Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2010
Cold Weather and Winter Safety
“The time to start preparing for a
winter storm is not 10 minutes after
you’ve heard that one is on the way”
Rob Vajko
1/13/2010
www.nationalsafetyinc.com
Cold Weather and Winter Safety
Christmas may be over but winter is just started with the coldest and snowiest months still ahead
of us. With snow and extreme temperatures come a whole new set of challenges we need to take
on in order to stay safe. In the next few pages we are going to look at all the areas we need to
prepare for in order to stay healthy and safe regardless of what Mother Nature throws at us.
Being prepared no matter what comes our way is crucial. Once the blizzard has struck it is
usually too late to start trying to put together an emergency kit. Knowing what to do and how to
do it can mean the difference between life and death.
Some of the topics we are going to be looking at in the next few days include:
• How to prepare your home so that you stay safe when that big winter storm hits.
• How to get your vehicle ready in case you are on the road when the storm hits or have to
go out in bad weather.
• What to do during the storm
• What to do after the storm
• How to avoid Frostbite and Hypothermia
• Carbon Dioxide Poisoning during and after winter storms
• How to safely heat your home
• How to cook and eat safely without power
• A lot more…
Understanding the terms
As with any issue, it is important to know the terms and the vocabulary.
What’s the difference, for example, between a “Winter Storm Outlook” and a “Winter Storm
Watch”? What about the difference between snow squalls, snow flurries and snow showers? It’s
important to know the difference because it’ll make a big difference in how you prepare and
what you do or don’t do.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration gives us the following definitions:
Winter Storm Warning: Issued when hazardous winter weather in the form of heavy
snow, heavy freezing rain, or heavy sleet is imminent or occurring. Winter Storm Warnings
are usually issued 12 to 24 hours before the event is expected to begin.
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Winter Storm Watch: Alerts the public to the possibility of a blizzard, heavy snow, heavy
freezing rain, or heavy sleet. Winter Storm Watches are usually issued 12 to 48 hours
before the beginning of a Winter Storm.
Winter Storm Outlook: Issued prior to a Winter Storm Watch. The Outlook is given when
forecasters believe winter storm conditions are possible and are usually issued 3 to 5 days
in advance of a winter storm.
Blizzard Warning: Issued for sustained or gusty winds of 35 mph or more, and falling or
blowing snow creating visibilities at or below ¼ mile; these conditions should persist for at
least three hours.
Lake Effect Snow Warning: Issued when heavy lake effect snow is imminent or occurring.
Lake Effect Snow Advisory: Issued when accumulation of lake effect snow will cause
significant inconvenience.
Wind Chill Warning: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be hazardous to
life within several minutes of exposure.
Wind Chill Advisory: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be a significant
inconvenience to life with prolonged exposure, and, if caution is not exercised, could lead to
hazardous exposure.
Winter Weather Advisories: Issued for accumulations of snow, freezing rain, freezing
drizzle, and sleet which will cause significant inconveniences and, if caution is not exercised,
could lead to life-threatening situations.
Dense Fog Advisory: Issued when fog will reduce visibility to ¼ mile or less over a
widespread area.
Snow Flurries: Light snow falling for short durations. No accumulation or light dusting is all
that is expected.
Snow Showers: Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time. Some
accumulation is possible.
Snow Squalls: Brief, intense snow showers accompanied by strong, gusty winds.
Accumulation may be significant. Snow squalls are best known in the Great Lakes region.
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Blowing Snow: Wind-driven snow that reduces visibility and causes significant drifting.
Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground picked up by the
wind.
Sleet: Rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet usually
bounces when hitting a surface and does not stick to objects. However, it can accumulate
like snow and cause a hazard to motorists.
Freezing Rain: Rain that falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing. This
causes it to freeze to surfaces, such as trees, cars, and roads, forming a coating or glaze of
ice. Even small accumulations of ice can cause a significant hazard.
Being Prepared:
When the worst hits, being prepared and knowledgeable is key. So, what it is that we are exactly
getting ready for? Here’s a quick list:
• Power outages – Winter storms often bring with them a loss of power. Best case scenario
the power is restored quickly and you don’t have to cope with the problems that arise
because you have no power. Worst case scenario, the power might be out for days or
even weeks, depending on where you live and how quickly the power company is able to
get to you.
