PAH

FLORIDA ATLANTIC
UNIVERSITY

ELM 4500 Machine Design 1

Homework 5
Dr. Guoqiang Cai
Ionathan Padilla

04/22/2014

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EML 4500 - MACHINE DESIGN I
Spring 2014
HOMEWORK 5

(Assigned: 04/10, Due: 04/22)

A trailer hitch of a tractor has a multiview sketch in Fig. 1. The Dimensions of its ball bracket
are given in Fig. 2. The weight of the trailer is 2000 kg. Two bolts are used to attach the bracket
to the tractor. The tractor is capable to accelerate to 20 m/s in 10 seconds with a kinetic 'iction
coefficient 0.1. Design the two bolts using Class 8.8 steel bolt (Table 15.7, p. 914) for all safety
factors of at least 1.5, and specify the tightening torque for installation. Assume
1. the thickness of the tractor channel is 30 mm,

.--"~-'r

2. the fatigue life is innite with 50% reliability.

Print the following data:

Fi . 1
g
_

1. Bolt diameter, class number, Ibo, 1,, lthd.

2. Joint stiffness constant.

"'
_._. Pf~*+J
..... ... ~

3. The percentage of the initial stress as the proof strength.

\._

5 _ _1
_.,-_. .__;. .E

I "" "''"""'

g 2 _ _ _,,,,,,_m_ .,,__ -J-8

C X

y)

cag ' L s

4. Initial, mean and alternating forces at each bolt.

5. Stress concentration factors kf and kf.,,_

6. Initial, mean and alternating normal stresses.

5 ,1 A A

ll-jg 2

7. All correction factors, uncorrected and corrected

g
3

- .,,.,..\.-._',.-,,-~=r..|-"L_______,____,_

fatigue strengths.
8. Three factors of safety.
9. Tightening torque.

no 2 A

wf___ 351:5

_,

.:;. . .;.

p 8 W

-I-- 54 4-

1%I
.

"\'

,_
ht!

*~.,_' L._i___,.
R
E
'"~"""~""-W"

/
2 I

22 -I--

III!

I _

2--I

p g
.454.-'.l..LE{1> FAIMSH

lg

. 2

Tit?-Q am Emit
H$1,, 1,, 5! um ,___

To begin, the bolt diameter, Dbm, the class number, the length of the bolt, Ibo, length of the shaft
ls, and the length of the thread, lthd. These design components can be determined by using the
following tables.
Table 154

P"l"lPa| Dimensions of ISO Metric Standard Screw Threads

Data Calculated from Equations 15 1-See Reference 4 for More Information

._.

Mal"
Diameter
I

I7

I Tl

30

T"

Ffe T519345 _,, , .

Tensile I
Stress Area

Pitch
p

Minor
Diameter

T815159
Stress Area

mm

rl (mm)

A, (MIT12)

mm

d, (mm)

/1; (mm2)

77

7!

l _ _';-

0.50

2.39

5.03
6.78

_____7

3.5

0.60

2.76

4.0

0.70

3.14

8.78

5.0

0.80

4.02

14.18

6.0

1.00

4.77

20.12

7.0

1.00

5.77

28.86

8.0

1.25

6.47

36.61

1.00

6.77

10.0

1.50

8.16

57.99

1.25

8.47

12.0

1.75

9.85

84.27

1 .25

10.47

14.0

2.00

11.55

11 5 44

1 .50

12.16

16.0

2.00

13.55

156.67

1.50

14.16

18.0-

2.50

14.93

192.47

1.50

16.16.

20.0

2.50

16.93

244.79

1.50

18.16

Table 15-7

Minor
Diameter

dlmm)
I7W_f

,,_A,Ca'? Threads

Pitch
P

'

._

Ni

39.17
51.20
92.07
124.55
152.25
2156.23:
271.50

Metric Specifications and Strengths for Steel Bolts

Class

Size Range
Outside
Diameter

Minimum
Proof
Strength

(MPa)

_ (rare;

4.6

M5-M36

225

240

400

low or medium carbon

4.8

M1 .6M1 6

310

340

420

low or medium carbon

5.8

M5N\24

380

420

520

low or medium carbon

8.8 if

M3?-M36

600

660 8

830

. I medium carbon. Q&T

9.8

M1 .6M16

650

720

900

medium carbon, Q&T

Number

(mm)

Minimum
Yield
Strength

Minimum
Tensile
Strerzgh

_ {MFa)W

Material

Now that the initial dimensional values are determined, steps towards nding the joint stiffness
constant can now be taken.
The rst step is to solve for the joint aspect ratio, j.
_ Dbolt
[clamp

Where ldamp [m] is the length of the clamp.

