Contoh Soalan Esei Dan Cara Jawab

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)
SCIENCE SPM
NAME
CLASS
:
:
CONTENTS
FORM 4
CHAPTER 1 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 2 BODY COORDINATION
CHAPTER 3 HEREDITY AND VARIATION
CHAPTER 4 MATTER AND SUBSTANCES
CHAPTER 5 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR ENERGY
CHAPTER 7 LIGHT, COLOUR AND SIGHT
CHAPTER 8 CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY
FORM 5
CHAPTER 1 MICROORGANISMS & THEIR EFFECTS

ON LIVING THINGS
CHAPTER 2 NUTRITION
CHAPTER 3 PRESERVATION & CONSERVATION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 4 CARBON COMPOUND
CHAPTER 5 MOTION
CHAPTER 6 FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 7 SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY
YL KONG @SMKSARATOK2008
CHAPTER 8 ELECTRONICS & INFORMATION

& COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
ESSAY QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 1 : SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1
The length of a spring is affected by the weight of the load

(a) Based on the statement above, write one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(b) Using a spring, few loads and other apparatus, describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in
(a) based on the following criteria;
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
Aim of the experiment

Identification of variables
List of apparatus and materials
Procedure
Tabulation of data
Conclusion
ANSWER
(a)
(b)
Hypothesis: The heavier the weight of the load, the longer the length of the spring.
Aim : To study the relationship between the length of a spring and the weight of the load.
Variables that are:
(i)
manipulated: the weight of the load
(ii)
responding: length of the spring
(iii)
constant: the same spring / diameter of the spring.
Apparatus: spring, five different weight loads, retort stand, ruler
Procedure:
1. The spring is hung on a retort stand.
2. The length of a spring is measured.
3. A 0.2 N load is hung to the end of the spring and the length is measured.
4. Step 3 is repeated by increasing the load 0.2N each time until 1.0N.
5. The results are recorded in the table below
Tabulation of data
Weight of the load, W/N
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Length of spring, l / cm
Conclusion
The length of the spring increases as the weight of the load increases. Hypothesis is acceptable.
(a) State the importance of

knowledge.
a scientific investigation method in acquiring scientific

[4 marks]
(b) Zainal wants to carry out a scientific investigation to measure the response time of his
friend. Explain the steps he has thought ahead before he can start the experiment.
Your answer should include the following;
59581. Identify the problem
1. Operational definition of response time
1. List of apparatus
Steps in the method used
and other variables.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
It is a systematic and complete way to acquire scientific knowledge

It enables students to learn the right way of acquiring scientific knowledge
It inculcates the right values and attitudes in students
It helps to minimise misconception or prejudice in an experiment.
(b)
Problem statement: How is the scientific investigation method used to determine the response
time of a person.
Operational definition of response time: the mark at the rule caught by the finger.
Apparatus: meter rule
Manipulated variable : different student
Constant vriable : the same ruler
Steps in the method used:
1. A meter rule is held with 0 facing down and put in between the friend's thumb and second
finger at the zero position.
2. The meter rule is suddenly dropped and the friend is required to catch the rule with the thumb
and second finger.
(a) State the items in a correct sequence when writing out a report.
[4 marks]
(b)
Study the information above and construct the concept of scientific investigation.Your answer
should be based on the following steps:
Identify the common characteristics
Develop the initial concept in the scientific investigation method
Give two other examples to the concept
Explain the actual concept
[6 marks]
ANSWER
(a) Aim, Problem statement, Hypothesis, Variables, Apparatus and materials, Procedure, Result,
Discussion, Conclusion.
(b)
Common characteristic: Scientific attitudes and noble values are practised in scientific investigation.
Initial concept: Scientific attitudes and noble values should be absorbed during learning and teaching
science.
Two other examples: Systematic / Rational thinking / Fair and impartial / Hardworking and perservering.
Actual concept: Practising scientific attitudes and noble values will lead to a better understanding and
interpretation of a scientific investigation.
CHAPTER 2 : BODY COORDINATION

4
The figure below shows two patterns of block arrangement.
Study the following statement.

A man who has seen the arrangement of wooden blocks as shown in the figure above can rearrange
it blind-folded.
(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement.
[1 mark]
Using six identical wooden blocks of similar size, describe an experiment to test your hypothesis
in (a) based on the following criteria;
59582.
59583.
Identification of apparatus
59584.
Procedure
59585.
Tabulation of data
59586.
Conclusion
[9 marks]
ANSWER
(a) Kinaesthesia allows a man to estimate the position of objects without looking at the objects.
(b) Aim: To study the role of kinaesthesia in estimating the position of objects
Apparatus: six identical wooden blocks, black scarf
Procedure
a. Let a friend look at the arrangement of block shown as in the figure in the question.
b. Blind-fold the friend using a black scarf
c. The wooden blocks are scattered.
d. Ask the friend to arrange the wooden blocks according to the figure in the question.
e. The observation is recorded
f. Repeat with 3 other friends
Tabulation of data:
Name of friend
Is the arrangement correct? (Yes/No)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conclusion:
Kinaesthesia helps the blind-folded student to arrange the wooden blocks in the correct pattern.
(a) State the differences between voluntary action and involuntary action.
[4 marks]
(b) A patient is not able to walk, hold things or wake up by himself, but he is still able to talk and
remember his siblings after an accident.
Explain what has gone wrong with his brain.
Your explanation should include the following:
Part of the brain which is injured
Part of the brain is functioning
How those parts of the brain affect the patients activities.
[6 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
Voluntary action
The response is not automatic
Response controlled by desire
The speed of reaction is slow
Involuntary Action
The response is automatic
Response is not controlled by desire
The speed of reaction is fast and
quick
Impulse flows through the Impulse flows through the medulla
cerebrum
oblongata
There is awareness of the action There is no awareness of the action
(Any 4)
(b)
- Part of the brain that is injured is the cerebellum.
- Cerebellum controls the body balance and all the body movements such as walking and holding
things.
- Part of the brain that is functioning is the cerebrum and medulla oblongata
- Cerebrum controls all voluntary action; somehow when the cerebellum is injured, loses its
controlling and coordinating muscular activities
- Cerebrum acts as a centre for mental activities such as speed and memory
- Medulla oblongata controls all the basic and important life activities like breathing and
heartbeat.
(a) Describe how the side-effects of excessive alcohol consumption affect the driving skill of a
human.
[4 marks]
(b) The figure below shows several effects on human health of the habit of excesive consumption of
alcohol.
Study the above effects. Describe how excessive consumption of alcohol may cause the
above effects on human health.
Your answer should be based on the following:
Identify the information
Relate the common characteristics of the effect on human health
Give an example of another effect on human health and a non-health example on
humans.
State the effect of excessive consumption of alcohol
[6 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
- Alcohol causes a poor judgment of distance
- Alcohol causes a double vision
- Alcohol slows down the nervous system as it affects body coordination and movement
- Alcohol causes a person to lose self-control
(b)
- Alcohol abuse may cause blockages in blood capillaries, resulting in less oxygen being
transported to the brain, causing the brain size to shrink
- Alcohol abuse causes heart muscle to deteriorate, thus leading to heart disease
- Kidney tends to reabsorb less water, leading to dehydration
- Excessive consumption of alcohol causes great damage to the human body.
- Example of excessive alcohol consumption to human health is cirrhosis / gastritis /
ulcers
- Non-example of excessive alcohol consumption to human health is social problem /
accident
- Excessive consumption of alcohol may lead to addiction which causes health problem
to the drinker, social problems to others and traffic accidents.
CHAPTER 3: HEREDITY AND VARIATION

