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Montgomery of Alamein
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC
(/mntmrvlmen/; 17 November 1887 24
March 1976), nicknamed Monty and the Spartan
General,[10] was a British Army ocer.
The family returned to England once for a Lambeth Conference in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were
educated for a term at The Kings School, Canterbury.[18]
In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the family returned to London. Montgomery attended St Pauls
School and then the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,
from which he was almost expelled for rowdiness and
violence.[19] On graduation in September 1908 he was
Early life
commissioned into the 1st Battalion The Royal Warwickshire Regiment as a second lieutenant,[20] and rst saw
overseas service later that year in India.[19] He was promoted to lieutenant in 1910,[21] and in 1912 became adjutant of the 1st Battalion of his regiment at Shornclie
Army Camp.[19]
104th Brigade under training in Lancashire.[24] He returned to the Western Front in early 1916 as a general sta ocer in the 33rd Division and took part in
the Battle of Arras in April/May 1917.[24] He became a
general sta ocer with IX Corps, part of General Sir
Herbert Plumer's Second Army, in July 1917.[24]
Montgomery served at the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917 before nishing the war as General Sta Ofcer 1 and eectively chief of sta of the 47th (2nd London) Division,[24] with the temporary rank of lieutenantcolonel.[25] A photograph from October 1918, reproduced in many biographies, shows the then unknown Lt.Col. Montgomery standing in front of Winston Churchill
(Minister of Munitions) at the parade following the liberation of Lille.[26]
Captain Bernard L. Montgomery, DSO (on the right), with a fellow ocer of 104th Brigade, 35th Division, with which he served
from January 1915 until early 1917
have settled it in a very short time. Nowadays public opinion precludes such methods,
the nation would never allow it, and the politicians would lose their jobs if they sanctioned
it. That being so, I consider that Lloyd George
was right in what he did, if we had gone on we
could probably have squashed the rebellion as
a temporary measure, but it would have broken
3
out again like an ulcer the moment we removed
the troops. I think the rebels would probably
[have] refused battles, and hidden their arms
etc. until we had gone.[31]
4
4.2.1
4.2
General Montgomery with his pets, the puppies 'Hitler' (left) and
'Rommel', and a cage of canaries which also travelled with him
(France; date unknown)
4.2.3
El Alamein
Over 30,000 prisoners were taken,[66] including the German second in command, General von Thoma, as well as
eight other general ocers.[67] Rommel, having been in a
hospital in Germany at the start of the battle, was forced
to return on 25 October 1942 after General Stumme
his replacement as German commander died of a heart
attack in the early hours of the battle.[68]
4.2.4 Tunisia
Montgomery was advanced to KCB and promoted to
full general.[69] He kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of
each successive defensive position. On 6 March 1943,
Rommels attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at
Medenine (Operation Capri) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed.[70] At the Mareth Line, 20 to 27 March,
when Montgomery encountered ercer frontal opposition
than he had anticipated, he switched his major eort into
an outanking inland pincer, backed by low-ying RAF
ghter-bomber support.[71] For his role in North Africa
he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States
government in the rank of Chief Commander.[72]
4.2.5 Sicily
The next major Allied attack was the Allied invasion
of Sicily (Operation Husky). Montgomery considered
the initial plans for the Allied invasion, which had been
agreed in principle by Eisenhower and Alexander, to be
unworkable because of the dispersion of eort. He managed to have the plans recast to concentrate the Allied
forces, having Pattons Seventh US Army land in the Gulf
of Gela (on the left ank of Eighth Army, which landed
4.3 Normandy
4.2.6
Italian campaign
Wartime colour photograph of the then Sir Bernard Law Montgomery with his Miles Messenger aircraft (location and date unknown)
4.4
4.4
7
nored ULTRA intelligence which warned of the presence
of German armoured units near the site of the attack.[79]
When the surprise attack on the Ardennes took place
on 16 December 1944, starting the Battle of the Bulge,
the front of the U.S. 12th Army Group was split, with
the bulk of the U.S. First Army being on the northern shoulder of the German 'bulge'. The Army Group
commander, General Omar Bradley, was located south
of the penetration at Luxembourg and command of the
U.S. First Army became problematic. Montgomery was
the nearest commander on the ground and on 20 December, Eisenhower (who was in Versailles) transferred
Courtney Hodges' U.S. First Army and William Simpson's U.S. Ninth Army to his 21st Army Group, despite
Bradleys vehement objections on national grounds.[nb 1]
Montgomery grasped the situation quickly, visiting all divisional, corps, and army eld commanders himself and
instituting his 'Phantom' network of liaison ocers. He
grouped the British XXX Corps as a strategic reserve behind the Meuse and reorganised the US defence of the
northern shoulder, shortening and strengthening the line
and ordering the evacuation of St Vith. The German
commander of the 5th Panzer Army, Hasso von Manteuel said:
The operations of the American 1st Army
had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomerys contribution to
restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and denite
plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves
and frustrate the German attempts to extend
their breakthrough.[80]
LATER LIFE
Later life
mission to name a new school in the citys east end after him. Viscount Montgomery Elementary was billed
as the most modern school in North America and the
largest single-storey school in Hamilton, when the sod
was turned on 14 March 1951. The school ocially
opened on 18 April 1953, with Montgomery in attendance among almost 10,000 well-wishers. At the opening, he gave the motto Gardez Bien from his own familys coat of arms.[93] Montgomery referred to the school
as his beloved school and visited on ve separate occasions, the last being in 1960. On his last visit, he said to
his students:[93]
Lets make Viscount Montgomery School
the best in Hamilton, the best in Ontario, the
best in Canada. I don't associate myself with
anything that is not good. It is up to you to
see that everything about this school is good.
