Production

Production Engineering
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

Inflow performance relationship (IPR) is used for evaluating reservoir
deliverability in production engineering. The IPR curve is a graphical
presentation of the relation between the flowing bottom-hole pressure and
liquid production rate. The magnitude of the slope of the IPR curve is called
the productivity index (PI or J), that is,
J=
Q
Pe Pwf
where J is the productivity index. Apparently J is not a constant in the

two-phase flow region.
Well IPR curves are usually constructed using reservoir inflow models,
which can be from either a theoretical basis or an empirical basis. It is
essential to validate these models with test points in field applications.
1- If Pwf > Pb
(Straight line relationship)
qo = J pe Pwf
, bbl/day
2- If Pwf < Pb
(Vogels method)
qo
qo(max )
= 1 0.2
pwf
p
R
pwf
0.8
p
R
A modified model has been developed to account for the formation

damage represented in skin effect or the flow efficiency.
qo
qo(max )
pwf
= 1.8 F. E 1
pR
B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD
0.8 F. E
pwf
1
pR
1
Dri
llin
Where : F. E =
Jactual
Jideal
P
R P wf P S
P
R P wf
The shape of the IPR curve depend on the bubble point pressure of the
reservoir and the static pressure of the well, where if the reservoir is
producing currently with a pressure above the bubble point, the relation
will be directly proportional and is represented with a straight line
starting from the static pressure until it reached the bubble point Pb
where it follows vogels correlation and is no more a straight line.
If the well is producing above the bubble point pressure and

consequently is undersaturated the productivity index can be directly
obtained from the following equation:
J=
Q
Pe Pwf
Below the bubble point:

J Pb
Pwf
Pwf 2
Qo = Qob +
(1 0.2
0.8
)
1.8
Pb
Pb
Where
Qo : flow rate bbl/day.
Qob : flow rate bbl/day at bubble point pressure.
Pb : the bubble point pressure.
SAM Program
For vertical lift performance, multi flow correlations have a lot of
empirical equations and dimensionless groups, which are rather difficult
and complicated. Therefore, these correlations have been programmed
on computer. The present study utilizes that is known as system analysis
model program (SAM).
2
Dri
llin
Current and predictive IPR followed by VLP at

different Tubing size
Well 1
Ps = 2836 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
2125
4250
6375
8499
10624
12749
14874
16999
19124
21249
23374
25481
27405
29104
30578
31827
32851
33650
34223
34572
Pwf
[psig]
2836
2694
2552
2411
2269
2127
1985
1843
1702
1560
1418
1276
1134
993
851
709
567
425
284
142
0
Ps = 2750 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
2060
4121
6181
8242
10302
12363
14423
16484
18544
20604
22665
24680
26496
28101
29493
30675
31644
32402
32949
33283
Pwf
[psig]
2750
2613
2475
2338
2200
2063
1925
1788
1650
1513
1375
1238
1100
963
825
688
550
413
275
138
0
Ps = 2650 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
1986
3971
5957
7942
9928
11913
13899
15884
17870
19855
21841
23732
25426
26924
28225
29330
30239
30951
31466
31785
Pwf
[psig]
2650
2518
2385
2253
2120
1988
1855
1723
1590
1458
1325
1193
1060
928
795
663
530
398
265
133
0
Ps = 2550 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
1911
3821
5732
7642
9553
11464
13374
15285
17195
19106
21006
22765
24342
25737
26950
27982
28831
29498
29983
30286
Pwf
[psig]
2550
2423
2295
2168
2040
1913
1785
1658
1530
1403
1275
1148
1020
893
765
638
510
383
255
128
0
3
Dri
llin
Well 2
Ps = 2851 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
2046
4093
6139
8186
10232
12278
14325
16371
18418
20464
22510
24544
26405
28049
4
Dri
llin
Pwf
[psig]
2851
2708
2566
2423
2281
2138
1996
1853
1711
1568
1426
1283
1140
998
855
Ps = 2750 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
1974
3948
5922
7896
9869
11843
13817
15791
17765
19739
21713
23643
25383
26920
Pwf
[psig]
2750
2613
2475
2338
2200
2063
1925
1788
1650
1513
1375
1238
1100
963
825
Ps = 2650 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
1902
3804
5706
7608
9511
11413
13315
15217
17119
19021
20923
22735
24358
25793
Pwf
[psig]
2650
2518
2385
2253
2120
1988
1855
1723
1590
1458
1325
1193
1060
928
795
Ps = 2550 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
1830
3661
5491
7321
9152
10982
12812
14643
16473
18303
20124
21809
23320
24656
Pwf
[psig]
2550
2423
2295
2168
2040
1913
1785
1658
1530
1403
1275
1148
1020
893
765
29475
30683
31673
32445
32999
33335
713
570
428
285
143
0
28255
29386
30315
31041
31565
31885
688
550
413
275
138
0
27040
28098
28969
29651
30144
30450
663
530
398
265
133
0
25818
26806
27620
28259
28724
29014
638
510
383
255
128
0
Well 3
Ps = 3731 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
169
338
507
676
845
1014
1183
1352
1521
1690
Pwf
[psig]
3731
3544
3358
3171
2985
2798
2612
2425
2239
2052
1866
Ps = 3650 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
165
331
496
661
827
992
1157
1323
1488
1653
Pwf
[psig]
3650
3468
3285
3103
2920
2738
2555
2373
2190
2008
1825
Ps = 3550 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
161
322
482
643
804
965
1126
1286
1447
1608
Pwf
[psig]
3550
3373
3195
3018
2840
2663
2485
2308
2130
1953
1775
Ps = 3450 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
156
313
469
625
781
938
1094
1250
1406
1563
Pwf
[psig]
3450
3278
3105
2933
2760
2588
2415
2243
2070
1898
1725
5
Dri
llin
1859
2028
2197
2364
2512
2637
2738
2816
2870
2901
6
Dri
llin
1679
1492
1306
1119
933
746
560
373
187
0
1818
1984
2149
2311
2454
2573
2671
2745
2798
2827
1643
1460
1278
1095
913
730
548
365
183
0
1769
1929
2090
2246
2381
2495
2587
2658
2708
2737
1598
1420
1243
1065
888
710
533
355
178
0
1719
1875
2031
2180
2308
2416
2503
2571
2619
2646
1553
1380
1208
1035
863
690
518
345
173
0
Selectinng the Optimum Tubing String