Using the following table to solve for the P values.

Tabl 15-3
0.1 0
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60

Parameters for Equation 15."19l15l A

0.4389
-0.61 18

-0.9197
-1.121-5

0.6932
0.7351
0.7580
0.7709

-1.2426

0.8901
1.0875
1.1177
1.1111
1.0979
1.0851.

-1.2612

-1.2632
-1.2600

-0.3187
-13.3806
-0.3845
-0.3l779
-0.3708
-0.3647

The P values, p3, p2, pl, and po, can be found using interpolation.
___

]_.ltb1

P Prb, + (Pro, _ Prbl) jtb _ 1-tb

2
1

Now that the P values have been calculated, joint stiffness, C, can now be calculated

C=P3+P2'l'P1+Po
Where p, is the P value from Table 15-8, and jtb is the joint aspect ratio from Table 15-8
The percentage of the initial stress as the proof strength was found to be 90%.
In order to solve for the initial force, Fi, can be calculated using.

F,=-><A,><S,,
Where A, is the tensile stress area from Table 15-2, and 5,, is the proof strength from Table 15-7

The normal force, F,,,,,.,,,, applied to the trailer is equivalent to the weight of the trailer.
The friction force, F,-,.,,,, can be found by the following equation
Ffric : I1 + Fnorm

Where ,u is the friction coefcient.

The acceleration force can be found by,

Faccel = mTrailer X aTractor

Where mT,.ai,,,,. [N] is the mass of the trailer, and aT,.,,Ct,,,. is the acceleration of the tractor
The max force on the tractor, Fmaxr [N] can be found using the following equation.
Fm;-\xT = Faccel + Ffric

The max force on the bolts can be calculated by,

l;
F

Hh X _i1l?.7i

bolt

FmaxB =

Nbolts

Where Hh is the height of the hitch, and Nbolts is the number of bolts.
Now that the max force on the bolts is found, alternating force can be calculated
1
Fa=ExCxFmaxB

The mean force. Fm, can be calculated using the following formula
Fm = F, + Fa
The axial force can be calculated by the following equation.

F1, = F, +C >< Fmaxg

The axial stress can be found by,
.

Ub : ga

The alternating stress can be found by,

I

F0.

act = It [Pa]

The mean stress can be found by,

I

Fm

am = It [Pa]

The stress concentration factors can now be found

Kf =

X Dbolt

Kf
S I -K

Kfm

(Utnax )n0m < S)

n n

f(Ua) O > Kf(a1nax )nom > Sv

(am)nom
I

0,

Kfro-,,,,,, ),,,,,,(1 R) > 25,.

The initial normal stress can be found by,

Fi

0'; = Kfm X It

The alternating normal stress can be found by,

0,, = 0,; >< K; [Pa]

The mean normal stress can be found by,
am = o',',, >< Kfm [Pa]
The size correction factor is found to be
Csize = 1
The surface correction factor is found to by

c,,,,., = 4.51 >< s,;,-265

The temperature correction factor, Ctemp, is 1 because it is at room temperature.\
The reliability correction factor is found to be 1.
The load correction factor, Cload, is found to be 0.7

Now that all the correction factors have been found, the correction fatigue strength can now be
determined.
Se : cload X Csize X Ctemp X Creliab X Csurf X Se!

Next, the three factors of safeties can be calculated.