• Loss of heat – With the loss of power, often comes loss of heat because heaters are
dependent on electricity to run. Even some non-electric heaters use electricity to ignite
them and keep them running properly.
• Inability to get out – Winter storms can dump a lot of snow or ice in a short time and you
may not be able to get out for a few days. Is there enough food in the house to last till
road crews or thaw allows you to get to the store?
• Health considerations – Even if road crews get to your street (assuming you live in an
area where road crews shovel and deice) they aren’t going to take care of your driveway
for you and you’re going to have to dig yourself out. With the loss of heat, other health
considerations come into play. Bottom line, you need to consider now if you are healthy
enough, if you have the medication you need for yourself and others in the house.
• Fires – Space heaters and fireplace fires increase the risk of fires in your home.
• Carbon Monoxide poisoning – It happens every year; people trying to stay warm or
trying to cook indoors are overcome by CO and die. Understanding the how and why of
CO poisoning is crucial to proper winter safety.
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• Hypothermia – Even in moderately cool temperatures, hypothermia can set in when the
body’s core temperature drops too low. Know how to recognize, prevent and treat
hypothermia.
This is by no means an exhaustive list. There are many other considerations to deal with (how to
handle getting stranded in your car, for example). In the next few days we are going to look at
these various threats to safety and learn what to do to prepare against them, how to deal with
them when they strike and how to successfully survive these winter and cold hazards.
Getting the house ready for a winter storm
The time to start preparing for a winter storm is not 10 minutes after you’ve heard that one is on the
way. Proper preparations must start as early as the fall or even the summer. Why? Because proper
preparation of the house starts with making sure that the house is properly insulated. If and when a
winter storm hits, having a home that can keep the cold out and the warmth in is going to go a long way
to helping you successfully ride out the hazards involved with loss of power, loss of heat, etc…
Here’s a quick checklist to help you get your home ready:
• Attic insulation – Heat rises so most of your heat loss is going to come from an improperly
insulated attic.
• Wall insulation – Chances are that your home has proper insulation in the walls but it is crucial
that you make sure before it’s too late to do anything about it.
• Doors and windows
o If you don’t have double paned thermal windows get them. It’s an investment that will
pay off, not only during winter storms but the rest of the winter as well. If you have
storm windows instead, make sure you get them up early in the fall; it isn’t going to be
much fun running around trying to get them up right before the storm or cold front hits
not to mention dangerous.
o If necessary, add plastic film on the inside of windows for added insulation (Kits are
available at any home improvement store).
o Make sure that your doors and windows are properly caulked and leak free. Feel around
all doors and windows for drafts and seal them properly.
o Make sure the doors and windows themselves are properly sealed. Try using a dollar
bill. Put it in the door or window, close it and try to pull it free. If it pulls out without
much resistance, you don’t have a good seal. Add weather stripping.
• Insulate your pipes against freezing. Burst pipes are not only messy but dangerous. Follow the
water lines all the way and make sure that they are properly covered. Pipe insulation is fairly
inexpensive at any home improvement store. The money spent will be money well spent;
plumber charge a lot of money to come out in bitter cold to mend your burst pipes.
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• Crawl spaces – Get under the house at least once a year to check out any possible problems.
Undetected water leaks can cause rot in the wood. Animals can get in and pull out the insulation
to nest in. Make sure that everything is properly insulated and protected.
• Chimney – Make sure that your chimney or flue is clean. Many house fires are started each year
when sediment and ash build‐up in the chimney or flue ignites. Clean it regularly and have it
inspected. Don’t end up out in the cold when you were trying to heat up the house and
accidentally burn it down.
• Smoke Detector – Make sure that they are installed and in proper working order; your life may
depend on it.
• Carbon Monoxide Detectors – Again, make sure that they are properly installed and in working
order. Replace batteries yearly.
A winter storm is essentially an assault on your home. Like a castle (a man’s home is, after all, his castle)
it is essential to properly fortify against the enemy attack. Post this checklist and follow it each year and
your home should be properly fortified against a winter assault.