Selecting the optimum tubing string is based upon the tubing that will
result in the highest flow rate and at the same time will be as economic
as possible and available in stock.
Well 1
Qtot
[bopd]
1296.5
1715.6
2973.2
5069.1
8003.4
11776.1
16387.2
21836.6
28124.4
35250.5
43215.1
Pwf
[3.812
in]
629.1
633.4
675.7
803.4
987.8
1307.1
1583.9
1886.4
2332.6
2942.5
3733.4
Pwf
[2.875
in]
632.7
665.1
782.2
1005.3
1292.9
1759.5
2329.6
3130.9
4362.6
4731.5
5102
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
[3.5 in]
[4 in]
[4.5 in]
625.6
633.8
699
843.1
1049.6
1392
1718.8
2100.6
2678
3477.5
4530.9
632.1
634.8
665.7
791.2
956.7
1273.7
1529.5
1800.8
2194.9
2728
3416.2
686.3
641.3
661.1
763.6
909.1
1219.8
1440.5
1660.4
1964.9
2376.2
2897.4
7
Dri
llin
D , in
3.812
2.875
3.5
4
4.5
Pr= 2836 psi

Q
17682
13301
16558
18213
19165
Pwf
1656
1948
1731
1621
1554
Well 2
Qtot
[bopd]
1000.2
1323.7
2293.9
3911
6174.9
9085.6
12643.1
16847.5
21698.7
27196.8
33341.6
8
Dri
llin
Pwf
[2.875
in]
583.1
583.5
594.5
671.9
812.8
1096
1308.6
1551.3
1798.9
2140
2599
Pwf
[3.812
in]
562.1
581.5
657.6
817.6
1033.8
1364.5
1720.2
2192.3
2795.1
3674.1
4010
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
[3.5 in]
[4 in]
[4.5 in]
568.8
578.8
599.5
700.3
859.2
1145.1
1386.3
1665.6
1970.7
2402
2987.7
612
587.1
595.8
665.8
798.7
1077
1277
1503.2
1731.3
2034.5
2444.2
727.1
632.4
599.6
648
758
1031.9
1223.4
1425.9
1619.5
1860.1
2187.9
Pr= 2851 psi

D , in
3.812
2.875
3.5
4
4.5
Q
17962
14008
16963
18353
19184
Pwf
1602
1875
1670
1573
1515
Well 3
Qtot
[bopd]
108.8
143.9
249.5
425.3
671.5
988
1374.9
1832.1
2359.7
Pwf
[2.875
in]
840.1
839.4
829.8
793.1
676.7
564.3
568.4
577.7
596.1
Pwf
[3.812
in]
832.9
816.5
757.6
578.8
547.2
559.7
577
607.5
661.3
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
[3.5 in]
[4 in]
[4.5 in]
839.7
837.4
820.5
754.8
584.9
560.2
567.1
578.3
604.7
840.1
839.9
830.7
808.8
725.4
583.5
570.1
577.8
594.2
840.2
840.2
838.8
823.6
794.1
707.3
586.1
581.4
596.3
9
Dri
llin
2957.6
3625.8
624.8
674.8
720.9
796.9
651.7
703.8
Pr= 3731 psi

D , in
Q
3.812
2709
2.875
2667
3.5
2699
4
2711
4.5
10
Dri
llin
2713
619.8
656.6
613.6
646.3
Pwf
613
692
631
609
607
The optimum tubing strings for the 3 wells are:
Well
Opt. Tubing Size OD(inch)
3 1/2
4 1/2
3 1/2
Current and predictive IPR

Well 1
Ps = 674 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
14611
28559
41842
54460
66415
77706
88332
98294
107593
116226
124196
131502
138143
144121
149434
154083
158068
161389
164045
166038
Pwf
[psig]
674
640
606
573
539
505
472
438
404
371
337
303
270
236
202
168
135
101
67
34
0
Ps = 620 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
13445
26278
38501
50112
61112
71501
81279
90446
99002
106946
114280
121002
127113
132613
137502
141780
145447
148503
150947
152780
Pwf
[psig]
620
589
558
527
496
465
434
403
372
341
310
279
248
217
186
155
124
93
62
31
0
Ps = 550 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
11927
23311
34154
44454
54212
63429
72103
80234
87824
94872
101377
107341
112762
117641
121978
125773
129026
131736
133905
135531
Pwf
[psig]
550
523
495
468
440
413
385
358
330
303
275
248
220
193
165
138
110
83
55
28
0
Ps = 500 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
10842
21192
31049
40413
49284
57662
65548
72940
79840
86247
92161
97582
102511
106946
110889
114339
117296
119760
121731
123210
Pwf
[psig]
500
475
450
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
11
Dri
llin
Well 2
Ps = 660 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
27464
53679
78646
102365
124835
146057
166031
184756
202233
218461
233442
247173
259657
270892
280879
289617
297107
303349
308343
312088
12
Dri
llin
Pwf
[psig]
660
627
594
561
528
495
462
429
396
363
330
297
264
231
198
165
132
99
66
33
0
Ps = 600 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
24967
48799
71496
93059
113486
132779
150937
167960
183848
198601
212220
224703
236052
246265
255344
263288
270098
275772
280311
283716
Pwf
[psig]
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Ps = 550 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
22886
44733
65538
85304
104029
121714
138359
153963
168527
182051
194535
205978
216381
225743
234066
241348
247589
252791
256952
260073
Pwf
[psig]
550
523
495
468
440
413
385
358
330
303
275
248
220
193
165
138
110
83
55
28
0
Ps = 500 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
20806
40666
59580
77549
94572
110649
125781
139967
153207
165501
176850
187253
196710
205221
212787
219407
225081
229810
233593
236430
Pwf
[psig]
500
475
450
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Well 3
Ps = 657 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
3437
6717
9841
12809
15621
18276
20775
23118
25305
27336
29210
30929
32491
33897
35146
36240
Pwf
[psig]
657
624
591
558
525
492
460
427
394
361
328
295
263
230
197
164
131
Ps = 600 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
3140
6138
8993
11705
14274
16701
18984
21126
23124
24980
26692
28263
29690
30975
32117
33116
Pwf
[psig]
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
Ps = 550 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
2879
5626
8243
10729
13085
15309
17402
19365
21197
22898
24468
25907
27216
28393
29440
30356
Pwf
[psig]
550
523
495
468
440
413
385
358
330
303
275
248
220
193
165
138
110
Ps = 500 psi
Qtot
[bopd]
0
2617
5115
7494
9754
11895
13917
15820
17605
19270
20816
22244
23552
24742
25812
26764
27596
Pwf
[psig]
500
475
450
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
13
Dri
llin
37177
37958
38583
39051
98
66
33
0
33972
34686
35257
35685
90
60
30
0
31141
31795
32319
32711
83
55
28
0
28310
28905
29381
29738
75
50
25
0
Verticle Lift Performance

