Redox (Ericbbb

FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 3 : OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
CHAPTER 3 : OXIDATION & REDUCTION

REDOX REACTIONS
1.1
The meaning of REDOX reaction

1. REDOX reaction A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur at the same time.
2. Oxidation and reduction can be defined in four ways :
ASPECT
(i)
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
Loss of oxygen
and
gain in oxygen
(ii)
Loss of hydrogen
and gain in hydrogen
(iii)
Loss of electrons
and
gain in electrons
(iv)
Change in
oxidation
Number
Gain of oxygen
Loss of oxygen
Loss of hydrogen
Gain of hydrogen
Loss of electron
Gain of electron
Increase in
Decrease in oxidation
oxidation number
Number
Example :
2Mg + O2 2MgO
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
3. (i) Oxidising agent :

a substance that oxidised another substance.
the oxidising agent is reduced in the process.
(ii) Reducing agent :
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
a substance that reduced another substance.

the reducing agent is oxidised in the process.
1.2
Example of REDOX reactions

(i) In terms of gain/loss of oxygen
Example 1 :
Magnesium is oxidised (gain of oxygen)
Mg
CuO
MgO +
Cu
Copper(II) oxide is reduced (loss of oxygen)

Explanation :
Magnesium, Mg gains oxygen and it is oxidised. Magnesium has reduced copper(II) oxide, CuO. Magnesium, Mg is reducing agent.
Copper(II) oxide , CuO loses oxygen and it is reduced. Copper(II) oxide has oxidised magnesium, Mg. Copper(II) oxide is oxidising
agent.
(ii) In terms of gain/loss of hydrogen

Example 2 :
Hydrogen sulphide is oxidised (loss of hydrogen)
H2S
Cl2
2HCl
Chlorine is reduced (gain of hydrogen)
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Explanation :
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S loses hydrogen and it is oxidised. Hydrogen sulphide, H2S has reduced chlorine, Cl2. Hydrogen sulphide, H2S is
reducing agent.
Chlorine, Cl2 gains hydrogen and it is reduced. Chlorine, Cl2 has oxidised hydrogen sulphide, H2S. Chlorine, Cl2 is an oxidising agent.
Example 3 :
Copper(II) oxide is reduced (loss of oxygen)
3CuO +
2NH3
3Cu
3H2O
N2
Ammonia is oxidised ( loss of hydrogen)

Explanation :
Copper(II) oxide, CuO loses oxygen and it is reduced. Copper(II) oxide, CuO has oxidised ammonia, NH3. Copper(II) oxide, CuO is
oxidising agent.
Ammonia, NH3 loses hydrogen and it is oxidised. Ammonia, NH3 has reduced copper(II) oxide. Ammonia, NH3 act as reducing agent.
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
NaCl is an ionic compound. It exist as

Na+ ions and Cl- ions.
(iii) In terms of gain/loss of electron

Example 4 :
NaCl
Na+ + Cl-
(i)
2Na
Cl2
2NaCl
(ii)
Explanation :
(i)
Sodium atom, Na with an electron arrangement of 2.8.1 loses an electron to form sodium ion, Na+ in sodium chloride, NaCl. Sodium is
oxidised.
Na
(ii)
Na+ + e
Chlorine, Cl2 gains electrons to form chloride ions. Cl- in sodium chloride, NaCl. Chlorine is reduced.
Cl2 + 2e
2Cl4
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Sodium, Na has reduced chlorine, Cl2.

Sodium, Na is a reducing agent.
Chlorine, Cl2 has oxidised sodium, Na.
Chlorine, Cl2 is an oxidising agent.
MgSO4 is an ionic compound. It exist as
Example 5 :
Mg2+ ions and SO42- ions.
(i)
MgSO4 Mg2+ + SO42-
Mg
CuSO4
MgSO4
Cu
(ii)
Explanation :
(i)
Magnesium atom, Mg loses two electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+.
Mg
(ii)
Mg2+ +
2e
Magnesium is oxidised.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ gains two electrons to form copper atom, Cu.
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is reduced.
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Magnesium, Mg has reduced copper(II) ion, Cu2+.

Magnesium, Mg is a reducing agent.
copper(II) ion, Cu2+ has oxidised Magnesium, Mg.
copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is an oxidising agent.
(iv) In terms of change in oxidation number

When the oxidation number of an element increases, the element is oxidised.
The element is a reducing agent.

When the oxidation number of an element decreases, the element is reduced.
The element is an oxidising agent.
A reaction is not a redox reaction if no elements undergo a change in oxidation number before and after
the reaction.
Example 6 :
Determine whether the reactions below are redox or not.
(a)
AgNO3
NaCl
AgCl
NaNO3
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Oxidation number :
+1
+5 -2
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1 +5 -2
This reaction is not a redox reaction because no changes of oxidation number of all elements before and after a chemical reaction.
Example 7 : Determine whether the reaction below is a redox reaction or not.
(b)
Mg
Oxidation number :
H2SO4
+1
+6 -2
MgSO4
H2
+2 +6 -2
This reaction is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of magnesium and hydrogen in the substances have changed.
Explanation :
Magnesium, Mg is oxidised because its oxidation number increases from 0 to +2.
Hydrogen ion, H+ is reduced because oxidation number of hydrogen decreases from +1 to 0.
Oxidising agent is hydrogen ion, H+.
Reducing agent is magnesium, Mg.
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
1.3
Writing Equations For Redox Reactions

Equations for redox reactions are :
(i)
Chemical Equation for the reaction.
(ii)
Half equation for oxidation (loss of electron).