7

There are two different shapes in the ear lobes of the students in a class.
(a) Using the student population in a class, suggest a hypothesis to study the above statement.
[1 mark]
(b) Describe an experiment in your classroom to test your hypothesis according to the following
criteria.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
Aim of experiment
Procedure
Tabulation
Analysis of data
Conclusion
ANSWER
(a) The shape of the ear lobe is a discontinuous variation which can be clearly classified into the free ear
lobe or the attached ear lobe.
(b) Aim: To study the shape of the ear lobe among the pupils.
Variables that are
(i) manipulated: different students in the class room
(ii) responding: type of ear lobe
(iii) constant: normal humans
List of apparatus and materials: number of students in the class, figure of the shape of ear lobe
Procedure:
3. Group the pupils in pairs.
4. Based on the figure of the shape of ear lobe, determine the shape of the ear of their friend.
5. Record the results in the table below.
Tabulation:
Shape of ear lobe
Tallying
Attached ear lobe
Free ear lobe
Number of
occurrences
Analysis of data: Draw a bar chart of number of occurrences vs shape of ear lobe.
10
Conclusion: The shape of ear lobe is discontinuous variation.

9
(a) The figures (a) and (b) show the formation of twins. Name the types of twins and state three
differences about the types of twins
[4 marks]
(b) A normal married couple wishes to have a baby boy. Explain the mechanism of sex determination
of a baby.
Your answer should includes the following
2. Identify which gamete could determine the sex of a baby
3. Clarify the chromosomes which determine baby boy
4. Draw the genetic chart for the sex determination in the baby
5. The percentage of getting a baby boy for the couple.
[6 marks]
11
ANSWER
(a)
Figure (a)
Identical twins
One single ovum is fertilized by one
sperm to form one zygote, then divides
into two zygotes
Two foetuses sharing one placenta
Both have similar genetic content
Figure (b)
Non-identical twins
Two ova are fertilized by two sperms,
forming two zygotes
Two separate placentas, one for each foetus
Both have different genetic content
(b) The father's sperms determine the sex of a baby.

A baby which inherits a Y chromosome from its father, will be a boy. If it inherits a X chromosome from
its father, it will be a girl.
The percentage of getting a boy is 50%.

10
(a) Define mutation and mutagen.

Describe two factors that cause mutation.
[4 marks]
(b) The figure below shows mutation which happens in the body cell of human.
Study the abnormalities caused by mutation above. Explain how you can built a concept based on
the information in the figure above.
Your explanation of the concept should include the following:
[2 marks]
Identify two common characteristics
[1 mark]
Develop initial concept
[2 marks]
Give another example and a non-example in relation to the concept
[2 mark]
12
ANSWER
(a)
- Mutation is a change in the genes or chromosomes that can alter the original traits of organisms.
- Mutagen is a substance or radiation that can induce or cause mutation.
- Nuclear radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma and harmful ray can penetrate the nucleus of a cell
and change the structure of the genes and chromosomes.
- Chemicals such as mustard gas, benzene and dioxins can react with DNA in the chromosomes
(b)
Common characteristics
- Additional or deletion of one chromosomes in the human body cell compare to the normal human body
cell.
- The difference in the number of chromosomes occur during meiosis to produce gametes with either
more or less the number of chromosomes
Initial concept
- The change of the number or the structure of chromosomes is called chromosome mutation.
Other example
- Klinefelter's syndrome
Non-example
- Albinism / colour blindness / sickle cell anaemia
Actual concept
Chromosome mutation is the result of the changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
11
(a) State two advantages and two disadvantages of genetic research to humans.
[4 marks]
(b) A local Subang 6 papaya fruit is big but is less favourable to consumers.
Explain how MARDI solves the problem in increasing the consumption of local fruit.
Your answer should include the following:
Identify the problem

Clarification of the traits of local papaya fruit and imported variety.
Name the solving method.
State the favourable trait of the product.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
ANSWER
(a) Advantages :
1. genetic research has produced better medicines and vaccines for medical treatment.
2. genetic research has improved the quality of crops and livestock.
Disadvantages:
1. genetic research may lead to extinction of species as new varieties replace them.
2. genetically modified food may be harmful to human health.
(b)
- The local papaya is less favourable to the consumer.
- The traits of a local papaya are its big size, less sweet taste and has average thick flesh.
- The traits of an imported variety are its fragrant smell, sweetness and small size when planted
locally
- Selective breeding is done between Local Subang 6 papaya and Hawaiian Sunrise Solo papaya
to produce a new variety named Eksotika Malaysia.
- Eksotika Malaysia is sweet, smells fragrant with thick fresh and is average in size.
13
CHAPTER 4: MATTER AND SUBSTANCES

12
The melting point of an ionic substance is higher than a molecular substance.

You are given lead bromide and naphthalene.
Carry out an experiment to prove the statement.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Aim of experiment.
Hypothesis of experiment.
List all variables.
Procedure.
Data tabulation.
ANSWER
(a) To show that the melting point of lead bromide is higher than the melting point
of naphthalene.
(b) The melting point of an ionic substance is higher than a molecular substance.
(c) Manipulated variable : Lead bromide and naphthalene.
Responding variable : Melting point
Constant variable : Mass of substance heated.
(d)
20 g of lead bromide is placed in a crucible. A thermometer is placed in the substance.

The substance is heated. The temperature at which the substance melted is recorded
The experiment is repeated by using 20 g of naphthalene.
(e)
Substance
Lead bromide
Naphthalene
o
o
Melting point ( C)
Higher than 100 C
Lower than 100oC
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[3 marks]
[2 marks]
13
14
An ionic substance is an electrolyte whereas a molecular substance is not.