Well 1
Qtot
[bopd]
5035
6662.9
11546.8
19686.7
31082.5
45734.2
14
Dri
llin
Pwf
[3.812
in]
801.4
909.8
1293.7
1767.5
2572.2
3999.6
Pwf
[2.875
in]
1745.4
2217.9
4393.7
10342
24243.1
48027.8
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
[3.5 in]
[4 in]
[4.5 in]
958.3
1106.8
1632.7
2537.6
4442.8
8065.8
842.7
961.1
1383.6
1965.1
3033.3
4977.6
760.5
833.5
1204.8
1561.6
2104.8
3021.2
Well 2
Qtot
[bopd]
11388.6
15070.9
26117.9
44529.4
70305.6
103447
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
[3.812
[2.875
[3.5 in]
[4 in]
in]
in]
1234.2 1597.9 1301.4 1207.8
1450.9 1989.8 1547.1 1409.6
2064.6 3482.8
2308
1967.6
3589.7 7677.6 4275.3 3316.5
6642.2 17165.4 8374.6 5958.8
12343.3 34199.6 16182.1 10824.3
Pwf
[4.5 in]
1162.3
1343.2
1806.7
2872
4872.9
8384.2
15
Dri
llin
Well 3
Qtot
[bopd]
1464.4
1937.9
3358.4
5725.9
9040.4
13301.8
Pwf
[3.812
in]
570.5
580.7
648.2
815
1135.4
1409.9
Pwf
[2.875
in]
582.9
627.3
771.5
1012.7
1406.2
1852.9
Pwf
Pwf
Pwf
[3.5 in]
[4 in]
[4.5 in]
569.9
583.1
673.9
847.7
1186.3
1491
572
581.2
641.6
789.8
1116
1376.5
579
584.2
633.2
771.5
1076.2
1317.1
Conculsion
It is obvious from charts that the wells are dead because there are not
interactions VLP and IPR
16
Dri
llin
Completion of naturally flowing wells

There are two main types of connections
between the pay zone and the borehole:
open hole completion
cased hole completions
1-Open-hole completion:The pay zone is drilled after a casing has been

run in and cemented at top of the reservoir. It
is left as is and produces directly through the
uncased height of the borehole. This simple
solution can not solve any problems of
borehole stability, or selectivity of fluid or level
to be produced.
A variation on the system consists in placing a perforated liner opposite the
producing layer, thereby keeping the borehole walls from caving in (but these
docs not solve the sand control problem.
Open hole completions are used where there is only one zone which is either
very well consolidated or provided with open-hole gravel packing for sand
control. This is valid as long as there are theoretically at least no
interface problems.
2-Cased hole completion:

After the pay zone has been drilled, a casing (or a liner in some instances) is
run in and cemented opposite the layer. Then it is perforated opposite the
zone that is to be produced in order to restore a connection between the
reservoir and the well. The perforations will have to go through the casing and
the sheath of cement before they penetrate the formation. The preceding
drilling phase was stopped just above the reservoir or at some distance above
it and an intermediate casing was then run in and cemented.
17
Dri
llin
Since perforations can be placed very accurately in relation to the different

levels and interfaces between fluids, this method gives better selectivity for
levels and produced fluids. The only condition, however, is a good cement
bond between the formation and the casing string.
Cased hole completions are mainly used when there are interface problems
and/or when there are several levels. As a result, they are not only much
more common, they are the most .
Cased-hole completions are more susceptible to formation damage than open

hole completions. Formation damage refers to a loss in reservoir productivity,
normally associated with fluid invasion, fines migration, precipitates, or the
formation of emulsions in the reservoir. Loss of productivity is expressed as a
skin factor, s, in Darcy's equation as follows:
ln +
A positive skin value indicates that a well is damaged.

Formation damage can be removed or bypassed through the use of
stimulation techniques. In instances where the formation damage extends
only a few feet from the wellbore, the well may be acidized to dissolve or
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remove the damage. Matrix acidizing is used to restore initial productivity.

Hydraulic fracturing is a stimulation technique that creates a fracture that is
intended to extend beyond the damage area. Significant advances in well
stimulation have been made since the early part of this century, when open
hole completions were stimulated by jars of nitroglycerin that were placed
and detonated down hole.
Cased-hole completion
with perforation
Cased-hole completion
With pipes
Main configurations of production strings

These configurations basically depend on the number of levels due for
production and whether a production string (tubing) is used (conventional
completion) or not (tubingless completion).
1- conventional completions :
This is a system whereby one or more production strings (tubing) are used for
safety and/or other reasons. The fundamental characteristic of the tubing is
that it is located completely inside the casing and that it is not cemented,
therefore easy to replace.
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A- Single zone completion

In single-zone completions, as opposed to multiple ones. the well is equipped
with a single tubing.
There are two main types of single-zone completions, depending on whether
the tubing has a production packer on its lower end. The packer provides a
seal between the casing and the tubing, thereby isolating and protecting the
casing.
B -Multi-zone completion :
In the past, the technique of producing several levels together through (the
same tubing was used. It required only a minimum amount of equipment.
However, the subsequent reservoir
and production problems that were experienced have caused this practice to
become much less common.
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Parallel dual string and tubing annulus completion.