The fatigue factor of safety can be found by,
N

Sut"Ui

S,,><(a,,,a,~)+S,,,><a,,

The safety factor against yielding can be found by,

S

N, = -8%
The bolt separation safety factor is found by,

Sap _ FmaxB X(1_ C)

Lastly, the tightening torque can be found using the following equation.
Tr :

X Dbojt X Fi

"Wand
Window

1 Of 1

Homework 5

1) Bolt Diameter: 0.018 [m]

Bolt Class: 8.8
Bolt Length:

0.065

[m]

Shaft Length: 0.023 [m]

(:\\

Thread Length: 0.042 [m]

2)

Joint stiffness constant:

3)

Initial Stress Percentage as the Proof Strengt : 90 Per ent \\

4)

Inital force:

57.741

0.199

[kN]

Mean force: 58.782 [kN]

Alternating force: 1.041 [kN}

5) Stress Concentration Factors
kf = 6.183
kfm = 2.052

6)

Initial Normal Stress: 615.476 [MPa]

Mean Normal Stress: 626.569 [MPa]
Alternating Normal Stress: 33.431 [MPa]
7) Csize: 1.0

8)

9)
>>

Csurf: 0.76
Ctemp: 1.00
Cload: 0.70
Creliab: 1.00
Uncorrected Fatigue Strength: 415.00 [MPa]
Corrected Fatigue Strength: 220.6820 [MPaTi
Bolt Fatigue Safety Factor: 1.568
i
Bolt Safety Factor due to Yielding: 2 l' I\.) (JO
Bolt Separation Safety Factor: 6.913
Tightening Torque: 218.261 [N*m]
\_J,xM_____

( 7
(/7

___1g_g_,+_,g__#_g 2:0 l\M1 HW5.m M

clear;
clc;

% Jonathan Padilla
8 EML 4500 - Machine Design 1
% Homework 5
fPrintf('Homework 5\n\n\n);
8 Mass Of

trailer

MassTrail=2000; % [kg]
% Number of bolts
NBOlts=2;

% Tractor acceleration
aTrac=2; % [m/s2]
% Friction Coeffecient
mu=0.l;
% Gravity
g=9.8l; % [m/s2j
% Weight of the trailer

WTrail = MassTrail*g; % [N]

% Channel thickness
Tch=0.03; % [m]
8 Height of the hitch
Hh=0.07;

[m]

% Hitch thickness
Th=0.0l9; % [m]
% Hitch base to center bolt length

Lbase=0.031; % [m]
% Hitch bottom to center of bolt length
Lbott=0.02; % [m]
% From Table 15-2, major diamter
Db=0.018; % [m]
% From Table 15-7, proof strength
Spb=600e6; % [Pa]
% From Table 15-7, yield strength
Syb=660e6; % [Pa]
tensile strength
% From Table 15-7
Sutb=830e6; % [Pa
l___.I'

% From Table 15-2, tensile strength area

Atb=0.000l9247;

[m2]

% Cross Sectional area

Ab=(pi/4)*Db2; % [m21
% Length of clamp
Lcb=Th+Tch; % [ml
% Bolt length
Lb=0.065; % [ml
% Modulus of Elasticity

Eb=206.8e9; % [Pal
% From Table 15-8, Parameters for stiffness
jtb=[0.l0 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60];
pOtb=[O.4389 0.6118 0.6932 0.7351 0.7580 .7709];
p1tb=[0.9l97 l.17l5 1.2426 l.26l2 l.2632 l.2600];

1 of mg

p2tb=[0.890l 1.0875 1.1177 1.1111 1.0979 1.0851];

P3tb=l-0.3187 -0.3906 -0.3845 ~o.37v9 -0.3708 -0.36471;

% Uncorrected fatigue strength
Seprime=0.5*Sutb:
% Normal Force applied to trailer
Fnorm=WTrail; % [N3
% Friction force

Ffric=mu*Fnorm: % [N]
% Acceleration force
Facc=MassTrail*aTrac;

[N]

a Max force on tractor

FmaxTrac=Facc+Ffric; % [N]
% Max force on bolts
FmaxB0lt=(Hh*FmaxTrac/Lbott)/NBolts;
% Pre-loa
initial force

