Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Relaying
With Expert Course Faculty
Jelica Polimac
DAY 1
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
CONTENTS 1/2
Protection Role
Protection Objectives
Protection Requirements
Electromechanical relays
Static / Solid state relays
Digital Numerical relays
Protection Types
Protection Function Codes
Relay Protection History
Reliability Aspect
Techno-Economical Aspects
Protection in Power System
Type of Faults
Balanced & Unbalanced Faults
Fault Effects on the Power System
Fault Current
Factors Affecting a Fault
Distorted Waveform
CONTENTS 2/2
3.
Generators Model
Transformers Model
Cables Model
Motors Model
Network Infeed
Load
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION
Protection
Role
Protection Objectives
Protection Requirements
Protection Basic Principles
Protection Types
Protection Codes
Relay Protection History
Numerical Relays
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
Protection Role
What is protection?
What is the role of protection?
~
GRID
400L
400-1
400-2
AT2
AT1
132-2
132L
132-1
T2
L4
11-1
L2
Load2
11-3
Load1
L3
L
L5
LV-M1
11-4
L4
LV-M2
M1
M2
11-2
Load1
T1
Load2
L1
LV-L
Load
Protection Objectives
Objectives
Protect
Protection Requirements
Speed
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Reliability
~
F4
F3
F2
F1
T
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
Order
Circuit
breaker
Measurement
Sensor
Protection
Differential protection
Circulating current protection
Busbar protection
Restricted earth fault protection
REF
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
Overcurrent protection
Earth fault protection
Voltage protection
Distance protection
Frequency protection
OC Protection
10
Protection components:
CT & VT
Relay
Trip relay
Breaker trip coil
DC supply
Wiring
Errors in incorrect design / installation / setting
Deterioration in service (component failure)
11
12
13
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
Cost
14
Techno-Economical Aspect
Technical Aspects
Protection requirements
Reliability aspect
New substation
Extending a substation
Organic growth
(minimum discrepancy new & old
Economical consideration
Equipment selection
(new technology)
15
Double circuits
Cable feeders, Long overhead lines
Running arrangements with open points
Outage planning
16
Question:
17
Protection Types
Over-current
Overload protection
Earth-fault protection
Differential protection
Distance protection
Busbars protection
Voltage protection
Frequency protection
Reverse power
Unbalance protection
Mechanical protection
18
Function
3
11
Multifunction element
12
Overspeed
14
Underspeed
21
Distance protection
24
Volts / Hz
25
Synchronizing
26
Thermostat
27
Undervoltage
32
Directional power
37
Undercurrent
37P
37Q
Flux control
Winding temperature
32P, 32Q
19
40
46
47
48
49
Thermal overload
50
Instantaneous over-current
50BF
51, 51N
51
Delayed over-current
51N
51LR
Locked rotor
59
Overvoltage
20
Function
63
Pressure
Buchholz relay
64
Earth fault
Residual voltage
66
67
67N
78
79
Reclosing
81
86
87
Differential protection
21
Protection
Electromechanical relays
Static / Solid state relays
Digital Numerical relays
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Electomech ptn
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
Static ptn
2010
2000
1992
1988
1982
1975
1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
1890
10
Digital ptn
22
Electromechanical Relays
23
24
25
26
Analogue/Digital convertor
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
EPROM Electrical Programmable ROM
HMI Human Interface Machine (Local, PC, Web)
RAM
CT Inputs
ROM
EPROM
Binary
Outputs
A/D
VT Inputs
Binary
Inputs
Microprocessor
HMI
Communication
Port
27
29
30
31
32
Sampling
Sampling rate (fixed or adaptive)
Resolution
Simultaneous sampling for parallel channels
A/D
33
Analogue/Digital Conversion
Sample
Hold
Quantify
Analogue
Coding
0101
Number of steps
Resolution [%]
50
25
12.5
16
6.25
32
3.125
64
1.563
128
0.781
256
0.391
512
0.195
10
1024
0.098
11
2048
0.049
12
4096
0.024
Digital
34
Digital Filtering
35
Fourier Transformation
Fourier Transformation
Original curve
i(t)
Compute imaginary component
IS=2/N * [Ssin(w*n*Dt)*in]
Compute real component:
IS=2/N * [i0/2+iN/2+Ssin(w*n*Dt)*in]
36
37
38
39
SYSTEM
S/S control
.