Here several levels are produced in the same well at the same time but
separately, i.e. through different strings of pipe.
Double-zone completions are the most common, but there can be three, four
and even more levels produced separately. However, this significantly
complicates the equipment that needs to be run into the well and especially
makes any workover operations much more complex.
There are a large number of systems, but let us simply consider:
Parallel dual string completion with two tubing, one for each of the two
levels and two packers to isolate the levels from one another and protect the
annulus.
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Tubing-annulus completion with one single tubing and one packer, which is
located between the two levels that are to be produced, with one level
produced through the tubing and the other through the tubing-casing
annulus.
Alternative selective completions

The idea is to produce several levels in the same well separately but one after
(lie oilier through the same tubing without having to resort to workover.
Production alternates in fact and wireline techniques are used to change
levels.
This type of completion is especially suited to a situation where one of the
two levels is a secondary objective (very rapid depletion, simple observation
from time to time. etc.) which would not warrant drilling a well.
Besides packers, this technology also requires extra downhole equipment
such as:
A circulating device consisting of a sliding sleeve to open or obstruct
communication ports between the inside of the tubing and the annulus
A landing nipple allowing a plug to be set in the well.
Parallel tubing string and alternate selective completion systems can be
combined. For example two parallel tunings, each equipped for two levels in
an alternate selective manner, can produce four levels separately, provided
that only iwq are produced at the same time.
Dual-completion
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2 - Tubingless completion :
A tubingless completion uses no tubing, but production flows through a
cemented pipe instead. This rather unusual type of completion, is mainly used
in certain regions and only under specific conditions.
A - Single zone tubingless completion

Production flows directly through a casing, usually of large diameter. Wells
that are big producers of trouble-free fluids can be exploited in this way with
minimum pressure losses and the lowest possible initial investment. This
system is found particularly in the Middle East.
B - Multiple zone tubingless completion

Production flows directly through several casings whose diameters may be
very different from one another depending on the production expected from
each level.
Several levels with mediocre production can be produced in this way with a
minimum number of wells and downhole equipment, i.e. with a minimum
initial investment. This is true provided there are no safety or production
problems (artificial lift. Workover. etc.). This type of completion is mainly
encountered in the United States.
3-gravel-pack completion:
Many reservoirs contain sediments that are so poorly consolidated that sand
will be produced along with the reservoir fluids unless the production rate is
severely restricted. Sand production may erode the tubing or surface valves
and flow lines. In addition, sand could accumulate in downhole equipment
and create problems in wireline servicing. Gravel-packing was devised as a
means of eliminating sand production without greatly restricting production
rates. In a gravel-pack completion (as shown), sand with a grain size larger
than the average formation sand grain is placed between the formation and a
screen or slotted liner (Economides et al., 1994). More recently, highpermeability fracturing (fracpacking) has been proven as a technique for sand
control.
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The equipment of naturally flowing wells

A wide range of downhole equipment has been designed and manufactured
to meet the needs of more complex well completions
1-Choke :
Constriction in the flow line useful in restricting flow and applying back
pressure on the well.
It is used to apply back pressure on the well.
Principle:
The working principle of the choke is based on the critical flow rate achieved
when,
Pu Pd
Where,
Pu = is the upstream pressure.
Pd =is the down stream pressure.
Types of Choke:
1. Surface chokes:
Used in high energy well producing oil and gas from high pressure formation.
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A)Flow Plug (Fixed):

Athick walled removable steel nipples bored longitudinally to provide side of
flow opening desired.
B) Shaffer adjustable surface bean :

Provide high degree of accuracy in pressure control by changing clearance
between a needle and its seat.
2 . Subsurface (bottom) Choke (fixed) :

Used in low energy wells , Producing low pressure as rapid expansion of gas
will occur after fluid pass Choke providing higher flow velocity in lower end of
flow column.
Design of chokes :
. .
=
.
Where,
Q = Flow rate, STB/day
P = THP, Psi
R = Gas liquid ratio, SCF/STB
a = 0.612
b = 1.62
c = 0.677
D = Choke size / 64 (in)
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choke design
120
100
P,psi
80
60
40
20
0
11
Q,bpd
13
15
17
19
1-Plot relation between Q & P @ various Choke sizes.

2-Put Pu = 2 Pd, where Pd is the press. When no choke used
3-Using Pu and corresponding value of Q, calculate D using the above
equation.
2) Christmass tree :
Assemblage of valves & fittings attached to control head in high pressure
wells producing large volume of oil and gas.
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3) Packers :
a) Isolate the csg from corrosive fluids or high pressure.
b) To stabilize and control flow.
c) In conjunction with artificial lift system.
d) To selectively produce multiple zones.
e) Contain annulus killing fluid.
Types of Packers
1) Cement packers
2) Packer pore receptacle
3) Production Packers:
a. Permanent Packers.
b. Permanent Retrievable Packers.
c. Retrievable Packers:
i. Weight set Packers.
ii. Tension set Packers.
iii. Mechanical set packers.
iv. Hydraulic set Packers.
v. Hydraulic expansion seal
vi. Open hole inflatable Packers.
Design of Packer:
Determine type of Packer Force balance :
F = Pwf (Ap Ai) Po ( Ap Ao ) W , Lb
Where:
Ap = Cross section area of packer , in2
Ai = Internal cross section area of Tbg , in2
Ao = Outer cross section area of Tbg , in2
Po = Pressure of fluid in the annulus , psia
W = Length of Tbg * nominal weight , Lb
Pwf = Bottom hole flowing pressure , psia
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Artificial Lift Selection

1-Methods of Artificial Lift Systems
Based on different Egyptian oil fields installations, the various applied
artificial lift systems are as follows:
1. Sucker Rod (SRP).
2. Electrical Submersible Pumping (ESP).
3. Jet Pumping (JP).
4. Hydraulic Piston Pumping (HPP).
5. Gas lift (GL).
6. Progressive Cavity Pumping (PCP).
1. Sucker Rod System.