Half equation for reduction (gain of electron).
(iii) Overall ionic equation for redox reaction formed by combining half equation for oxidation and
half equation for reduction.
Example 1 :
Reaction
Chemical Equation for the reaction
Aluminium and copper(II) sulphate
2Al + 3CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3
3Cu
Half equation for oxidation

Half equation for reduction
Overall ionic equation
* Make sure that the number of electrons released in half equation for oxidation are equal to the
number of electrons received in half equation for reduction.
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Activity 2:1
Sodium metal reacts with water
sodium
water
Reaction
Sodium and water
Chemical Equation for the reaction

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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
General rules to determine Oxidation Number

1. The oxidation number of atoms of elements is zero.
Example :
Element
Copper, Cu
Sodium, Na
Iron, Fe
Helium,He
Hydrogen gas, H2
Oxygen gas , O2
Chlorine gas, Cl2
Oxidation number
of atom
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2. The oxidation number for hydrogen in most of its compound is +1 except when hydrogen combines with reactive metals in metal hydrides, where it is -1.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Compound
Name of
compound
Oxidation
number
H2 O
Water
HCl
MgH2
Hydrogen
Magnesium
chloride
hydride
+1
-1
+1
3. The oxidation number for oxygen in most of its compound is -2 except in hydrogen peroxide,
where it is -1.
Compound
MgO
Na2O
H2 O2
Name of
Magnesium
Sodium
Hydrogen
compound
Oxidation
oxide
oxide
peroxide
-2
-2
-1
number
4. The oxidation number for a simple ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
Example :
Ion
Oxidation number
Ion
Oxidation number
Na+
+1
Cl-
-1
Cu2+
+2
Br-
-1
Fe2+
+2
O2-
-2
Fe3+
+3
S2-
-2
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
5. The oxidation number of the ions from Group 1, 2 and 13 are fixed because the atom of these Groups
achieve stable octet electron arrangement by losing 1 e-, 2e- and 3e- respectively. Therefore, the oxidation
number for these ions are :
Ion from element in Group
1
Example
+
Na
Mg2+
Al3+
2
13
Oxidation number
+1
+2
+3
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers for elements in a compound is zero.

Example :
KMnO4
+1
-2
(+1) + x + 4(-2)
x
= 0
=
+7
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
7. The sum of the oxidation numbers for elements in a polyatomic ion (ion consists of 2 or more atoms)
is equal to the charge of the polyatomic ion.
Example :
SO42x
-2
x + 4(-2) = -2
x
+6
8. The oxidation number of the Transition Elements can vary from one compound to another.
Example :
Formula
Name
CuO
Copper(II) oxide
Cu2O
Copper(I) oxide
Oxidation
Oxidation
Formula
Name
+2
FeCl2
Iron(II) chloride
+2
+1
FeCl3
Iron(III) chloride
+3
number
13
number
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Activity 1:State the oxidation number of the underlined element in the following table :
Substance
(a) (i)
(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Oxidation
Substance
number
MnO2
KMnO4
CO32CO2
CO
(c) (i)
K2Cr2O7
(ii)
Na2Cr2O7
NH3
NO2
NH4+
NO3-
(d) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Oxidation
number
Nomenclature of ionic compounds using IUPAC Nomenclature

(i) Elements from Group 1, 2 and 13 have only one oxidation number and thus the names of the compounds are
(ii) written without the oxidation number.
Example :
K2O
is potassium oxide; not potassium(I) oxide.
MgO
is magnesium oxide; not magnesium(II) oxide.
AlCl3
is aluminium chloride; not aluminium(III) chloride.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(iii) Transition elements have more than one oxidation number. The oxidation number of the element is
written in Roman numeral, placed in a bracket behind the name of the element.
Example :
Chemical
Oxidation number
formula of
of transition
compound
element/ metal
Ferrous hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
+2
Iron(II) hydroxide
Ferric hydroxide
Fe(OH)3
+3
Iron(III) hydroxide
Lead monoxide
PbO
+2
Lead(II) oxide
Lead dioxide
PbO2
+4
Lead(IV) oxide
Copper oxide
CuO
+2
Copper(II) oxide
Copper oxide
Cu2O
+1
Copper(I) oxide
Common name
IUPAC Name
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
1.4
Redox Reaction in the Displacement of Metals from its Salt solution

Electrochemical Series :
Electrochemical Series is an arrangement of metals according to their tendency to release/donate electrons to form a positive ion (cation).
Electrochemical
Series
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
MORE ELECTROPOSITIVE
Easier to release/donate electrons to
form a positive ion (cation)
Metal displacement reaction :

The more electropositive metal will displace the less electropositive metal from its salt solution. The more electropositive metal will be oxidised and the
less electropositive metal ion will be reduced.
Example : A piece of zinc metal plate is dipped in copper(II) sulphate solution.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
zinc metal + copper(II) sulphate solution
Zn plate
Zn + CuSO4 Zn SO4 + Cu
Zn
Zn
2+
+ 2e
Cu2+ + 2e
Zn + Cu2+
Cu
CuSO4(aq)
Zinc is more electropositive than copper

