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Unit 4
Mechanics
The science of mehanics deals with motion, forces and the effects of
forces upon bodies at rest or in motion. It is customary to subdivide
mechanics into statics and dinamics. STATICS deals with bodies at
rest, in the equilibrium unnder the action of forces or of moments.
DINAMICS deals with the motion of systems of particles under the
influence of forces. Dynamics, then, deals with the causes of motion, as
opposed to KINEMATICS, which deals with its geometric desription i.e.
with abstract motion. Kinematics should be destinguished from
KINETICS which treats of forces or of moments (toeques) upon the
motions of material bodies.
FORCE: The term force appears in three general uses:
1. in statics, force is an action that changes the shape of the body upon
which it acts.
2. in dynamics, force is the physical agent which causes a change of
momentum.
3. in its less specific sense, the term force may be extended to denote
loosely any operating agency, such as coercive force, electromotive
force, magnetomotive force, etc.
Force can be exerted only through the action of one physical body
upon another, either in contact or at a distance. Accordingly, force may
be classified under two general headings: 1. Contacting or applied
forces (e.g. the push of steam on the piston of a steam engine), 2. Noncontacting or non-applied forces (e.g. magnetic force).
A BODY is any object, or any part of an object, which may be
considered separately. When two objects are in contact, equal and
opposite forces are produced at the contacting surface.
When acted upon by forces, a body is necessarily somewhat deformed.
In engineering practice, however, these changes may be so
insignificant that, for the purpose of force analysis, such solid bodies
may be considered to be rigid and are therefore referred to as rigid
bodies.
A force is completely described through statement of its: 1. Magnitude,
2. Direction, 3. Sense, 4. Point of application. These items are called
the charecteristics of the force.
UNIT 5
Stress and strain
The most important concepts dealt with in the science of strenght of
the materials are: stress and strain.
STRESS is defined as resistance to external force. It is mesured in term
of force exerted per init of area. Stress is usually expressed in pounds
per square inch (often abbreviated to psi) in the English system and in
N per square milimetre (N/mm2) in the SI system. Stress, then, is
produced in all bodies upon which forces act, since even, the slighteat
force to some extent changes the form of the body upon which it acts.
In practice the word stress is often given two meanings: 1. Force per
unit area, or intensity of stress, generally referred to as unit stress and
2. Total internal force within a single member, generally called total
stress.
Only two basic stresses exist: 1. Normal stresses, which always act
normal (perpendicular) to the stressed surface under consideration,
and, 2. Shearing stresses, which act parallel to the stressed surface.
Normal stresses may be either tensile or compressive. Other stresses
either are similar to these basic stresses or are a combination of them.
For example the stresses in a bent beam, in a general way referred to
as bending stresses, actually are a combination of tensile,
compressive and shearing sresses. Torsional stress, as encountered in
the twisting of a shaft, is a shearing stress.
When the external forces acting on a memmber are parallel to its
major axis and the member is of constant cross section, or
substantially so, the resulting internal stresses are likewise parallel
to that axis. Such forces are called axial forces, and the stresses are
referred to as axial stresses.
Tensile stress. When a pair of axial forcess pull on a member, and thus
tend to stretch or elongate it, they are said to be tensile forces, and
they produce axial tensile stresses internaily in the member on a
plane lying perpendicular, or normal, to its axis.
Compressive stress. When a pair of axial forces push on a member,
and thus tend to strech or elongate it, they are called compressive
forces and they produce axial compressive stresses internaily in the
member on a plane perpendicular, or normal, to its axis.
Shearing stress.This type of stress differe from tensile and
compressive stresses in that the stressed plane lies parallel with the
direction of stress rather than perpendicular to it as in the cases of
tensile and compressive stresses.
Unit 6
Some other important properties of a structural material
Some other properties of a structural material may be of great
importance for designers of structures and machines.