You are given sodium chloride and sugar.
Carry out an experiment to prove the above statement.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Aim of experiment.
List all variables.
Procedure.
Data tabulation.
Explanation of the result of experiment.
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
ANSWER
(a) To show that an ionic substance conducts electricity whereas a molecular substance
does not.
(b) Manipulated variable : Sodium chloride aqueous solution and sugar solution.
Responding variable : Lighting of bulb.
Constant variable : Mass of substance dissolved in 50 cm3 of water.
(c)
10 gram of sodium chloride and 10 g of sugar are dissolved in 50 cm3 of water in separate
beakers. Two carbon electrodes are immersed into each of the solution.
The electrodes are connected to a dry cell. The lighting of the bulb is noted.
(d)
Solution
Observation
Sodium chloride
Bulb lights up.
Sugar
Bulb does not light up
(e) The sodium chloride solution consists of free moving ions that carry charges. Thus it
conducts electricity. The sugar solution consists of molecules which does not carry charges. Thus
the solution is a non-electrolyte.
15
13
A sample of sodium chloride salt is mixed with sand. Describe how the salt can be separated
and purified from the mixture.
[10 marks]
ANSWER
The following procedure is carried out:

(a) About 100 cm3 of water is poured into a beaker. The water is heated.
The sand and salt mixture is added and stirred. The sodium chloride dissolves
in the water whereas the sand does not.
(b) The solution is then filtered.
The insoluble sand is collected as residue on the filter paper whereas the
filtrate contains sodium chloride salt.
(c) The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish. The solution is heated to
evaporate the water until the solution becomes saturated.
(d) The saturated solution is allowed to cool.
The sodium chloride salt will crystallized out.
(e) The saturated solution is then filtered.
The solid salt crystal is trapped as residue on the filter paper.
(f) The salt is rinsed with distilled water.
(g) The crystal is then transferred to a piece of dry filter paper and then pressed
to absorb the water.
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
16
CHAPTER 5 : ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

14
Sodium is more reactive than carbon. Describe how the metal sodium can be extracted from
sodium chloride. Your answer should include the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Identifying the problem.

Name the principle used.
An apparatus which shows the apparatus set-up.
Procedure.
Observations.
Write word equations for reactions taking place.
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
ANSWER
(a) How is sodium metal extracted from sodium chloride salt?
(b) Sodium is extracted from the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
(c)
(d) Sodium chloride is heated until it melts. Electricity is passed through the molten sodium
chloride using carbon as electrodes.
(e) At anode : Greenish chlorine gas is released.
At cathode : Silver sodium metal is formed.
(f) At anode : Chloride ion chlorine gas + electron
At cathode : Sodium ion + electron sodium metal
15
Chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy.

Describe an experiment to prove the above statement.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Aim of experiment.
Procedure.
Observation.
Write word equations for reactions taking place.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
17
ANSWER
(a) To show that chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy.
(b) When two different metal electrodes are immersed into an electrolyte, electrical energy is
produced.
(c)
(d) Zinc and copper electrode are immersed into copper sulphate solution.
The two electrodes are connected with a connecting wire to a galvanometer.
(e) The needle of the galvanometer deflects.
(f) At zinc electrode:
Zinc zinc ion + electron
At copper electrode:
Copper ion + electron copper
16
Describe an experiment to show that the reactivity of magnesium > zinc > lead > copper.
18

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Aim of experiment.
Procedure.
Tabulation of results.
ANSWER
(a) To determine the relative reactivity of magnesium, zinc, lead and copper.
(b) The more reactive the metal the brighter is the reaction of the metal with oxygen.
(c)
(d) Potassium permanganate(VII) is placed into a boiling tube.

Some glass wool is then pushed into the tube.
Some magnesium powder is added into a porcelain boat and then placed in the tube.
The magnesium powder is heated strongly followed by heating the potassium
permanganate(VII).
The reactivity of the reaction is recorded.
Experiment is repeated by replacing magnesium powder with other metal powders.
(e)
Metal
Observation
Magnesium
Burns very brightly
Zinc
Burns brightly
Lead
Glows brightly
Copper
Glows dimly
CHAPTER 6 : NUCLEAR ENERGY

[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[4 marks]
[2 marks]
17
19
(a) Describe how electricity is generated in a nuclear power station.

[6 marks]
(b) Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using radioisotopes to generate electricity.
[4 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
Schematic of a Nuclear Power Plant
Uranium-235 atoms are bombarded with neutrons.

(1)
The uranium atoms undergo fission with release of heat energy.
(1)
The heat energy is used to heat water into steam.
(1)
The steam produced will turn the turbine to generate electricity.
(1)
The electricity produced is then transmitted to consumers via electric cables.
(1)
(b) Advantages
The radioactive fuel lasts a long time.
A small quantity of radioactive substance can generate large amounts of energy.
Disadvantages
The gamma radiations emitted can cause cancer.
Problems faced from storage of the by products as they continue to emit radiations
for a long time.
18
(a) With examples explain the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes.
20
[4 marks]
(b) Explain the uses of radioisotopes in the field of

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
medical
industry
agriculture
[3 marks]
(c) State three precautions we have to take when handling radioisotopes.

[3 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Radioisotopes are isotopes that are radioactive and can undergo spontaneous decay.
For example, carbon has carbon-12 and carbon-14 isotopes.
The carbon-14 isotope is unstable and decays spontaneously.
It is a radioactive isotope.
(b)
(i) Gamma radiation from the decay of uranium-235 is used to sterilize medical equipments and
medicines.
(ii) Gamma radiation from the decay of uranium-235 is used to detect canned food which is
partially filled.
(iii) Gamma radiation from the decay of radioactive phosphorus-32 is used to study the rate of
absorption of phosphate fertilizer by plants.
(c)
Wear protective lead clothings and gloves.
Use a dosimeter to measure the intensity of the radiation.
Use remote control arms to handle the radioisotopes.
CHAPTER 7 : LIGHT, COLUR AND SIGHT

18
21

When white light is shone on two different primary coloured filters, no coloured light passes
through, but when white light is shone on two different secondary filters, a certain coloured light
passes through.
[1 mark]
(b) Using a red filter, a blue filter, a magenta filter, a yellow filter and other apparatus, describe an
experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria;
[1 mark]
Aim of experiment
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
List of apparatus
[4marks]
Procedure
[1 mark]
Tabulation of data
ANSWER
(a) A primary colour filter only enables its coloured light to pass through it and to absorb all other colour
lights but a secondary colour filter enables its colour and the primary colour lights that form it to pass
through it.
(b) Aim of the experiment: To study absorption / subtraction of coloured light by a primary filter.
Variables that are:
(i) manipulated : the colour filter used
(ii) responding : the colour on the white screen
(iii) constant : white light from ray box
Apparatus: Light box, glass prism, a red filter, a blue filter, a magenta filter, a yellow
filter and white screen.
Procedure:
1. The apparatus as shown above is set up.