Zinc corrodes.
Observation :
Zinc plate becomes
thinner
Copper is less electropositive,

copper displaced.
Brown solid is formed

on the surface of the
zinc plate
Zn2+ + Cu
The blue colour of

copper(II) sulphate
solution becomes
colourless
Explanation :
In terms of gain/loss of electron
Zinc is more electropositive than copper.
Zinc atom donates two electrons to form zinc ion, Zn2+.
Zinc is oxidised.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ gains two electrons to form copper atom, Cu.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is reduced.
Zinc has reduced copper(II) ion, Cu2+. Zinc is the reducing agent.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ has oxidised zinc. Copper(II) ion is the oxidising agent.
Half equation of oxidation :
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Half equation of reduction :
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Overall ionic equation :
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
In terms of change in oxidation number

Zinc is oxidised as its oxidation number increases from 0 to +2.
As copper(II) ion, Cu2+ causes Zn to be oxidised, copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is the oxidising agent.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is reduced as its oxidation number decreases from +2 to 0.
As zinc , Zn causes copper(II) ion to be reduced, zinc, Zn is the reducing agent.
1.5
Redox Reaction in the Electrolytic and Chemical Cell (Voltaic cell)

Electrolysis :
The selected cation will gain electrons and undergoes reduction at the cathode (negatively charged
electrode).
The selected anion will release electrons and undergoes oxidation at the anode (positively charged
electrode)
Chemical cell / Voltaic cell :

The metal which is more electropositive will become the negative terminal and release electrons. The metal undergoes oxidation and dissolves. The
metal which is less electropositive becomes the positive terminal. The ion that is selected for discharge in the solution undergoes reduction in the
positive terminal.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
The further the distance between two metals in the Electrochemical Series, the higher the voltage of the chemical cell.
(a) Differences between an electrolytic cell and a chemical cell :
CHARACTERISTIC
ELECTROLYTIC CELL
CHEMICAL CELL
V
Set up of apparatus
It has batteries (converts electrical energy to
It has no batteries (converts chemical
chemical energy)
energy to electrical energy)
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Consist of two different metals

Consist of two electrodes (usually
dipped in an electrolyte and
carbon / two same or different metals)
connected to a voltmeter using
connected to batteries and dipped in a
connecting wires.
electrolyte using connecting wires.

Structure
Negative terminal : the metal that is
Anode : the electrode that is connected

to the positive terminal of the battery.
higher in the Electrochemical Series

(more electropositive).
Cathode : the electrode that is connected

to the negative terminal of the battery.
Positive terminal : the metal that is

lower in the Electrochemical Series
(less electropositive ).
Energy conversion
Oxidation process
(release of electron)
Reduction process
(gain of electron)
Electrical energy to chemical energy
Chemical energy to electrical energy
(involves redox reaction)
(involves redox reaction)
Occurs at negative terminal (more
Occurs at anode
electropositive metal)
Occurs at positive terminal
Occurs at cathode
(b) Redox reaction in an electrolytic cell and a chemical cell.
Electrolytic cell
Anode
Cathode
Chemical cell
Negative terminal
20
Positive terminal
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Anion / metal atom

loses its electrons and
acts as a reducing
Transfer
agent.
of
electron
Example :
Cation in the
electrolyte gains
electrons and acts as an
oxidising agent.
Example :
The metal ion or
The more
electropositive metal
loses its electrons and
acts as a reducing
agent.
Example :
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
2H + 2e H2
Ag+ + e Ag
Redox
Anion / metal atom
Cation undergoes
reaction
undergoes oxidation
reduction
electrolyte gains
electrons and acts as
an oxidising agent.
Example :
4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e
hydrogen ion in the
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Ag+ + e Ag
The metal ion or
The more
electropositive metal
undergoes oxidation
hydrogen ion in the

electrolyte undergoes
reduction
Oxidation occurs at the anode in an electrolytic cell and at the negative terminal in a chemical cell.
Reduction occurs at the cathode in an electrolytic cell and at the positive terminal in a chemical cell.
Activity 3 :1
Diagram below shows the set up of the apparatus used for the electrolysis of potassium sulphate solution.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Carbon electrode Y
Carbon electrode X
potassium sulphate, K2SO4 solution
(a)
State all the ions present in the electrolyte.

...............................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
State the product formed at electrode X and Y.

X : .............................................................
(c)
Y : ...........................................................................................
Write the half equation for the reaction at

(i)
electrode X :
...................................................................................................................................................................
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(ii)
electrode Y :
...................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Name the substance which is

(i) oxidised : ......................................................................................................................................................
(ii) reduced : ......................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Name the
(i)
oxidising agent : ...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) reducing agent : ............................................................................................................................................

(f)
State the oxidation number of sulphur in sulphate ion?

...............................................................................................................................................................................
Table below shows the concentration of sodium chloride in solution X and Y.
Solution X
Solution Y
0.001 mol dm-3
2.0 mol dm-3
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Both solutions are electrolysed separately using carbon as electrodes.

(a)
Write the half equation of the reaction that takes place at the anode for electrolysis of :
(i) solution X :
(ii) solution Y :
(b)
Name the products formed at the cathode and anode.