It is up to the students to not only be their best
in school but in their behaviour outside of Viscount. Education is not just something that will
help you pass your exams and get you a job, it
is to develop your brain to teach you to marshal
facts and do things.
Montgomerys memoirs (1958) criticised many of his
wartime comrades in harsh terms, including Eisenhower,
whom he accused, among other things, of prolonging
the war by a year through poor leadership allegations
which ended their friendship, not least as Eisenhower
was still US President at the time. He was threatened
with legal action by Field-Marshal Auchinleck for suggesting that Auchinleck had intended to retreat from the
Alamein position if attacked again, and had to give a radio broadcast (20 November 1958) expressing his gratitude to Auchinleck for having stabilised the front at the
First Battle of Alamein. The 1960 paperback edition of
his memoirs contains a publishers note drawing attention to that broadcast, and stating that in the publishers
view the reader might reasonably assume from Mont-
gomerys text that Auchinleck had been planning to retreat into the Nile Delta or beyond and pointing out that
it had been Auchinlecks intention to launch an oensive
as soon as Eighth Army was rested and regrouped.[94]
Montgomery was stripped of his honorary citizenship of
Montgomery, Alabama, and was challenged to a duel by
10
LEGACY
an Italian ocer.[95]
In retirement he publicly supported apartheid after a visit
to South Africa in 1962, outraging much British liberal opinion, and after a visit to China declared himself
impressed by the Chinese leadership.[96] He spoke out
against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United
Kingdom, arguing that the Sexual Oences Act 1967
was a charter for buggery[97] and that this sort of
thing may be tolerated by the French, but we're British
thank God.[98] Biographer Nigel Hamilton has suggested
Montgomery may have been a repressed homosexual;[99]
in the late 1940s Montgomery maintained an aectionate
friendship with a 12-year-old Swiss boy.[100] One biographer called the friendship bizarre, although not improper, and a sign of pitiful loneliness.[101]
He twice met with Israeli general Moshe Dayan. After an initial meeting in the early 1950s, Montgomery
met Dayan again in the 1960s to discuss the Vietnam
War, which Dayan was studying. Montgomery was
harshly critical of US strategy in Vietnam, which involved
deploying large numbers of combat troops, aggressive
bombing attacks, and uprooting entire village populations
and forcing them into strategic hamlets. Montgomery
said that the Americans most important problem was that
they had no clear-cut objective, and allowed local commanders to set military policy. At the end of their meeting, Montgomery asked Dayan to tell the Americans, in Montgomerys grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binstead
his name, that they were insane.[102]
Death
Legacy
His portrait (by Frank O. Salisbury, 1945) hangs in the Montgomerys Grant command tank, on display at the Imperial
National Portrait Gallery.[105]
War Museum in London
A statue of Montgomery is outside the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall, alongside those of Field Marshal Lord
tains a permanent exhibition about Montgomery, entitled
Slim and Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke.[106]
Monty: Master of the Battleeld.[108]
Montgomery gave his name to the French commune
The Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band from
Colleville-Montgomery, Normandy.[107]
Northern Ireland is named after him.[109]
The Imperial War Museum holds a variety of material
at the Royal Lorelating to Montgomery in its collections. These include His Rolls-Royce sta car is on display [110]
gistic
Corps
Museum,
Deepcut,
Surrey.