The sucker rod system mechanically lifts formation
fluids from the bottom to the surface of the well by the
reciprocating action of a sub-surface pump derived
from the surface by means of a beam unit with a string
of rods (steel and/or fiberglass) extended down the
hole.
The surface and down-hole equipment for a rodpumped well The Pitman and the walking beam
translate the rotary motion of the crank to a
reciprocating motion of the polished rod. The downhole pump consists of a barrel with a ball-and -seat
check valve at its bottom (the standing valve) and a
plunger containing another ball-and-seat check valve
(the traveling valve). When the plunger moves up, the standing valve
opens, the traveling valve closes, and the barrel fills with fluid. On a
down stroke, the traveling valve opens, the standing valve closes, and
the fluid in the barrel is displaced into the tubing. The sucker rod system
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is normally applicable for low production rates. For high rate, using long
stroke units, high pumping speed and large plungers should be used .
2. Electrical Submersible System.

An electrical submersible pump (ESP) is a multistage centrifugal pump. ESP is capable of
producing very high volumes of fluid. It is able
to handle some free gas in the pumped fluid. A
typical ESP completion is shown in The pumping
system is consists of a transformer and motor
controller at the surface and a three phase
electrical pump, a seal section, a rotary gas
separator (for high gas/liquid ratio wells) and a
multistage centrifugal pump plus additional
components as required by the well.
3. Jet Pumped System.

A typical jet pump system consists of four main parts including: nozzle,
throat, diffuser, inlet chamber, and pump housing, A power fluid is
accelerated through a nozzle and then mixed with the produced fluid in
the throat of the pump. As the fluids mix, some of the momentum of the
power fluid is transferred to the produced fluid; in the diffuser; some of
the kinetic energy of the mixed stream is converted to static pressure.
In a jet pump, the nozzle converts the high pressure of the power fluid at
low pressure by changing its velocity. Well fluids are mixed in the pump
throat and the diffuser generates the discharge pressure (which is high
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due to decrease in the fluid velocity) and the combined fluids are
produced back through the annulus.
4. Hydraulic Piston System.

Hydraulic Piston pimp is a positive-displacement pump. It consists of an
engine with a reciprocating piston driven by a power fluid connected by
a short shaft to a piston in the pump end,The pump acts much like a rod
pump, except that hydraulic pumps are usually double acting, meaning
that fluid is being displaced from the pump on both the up and the down
strokes. The high-pressure power fluid is injected down a tubing string
from the surface and is either returned to the surface through another
string of tubing or is commingled with the produced fluid in the
production string.
5. Gas Lift System.

Two ways of gas lift system can be used:
(1)constant gas lift.
(2)intermittent gas lift.
Gas is injected by means of a gas compressor into the annulus at
selected location on the tubing through a gas lift valve This will reduce
the hydrostatic
component of the pressure difference from the bottom to the top of the
well. The purpose is to bring the fluids to the top at a desirable wellhead
pressure while keeping the bottom-hole pressure at a value, which that
is small enough to provide the desired production. However, this
pressure drawdown must not violate restrictions for sand control and
water or gas coning. Two other considerations must be considered for
the design. First, large amounts of gas injected into the well will affect
the separation facilities at the top. Second, there exist a limit (or
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optimum) gas/liquid ratio above that the pressure difference in the well
will begin to increase because the reduction in the hydrostatic pressure
will be compensated by the increase in the friction pressure.
6. Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP).

Progressing cavity pump is a new pumping technique. The basic
elements of a PCP, are the steel rotor in the shape of a screw of single
pitch and circular section (which rotates inside an elastomer stator in the
shape of a double screw cavity with twice the pitch of the rotor,
vulcanized in a metallic tube). The rotor and stator geometry form
sealed cavities as the rotor rotates inside the stator. The rotor rotation
causes the alternate opening and closing of the cavities, making the fluid
being displaced continuously from one end of the pump to the other
one.
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Over view of advantages and disadvantages of pumpimg lift

methods.
Sucker rod pump(SRP)
Lift System
Advantages
Hydraulic piston pump

(HPP)
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Disadvantages
It is efficient lifting method.

Simple lifting metod.
Easy for fieldpeople to operate.
It is applicable to slim holes and
multiple completions.
It is applicable to high temperature
and viscous oils.
The system is also easy to change to
other wells with minimum cost.
Alot of companies have good
experience in this type of pumps.
Maintenance costs of the subsurface
equipment are relatively low.
Using the HPP in Crooked holes

presents minimal problems.
They are also applicable to
multiple completions.
HHP can be sued in offshore
operations.
Using the HPP in deep wells
presents minimal problems.
The production rate can be
controlled by controlling the
powerful fluid.
It can handle viscous oil and heavy
oil by heating or diluting the
powerful fluid.
Excessive friction in crooked.

deviated holes.
Solid-sensitive problems.
Low efficiency in gassy wells.
Limited depth due to rod capacity.
Bulky in offshore operations.
It has alot of scattered units that
require more servicing.
It may suffer from sand production.
Susceptible to Paraffin problems.
power oil systems being fire

hazards and costly.
power water treatment problems.
high solids production being
troublesome.
Large oil inventory required in
power oil system which detracts
from profitability.
Operating costs are some times
higher.
Not easy for field personnel to
troubleshoot.
Requires two strings of tubing for
some installations.
Electrical submersible pump

(ESP)
Hydraulic jet pump

(HJP)
Electrical submersible pumps

(ESPs) are easy to install and
operate
Can lift extremely high volumes
(20000 BPD + In shallow wells
with large casing).
Simple to operate.
Easy to install downhole
pressure sensor for telemetering
pressure to surface via cable.
Deviated or Crooked holes
present no problem.
Can be used in offshore
Application.
Lifting cost for high volumes
generally very low.
No rig is required to pull the
subsurface equipment.
there is no moving parts involved,
dirty and gassy fluids present no
problem to the pump.
The jet pumps can be set at any
depth as long as the suction
pressure is sufficient to prevent
pump cavitation problem.
No rig is required to pull the
Low operating cost.
The jet pump operations are
flexible.
ESP Will tolerate only minimal

percents of solids (sand)
production.
Not particularly adaptable to low
volumes - less than 150 B/D gross.
Highvoltage electricity availability
Not applicable to multiple
completions,
not suitable to deep and hightemperature oil reservoirs
The hydraulic jet pumps have low

efficiency (2030%).
Power oil systems are a fire
hazard.
Large oil inventory required in
power oil system which detracts
from profitability.
It will require high suction pressre
to prevent the pump cavitation
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Progressive cavity pump