Product formed at :
Anode
Cathode
Solution X
Solution Y
(c)
The products collected at the anode in the electrolysis of solutions X and Y are different.
Explain why.
..
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
..
(d)
Name the substance oxidised in the electrolysis of :

(i) solution X :
(ii) solution Y :
(e)
Name the substance reduced in the electrolysis of :

(i) solution X : .
(ii) solution Y : .
The diagram below shows the set up of an apparatus for an experiment.
Magnesium
Magnesium sulphate solution
Copper
Copper(II)
sulphate solution
25
Porous pot
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(a)
Which electrode is the positive terminal?

...
(b)
(c)
Write the observations at the :

(i)
negative terminal : .........................................................................................................................
(ii)
positive terminal : ..........................................................................................................................
Write the half equation for the reaction that takes place at the :
(i)
negative terminal : .........................................................................................................................
(ii)
positive terminal : ..........................................................................................................................
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(d)
Write the overall ionic equation for the reaction that takes place in the chemical cell above.
...
(e)
Name the substance reduced in the above reaction.

...
(f)
Name the substance that acts as a reducing agent in the above reaction.
...
(g)
How will the voltmeter reading change if the magnesium electrode in the magnesium sulphate
solution is replaced by zinc electrode in zinc sulphate solution? Explain why?
...
.
You are provided with the following materials and apparatus.

Materials :
Zinc plate, copper plate, dilute sulphuric acid, zinc sulphate solution,
copper(II) sulphate solution.
Apparatus :
Beakers, connecting wire, voltmeter, glass tube.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(a) By using all the materials and apparatus provided, draw the set up of the apparatus to produce
electricity from chemical reactions.
(b) (i) Name the solution that is used as a salt bridge.

...
(ii) What is the function of the salt bridge?
...
(c) Indicate on the set-up apparatus the following :
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(i)
negative terminal
(ii)
positive terminal
(iii)
the direction of electron flow.
(d) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at :
(i)
negative terminal : .
(ii)
positive terminal :
(e) State the substance that oxidised in the above reaction.

........
(f) Name the substance that acts as an oxidising agent in the above reaction.
........
1.6
Redox Reaction in Corrosion of Metal [ Rusting of Iron]
Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction in which a metal oxidised to its ion by losing electrons.
When metal corrodes, it usually forms a metal oxide coating.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Aluminium oxide, for example is non-porous and firmly coated the metal. It will protect the aluminium underneath from further corrosion by preventing
oxygen and water from penetrating it. This further explain the resistance of aluminium to corrosion even though it is an electropositive metal. Other metals
with similar property are zinc, lead, nickel and chromium.
Rusting of iron / corrosion of iron.

Rusting of iron takes place when iron corrodes in the presence of water and oxygen.
It is a redox reaction whereby oxygen acts as an oxidising agent while iron acts as a reducing agent.
Mechanism of rusting of iron.
Fe2O3 . xH2O (rust)
Fe2O3 . xH2O (rust)

O2
Water droplet
O2
Fe2+
Cathode (positive terminal)

O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
e-
e-
Anode (negative terminal)
Cathode (positive terminal)

O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Iron
The surface of iron at the middle of the water droplet becomes the anode, the electrode at which
oxidation occurs.
Iron atom, Fe loses electrons and is oxidised to form iron(II) ion, Fe2+
Half equation of oxidation:
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
The electrons flow through iron to the edge of the water droplet at, where the concentration of oxygen here is
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
higher.
The iron surface there becomes cathode, the electrode at which reduction occurs. Oxygen, O 2 gains
electrons and is reduced to form hydroxide ions, OH-.
Half equation of reduction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OHThe iron(II) ion, Fe2+ produced combines with hydroxide ions, OH- to form iron(II) hydroxide.
Fe2+ +
2OH-
Fe(OH)2
Iron(II) hydroxide is green but rust is brown because iron(II) hydroxide , Fe(OH) 2 undergoes
further oxidation by oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 . xH2O (rust).
Rust is brittle, porous and not tightly packed. Thus, water and oxygen can penetrate the metal
underneath. Iron will undergo continuous corrosion.
Rusting of iron occurs faster in the presence of acid or salt because when these substances
dissolve in water, will increase the electrical conductivity of water making water a better
electrolyte.
Iron structures at coastal and industrial areas rust faster because of :
the presence of salt in the coastal breeze
the presence of acidic gases in industrial area such as sulphur dioxide, SO 2 and nitrogen
dioxide, NO2.
Activity 4 :Draw a labelled diagram to show how the rusting of iron involved the ionisation of iron and the flow of electron.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Controlling Metal Corrosion

(i) Metal corrosion can be controlled by using other metal.
K Na
Ca Mg Al Zn
Fe Sn
Pb
H Cu Hg Ag Au
Tendency of releasing electron increases (more electropositive)

When iron is in contact with more electropositive metal for example zinc, rusting of iron is prevented.
Zinc, Zn loses electrons more easily than iron, Fe. Zinc corrodes or is oxidised instead of iron.
Half equation of oxidation : Zn Zn2+
+ 2e
The electrons that are released by zinc flow through the iron to the metal surface where there is
water and oxygen. Oxygen is reduced.
Half equation of reduction : O2 + 2H2O + 4e
4OH-
When iron is in contact with less electropositive metal for example copper, rusting of iron is faster.
Iron, Fe loses electron more easily than copper, Cu. Hence, iron corrodes / rusts or is oxidised instead of copper.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
The further apart the metals in the electrochemical series are, the faster the more electropositive metal corrodes.
Activity 5 :Diagram below shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to prevent rusting.
TAQ 8388
Iron ship
Zinc plate
Sea water
()a
Explain how the zinc plates protect the iron ship from rusting.
()b
Write the half equation for the reaction in (a).
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Activity 6 :1
The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus to study the effect of other metals on the rusting of iron nails.
Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron nail
Copper
Iron nail
Iron nail
Iron nail
(a) What is the function of :