Montgomerys Grant command tank (on display in the
atrium at the Museums London branch), his command The Montgomery cocktail is a martini mixed at a ratio of
caravans as used in North West Europe (on display at 15:1, facetiously named that because Montgomery supIWM Duxford), and his papers are held by the Mu- posedly refused to go into battle unless his numerical adseums Department of Documents. The Museum main- vantage was at least that high.[111] Ironically, following
11
severe internal injuries received in the First World War,
Montgomery himself could neither smoke nor drink.[79]
10 See also
Afrika Korps
M. E. Clifton James (Montgomerys double during
the war)
Tex Banwell (another double)
Irish military diaspora
Panzer Army Africa
11 Notes
12
11.2
11 NOTES
Citations
[17] Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). Alamein: War without hate. Penguin Goup. pp. 223230. ISBN 0-67091109-7.
11.2
Citations
13
[72] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36125. p. 3579. [100] Baxter, p. 121
6 August 1943. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
[101] Horne, Alistair; Montgomery, David (2009) [1994]. The
Lonely Leader: Monty 194445. London, UK: Pan. p.
[73] Mead, p. 306.
348. ISBN 978-0-330-51001-1.
[74] Heathcote, p. 217
[102] Moshe Dayan Sounds the Alarm in Vietnam. 15
[75] Hart, p. 8
September 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
[76] D'Este, p. 202 (1983)
14
12
REFERENCES
12 References
Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord, Danchev, Alex;
Todman, Daniel, editors (2001). War Diaries 1939
1945. Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
Caddick-Adams, Peter (2001). Monty and Rommel: Parallel Lives. Preface Publishing. ISBN 9781848091528.
Corrigan, Gordon (2010). The Second World War:
A Military History. Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781843548942.
Barnett, Correlli (1960). The Desert Generals. London, UK: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35280-7.
Baxter, Colin (1999). Field Marshal Bernard Law
Montgomery, 18871976: A Selected Bibliography.
Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29119-7.
Brereton, Lewis (2011). The Brereton Diaries: The
War in the Air in the Pacic, Middle East and Europe,
3 October 1941 8 May 1945. Morrow. ISBN 9781-258-20290-3.
Brighton, Terry (2009). Masters of Battle: Monty,
Patton and Rommel at War. Penguin. ISBN 978-014-102985-6.
Bungay, Stephen (2002). Alamein. Auram. ISBN
978-1-85410-929-3.
D'Este, Carlo (1983). Decision in Normandy: The
Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons. ISBN 0-00217056-6.
Churchill, Winston (1986). The Second World War,
Volume 4: The Hinge of Fate. ISBN 978-0-14144175-7.
Dixon, Norman (1976). On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-71265889-8.
Feldmann, Daniel; Mas, Cdric (2014). Montgomery. Paris: ditions Economica (in French).
ISBN 978-2-717-86699-5.
Fraser, David (1988). And We Shall Shock Them:
The British Army in World War II. Sceptre. ISBN
978-0-340-42637-1.
Hamilton, Nigel (2001). The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein 18871942. London, UK: Allen
Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9334-0.
Hamilton, Nigel (1981). Monty: The Making of
a General. London, UK: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
ISBN 0-241-10583-8.
12.1
Primary sources
Hamilton, Nigel (1984). Monty: Master of the Battleeld. London, UK: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. ISBN
978-0-241-11104-8.
Hamilton, Nigel (1986). Monty: The Field-Marshal
19441976. London, UK: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
ISBN 0-241-11838-7.
Hamilton, Nigel (2002). The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein, 18871942 v.1: Montgomery of
Alamein, 18871942 Vol 1. London, UK: Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-028375-4.
15
HMSO:1966]. Butler, Sir James, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction
of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second
World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckeld, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574068-8.
Ryan, Cornelius (1974). A Bridge Too Far. Hodder.
ISBN 0-684-80330-5.
Schultz, James (1998). A framework for military
decision making under risks. Thesis. Air University,
Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama.
Primary sources
Hart, Stephen (2007). Colossal Cracks: Montgomerys 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe,
194445. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-81173383-0.
13 External links
Hansard 18032005: contributions in Parliament by
the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
Biography of Montgomery, Jewish Virtual Library
website; accessed 10 April 2014.
Prole, desertwar.net; accessed 10 April 2014.
16
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14.1
14.2
Images
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