2. The light box is switched on. The position of the white screen is adjusted so that the spectrum of
white light illuminats it.
3. Two different colour filters (primary or a secondary as shown on the table below) are placed in
the path of the light beam at P and Q.
4. The colours that pass through both filters and illuminate the screen are observed.
Tabulation of data:
Filter P
Filter Q
Colours on screen
Red
Blue
No colour
Red
Magenta
Red
Red
Yellow
Red
Blue
Magenta
Blue
Blue
Yellow
No colour
Magenta
Yellow
Red
19 (a) Compare the image formed by a convex lens and a concave lens.
22
[4 marks]
(b) The figure below shows several characteristics formed by an optical apparatus.
Study the characteristics of the image formed. Explain how you can determine the apparatus used
and the phenomenon that occurred in the formation of the image based on the information in the
figure above.
Your explanation of the phenomenon should include the following:
Identify two criteria in the formation of the image
Identify the apparatus and develop the phenomenon
Give other example and non-examples of the characteristic of the image
Explain the Law of the phenomenon.
[6 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
Properties of the image
Real or virtual
Upright or inverted
Position of the image
Size of the image
Convex lenses
Real if the object distance is u > f . Virtual
if the object distance is u < f
Inverted if the image is real, upright if the
image is virtual
Image is formed behind the lens if the
image is real. Image is formed in front of
the lens if the image is virtual
Bigger or smaller than the object
depending on the object distance
Concave lenses
Virtual
Upright
Image is always
formed in front of
the lens
Always smaller
than the object
(b) Two criteria

- The incident rays from the object strike a smooth and flat surface and reflected back
- The angle of incidence, i is same as the angle of reflection, r.
Apparatus and phenomenon
- The optical apparatus is mirror and the phenomenon occurred is reflection.
Example
- The size of the image is the same as the object // the distance of image behind the screen is the same as
the distance of the object in front of the screen.
Non-examples
- Real
Law of reflection:
- The incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane.
- The angle of incidence, i is equal to the angle of reflection, r.
20
23
(a) Compare and contrast the focusing and controlling of the amount of light in the human
eye and a camera.
[4 marks]
(b) A student wants to observe a distant object. Explain how the student can build a device to
observe the object. Your answer must include the following:
Problem statement
Name of the device built
Name the apparatus needed
The arrangement of the apparatus
[6 marks]
ANSWER
(a)
Eye
Function
The thickening and thinning Focusing method
of eye lens is controlled by
the ciliary muscle that
changes the focal length of
the eye lens
Camera
The camera lens moves
forward and backward by
adjusting the focus adjuster,
which changes the distance
between the lens and the
film.
Light enters the eye through Controlling
the Light enters the camera
the pupil. The size of the amount of light through the aperture. The
pupil is controlled by the iris that enters.
size of the aperture is
which controls the amount of
controlled
by
the
light which enters the eye.
diaphragm. The shutter also
controls the period of time
the light enters the camera.
(b)
Problem statement: To observe a distant object.
Name of the device built: Telescope
Name the apparatus needed:
- Two convex lenses; one with a long focal length and the other one with a short focal length.
The arrangement of the apparatus
The long focal length convex lens is used as an objective lens to focus parallel light rays
from the distant object at its focal point.
- The short focal length convex lens is used as the eye lens and is adjusted so that the image
from the objective lens is at the focal point of the eye lens.
21
Steel is harder than pure iron.

Carry out an experiment to prove the above statement.
Your explanation must include the following:

Hypothesis.
Identification of variables.
Procedure
Tabulation of data
Conclusion
ANSWER
(a) To compare the hardness of steel and pure iron.

(b) Steel is harder than pure iron.
(c) Manipulated variable : Steel block and pure iron block
Responding variable : Diameter of dent
Constant variable : Height the weight is dropped onto the ball bearing.
(d) A steel ball bearing is fixed onto a steel block using cellotape.
A 1 kg weight is dropped onto the ball bearing from a height of 50cm.
The diameter of the dent produced is measured, using a ruler.
The experiment is repeated by replacing the steel block with pure iron block.
(e)
Material
Steel block
Pure iron block
Diameter of dent (cm)
p mm
q mm
(f) The value of q > p. We conclude that pure iron is softer or steel is harder.
22
24
(a) Describe how ammonia is synthesized in industry.

[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
25

(i)
Name the process.
(ii)
State the sources of reactants.
(iii)
Optimum conditions to synthesize ammonia
(iv)
Word equation to represent the process
[7 marks]
(b) State three uses of ammonia.
[3 marks]
ANSWER
(a) (i) Haber process
(ii) Nitrogen is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air.
Hydrogen is obtained from natural gas.
(iii) Pressure of 200 atmosphere, temperature of 450oC
and iron powder is used as catalyst.
(iv) Nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia
(b) To make fertilizer, nitric acid and prevent coagulation of latex.
23
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(3)
Define what is an alloy.

Give an example of alloy and its composition.
State a use of the alloy in (b) above.
Explain using the arrangement of atoms, why an alloy is harder than its pure
metal.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[5 marks]
ANSWER
(a) An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals in a certain percentage.
(b) Bronze. (90% copper and 10% tin)
(c) Bronze is used to make medals.
(d)
The atoms in pure metals are arranged in a regular pattern. When a force is applied to it, the
atoms will slide across each other. Thus pure metal is soft.
(2)
The diagram above shows the presence of foreign atoms in an alloy. The foreign atoms prevent
the metal atoms from sliding when a force is applied to it.Thus alloy is harder. (1)
FORM 5 -Chapter 1 Microorganisms and their effects on living things
26
Study the following statement;

Sunlight affects the activities of microorganisms
Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement.
[1 mark]
(b) Using few petri cultures of Bacillus subtilis, describe an experiment to test your
hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria;