(i)
phenolphthalein?
(ii)
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution?
34
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(b) State the observation for each test tube P, Q, R and S after a days.
(i)
Test tube P
(ii)
Test tube Q
(iii)
Test tube R
(iv)
Test tube S
(c) Based on the observations,

(i)
state the metals that can prevent the rusting of iron nail
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(ii)
state the metal that can accelerate the rusting of iron nail.
(iii)
arrange the four metals i.e. iron, zinc, magnesium and copper in ascending order of their electropositivity.
(d)
(i)
State the type of reaction that takes place when iron rusts.
(ii)
Write the half equation for the reaction in (d) (i).
(iii)
What is the purpose of test tube R in this experiment?
The diagram below shows three iron nails that are coiled with tin, metal Y, and metal Z respectively and placed in three different beakers.
Tin
Z
B
36
C
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Each beaker is filled with aqueous sodium chloride. After a few days the following results are obtained.
Beaker
(a)
Observation
The iron nail rusts a little.
The iron nail does not rust.
The iron nail rusts a lot.

Based on the observations, arrange the metals i.e. tin, Y and Z in a descending order of their electropositivity.
.., .,
(b)
Suggest one possible metal for

Y : .
(c)
Z :
Explain why the iron in beaker B does not rust.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(d)
For the chemical changes that takes place in beaker A, write the :
(i) oxidation half equation :
(ii) reduction half equation :
(iii)
overall ionic equation :

.
Metals will corrode when exposed to the atmosphere over a period of time.
The rate of corrosion depends on the position of the metal in the Electrochemical Series.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(a) If magnesium and iron are exposed to the atmosphere. Which metal will corrode faster?
Explain your answer.
.............................
.............................
()c
Why are the products made of aluminium self-protected from corrosion?

.............................
.............................
()d
Electroplating is one way to control the rusting of iron. Suggest two other ways to prevent iron from rusting?
.............................
1.7 Redox Reaction In Displacement of Halogen From Its Halide Solution.
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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(a) Electronegativity Series of Halogen
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
HALOGEN
Cl2
Electronegativity
of halogens increases.
Chlorine
Chlorine water
molecule
Br2
[A measurement of the
strength of an atom in its
molecule to attract electrons
towards its valence shell to
form negative ions]
Bromine
Bromine water
molecule
I2
Iodine
Iodine
molecule
solution
The more electronegative halogen displaces less electronegative halogen from its halide solution.
The more electronegative halogen will attract electrons from the halide ion of the less electronegative halogen.
The more electronegative halogen will be reduced to halide ions while the halide ions of the less
electronegative halogen will be oxidised to halogen molecules.
Activity 7 :-
40
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Predict whether the following reactions occur or not.

[ If the reaction occurs, put a tick ( ) ; if no reaction occurs, put a cross ( X ) ]
Reactants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
KI
KI
KBr
NaI
NaBr
KCl
NaCl
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
/ X
Products
Cl2
Br2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Br2
I2
A few drops of chlorine water are added to 2 cm3 of potassium iodide solution and the mixture is then shaken thoroughly.
Chlorine water
Potassium iodide solution
Cl2 + 2e-
2I-
2Cl-
I2 + 2e-
41
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Cl2 + 2I-
2Cl- + I2
Explanation :
Chlorine molecules, Cl2 gain electrons to form chloride ions, Cl- .
Chlorine molecule is reduced.
Iodide ions, I- lose electron to form iodine molecule, I2.
Iodide ions are oxidised.
Iodide ions have reduced chlorine molecule, Cl2 . Iodide ion is a reducing agent.
Chlorine molecules, Cl2 has oxidised iodide ions. Chlorine is an oxidising agent.
Note :
The colour of halogen cannot be differentiated in aqueous solution, especially bromine and
iodine. The presence of halogens is confirmed using 1,1,1 trichloroethane, CH 3CCl3
42
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
aqueous solution layer

1,1,1-trichloroethane layer
Two layers are formed when an aqueous solution of halogen is mixed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
The denser 1,1,1-trichloroethane will be at the bottom and less dense aqueous solution will be at the top.
Halogen
Chlorine, Cl2
Bromine, Br2
Iodine, I2
Colour in aqueous solution

Pale yellow or colourless
(depends on concentration)
Brown / yellowish brown / yellow
Brown / yellowish brown / yellow
Colour in 1,1,1 trichloroethane, CH3CCl3
Pale yellow
Brown
Purple
Activity 8 :-
Iodine is formed when bromine water is added to potassium iodide solution.

43
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(a) How do you confirm the formation of iodine in the experiment?
.
(b) Write the half equation for the chemical change that takes place in :
(i) bromine water
(ii)
potassium iodide :
(iii)
a reducing agent :
(iv)
an oxidising agent :
(c) Write overall ionic equation for redox reaction.
(d) Suggest halogen X that can replace bromine water so that iodine is also formed.
44
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
1.8 Redox Reaction In The Change Of
Fe 2+ Fe 3+ and Fe 3+ Fe 2+
(a) Changing of iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+

Bromine water
Iron(II) sulphate
solution
Heat
Iron (II) ion, Fe2+ undergoes oxidation by losing its electron to form iron(III) ion, Fe3+
Oxidation half equation :
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
The substance added is an oxidising agent such as bromine water, Br2.