(PCP)
Progressive cavity pumping

systems can be used for lifting
heavy oils at a variable flow rate.
Solids and free gas production
present minimal problems.
They can be installed in deviated
and horizontal wells.
With its ability to move large
volumes of water, the progressing
cavity pump is also used for coal
bed methane, dewatering, and
water source wells.
The PCP reduces overall operating
costs by increasing operating
efficiency while reducing energy
requirements.
Lower power consumption and
light surface equipment.
Limited capacity 2500BBL/DAY

at moderate depths.
Rig is required to pull the
There is no past experience of
the pump in egypt.
Not easy for field personnel to
troubleshoot.
Maintenance costs of the
subsurface and surface equipment
are relatively high.
Gas lift design

For gas lift design, it is usually required to calculate optimum gas liquid
ratio , gas injection rate , number of valves and their locations , the
compressor horsepower needed which depends on gas injection
pressure, the inlet compressor pressure and the daily-injected gas.
Design steps
I. Select Depth to Operating Valve (Injection Depth)
A. Plot kick-off (pko) and operating casing pressure (pso) versus depth.
B. Determine Pwf required for desired production rate using the Inflow
Performance methods.
C. Plot the flowing gradient from Pwf upward using gradient curves for
appropriate dt , ql, and formation gas/liquid ratio, GLRf .
D. Locate the intersection of the operating casing pressure line with the
flowing gradient line. This is the depth at which the casing and tubing
pressures are
balanced or equal.
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E. Subtract the operating differential pressure, usually 100 psi, from the
pressure at the intersection found in D. The depth at which this pressure
occurs on the
flowing gradient line is the operating valve depth.
II. Determine the Necessary Injection Gas Rate
A. Using the two-phase gradient curves, determine the GLR line which
connects the pressure at the injection point to the wellhead flowing
pressure, Pwh This gives the required total GLR, GLRT
B. Calculate the necessary injection gas rate. Qgl = qL(GLRT - GLRf )
III. Determine the Depths to the Unloading Valves

A. Draw a design gradient line.
1. Locate the design surface pressure, pwhd = Pwh + 0.20(Po - Pwh)
2. Connect this point to the point of injection.
B. Draw a kill fluid gradient line (usually 0.5 psi/ft) from Pwh to intersect
the Pko line. This locates the top valve.
C. From the top valve depth on the design gradient line, draw a kill fluid
gradient line to intersect the Po line. This is the depth to the second
valve. Repeat this procedure until the operating valve depth is reached.
IV. Select the Port Size for the Operating Valve. (This is necessary to get
R = Ap/Ab.). The port size should be large enough to pass the required
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gas injection rate corrected for temperature at the valve. The corrected
gas rate is
+
=
V. Determine the Required Dome Pressures for all the Valves.

A. Read the opening pressure (Po) at valve depth from the Po line.
B. Read the design tubing load (pt) at valve depth from the design
gradient line.
C. Calculate the closing or dome pressure (Pbt) at valve depth.
= +
Where R = Ap/Ab
D. Calculate the dome pressure required at surface conditions to give Pbt
at the valve temperature.
Pb = Ct Pbt
Ct : Temperature Correction Factor for Nitrogen Based on 60 F
E. Calculate the test rack opening pressure
=
Liquid production rate, qL,

Injection gas liquid ratio, GLRinj,
Injection depth, Dinj,
Required bottomhole flowing pressure, Pwf,
Gas injection surface pressure. Pso,
Flowing wellhead pressure, Pwh, and
Static reservoir pressure, PR'
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Gas lift design for well

I.Given or assumed data:
Production rate ( q ) = 1980 stb/day
Tbg size
= 3.5 in
Depth
= 6600 ft
P.I
= 4 stb/day/psi
Ps
= 1780 psi
G/L
= 0.028 mcf/bbL
Pwf
= 1285 psi
.
= .
B. Determine the gas pressure at 6600 ft
C. Intersection is at 6300 ft
P = 130 psi
D. Operating valve depth = 6000 ft
A.
= . +
II. Using the pressure traverse curves for 3.5 tubing and 1980 STB/day
establishes the required GLR above the operating valve as 870 scf/STB.
Estimation of gas injection rate: Optimum G/L = ( 0.87 )mcf/stb
Daily injected rate :
= ( . )
M = 1.667 MMSCF/day
III. Pwhd =360 psi
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The valve depths from the graph :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1650
2650
3500
4200
4750
5250
5650
6000
IV. A port size must be selected which will pass gas at a rate of 1.667
MMscfd with an upstream pressure of 1160 psig and a downstream
pressure of 1040 psig.
The temperature at the operating valve is Tv = 116 F
The corrected gas volume is: Qlg=1.846 MMSCF/day
From the choke capacity chart . a 24/64 orifice will pass gas at a rate
of1.9 MMscfd. Although a smaller port size will suffice, select the 0.375
in. port for possible changing conditions. From Table R =0 .345, (I - R) =
0.655 , Ab = 0.32 in. Use the same port size for all the valves.
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v. The following table summarizes the design :

Valve no
Depth
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1650
2650
3500
4200
4750
5250
5650
6000
6600
Valve no
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Tv
90
94
97
102
106
110
113
116
Ct
Po
Po'
Pt
0.939
0.932
0.926
0.917
0.91
0.903
0.898
0.893
1000
1044
1070
1093
1111
1126
1139
1150
1159
1175
980
1024
1050
1073
1091
1106
1119
1130
1139
1155
540
650
750
825
890
950
985
1020
Pbt
Pb
Pvo
869.9562
925.2737
974.536
1012.568
1044.545
1073.929
1092.951
1111.105
817
862
902
929
951
970
981
992
1247.16
1316.57
1377.74
1417.6
1451.2
1480.55
1498.43
1514.83
Pwh
200
426.6
563.93
680.67
776.8
852.33
921
975.93
1024
Pwh'
360
542.6
653.27
747.33
824.8
885.67
941
985.27
1024
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DESIGN OF SUCKER ROD