FinitBolt b.5* pb*Atb; % {N}

% Joint as
ratio
j=Db/Lcb;
% Determining P values by interpolating
p3=interpl(jtb,p3tb,j);
p2=interpl(jtb,p2tb,j);
p1=interp1(jtb,p1tb,j);
pO=interp1(jtb,pOtb,j);
% Joint stiffness
C=p3+p2+p1+pO;
% Axial force
Fb=FinitBolt+C*FmaxBolt; % [N]
% Alternating

Fa=(l/2)*C*(FmaxBolt); % [N]
% Mean force
Fm=FinitBolt+Fa;
% Axial stress

[N]

sigmab=Fb/Atb;
% Alternating stress,
sigmaa=Fa/Atb;
% Mean stress, prime

prime

sigmam=Fm/Atb;
% Max nominal stess

sigmamax=sigmaa+sigmam;
% Stress concentration factor
kf=S.7+0.02682*Db*1e3;

if kf*sigmamax<Syb
kfm=kf;

else
kfm=(Syb(kf*sigmaa))/sigmam;
end
% Corrected alternating stress

sigmaac=sigmaa*kf;
% Corrected mean stress
sigmamc=sigmam*kfm;
%Corrected inital stress

[N]

O
v

4/22/14 3:58 PM

Z:\MD l\MD1 HW5.m

3 of 3

sigmaic=kfm*(FinitBolt/Atb);
CSize=1;

Csurf=4.5l*((Sutb*1e6)~0.265);
Ctemp=1;

Creliab=1;

Cload=0.7;
% Corrected fatigue strength
Se=Cload*Csize*Csurf*Ctemp*Creliab*Seprime;
% Thread length
lthd=2*Db+0.006;
% Bolt shaft length
ls=Lblthd;
% Material thread length

lt=Lcbls;
% Fatigue safety factor
Nf=(Se*(Sutbsigmaic))/(Se*(sigmamc~sigmaic)+(Sutb*sigmaac));
% Safet factor against yielding
Ny=Syb/sigmab;
% Safety factor separation
Nsep=FinitBolt/(FmaxBolt*(lC));
% Tightening torque
Tt=0.21*Db*FinitBolt;
11)

fprintfn i
fprintf|
fprintfl
fprintf< i
fprintfl
fprintf<
fprintf<
fprintf<
fprintfn
fprintfl
fprintfi
fprintf|
fprintfl
fprintf|
fprintf<
fprintf|
F

F
\

J1:-LJf\J

w-7*7i,

U7

\n')

kf = %.3f\n',kf);

G\

fprintf1

\l '- .-r
7*!r7*

fprintf

fprintfi

fprintf
fprintf
fprintf
fprintf
fprintf
fprintf(

90 Percent

kfm = %.3f\n',kfm);

rvi

fprintfl

Bolt Diameter: %.3f [m]\n',Db);

Bolt Class: 8.8\n);
Bolt Length: %.3f [m]\n,Lb);
Shaft Length: %.3f [m]\n',ls);
Thread Length: %.3f [m]\n',lthd);
Joint stiffness constant: %.3f\n',C);
Initial Stress Percentage as the Proof Strength:
Inital force: %4.3f [kN] \n', FinitBolt*.OO1);
Mean force: %4.3f [kN] \n', Fm*.0O1);
Alternating force: %4.3f [kN] \n', Fa*.0O1);
Stress Concentration Factors\n);

:8}

Initial Normal Stress: %.3f [MPa]\n',sigmaic/1000000);

Mean Normal Stress: %.3f [MPa]\n',sigmamc/1000000);
Alternating Normal Stress: %.3f [MPa]\n',sigmaac/1000000);
Csize : %1.lf \n', Csize);
Csurf : %3.2f \n', Csurf);
Ctemp : %3.2f \n', Ctemp);
Cload: %3.2f \n', Cload);
Creliab: %3.2f \n', Creliab);
Uncorrected Fatigue Strength: %5.2f [MPa]\n',Seprime/1000000);
Corrected Fatigue Strength: %5.4f [MPa]\n',Se/1000000);
Bolt Fatigue Safety Factor: %.3f\n,Nf);

Bolt Safety Factor due to Yielding: %.3f\n,Ny);

Bolt Separation Safety Factor: %.3f\n',Nsep);

fprintf(9) Tightening Torque: %.3f [N*m]\n\n',Tt);