step 2: Inform ESB Networks

Complete the NC6 notification form to notify the

Step 3: Return Notification

Issue the completed NC6 form together with the

Step 4: Installation of Micro-Generator

Ensure the micro-generator is installed by a

When the ETCI electrical certificate has been

Table 4 - ESBN Guide for Micro-Generation Connections. (ESB Networks , 2010)

2.6.2 Irish Export Tariff for Network Connection:

The payment for exported electricity is to be linked to the economic cost of