NOMENCLATURE
Wc
=counter balance weight
Sp
=stroke length, in.
Wf
=weight of fluid, Lb/ft
Wr
=weight of rod in air, Lb/ft
PRRL
=Peak polished rod load, Lb
MPRL
=Max. polishd rod load, Lb
Ft1
=Max. upstroke torque factor
Ft2
=Max. downstroke torque factor
Atop
=Cross sec.Area of top sec. of rods
Bs
= Buoyancy factor
PT
=Peak torque
Er
=elastic const., in/Lb.ft
Fc
=frequency factor
Fo
=differential load on the full plunger area, Lbs
Ar
=average rod cross sec. area
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Design of sucker rod pump

Data given :
Well No. : SID-09
Q gross = 283 bbl/day
API
= 20
B oil
= 1.18
W . C = 40 %
G.O.R = 115 scf/stb
Ps
= 1170
Gravity of oil
Go = 141.5 / (131.5 + API) = 141.5 / (131.5 + 20)
= 0.912
TMPF =( ( Bopd * Go + Bwpd*Gw)*62.4*5.615)+(GOR*BOPD*Gg*.0752)

BwPD =(Ql*w.c) =6.792 bpd
BoPD = Ql-Bwpd =276.21 bpd
TMPF
=92955.8 lb/day
Comp SP.GR = 92955.8/(283*5.615*62.4)

= 0.937
Determination of depth to fluid level

Pwf =Ps-(Q/J)= 934.2 psi
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Length of fluid column = 2302.56 ft

Length of fluid level (D) = 6250 2302.56
= 3947 ft
1- Assume volumetric efficiency = 90 %
V = Q/Ev = 314.5 bpd
2- (L= 6494 ft) from figure 5.6 (well design book) it indicate use of
an API size (320) unit with (84 in ) stroke
An example of unit would meet these specifications is the
(LUFKIN C-320D -84 -30)
This unit has abeam load capacity of (30000 lb ) and maximum
counter balance effect (at the 84-in) stroke of 21645 lb
3- From table (5-11) the plunger size is (1 1/2 in ) the tubing size is
(2 1/2 in ) and rod size is (3/4 , 7/8 ) and 1 in. The plunger speed
(15.5 spm )
From table 5-1

3/4
7/8
1
A1= .442 in2

A2= .601 in2
A3= .785 in2
M1= 1.63 lb/ft

M2= 2.16 lb/ft
M3= 2.88 lb/ft
From table 5-2

AP= 1.767 in2
pump constant =.262 bpd/in/spm
From table 5-3

AT= 1.812 in2
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4- R1 = .664-(0.0894*AP)=.506
R2=.181+(.0416*AP)=.265
R3= .155 + (.0416*AP)= .228
5- L1= L*R1= 3286 FT
L2= L*R2= 1720 FT
L3=L*R3= 1408 FT
6- ACCELERATION FACTOR ()= SN 2/70500
= (84*15.52)/70500 = 0.286
7- Assume that E=30*106
Effective plunger stroke (sp)
Sp= s+(( 40.8*L^2*)/(30*106))-((5.2*GDAp/E(L/At + L1/A1 +
L2/A2 + L3/A3 )
Sp = 84 + ((40.8 * 64942 * 0.286) / (30 * 106) ((5.2 * 0.937 *
1.767)/( 30 * 106)) (( 5.2 * 0.937 * 3947 * 1.767 ) / (30 *
106)*(6494/1.812 + 3286/0.442 + 1772.9/0.601 +1480.6/0.785 ) =
82.54 in.
8- Q = KSpNEv
= 0.262 * 82.54 * 15.5 * 0.9 = 301.7 bbl/day
The Desired production rate of 283 bbl/day can be obtained
9- Wr = (M1L1 + M2L2 + M3L3)
= 1.63 * 3286 + 2.16 * 1720.91 + 2.88 * 1480.6 = 13337.4
1011-
Wf = 0.433 Glap 0.294 Wr

= 3064.7 lbs
Wmax (pprl) =Wf + Wr (1+ ) = 20216.6 lbs
The Beam Load is within the allowable limit of (30000 lbs)
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12-
The max rod stress is (Wmax/A3)

= (20216.6/0.785) = 25753.6 psi
13Ci = 0.5 Wf + Wr (1-0.127 G0
= 13282.6 lbs.
The ideal Counter balance effect can be obtained since a
maximum effect of 21645 lb is available
14Peak torque Pt =( Wmax Ci)*S/2 = 291228 in-lb
An API size (320) Unit has a rating of (320000 in-lb) And so the
peak torque is within allowable units
Power Requirement of the Primemover

15-
Assume the casing to be at atmospheric pressure
Net lift of the well:

LN = D+(2.31 Pt /G)
= 4242.84 ft
Hydraulic Horsepower:
Hhp = 7.36 * 10-6 * q * GL * N
= 9.44 hp
Fraction horse power
Hf = 6.31 * 10-7 Wr SN
= 10.96 hp
Hb =1.5 ( Hh + Hf )
= 30.6 hp
45
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ESP DESIGN
NINE-STEP OVERVIEW
Centrilift has established a nine step procedure to help you design the
appropriate submersible pumping system for your particular well.
Each of the nine steps are explained in the sections that follow, including
gas calculations and variable speed operation. The nine steps are:
Step 1 - Basic Data

Collect and analyze all the well data that will be used in the design.
Step 2 - Production Capacity

Determine the well productivity at the desired pump setting depth, or
determine the pump setting depth at the desired production rate.
Step 3 - Gas Calculations

Calculate the fluid volumes, including gas, at the pump intake conditions.
Step 4 - Total Dynamic Head

Determine the pump discharge requirement.
Step 5 - Pump Type

For a given capacity and head select the pump type that will have the
highest efficiency for the desired flow rate.
Step 6 - Optimum Size of Components

Select the optimum size of pump, motor, and seal section and check
equipment limitations.
Step 7 - Electric Cable

Select the correct type and size of cable.
Step 8 - Accessory & Optional Equipment