Bromine molecule gains electrons and undergoes reduction to form bromide ion, Br-.
Reduction half equation :
Br2 + 2e 2Br-
Observation for the change of iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+ :
(i)
Iron(II) solution changes colour from pale green to brown
(ii)
Brown colour of bromine water decolourises

45
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Confirmatory test for iron(III) ion, Fe3+ :

Add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop to the solution until in excess.
A brown precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Other oxidising agents that can replace bromine water to change Fe 2+ to Fe3+ are :
Oxidising agent
Chlorine water, Cl2
Acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution, KMnO4
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
solution, K2Cr2O7
Reduction half equation
Cl2 + 2e 2ClMnO4-
+ 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Activity 9 :1
Chlorine water is added drop by drop to 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution in a test tube. The test tube is warmed gently.
(a) Write the :
46
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Half equation of oxidation : ..

Half equation of reduction : ..
Diagram 2 shows the set- up of apparatus to investigate the reaction between iron(II) chloride solution
and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution through the transfer of electrons at a distance.
G
Carbon electrode P
Carbon electrode Q
Iron(II) chloride solution
Dilute sulphuric acid
Acidified potassium
manganate (VII) solution
DIAGRAM 2
(a) What is the function of dilute sulphuric acid?
(b) In Diagram 2, draw the direction of the flow of electrons.
47
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(c) (i) What is the colour change in the solution around electrode P?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe a chemical test to determine the product formed in the solution at electrode P.
..............
...............
(d) What is the substance that is being oxidised in the experiment? Explain why.
.....
.....
(e) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode Q.
.....
(f) Suggest another reagent that can replace acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution.
....................
(g) What is the change in oxidation number of manganese in the reaction?
48
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
......
(b) Changing of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+
Iron(III) sulphate solution

Zinc powder
Heat
Iron (III) ion, Fe3+ undergoes reduction by gaining one electron to form iron(III) ion, Fe2+
Oxidation half equation :
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
The substance added is an reducing agent such as zinc, Zn.

Zinc atom loses electrons and undergoes oxidation to form zinc ion, Zn2+.
Reduction half equation :

Zn Zn2+ + 2e
: Zn +
2Fe3+
Zn2+
+ 2Fe2+
Observation for the change of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+ :
49
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(i)
Iron(III) solution changes colour from brown to pale green
(ii)
Some zinc powder dissolved
Confirmatory test for iron(II) ion, Fe2+ :

Add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop to the solution until in excess.
A green precipitate is formed. It is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Other reducing agents that can replace zinc to change Fe 3+ to Fe2+ are :
Reducing agent
Half equation of Oxidation
Magnesium powder, Mg
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Sulphur dioxide, SO2
SO2 + 2H2O SO42- + 4H+ + 2e
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S
H2S 2H+ + S + 2e
Sodium sulphite solution, Na2SO3
SO32- + H2O SO42- + 2H+ + 2e
Activity 10 :1
The following is an equation represents a redox reaction.
2Fe3+(aq)
H2S(g)
2Fe2+(aq)
2H+ (aq)
+ S(s)
50
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Based on the redox reaction :

(a) Write half equation for :
(i) oxidation :
S2- S + 2e
(ii) reduction :
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
(b) Name the substance that acts as :

(i) Oxidising agent : Iron(III) ion, Fe3+
(ii) Reducing agent : Sulphide ion, S2(c) Change in oxidation ;
(i) Oxidation number of iron decreases from +3 to +2
(ii) Oxidation number of sulphur increases from -2 to 0
1.9 Redox Reaction in terms of Transfer of Electron at a Distance

1. Transfer of electron at a distance occurs when two solutions of reducing agent and oxidising agent
are separated by an electrolyte in a U-tube.
2. Redox reaction occurs as a result of electron flow through an external circuit.
51
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
3. Electrons flow from the reducing agent (loses electrons) to the oxidising agent (gains electrons) through the connecting wires and can be detected
by a galvanometer.
4. Carbon electrode that is immersed in a reducing agent is known as the negative terminal.
5. Carbon electrode that is immersed in an oxidising agent is known as the positive terminal.
6. The electrolyte allows the movement of ions and completes the circuit.
7. The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for the electron transfer at a distance.
Carbon electrode
+
Carbon electrode
Reducing agent
Loses electron
Undergoes oxidation
Oxidising agent
Gains electron
Undergoes reduction
electrolyte
8. Reducing agent loses its electron and undergoes oxidation.