Getting your vehicle ready for winter
We’ve talked about what to do to prepare your home for winter storms and cold weather. That isn’t,
however, the only place you stand your time. Besides work, if you are like most Americans today, you
spend a good bit of time each day inside your car or truck. To add to the probability of you getting stuck
inside your vehicle is the fact that, if and when a winter storm starts heading your way, you are probably
going to want to try to race it home. Today, then, we are going to look at getting your vehicle ready so
that 1) your odds of getting stranded in a broken down vehicle are reduced and 2) if you should,
nonetheless get stranded in a winter storm, your odds of coming through unscathed will be greatly
increased.
• Get your vehicle winterized
o This includes first and foremost having the radiator serviced and the antifreeze level
levels and degree of resistance to freezing measured with an antifreeze tester. Add
antifreeze if needed.
o Winterized your windshield wiper fluid by making sure it has a winter mixture
o Check your tire pressure and make sure that the tread is still good. If necessary, replace
worn tires. If you are in an area that gets a lot of snow, consider getting studded tires.
o Keep your gas tank near full as much as possible to keep gas lines from freezing
• Items to keep in your vehicle:
o Snow Shovel
o Windshield Scraper
o Flashlight
o Basic tool kit
o A bag of sand
o Salt or ice melt
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o Chains
o Blankets and extra clothing
o Jumper Cables
o Energy bar and other high protein and energy foods
o Emergency flares or Flare Alert Kit
o Basic First Aid Kit
o Repair‐a‐Flat aerosol can
o Water
o Also make sure that you keep a fully charged cell phone with you at all times
What to do if stranded in a vehicle
• It is usually best to stay with the vehicle especially if visibility is bad or if road conditions are
especially harsh (ice, snow, etc…).
• Tie a brightly colored rag or cloth (an article of clothing) on the top of the antenna. This will keep
you at least partially visible even if snow continues to cover the car. As the snow gets deeper,
consider tying the colored rag/cloth to a pole or other item that you can push higher up to allow
for continued visibility.
• If it is not snowing, pop the hood of the vehicle. This is usually a clear indication that the vehicle
is stranded.
• Remove the emergency items that you have in the trunk to the main passenger area.
• Run the engine to heat up the vehicle for 10 minutes for every hour. Make sure, however, that
the exhaust is clear so that it isn’t pumping CO back into the car. 10 minutes of heat for every
hour will maximize the time you will be able to stay in the vehicle based on the amount of gas
that you have.
• Wrap everyone in extra clothing, blankets and newspaper. Make sure you cover your face and
head as well so as to minimize heat loss.
• Huddle together for warmth.
• While staying inside the vehicle try to move as much as possible in order to keep the circulation
going and to keep warmer.
• Stay awake (another reason why moving is important). When you are awake you will be aware
of cold related issues and hear possible help that you might miss if you are asleep.
• Do not drink alcohol. It is not, contrary to popular belief, an antifreeze for the body. On the
contrary it thins the blood and increases the likelihood of cold related issues.
• Do not eat unmelted snow as the benefits that you get from the water are not worth the
lowering of your body temperature.
Home Emergency Kit
Having put together a list of items that should in the emergency kit for the car, we are going to
turn today to the emergency kit for the home. If and when snow should keep you indoors, in and
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when the power should go out, it is important to be prepared so what exactly is it important to
have on hand to not just survive but to do so with a minimum of inconvenience?
• The first thing you’re going to need is an alternate form of heat. A fireplace requires dry
fire wood, as does a wood stove. A kerosene heater requires fuel.
• You are also going to need matches. It is best to have enough matches set aside in a
waterproof container, especially for such emergencies. Do not rely on your regular supply
of matches! All too often you go to get them and find that they are gone. Do not take
chances. Keep a separate supply specifically for emergencies.
• Fully stocked first aid kit. Make sure that it is large enough to take care of everyone who
is going to be in the house.