To relays
S/S
Relay
To bay
controls
Bay
control
Relay
BAY
BAY BAY
S/S2
S/S3
40
41
Self monitoring
Multi-functionality
Incorporates event/fault recorder
Extensive setting characteristics
User configurable via keyboard, switches
Accessibility (local & remote)
Communications
Unique IP address
Optional IEC 61850
42
Independent self-monitoring
1M
2M
3M
43
Id
I> AR Sy
I>
I>
I> A
R
Figure a
+
Id
t,63
t,38
Figure c
Figure b
44
45
~
T
F4
F3
F2
F1
46
47
DC systems
HVDC
DC Traction systems
48
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
49
Generators
Transformers
Overhead lines (EHV, HV)
Cables (EHV, HV, MV)
Power Quality equipment
Rectifiers
Motors
50
Type of Faults
Balanced & Unbalanced Faults
Fault Effects on the Power System
Fault Current
Factors Affecting Fault Severity
Distorted Waveform
51
Type of Faults
Three phase fault
Three phase to
earth fault
Discontinued
phase
Discontinued
two phases
Two phase to
earth fault
Discontinued phase
to earth fault
52
53
VIDEO: Faults
54
Fault Current
If=ISC
Sub-transient: If=(5-10)*In, t<0.1s
Transient:
If=(2-6)*In, t=0.1-1s
Steady state: If=(0.5-2)*In, t>1s
55
56
Distorted Waveform
Harmonics are components of current/voltage distorted waveform
Harmonics are generated by nonlinear load (not faults)
Welders, variable speed drives, static converters, rectifiers, FC lamps, PC
computers generate harmonics
Some harmonics are used in protection to distinguish faults & disturbances
57
Question:
c.
d.
58
2.Load Flow
For control
For specifying HV equipment
For protection settings
3.Stability Studies
For generators
For transmission system
4.Harmonic Studies
For power quality equipment
5.Other Analysis
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
59
SC Calculations Basics
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components for Faults
Symmetrical Components - Example
60
Ifmin
1.05
1.1
0.95
1.1
0.95
Vn >36kV
1.1
61
62
ZL=RL+jXL=0.021*3+j0.16*3=(0.063+j0.48)W
ZL%=100%*ZL/ZB=(5.2+j39.7)%
Arc resistance: Rarc=28700*(a+2*vw*t)/I1.4 [W]
63
Question:
Line impedance is:
ZL%=(5.2+j39.7)%
Calculate the line impedance in a vector form ZL|j
64
65
VB
VY2
VR1
VR
VY
VY1
VB2
VR2
VR0
VY0
VB0
Voltage:
VR=VR1+VR2+VR0=V1+V2+V0
VY=VY1+VY2+VY0= a2V1+aV2+V0
VB=VB1+VB2+VB0=aV1+a2V2+V0
Current:
IR=IR1+IR2+IR0=I1+I2+I0
IY=IY1+IY2+IY0= a2I1+aI2+I0
IB=IB1+IB2+IB0=aI1+a2I2+I0
66
67
68
69
70
3-phase fault
2-phase fault
Earth fault
Open circuit
71
ZN
VR = VY = VB = 0
IR + IY + IB = 0
IR+IY+IB=I1+I2+I0+a2I1+aI2+I0+aI1+a2I2+I=3I0=0, I0=0
VR = E I1Z1 - I2Z2
VY = a2Ea2I1Z1-aI2Z2 ; when multiply with a: a*VY=EI1Z1-a*aI2Z2
0 = E-I1Z1-I2Z2-E+I1Z1+a2I2Z2=(a2-1)I2Z2, therefore I2=0
VR = 0 = E I1Z1 - I2Z2 ; E=I1Z1
I1 = E / Z 1