9. Oxidising agent gains electron and undergoes reduction.
Examples of common substances used as reducing agents are :
52
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Substance
Observation
Potassium iodide, KI
Potassium bromide,
KBr
Iron(II) chloride /
Iron(II) sulphate
In U-tube electrode that is immersed in the reducing agent becomes the negative terminal because
the agent loses electrons and undergoes oxidation.
Oxidising agent gains the electrons and undergoes reduction.
Examples of common substances used as oxidising agents are :
Substance
Observation
53
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Acidified potassium
manganate (VII) solution
Acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution
MnO4-
+ 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Chlorine water
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-
Bromine water
Br2 + 2e 2Br-
Iron(III) chloride,
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
Iron(III) sulphate
In a U-tube electrode that is immersed in an aqueous solution of an oxidising agent becomes the positive
terminal because the agent gains electrons and undergoes reduction.
Complete the table below for the electron transfer at a distance

Reactants
Oxidising
Reducing
Half equation for
Half equation for
agent
agent
oxidation :
reduction :
apparatus :
losses of electron
gains of electron
negative terminal
positive terminal
54
Diagram for the set up of

The direction of
electron flow
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Positive / negative
terminal
FeSO4(aq)
and
Br2(aq)
KI(aq)
and
KMnO4(aq)
55
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
FeSO4(aq)
and
K2Cr2O7(aq)
56
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
2.0 Redox Reaction In The Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications
(a) Reactivity series of metals is an arrangement of metals according to the reactivity of their
reactions with oxygen to form metal oxides.
K
Na
Reactivity of metal towards oxygen increases going up the reactivity series.

The metal which more reactive towards oxygen than another metal is able to displace oxygen
from that metal oxide.
The more reactive metal gains oxygen to form metal oxide and undergoes oxidation.
Ca
Mg
Al
C
Zn
The less reactive metal oxide loses oxygen to form metal and undergoes reduction.
The more reactive metal has reduced the less reactive metal oxide and acts as
reducing agent.
The less reactive metal cannot remove oxygen from more reactive metal oxide.
The empirical formula of metal oxide for a more reactive metal than hydrogen in the
reactivity series (such as magnesium) can be determined by heating the metal strongly in a
crucible.
The empirical formula of metal oxide for a less reactive metal than hydrogen (such as
H
Fe
copper) can be determined by passing dry hydrogen gas through strongly heated metal
oxides in a combustion tube.
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
(b) The metals are arranged in the Reactivity Series by observing how vigorously they react with
oxygen. The metal at the top of the series burns most vigorously and most quickly in oxygen.
(c) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Carbon is also an element in the Reactivity Series
of metals.
57
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(d) Determination the position of Carbon in Reactivity Series of metals :

(i) If carbon can remove oxygen from a metal oxide (reduce the metal oxide to metal),
Carbon + metal oxide metal + carbon dioxide

Carbon is above the metal in the Reactivity Series of metal.
(ii) Conversely, if carbon cannot remove oxygen from metal oxide, carbon is less reactive towards
oxygen than the metal in the reactivity series of metal. Thus, no reaction will occur.
Carbon + metal oxide
(no reaction)
Carbon is below the metal in the Reactivity Series of metal.

(e) Determination the position of Hydrogen in Reactivity Series:
(i)
If hydrogen can remove oxygen from a metal oxide (reduce the metal oxide to metal),
Hydrogen + metal oxide metal + water

Hydrogen is above the metal in the Reactivity Series of metal.
(ii) If hydrogen is unable to remove oxygen from metal oxide, hydrogen is less reactive towards
oxygen than the metal in the Reactivity Series.
Note :
If metal X is more reactive than metal Y,

then metal X can remove oxygen from the oxide of metal Y.
metal X can reduce oxide of metal Y.
X + Y oxide
X oxide + Y
X oxide + Y (no reaction)
58
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
(f) Application of the Reactivity Series

Metals that are located below carbon in the Reactivity Series (less reactive than carbon)
can be
extracted from their ores (metal oxides) using carbon in the form of coke.
Metal oxide + Carbon Metal + Carbon dioxide
Carbon is released as carbon dioxide gas after the reaction
(i)
Carbon is widely used to extract iron (Fe), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) from their ores.
Carbon is more reactive than these metals and act as reducing agent in the metal extraction
process.
(ii)
The extraction is carried out in the blast furnace. Hot air is pumped to the blast furnace to
burn carbon to produce carbon dioxide. Excess carbon reacts with carbon dioxide to
produce carbon monoxide. Both carbon and carbon monoxide reduce hematite and
cassiterite to iron and tin respectively.
The extraction of iron, Fe
C(s) + O2 (g) CO2(g)

C(s)
+ CO2(g) 2CO (g)
Both carbon, C and carbon monoxide, CO can remove oxygen from the ores
2Fe2O3(s)
Fe2O3(s)
3C(s)
4Fe(s)
+ 3CO2(g)
+ 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

Iron , Fe is extracted from its ore, hematite ( Fe 2O3)
The extraction of Tin, Sn :
C(s)
Sn(s)
SnO2(s)
SnO2(s)
+ 2CO(g) Sn(s)
+ CO2(g)
+ 2CO2(g)
Tin, Sn is extracted from its ore, cassiterite (SnO 2).
59
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Metals that are located above carbon in the Reactivity Series (more reactive than carbon)
can be extracted from their ores (metal oxides) by electrolysis of molten ores using carbon
electrode.
Extraction of aluminium metal, Al from aluminium oxide, Al 2O3 (bauxite)
The empirical formula of metal oxide :

for a more reactive metal than hydrogen in the Reactivity series (such as magnesium) can
be determined by heating the metal strongly in a crucible.
for a less reactive metal than hydrogen (such as copper) can be determined by passing hydrogen
gas through strongly heated metal oxides in a combustion tube.
Activity 11 :1
Determine whether the following reactions occur or not.