Procedure
Tabulation of data
Conclusion
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
Answer
1 (a) Hypothesis: Strong sunlight kills / stops the activities of microorganisms
(b) Aim: To study the effect of sunlight on the activities of microorganism
Constant variable: Nutrient / pH of the nutrient / amount of bacteria
Manipulated variable: exposition to light
Responding variable: number of bacteria colonies
Apparatus and materials: 3 petri cultures of Bacillus subtilis with their sterile covers,
Procedure:
(i) The 3 petri dishes with culture of Bacillus subtilis were covered with their sterile
covers respectively and overturned.
(ii) The dishes were labelled A, B and C. Petri dish A was put inside a dark cupboard.
Petri dish B was put on the lab table and Petri dish C was put under the ultraviolet light.
(iii) The dishes were left aside for 2 days.
(iv) The observation was recorded.
Tabulation of data:
Petri dish
A
B
C
Observation
Conclusion:
Petri dish A shows the number of bacteria colonies and Petri dish C shows none. Sunlight stops
the activities of the microorganism. Hypothesis is accepted.
27
(a) Bacteria and alga are microorganisms. Somehow there are differences between the two
microorganisms. State four differences in the properties between bacteria and alga.
[4 marks]
(b) The figure above shows two loaves of bread A and B made by two students A and B
respectively.
State the difference between bread A and bread B.
Describes how student B can bake bread like student A. Your explanation must have the
following criteria:
Problem statement
Name the ingredient needed
State how the action of the ingredient helps to bake a better bread
[6 marks]
ANSWER :
2(a)
Properties
Size /m
Shape
Unicellular /
Multicellular
Nutrition
Bacteria
0.5 -10
Rod, sphere, comma, spiral
Unicellular
Alga
1 - 1000
Variety shape
Multicellular
Saprophyte, parasite and

autotroph
Autotroph
(b)
Bread A is light and fluffy but bread B is small and hard
Bread B lacks one ingredient that makes the dough not rise and not fluffy.
Yeast
Yeast breaks down the glucose in the bread dough and releases carbon dioxide gas.
Carbon dioxide gas makes the dough rise and the bread becomes light and fluffy.
28
(a) Using heat or chemical are two ways of sterilization. Describe two methods for each way
to show how sterilization is carried out.
[4 marks]
(b) Study the picture above and construct a concept of how transmission of disease occurs
through a vector.
Your answer must be based on the steps below:
Relate the common characteristics to the transmission of disease through
the vector in order to construct the initial concept
Give an example of another transmission of disease through the vector
and a transmission of disease not through the vector
State the actual concept of transmission of disease through the vector.
ANSWER :
3(a) Heat :
1 : Boiling in water at 100 C for 6 hours
2 : Heating for 15 minutes in the autoclave at 121 C
Chemical :
1: Antiseptic applied on injured skin to prevent reproduction of pathogen
2: Disinfectant used in cleaning and mopping.
(b)
Mosquito transfers pathogen to human
Fly transfers pathogen to the food and food is eaten by human
Mosquito and fly carry the pathogen from a patient to a healthy person
Example : Rat
Not examples : Ant, Bee
The vector is an animal that carries the pathogen from a patient to a healthy person
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
29
CHAPTER 2 Nutrition and food production

4
Plants do not grow healthily when lacking in certain nutrients
(a) Based on the above statement and using the minerals of nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium, write one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(b) Using a complete culture solution, culture solution without nitrogen, culture solution
without phosphorous, culture solution without potassium and other apparatus, describe an
experiment that you carry out in the laboratory to prove the hypothesis.
Your description should include the following;
aim of experiment
identification of variables
list of apparatus and materials
procedure
tabulation of data
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[4 marks]
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
4(a) Deficiency in nutrient nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium hinder the growth of plants.
(b) Aim : To study the effects of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium deficiency on the plant
growth.
Constant variable : germinating seed, frequency of changing solution
Manipulated variable : culture solution
Responding variable : rate growth of germinating seed
Apparatus and materials : cotton, black paper, germinating seeds, complete culture solution,
culture solution without nitrogen, culture solution without phosphorous, culture solution without
potassium, measuring cylinder and 4 boiling tubes
Procedure :
1) 4 boiling tubes were labelled and filled with culture solution as shown below:
30
2) Mouths of boiling tubes were closed with cotton and one germinating seed was put in each
tube.
3) Each boiling tube was wrapped with black paper.
4) All the boiling tubes were put on a rack and left exposed to sunlight.
5) After a week, the culture solutions were changed to new ones.
6) Observation of each germinating seed was done for two weeks and the results were
recorded.
Tabulation of data
Boiling tube
A
B
C
D
5
(a)
Observation
The calories requirement per day of the two people in the figure below is not the same.
Identify the factors that affect the calories requirement per day for the individuals
below.
Give three explanations how they affect the calorie requirement per day.
[4 marks]
(b)
The figures below show three different diseases caused by malnutrition.
31
Figure (i) : Ricketts
Figure (ii) : Scurvy
Figure (iii) : Goiter
Study the diseases in the figures above and explain how you construct the concept of
malnutrition.
Your answer should be based on the following steps:
Relate the common characteristics to malnutrition in order to construct the initial
concept
Give other examples and non-examples in relation to the concept
State the actual concept of malnutrition
[6 marks]
ANSWER:
5 (a) sex
A man requires more calories than a lady because;
(i) size and weight of a man is bigger than a lady
(ii) metabolism of a man is higher
(iii) a man is more active physically
(b)
The diseases are caused by malnutrition for a

long period of time
Identify the common
The diseases above are due to deficiency of one
characteristics
class of food respectively in daily diet.
(i) Ricketts - deficiency of vitamin D
(ii) Scurvy - deficiency of vitamin C
(iii) Goiter - deficiency of iodine
Relate
the
common Deficiency of one class of food in daily diet
characteristics to malnutrition may lead to malnutrition.
in order to construct the
initial concept
Other examples
Kwashiorkor / Anemia / Night blindness
Non-examples
State the actual concept of
malnutrition
Obesity / Arteriosclerosis / Diabetes

Malnutrition is a state when an individual
suffers from food deficiency in one or two
necessary food classes in his daily diet to
maintain a healthy body.
32
CHAPTER 3-Preservation & conservation of the environment

6
The figure above shows Mr. Johnny's farm. He plants leafy vegetables, rear fresh water fish and
poultry for sale. He uses chemical fertilizers and pesticides to maintain and increase the yield of
his vegetables.
State the four effects of excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
[4 marks]
After some time, he finds that the surface of the pond is covered with a layer of green substance
and the fish has died.
Explain how Mr. Johnny overcomes the problems in his pond.
State the phenomena
Clarification of the problem
Solving methods
[6 marks]
ANSWER :
6.
Excessive fertilizer that flows to river and pond encourages the growth of alga.
Alga prevents sunlight from reaching the bottom of the river or pond, aquatic plants cannot
undergo photosynthesis and therefore die.
The content of oxygen in the water decreases.
Pesticides hardly decompose, but flow into the pond or river and are eaten by the aquatic
animals, causing death or passing on into the food chain.
Identify problems
Phenomena
Clarification of
problem
Solving methods
Alga grows on the water surface and the dies