• Blankets
• A battery-powered radio
• A battery-powered clock (your cell phone is not an option as it requires electricity to
recharge and you may no longer be able to use it if the emergency lasts)
• A can opener (Not an electric one)
• A multipurpose tool
• Plenty of supplies for your pets
• Battery-powered sources of light
• Plenty of batteries for all the above
• Plenty of special needs items like prescription medications, contact lens solution, diapers,
etc…)
• Plenty of drinking water (you might not be able to depend on tap water if the pipes freeze
or burst). You will need 5 gallons per person.
• Food (You are going to need food that won’t go bad when the refrigerator looses power)
o Dry food (Bread, crackers, dried fruit, jerky, cereal, cookies, etc…)
o Candy and Chocolate for energy
o Canned food
o Baby formula (if you have infants)
• Additional items you might want to have include:
o Tarps
o Duct Tape
o Scissors
o Bleach
o Surgical Masks
o Rain gear
o Gloves (rubber gloves and work gloves)
o Bleach
o Games, reading materials and other items to keep everyone entertained
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Heating during a winter power outage
Anytime we are moving to an alternate form of heat there are inherent dangers to be considered
especially if you have small children and/or pets in the house. Today we are going to come up with a
safety checklist for this alternate form of heat to ensure that staying warm doesn’t turn into a tragedy.
All these forms of heat are viable options and inherently safe if certain precautions are taken.
• First of all you need to know which alternate forms of heat are legal in your area. In some areas,
Kerosene heaters are not allowed. Call your local fire department to find out what is allowed
and what isn’t. While you’re on the phone with them, ask them what recommendations they
have for the particular type of heat you are going to be using as a backup.
• Secondly, be aware that these new forms of heat may pose different safety issues than the
one(s) you use normally. Understand which by‐products are given off for each form of heat you
are going to be using in order to be adequately prepared. Have a smoke detector and a CO
monitor installed if you don’t already have one. Make sure that they are in working order and
change the batteries in the fall every year to make sure that they won’t die when you need
them most (The summer months won’t traditionally require heat so the risks are less during
those months).
• If you have a fireplace or a wood stove that you are going to be using, make sure that they are in
operable condition. Get the chimney cleaned by a professional or, if you are the DIY type, make
sure you know what you are doing and make sure that the job is done right. After the storm hits
is not the time to be climbing up on the roof trying to clear a chimney that has been clogged by
a bird’s nest or obstructed. Neither are you going to be happy if a chimney fire starts because
the chimney buildup has not been properly cleaned out.
• Another alternate form of heat may include electric heaters powered by a generator. Make sure
that the generator is in good working order. Get it serviced in the fall to make sure it’s going to
fire up when you need it.
• Never put space heaters on top of or too close to furniture or drapes
• Only use electric heaters that automatically shut off and have non‐glowing elements. Make sure
that all heaters are UL approved, inspected and clean before using them.
• Always have a fire extinguisher readily available
• If you are using a generator, make sure that it is far enough from the house to properly ventilate
so that CO isn’t piping back into the house. NEVER run a generator inside the house, in the
garage or in any other enclosed space.
• If using extension cords make sure that they are UL rated and adequate for the usage you are
putting them to
• Keep any or all electric cords, generators and heaters away from water. Be aware of the
surrounding area as well. Just because there isn’t any water there now doesn’t mean that if
won’t be later. Know where leaks could come from, where drips might accumulate or where
running water might come from; also be aware of areas where condensation might become an
issue.
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• Do not use heaters while you are sleeping or when you aren’t around. Do not use where small
children and pets are unsupervised. Make sure that the children and pets cannot get to the
heater and burn themselves.
What to do during a winter storm
Now that all the preparations have been made, let’s look at what to do and what not to do once the
winter storm hits.
• Watch infants closely. Infants loose body heat a lot easier and a lot faster than adults do.
Additionally, their tiny bodies can’t generate the kind of heat that an adults’ can by shivering.
Because of this, it is imperative that you monitor them closely and make sure that they are
getting enough heat. Do not let them sleep in an unheated room. Wrap them warmly and, if
necessary, share you own body heat but take precautions not to roll over on them while
sleeping.
