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595
AsNJI; =P.
(11.43)
Now
p =Na.EL
p =E (,-l)
0
Na.EL
EEO
EEO
(E -1) = - = - '
(ll.43a)
where
1.
ii.
E 1 is the field intensity due to charge density on the plates of the capacitor (i.e. with no dielectric).
E 2 is the field at the atom due to the polarized charges (induced charge) on the plane surfaces of the
dielectric (i.e. depolarizing field)
E 4 is the field due to polarized charges on the surface of the spherical cavity.
~is the field due to all the dipoles inside the spherical cavity .
m.
1v.
.
Now
+ + + +
II
+I+
+.
~x~:
+ + + +
Fig. 11.13
+ +
--
(11.44)
E 2 =- D =- p [takingE=OinEq.(ll.44)]
0
E,
..,.
\
596
""
(.
~-----,
,"A
~-:.. h-
Computation of E4
The enlarged view of the cavity is shown in Figure 11.14. If dA is the' surface area of the sphere of radius r
lying between e aild e + d8, where e is the direction with the reference to the direction of the applied field,
then
But
and
d8 = QR/r, QR = rd8
Hence
dA
=21tr sin 8
dE = dq x 1 xcos9
47t,r2
=!
cos 2 sin9 d9
Thus the total field E 4 due to the charges on the surface of the entire cavity is obtained by integrating
JdE4 =~ J
cos2 8sin9d9
p J" cos8d
,
= 2
(-cos9)
n 0
...\ .
n';'<_.\
i.e.
;.,.--- '{.. p
60
30
= - - [-1-l] = -
p
E =E+L
3Eo
(11.44a)
Equation (11.44a) shows that the internal field at an atom in a cubic structure is of the form of Eq.
(11.43) withy= (1/3). EL is called Lorentz field. It has been assumed in this derivation that the region out-
..
591
side the sphere is continuous whose dielectric constant is l.,. It should be noted that the field intensity at the
atom. i.e. the Lorentz field is larger than the applied field by an amount that is directly proportional to the
polarization density.
(I 1.45)
or
Na]
NaEL
[ 1-E=E ---=E
L
3"
L
3,
EL
E =[1 -
(Na/3.,)]
,:
[
NDJ
, 1-l,
( 11.46)
598
-:il ~J
1+(213)~
- ~.
___._.
-1
..
+2
,. -1] = 1-(113)~
[
,. + 2
I +(2/3)~
'
1-(1/l)~
NaJ,. Na
=-3-=3,
[~:~]=~:
i.e
(11.47)
This is Clausius-Mosotti relation which relates the macroscopic dielectric constant with the_ microscopic
larizabilities.
- -
. .
~---- -.
Multiplying both sides of Equation ( 11.47) by the molar volume, one gets
[ ,.-l]M"
,.+2 p
=[Na]M"
w~re M,. is the molecular weight
3., p
NM,.
--=NA
p
But
[ ,-l]M"= NAa =P
,.+2 p
3.,
"'
Hence
called molar polarization. In the presence of orientational polarization; the Clausius-Mosotti equation can
be written as
,-l]M" N,.
[ ,.+2
p
30
P = - - --=-(a +a.+a)
Ill
,.-l]MA N,_
[- -=-(a+a)
,.+2 p
3,
"
(11.48)
-r.
I
..
w""
~
1
0
Fig. 11.15
--r1
Temperature versus dielectric constant
599
i.e.
or
(11.48a)
Thus Jlm can be found out using the above Equation ( 11.48). In any case if the pennanent dipole moment is
zero, the dielectric constant, like the polarization is independent of temperature. In such case the straight line
is parallel to the x-axis. The accuracy of measurement of the dipole moment by means of the above method
is detennined by the precision with which the slope is detennined. To obtain accurate result it is necessary to
carry out the measurements in sufficiently wide temperature ranges.
v=
ii
where Jl is the magnetic permeability of the medium and is the absolute pennittivity. The penneability for
1
nonmagnetic media is Jlo Hence the velocity in such a medium is _r:;-:- The refractive index of the medium
Vlln
is given by