Eutrofication
the Excessive fertilizer and waste from the poultry contain nitrate and
phosphate compounds which encourage the growth of alga. Pesticides
from the vegetable farm contain DDT which is harmful to living
organisms.
Convert the poultry waste into compost fertilizer. Use compost
fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer
Use biological pest control methods instead of pesticides.
33
(a) Improper management of open land to give way for development has caused a number of
side effects on the balance in nature.
State four side effects caused by improper management of open land.
[4 marks]
(b) The figures (i) and (ii) below show activities which happened in our surroundings that
caused global warming.
Study the above activities. Explain how you would be able to construct the concept of
global warming.
Your answer should be based on the following steps:
Relate the common characteristics to the change of environment in order to construct
the initial concept
Give an example of other forms of pollution and a non-example in relation to the
concept.
State the actual concept of global warming
[6 marks]
ANSWER :
7(a) extinction of species
loss of habitat
soil erosion
flash flood
(b)
Identify the common
characteristics
Construct the initial
concept
Another example
Non example
State the actual concept
of global warming
Combustion of fuel release carbon dioxide into the air.

Cutting down of trees eliminates the process of photosynthesis
of the trees, indirectly increasing the content of carbon dioxide
in the air
Carbon dioxide in the air prevents heat from leaving the
atmosphere, thus increasing the temperature on the earth which
is named global warming
Forest fire / open burning of rubbish
Disposal of byproducts, waste, toxic substances, radioactive
substances, smoke and heat / uncontrolled use of chemical
fertilizers
Global warming is the rise in earth temperatures due to the
increase of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
34
CHAPTER 4 Carbon Compounds

8
A rubber planter adds ammonia into latex to maintain its liquid state and sells it in liquid state.
To some latex, he adds formic acid and sells it as solid rubber.
(a) Based on the above statements, write one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(b) With the material of latex, acetic acid and ammonia, describe an experiment that you can
carry out in a laboratory to prove the hypothesis.
Your description should include the following;
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
aim of experiment
identification of variables
list of apparatus and materials
method
how to tabulate the data
conclusion
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
8(a) Hypothesis : Alkaline prevents coagulation of latex and acid coagulates the latex.
(b)
(i) To study the effects of alkaline and acid on latex

(ii) manipulated variables: ammonia and acetic acid
responding variables: condition of latex / coagulation of rubber
constant variables: volume of latex
(iii) apparatus and materials: latex, acetic acid, ammonia, beaker, measuring cylinder
(iv) method:
1. Latex is measured with a measuring cylinder and poured into 2 beakers
2. Ammonia and acetic acid are poured into the respective beakers.
3. The mixtures are stirred and left for 10 minutes. Observations are recorded.
(v) Data
Beaker
A
B
Observation
(vi) Conclusion: Ammonia prevents the latex from coagulating and acid causes coagulation of
latex
35
(a) State three differences between organic carbon compound and non organic carbon
compound. Name an example for each respective group.
[4 marks]
(b) The figure below shows the products of hydrocarbon.
Study the products above and construct the concept of hydrocarbon.

Your answer should be based on the following steps;
Give an other example and a non-example in relation to the concept
[6 marks]
ANSWER:
9 (a)
Organic carbon compound
Carbon
compound
which
has
originated from living organisms.
Carbon chain which has many carbon
atoms.
Dissolve in organic solvent.
Eg: alcohol
Starch
Non organic carbon compound

Carbon compound which has originated from
non living thing such as minerals.
Molecule with few carbon atoms only.
Dissolve in non-organic solvent
Eg. water
Carbon dioxide
(b)
Common characteristics
Initial concept
Example
Non-example
Actual concept
The products are hydrocarbon compound which

consists of carbon and hydrogen elements.
The products have originated from living organisms
which died millions of years ago
The products are from the sources of fossil fuel
Natural gas
Mineral such as calcium carbonate
Hydrocarbon is organic carbon compound which
consists of the carbon and hydrogen elements and
has originated from living organisms which died
millions of years ago
36
1
0
(a) Butter and margarine are used to made cakes and cookies.
State four differences between butter and margarine based on the following;
Sources
Structure of atom
Physical properties
Effect on health
[4 marks]
(b) An officer whose favourite foods are cakes and cookies, finds that her low density
cholesterol level in the blood test is slightly higher.
Explain how the officer can solve or remedy her situation since she cannot give up her
favorite foods.
Your explanation should include the following;
Problem statement
State the effects on the body
Suggest a diet to replace the present diet
[6 marks]
ANSWER :
10 (a)
Butter
Sources
Structure of atom
Physical properties
Effect on health
Margarine
animal
Plant
Saturated fat with single bond Unsaturated fat with at least
between carbon atom
one double bond between
the carbon atom
Solid at room temperature
Liquid at room temperature
Increase level of cholesterol
Decrease
level
of
cholesterol
(b)
Low density cholesterol in the blood is slightly high.

Low density cholesterol deposits on gall bladder as gall bladder stones
Low density cholesterol deposits on the insides of the wall of the artery may cause
high blood pressure, heart disease, arteriosclerosis and coronary thrombosis
Use margarine in making the cake and cookies
Add fiber, fruits and, vegetables such as carrot into the cake
Eg: Apple cake, Carrot cake
37
CHAPTER 5 - Motion
A moving heavy vehicle has higher momentum
Based on the statement above, suggest a hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(b)
Using four trolleys, an inclined plane, a wooden block, plasticine and other apparatus,
describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria:
(i) aim of experiment
[1 mark]
(ii) identification of variables
[2 marks]
(iii) list of apparatus and materials
[1 mark]
(iv) procedure
[4 marks]
(v) tabulation of data
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
11
(a) Hypothesis: The bigger the mass of moving object is, the higher the momentum.
(b) Aim of experiment: To study the relationship between momentum and the mass of moving
object.
Variable that is
(i) constant : the gradient of inclined plane
(ii) manipulated : Mass of the trolley
(iii) responding : the distance of the trolleys stop
List of apparatus and materials : trolleys, an inclined plane, a wooden block, plasticine and a
metre ruler.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The apparatus are arranged as shown above.