If the reaction occurs, mark and if not, mark X.
Reactants
(a)
Hydrogen + zinc oxide
(b)
Magnesium oxide + carbon
(c)
Copper + zinc oxide
(d)
Aluminium + carbon dioxide
(e)
Carbon + silver oxide
(f)
Hydrogen oxide + copper
(g)
Iron(III) oxide + hydrogen gas
(h)
Magnesium + steam
(i)
carbon dioxide + lead
(j)
Iron + lead(II) oxide
/ X
Chemical Equation
60
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Diagram below shows the set up of apparatus to investigate the reactivity of metal P, Q and R
towards oxygen. Metal P, Q and R is heated before hydrogen peroxide is poured into the conical
flask.
Heat
Hydrogen peroxide
+ Manganese(IV) oxide
The observations are given below

Metal
Observation
Burns fairly bright. The residue is yellow when hot but turns white when cold.
Glows faintly. The residue is black.
Burns vigorously with bright flame. The residue is white.
(a)
Write chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

..
(b)
What is the function of manganese (IV) oxide in the experiment?

..
(c)
Based on the observations, arrange the metals P, Q and R in a ascending order of their
reactivity.
..
(d)
Name the P and Q.
61
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
Metal P :.
Metal Q :
Chemical formula the oxide of metal R is R2O3. This oxide can be reduced by hydrogen
(e)
gas to for
metal R.
(i)
Write an equation for the reaction between R2O3 with hydrogen.
(ii) Name the oxidising agent in this reaction.
(iii) Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus that can used to conduct this experiment.
(f) (i)
Name another substance that can replace hydrogen peroxide.
(ii) Write an equation to represent the reaction that occurs in (f) (i).
Activity 12 :REVISION :
1. REDOX REACTION is a reaction where oxidation and .occur at the

time.
2. Oxidation involved :
losses of ..
gains of....
.of electrons.
. in oxidation number.
62
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
3. Reduction involved :
losses of ..
gains of....
. of electrons.
. in oxidation number.
4.
Mg
Mg2+ + 2e
Magnesium atom is oxidised because :

magnesium atom releases .. electrons.
the oxidation number of magnesium . from .. to ..
5.
H2S + Cl2
S + 2HCl
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S is oxidised to .

H2S acts as an . agent.
Chlorine, Cl2 is reduced to .
Cl2 undergoes reduction and acts as an . agent.
6.
(a)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
atom
undergoes
Zn + Zinc
2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2 because its releases electrons.
Its oxidation number increases from to
(b)
Zinc acts as an .... agent

2H+ + 2e H2
Hydrogen ion undergoes because it .. electrons.
Oxidation number of hydrogen from to
Hydrogen ion acts as an ..agent.
7.
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ undergoes .
2+ 2+ ion receives electrons.
CuCu
+ 2e Cu
Oxidation number of copper decreases from .to

Cu2+ ion acts as an.. agent.
63
FORM 5 CHEMISTRY
64

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FORM 5 CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 3 : OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

CHAPTER 3 : OXIDATION & REDUCTION

The meaning of REDOX reaction

3. (i) Oxidising agent :

a substance that reduced another substance.

Example of REDOX reactions

Copper(II) oxide is reduced (loss of oxygen)

(ii) In terms of gain/loss of hydrogen

Chlorine is reduced (gain of hydrogen)

Copper(II) oxide is reduced (loss of oxygen)

Ammonia is oxidised ( loss of hydrogen)

NaCl is an ionic compound. It exist as

(iii) In terms of gain/loss of electron

Sodium, Na has reduced chlorine, Cl2.

MgSO4 is an ionic compound. It exist as

Mg2+ ions and SO42- ions.

MgSO4 Mg2+ + SO42-

Magnesium atom, Mg loses two electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+.

Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is reduced.

Magnesium, Mg has reduced copper(II) ion, Cu2+.

(iv) In terms of change in oxidation number

The element is a reducing agent.

The element is an oxidising agent.

Example 7 : Determine whether the reaction below is a redox reaction or not.

Writing Equations For Redox Reactions

Chemical Equation for the reaction.

Half equation for oxidation (loss of electron).

Chemical Equation for the reaction

Aluminium and copper(II) sulphate

2Al + 3CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3

Half equation for oxidation

Sodium metal reacts with water

Sodium and water

Chemical Equation for the reaction

Half equation for oxidation

Overall ionic equation

General rules to determine Oxidation Number

6. The sum of the oxidation numbers for elements in a compound is zero.

Nomenclature of ionic compounds using IUPAC Nomenclature

is potassium oxide; not potassium(I) oxide.

is magnesium oxide; not magnesium(II) oxide.

is aluminium chloride; not aluminium(III) chloride.

Redox Reaction in the Displacement of Metals from its Salt solution

Metal displacement reaction :

zinc metal + copper(II) sulphate solution

Zinc is more electropositive than copper

Copper is less electropositive,

Brown solid is formed

The blue colour of

Half equation of reduction :

Overall ionic equation :

In terms of change in oxidation number

Redox Reaction in the Electrolytic and Chemical Cell (Voltaic cell)

Chemical cell / Voltaic cell :

It has batteries (converts electrical energy to

It has no batteries (converts chemical

energy to electrical energy)

Consist of two different metals

dipped in an electrolyte and

carbon / two same or different metals)

connected to a voltmeter using

connected to batteries and dipped in a