• Watch elderly people closely as well. Because of a slower metabolism and an inability to move
as much, they too do not generate as much body heat. Make sure that they too are warmly
dressed and wrapped. Think about elderly neighbors and family. They often will not actively
seek out help.
• Check the temperature in the house on a regular basis, not just in the main room but in other
rooms as well, if anyone is going to be spending time there, especially if sleeping.
• Leave taps slightly open in order to keep water pipes from freezing and bursting
• Seal off unused rooms and stuff towels under the doors to contain heat in the areas you will be
using. Keep outside doors and windows closed as much as possible in order not to allow
accumulated heat to escape.
• Do not use snow as a source of water, except as a very last resort. Get water from neighbors or
any other source first. If you absolutely must use snow as a source of water, boil it first to kill
any microorganisms and parasites (Boiling will not, however, remove any of the chemicals and
pollutants which may be harmful to you).
• Eat well‐balanced meals. Eating isn’t enough. During extreme cold, more than any other time,
you need to make sure that you are getting not only enough calories but enough vitamins and
minerals to allow you body to function at its best.
• Do not drink alcohol or caffeinated beverages as they dehydrate and cause you to lose heat
rapidly.
• As much as possible, drink warm beverages to increase you core temperature. Even water or
other beverages should not be ice cold; try to drink them as warm as you can in order not to
lower your body temperature.
• Try to keep air circulation to a minimum in order to avoid losing heat but do not do so at the
expense of indoor air quality. When cooking, be aware of the risks to the air quality and take
adequate measures to protect against them. Never use a charcoal or gas grill indoors, the
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outcome can be fatal and every year we hear of one or more people suffocating indoors
because of it.
• Play board games, sing songs, tell stories, read stories aloud, etc… in order to keep everyone in a
good frame of mind. Do not allow the mood to become bleak and depressing. The way we
respond to our circumstances and adversities is crucial to how we deal with them. Staying
positive and upbeat goes a long way.
Staying safe while out in the bad weather
Frostbite and hypothermia are two of the more dangerous hazards that you are likely to encounter
while outside in cold weather. Understanding what they are, what the symptoms are and how to protect
against them is crucial.
Key points in protecting against extreme weather:
• Layer your clothing – Layers allow the air pockets between layers to warm up and work as added
insulation.
• Stay dry – Moisture and humidity retain cold and transfer it to the body (Sweat, is after all,
intended to cool the body down when it heats up)
• Be aware not only of what is below you feet but also above your head. Be careful of ice and
snow accumulation that may fall on you.
• Be aware of what is under the snow that you are walking through. Ice can often warm up under
the snow and become thin enough to pose a serious hazard.
• Make sure that someone always knows where you are at when you are out in extreme weather.
If possible do not go out alone. If you need to go out alone make sure that you notify someone
of where exactly you will be going and when they can expect you back.
• Protect all exposed skin.
• Listen to your body. When you start to feel numb, when you start to shiver, when you start to
feel sleepy, … these are all signs that you need to pay attention to.
• Understand how the wind chill factor affects you. The following chart will help you dress and
respond appropriately based on the wind speed
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Hypothermia
First of all, we need to dispel the myth that hypothermia is something that only occurs in extremely cold
weather. Though it is more likely with extreme cold, hypothermia can set in temperatures that are
considered only cool. Hypothermia can set in whenever the outside temperature cools your body faster
than your body can generate heat. Recognizing the signs of hypothermia is crucial as early as possible
because it can quickly cause the brain to no longer function properly impeding your ability to think
correctly.
Certain people are more prone to hypothermia so it is important to know if you or someone you know is
in one of the following categories:
• Infants and very young children whose bodies can’t generate as much heat or as rapidly as
adults.
• Elderly people whose bodies often begin to function slower
• People taking drugs or alcohol
• People who spend long periods of time out in the cold
• People who are dehydrated or under‐nourished
Warning signs of hypothermia are:
• Fatigue and/or exhaustion
• Drossiness
• Shivering
• Disorientation
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• Speech problems (slurring of words, losing the train of thought, mumbling, etc…)
• Memory loss
• Reddening of the skin
• Cold and clammy skin
Handling hypothermia
If you can, take the person’s temperature. Temperature below 95 degrees requires immediate medical
attention. Get them to a hospital. If the temperature is just above 95 degrees or if there is no way to get
to a hospital you need to warm the person up. Take these steps:
• Get them somewhere warm
• Remove any wet clothing immediately
• Warm the core of the body first, this means the chest area, the neck, the head and the groin
area.