Trolley X is released to go down the inclined plane and collide with trolley Y
Trolley X and Y are stuck after the collision and move together
The distance where the trolleys stop from the spot of collision is measured and
recorded.
5. The experiment is repeated with two trolleys at X position and three trolleys at X
position respectively to collide with one trolley on Y position.
Tabulation of data
Number of trolleys
Distance the trolleys stop
1
2
38
A big ship is made of a mixture of iron. The figures above show that a piece of iron
sinks into the sea whereas a big ship floats on the sea.
Explain why.
[4 marks]
A student makes a simple hot air balloon model as shown above for his science project.
He finds that his model could not fly.
Explain how to make his hot air balloon fly.
Your explanation should include the following
1. Problem statement
2. State the concept and principle used
3. Solving methods
[6 marks]
ANSWER :
12(a)
Iron
Ship
A piece of iron has a small volume, The iron pieces in the ship are moulded into a
thus the mass divided by volume shape with a large volume of empty space at the
produces a higher density
centre. The density of the ship becomes smaller.
The weight of water displaced is less The big ship displaces a large volume of water
than the weight of the piece of iron. where the weight of the water displaced is the same
Therefore, the iron sinks
as the weight of the big ship. Therefore the big ship
floats.
(b) Problem statement: The hot air balloon could not fly.
Concept used:
1. The hot air inside the balloon is less dense than the cool air outside.
2. The upthrust of the hot air balloon must be more than the weight of the balloon.
3. The principle used is Archimedes' principle.
Solving methods:
4. Increase the size of the balloon to displace more cool air by the hot air inside the balloon.
39
5. A bunsen burner is lighted at the bottom of the balloon to heat the air inside the balloon.
CHAPTER 6 Food technology and production
Processed food can last longer than non-processed food if left exposed to open air
Based on the statement above, suggest a suitable hypothesis.
Using a fresh non-processed milk, a boiled milk, a pasteurised milk and other apparatus,
describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria:
Aim of experiment
59587. List of apparatus and materials
6. Procedure
Tabulation of data
2. Conclusion
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
13(a) Hypothesis: Processed food can last longer than non-processed food if left exposed to
open air.
(b)
Aim : To identify the processed food that can last longer than non-processed food.
Variable that is;
(i) manipulated : the method of processed milk
(ii) responding: the condition of the milk
(iii) constant: the volume of milk
List of apparatus and material: fresh non-processed milk, boiled milk, pasteurised milk, 3
beakers, measuring cylinder
Procedure:
1. Three sterile beakers are prepared. Beaker A is filled with fresh non-processed milk, beaker
B is filled with boiled milk and beaker C is filled with pasteurised milk.
2. The beakers are left in the open air for one day.
3. Observe the condition and the smell of the milk after one day and record in the table below.
Result:
Beaker
A
B
C
Observation
Conclusion:
Non-processed milk becomes rotten faster than boiled and pasteurised milk. Pasteurised milk
lasts longer than fresh non-milk and boiled milk.
40
The world population growth is much faster than the production of food. Explain how the
property of quality breeds can help to increase the production of food.
A vegetable farmer found his farm is no longer productive and is having problems with a
pest on his farm.
Explain how the farmer on his farm can overcome his problems on his farm.
Aim of experiment
59588. Solving methods
7. Choose the best method and
explain your choice
ANSWER :
14
(a) Property of quality breeds:
(i) high quantity of production
(ii) high quality of production
(iii) short production period
(iv) high resistance towards disease and pest
(b)
Solving methods
Best method
The farmer's farm is no longer productive and

is attacked by a pest.
The soil is not fertile anymore due to intensive
use by certain kind of plant.
The pest has formed a high resistance towards
the pesticide used.
Crop rotation to regain the fertility of the soil.
Mixed crops to regain the problem of the pest
and at the same time can regain the fertility of
the soil.
Integrated system that is to rear poultry
together with plants.
Mixed crops to reduce the problem of the pest,
and at the same time can regain the fertility of
the soil.
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
41
CHAPTER 7 Sythetic Materials in the industry

Synthetic rubber is not easily burned compared to natural rubber
16
(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement

[1 mark]
(b) Using a synthetic rubber strip, a natural rubber strip and other apparatus, describe an
experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria:
Aim of experiment
8. Procedure
Tabulation of data
3. Conclusion
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
16
(a) Hypothesis : Natural rubber burns more easily than synthetic rubber
(b) Aim : To compare the characteristic of synthetic rubber and natural rubber towards burning.
Variable that is;
(i) manipulated: type of rubber
(ii) responding: ability to burn
(iii) constant: time of heating
List of apparatus: a synthetic rubber strip, a natural rubber strip, Bunsen burner, tongs
Procedure :
1. A synthetic rubber strip is burned with a Bunsen burner for 5 minutes as shown above. The
observation is recorded.
2. A natural rubber strip is burned with the same Bunsen burner for 5 minutes. The observation
is recorded.
Tabulation of data:
Characteristic
Ability to burn
Synthetic rubber
Not easily burnt
Natural rubber
Burns with lots of soot
Conclusion:
Natural rubber burns easily with lots of soot whereas synthetic rubber does not burn easily.
Hypothesis is acceptable.
42
17 (a) The figure above show the products of thermoplastic. State four reasons why the
above products are thermoplastic and not thermoset.
[4 marks]
(b) A local council found that the rubbish dumped by the public mostly is made of plastic.
Explain how the local council can solve the problem of disposal of plastic rubbish.
Your explanation should include the following:
59590. Solving methods
9. Choose the best method and
explain your choice
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
17
(a) - the products have low resistance toward heat
- the products are soft
- the products can be recycled as the material can be moulded few times
- the products do not have cross linkage between the polymers chain
- the products have low melting point
[any 4 points]
(b)
Solving methods
Choose the best method and

explain your choice
Plastic rubber is not biodegradable and causes

environmental pollution.
How can we reduce environmental pollution
caused by plastic rubbish?
3. Use biodegradable plastic which can be
decomposed by microorganism.
4. Burn the disposed plastic in an incinerator.
5. Recycle the disposed plastic into plastic
product that can be used again
6. Reuse the plastic for other purposes.
Recycle because thermoplastic can be moulded
a few times as it can reduce the disposal of
plastic and save sources of plastic raw materials
43
18 (a) Polymer synthetic is very useful in modern life. Describe four negative effects of the
consumption and disposal of polymer synthetic in the environment.
[1 mark]
(b)
The figure above show the plastic which can be recycled. Study the information above
and construct the concept of recycling. Your answer should be based on the following
steps:
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
59591. Give an example of another recycleable and non-recycleable
[2 marks]
plastic
10. State the actual concept of recycleable plastic
[1 mark]
ANSWER:
18
(a) (i) Polymer synthetic is not biodegradable and it will be in the environment for a long
period which may cause environmental pollution.
(ii) Open burning of polymer synthetic releases soot and toxic gases such as dioxin which
may cause air pollution and public health problem.
(iii) Disposal of plastic in the drainage may cause blockage of drainage system and flash
flood. It may encourage the breeding of mosquitoes.
(iv) Disposal of plastic in sea and river may cause extinction of turtle and other aquatic
life.
(b)
Two common characteristics
Initial concept
Example
Non example
Actual concept
The plastics can be repeatedly moulded into a variety