If3 =(U/3)/Z1 If3-Three-phase fault current
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
72
ZN
IR = 0
IY = -IB
VY = VB
I0=0
I1= -I2=E/(Z1+ Z2)
V1=E*(Z2)/(Z1+ Z2)
V2= Z2*E/(Z1+ Z2)
V0=0
If2=(U)/(Z1+Z2)
If2- two-phase fault current
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
73
VR = 0
I Y = IB
I1= I2=I0=E/(Z1+Z2+Z0+3Z)
V1=E*(Z2+Z0 +3Z)/(Z1+ Z2+Z0+3Z)
V2= -Z2*E/(Z1+ Z2+Z0 +3Z)
V0= -Z0*E/(Z1+ Z2+Z0 +3Z)
If1 = 3*U/(Z1+Z2+Z0 +3Z)
Z=ZN+ZA
ZN >> (isolated PS) or ZN=0 (solid earth)
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
3Z
74
IR = 0
IY = -IB
VY = VB
-I1 = I2 + I0
75
Question:
76
Modeling Components
Generators Model
Transformers Model
Overhead Lines Model
Cables Model
Motors Model
Network Infeed
Load
Applying Models
77
78
79
Transformers Model
80
81
a. Positive sequence
b. Zero sequence
82
a. Positive sequence
Modern Power System Protective Relaying
b. Zero sequence
83
84
Cables Model
The equivalent model for OHL
is applicable for cables
Zl = Rl + jXl
Rl and Xl dependent on the
geometry
Rl and Xl are measured and
recorded in commissioning
85
Motors Model
Similar modeling as for the generators
Motor characteristics are dependent on construction
Sub transient characteristic is related to the motor
inertia
Standard IEC 60909; take into account only if the
sum of motors rated currents is greater than Ik/100
(Ik short circuit current)
86
Network Infeed
87
Load
1.
Load Type:
1.
2.
3.
2.
Load modeling:
1.
88
89
ZT1
ZL1
90
91
92
93
93
IEC 60909 and 61393 ANSI / IEEE Standard C37 and UL 489
94
IEC 60909
Calculation
The
95
96
97
98
99
WINTER
Sub-transient
SUMMER
Transient
Sub-transient
Transient
3ph
[kA]
1ph
[kA]
3ph
[kA]
1ph
[kA]
3ph
[kA]
1ph
[kA]
3ph
[kA]
1ph
[kA]
30
34
22
28
19
16
12
14
45
38
41
37
40
35
27
30
23
23
22
20
20
20
12
16
23
21
19
24
20
21
13
16
46
39
42
36
41
34
29
33
100
101
400L
400-1
400-2
AT2
AT1
132-2
132L
132-1
T2
11-2
Load1
T1
L4
Load2
L2
Load2
11-1
11-3
Load1
L3
L
L5
11-4
L4
LV-M1
LV-M2
M1
M2
L1
LV-L
Load
102
103
104
V [kV]
P [MW]
Q [MVAR]
Grid
400
84.73
-10.17
AT1
400
115.96
43.44
0.18
132
-115.72
-32
0.54
GT
400
-149.51
-43.92
0.22
AT2
400
118.28
45.37
0.18
132
-118.03
-33.51
0.55
400
-31.23
-53.61
0.09
400
31.23
-1.45
0.05
132
-1.93
9.05
0.04
132
1.93
-5.71
0.03
132
22.65
9.82
0.11
11
-22.53
-8.43
1.3
132
21.1
7.99
0.1
11
-20.99
-6.8
1.19
11
1.43
0.54
0.08
11
-1.42
-0.59
0.08
400L
132L
T1
T2
IL [kA]
105
106
107
400-1
42.44
400-2
20.12
132-1
12.72
132-2
12.53
11-1
28.62
11-2
27.7
11-3
17.75
11-4
15.2
LV-M1
44.6
LV-M2
44.6
LV-L
10.47
108
109
132/11kV
L1
400kV
T1
L2
T2
110
400/132kV
L1
T2,
11kV
T1
T3
111
L1
132/11kV
L3
400kV
T1
L2
T2
112
L1
A
T1
L2
L3
113
~
T
F4
F3
F2
F1
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
114