• Use blankets, heaters, electric blankets as well as skin to skin contact. If you are warm, your own
body warmth can rapidly help increase the victims’ body temperature. Make sure, however,
that you are staying warm as well. Two victims instead of one is not helpful.
• Administer warm beverages (no alcohol)
• Keep the person warm and get them to a hospital as soon as possible if their temperature fell
below 95 degrees at any point.
Avoiding Frostbite
Yesterday we looked at hypothermia. The other real danger in winter and extreme cold weather is
frostbite.
Frostbite comes about when the skin tissue is killed because of freezing. Exposed skin is the most
susceptible but toes and finger, even when they are covered are also at risk. Other high risk areas are
the nose, cheeks, ears and chin. People with poor circulation are at a higher risk for frostbite.
Symptoms of frostbite:
• Discolored skin (white or grayish‐yellow)
• Numbness
• Skin that is tough (like leather) or waxy rather than supple
There are three different levels of frostbite:
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(taken from Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite)
• Frostnip – Only the very top layer of the skin is affected. There are usually no long lasting effects
from this level of frostbite.
• Superficial frostbite – The frostbite goes a little deeper but doesn’t go all the way down
• Deep frostbite – The frostbite penetrates deeply into the skin. This level of frostbite always
leaves scaring and may require amputation for widespread area or fingers, nose and toes.
Preventing frostbite:
Staying warm and properly covering all exposed skin is the only way to prevent frostbite. Do not stay in
extreme cold for extended periods of time. Cover all exposed skin. Keep moving when in extreme cold
to keep circulation going.
Treating frostbite:
• Avoid walking on frostbitten feet and toes, it will increase the damage to the skin
• Do not rub or massage frostbitten areas as this too will increase the damage
• Get inside a warm area to eliminate further damage
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• Immerse frostbitten area in warm water that is comfortable to the touch of unaffected areas.
Never immerse in hot water.
• Use body heat to slowly thaw out frostbitten areas (put frostbitten fingers in arm pits or
between legs)
• Beware of direct heat to frostbitten areas of the skin. Because the skin is numb, it can very easily
be burned, increasing damage.
Extreme cases of frostbite can require amputation. Seek professional medical help as soon as possible.
Mental attitude
One of the most important but least talked about aspects of winter safety has to do with the mental
aspect. This is probably one of the main reasons to prepare for such an emergency. Your confidence and
knowledge of the fact that you are ready to face a winter storm is crucial to the mental attitude and the
atmosphere during the emergency.
Children are especially sensitive to the mood in the room, to the way adults around them handle
emergencies. The best gift that you can give your children in such an emergency is a sense that
everything is going to be fine because mom and dad are calm and prepared.
Knowing what to do, having a plan, having the appropriate emergency kits, etc… are all key to a good
mental attitude.
Other things that you can to do keep a proper mental attitude:
• Make the emergency fun by “camping” in the living room
• Play games together (rediscover board games and card games)
• Do a puzzle together
• Host a “skit night”
• Make Smores in the fireplace
• If you can, get out and have fun in the snow (go sledding, make a snow man or a snow fort,
etc…)
Ultimately, an emergency like a winter power outage or being snowed in can become something
positive if you are prepared and have the right frame of mind. Years from now the kids aren’t going to
remember the winter of ___ when nothing happened but I guarantee that they’ll remember the winter
you all got snowed in together and the power was out for three days and you ended up actually
spending time together having fun without the Xbox 360 or the large screen TV. Who knows, next winter
they may go out and turn off the power to try to make you think there’s another power outage just to
try to recreate the fun!
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For more information…
• The Winter weather section of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/winter/
• The American Red Cross
http://www.redcross.org
• Ready America
http://www.ready.gov/america/local/index.html
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