of shapes.
The polymer chains of the plastic can slide from one
to another when heated and come together when
cooled.
Plastic which can be recycled is the plastic which can
be repeatedly moulded into various shapes and the
polymer chains can slide from one another when
heated.
Polypropene / polystyrene
Bakelite / melamine / epoxy glue
Thermoplastic can be recycled for other purposes that
can be moulded into new products
44
CHAPTER 8- Electric and information and communication technology

The brightness of a bulb varies with the number of resistors in a circuit.
19

[1 mark]
(b) Using three resistors, a bulb and other apparatus, describe an experiment to test your
hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria;
Aim of experiment
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
11. Procedure
[3 marks]
Tabulation of data
[1 mark]
4. Conclusion
[1 mark]
ANSWER :
19(a) Hypothesis: The more the number of resistors used in a circuit, the dimmer the
light of the bulb.
(b) Aim of the experiment: To study the effect of resistors on the brightness of a bulb.
Variable that is;
(i) constant: number of dry cell / power of the bulb
(ii) manipulated: number of resistors
(iii) responding: the brightness of the bulb
List of apparatus: 3 resistors, bulb, dry cell, connection wire and switch
45
Procedure:
1. The above circuit is prepared.

2. Switch is on and the brightness of the bulb is observed.
3. A resistor is taken away and switch is on. The brightness of the bulb is observed
again.
4. Step 3 is repeated with one resistor left.
5. The results of the observations are recorded in the table below
Tabulation:
No. of resistor
3
2
1
Brightness of bulb
Conclusion:
As the number of resistors decreases, the brighter the bulb is. Hypothesis is acceptable.
20
(a) A radio wave is used in long distance communication. Give four reasons why a radio
wave is used in information communication.
[4 marks]
(b) The table below shows types of radio waves used in radio communication.
Local radio broadcasts
Long Wave with low frequency
Radio broadcasts across continent
Short Wave with high frequency
TV Astro broadcasts
Microwaves
Study the information in the table above and construct the concept
communication. Your answer should be based on the following steps:
59593. Relate the common characteristics to the radio communication in
order to construct the initial concept.
12. Give an example of another radio communication and a non radio
communication
State the actual concept of radio communication
of radio
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
46
ANSWER:
20
(a) - It can travel through vacuum
- It moves with the speed of light, so it can transmit the information very fast.
- It acts as a carrier wave for audio and video signals
- It is not easy to be spread through an obstruction
(b)
Identify the information Local radio broadcast use the long wave with low
frequency of the radio wave as a carrier wave to deliver
sound information
Identify the common
- Radio broadcasts across continent use short waves with
characteristics
high frequency of the radio wave as a carrier wave to
deliver sound information
- TV Astro broadcasts use microwaves with the highest
frequency of radio wave as a carrier wave to deliver sound
and picture information
Relate the common
All the three radio communications above use the wave of
characteristics to the
different frequency of radio waves in electromagnetic
radio communication in spectrum as the carrier wave to deliver information.
order to construct the
initial concept.
An example
Hand phone / FM radio broadcast
Non example
Actual concept of radio
communication
Microwave oven
Radio communication is using a range of radio waves in
the electromagnetic spectrum as carrier to deliver
information
21
47
(a) State four advantages of satellite communication system to other communication system.
[4 marks]
(b) Football World Cup 2006 was held in Germany. A remote country could not get the live
television broadcasts for the tournament. Explain how the country can solve the problem
so that they can watch the matches live in the next tournament.
Name the system of communication
59594. Steps for the system to function
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[4 marks]
ANSWER:
21(a)
- transmission or receiver of satellite system is not affected by the change in weather.
- it can service a wide area including the remote area
- it does not need many relay station as microwave can move very far
- it can deliver a lot of information quickly and efficiently
- it can transmit live broadcasts through-out the world
(b)
How to get live television broadcasts?
System of communication
Use satellite communication system
Steps of the system to function
An earth satellite station is built in the country.

Television camera will record the match in the stadium
where and when the tournament is on.
The electrical signal will be sent to the television
station and be transmitted by micro wave by the earth
satellite station of the host country to the
communication satellite in space.
The communication satellite in space will strengthen
and transmit back to the earth's satellite station in the
remote country, and then to the local television station.
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Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

CHAPTER 1 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 1 MICROORGANISMS & THEIR EFFECTS

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

CHAPTER 8 ELECTRONICS & INFORMATION

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

The length of a spring is affected by the weight of the load

Aim of the experiment

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

(a) State the importance of

a scientific investigation method in acquiring scientific

and other variables.

It is a systematic and complete way to acquire scientific knowledge

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

CHAPTER 2 : BODY COORDINATION

The figure below shows two patterns of block arrangement.

Study the following statement.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

CHAPTER 3: HEREDITY AND VARIATION

Study the following statement.

Attached ear lobe

Free ear lobe

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Conclusion: The shape of ear lobe is discontinuous variation.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

(b) The father's sperms determine the sex of a baby.

The percentage of getting a boy is 50%.

(a) Define mutation and mutagen.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Identify the problem

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

CHAPTER 4: MATTER AND SUBSTANCES

The melting point of an ionic substance is higher than a molecular substance.

20 g of lead bromide is placed in a crucible. A thermometer is placed in the substance.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

An ionic substance is an electrolyte whereas a molecular substance is not.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

The following procedure is carried out:

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

CHAPTER 5 : ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

Identifying the problem.

Chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Your answer should include the following:

(d) Potassium permanganate(VII) is placed into a boiling tube.

CHAPTER 6 : NUCLEAR ENERGY

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

(a) Describe how electricity is generated in a nuclear power station.

Uranium-235 atoms are bombarded with neutrons.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

(b) Explain the uses of radioisotopes in the field of

(c) State three precautions we have to take when handling radioisotopes.

CHAPTER 7 : LIGHT, COLUR AND SIGHT

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

Study the following statement.

1. The apparatus as shown above is set up.

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)

(b) Two criteria

Science SPM Paper 2 (Essay question)