Select the motor controller, transformer, tubing head and optional
equipment.
46
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Step 9 - The Variable Speed Pumping System

For additional operational flexibility, select the variable speed
submersible pumping system.
ESP DESIGN FOR WELL SID-09

Step 1 - Basic Data
1.Well Data:
Casing size ID
= 6.184in
Tubing size
= 2.875in
Pump intake (V-D) =7725 ft

Pump intake (M-D) =7776 ft
Top perf.
=8123 ft
2-Production data:
WHP
= 200 psi
Ps
= 1400 psi
Pwf
= 450 psi
P.I
= 1.2 bbl/day/psi
WC
= 40 %
GOR
=20 m3/m3
=112.3 SCF/STB
QL
= 180 m3/day
=1132 STB/day
Qo
=108 m3/day
=679.2 STB /day
47
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3- Well flowing conditions:

w
= 1.06
= 0.933
= 0.85
Rs@Pb = 35 m3/m3
4 - Power source:Current frequency = 50 HZ

Next, we can determine the new well flowing pressure (Pwf) at
the desired production rate (Qd).
from IPR of the well page
Pwf=450 psi @ Q=1132 bpd
Water cut is 40 %;
0.4*1.06=0.424
Oil is 60 %;
0.6*0.933= 0.5598
The composite specific gravity is the sum of the weighted percentages:
The composite specific gravity =0.9838
The pressure due to the difference in perforation depth and pump
setting depth (8123-7725)can be determined as follows:
=
48
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. .
2.31 /
PSI = (8123-7725) * 0.9838 / 2.31= 169.5 psi
Therefore, the pump intake pressure will be:

PIP = 450 - 169.5
= 280.5 psi

In this third step we need to determine the total fluid mixture, inclusive
of water, oil and free gas that will be ingested by the pump.
1. Determine the Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (Rs ) at the pump intake
pressure with Standing's nomograph (see figure 2), or by
substituting the pump intake pressure (Pb) in Standing's equation;
100.0125
18 100.00091 ( )
1.2048
Rs = 0.85 (1118/18*10 (0.0125*20)/(100.00091*200)) 1.2048

Rs = 148.5 scf/stb
2. Determine the Formation Volume Factor (Bo) using the Rs from above
and Standing's nomograph (see figure 3) or use Standing's equation as
follows:
= 0.972 + 0.000147 1.175
Where:
=
0.5
+ 1.25
49
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0.85
= 148.5
0.933
0.5
+ (1.25 200)
= 391.74
Therefore:
Bo = 1.136 bbl/stb
The composite specific gravity, including gas, can be determined by first
calculating the total mass of produced fluid (TMPF) from the original
data given:
. . + . . 62.4
5.615 + . . 0.0752
TMPF = {(679.2*0.933 + 452.8*1.06)*62.4*5.615} +

(1112.3*0.85*679.2*0.0752)
TMPF = 395075.3 Ib /day.
BFPD = 679.2*1.136 +452.8*1 = 1224 bbl / day
. . =
5.615 62.4
Composite Sp.Gr =395075.3 / (5.615 * 62.4 * 1224)

Composite Sp.Gr = 0.927
50
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Sufficient data is now available to determine the total dynamic head
required by the pump.
= + + + Pdepletion
Hd = The vertical distance in feet between the estimated producing fluid

level and the surface.
=
2.31 /

Hd = 7725 - ((280.5 *2.31)/0.927)
Hd = 7026 ft.
Ft = Tubing friction loss. Refer to Friction Loss Charts in the engineering
section.
Ft(from Artificial lift book volume 2B )
Friction loss per 1,000 ft. of 2-7/8 tubing (new) is 5.7 ft. per 1,000 ft. of
depth at 1132 BPD (180 M3/D). Using the desired pump setting depth:
Ft = (5.7*7725)/1000 = 44 ft
Pd = Discharge pressure head (desired wellhead pressure).

Using the composite specific gravity:
Pd
= (200*2.31)/0.927= 489.4 ft.
Pdepetion = 100/(0.433*0.927)= 250 ft
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TDH = Hd + Ft + Pd + Pdepletion
TDH = 7026 + 44 + 489.4 + 250 = 7809.4 ft.
Step 5 - Pump Type Selection

Select the pump type with the highest efficiency at the calculated
capacity, 1132 BPD (180 M3/D) that will fit in the casing. Select Reda
pump E41 (450series-2915RPM), 50cycle . And locate it's performance
curve.
The head in feet (meters) for 100 stage at 180 m3/ day is 2170 ft. The
brake horsepower (BHP) per 100 stage is 30 hp
To determine the total number of stages required, divide the total
dynamic head by the head/stage taken from the curve.
/ = 21.7
/ = 0.3
. =
Total number of stages = 7809 /21.7 = 360 stages
Once you've decided on the maximum number of pump stages, calculate

the total brake horsepower required as follows:
= / . . .
BHP = 0.3*360*0.927 = 100.2 HP
52
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Step 6 - Optimum Size of Components Gas Separator

AS PIP>Pb there is no free gas at the pump intake so we don't require
gas separator.
Seal Section
It will be calculated using charts of total dynamic head versus HP
Using(appendix c)
Seal horse power = 4 hp
Determination of total HP
Tot.HP= BHP+seal HP
=104.2 hp
Motor
Using table 2 , appendix 4F
Choose motor (108 hp @ 540 series)
Volt/Amp =(804/84)

Determine Cable Size
The cable size is selected based on its current carrying capability. Using
the motor amps (84) and the cable voltage drop chart in the catalog,
select a cable size with a voltage drop of less than 30 volts per 1,000 ft..
The #2 cable has a voltage drop of 28 x 7.12 = 200 volts. and is the least
expensive. This will be the cable size used.
Cable Type
Check to be sure the cable diameter plus tubing collar diameter is
smaller than the casing I.D. (see Engineering section ).
53
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Cable Length
The pump setting depth is 7725 ft. With 100 ft. of cable for surface
connections, the total cable length should be 7825 ft.
Cable Venting (junction box)

A cable vent box must be installed between the wellhead and the motor
controller to prevent gas migration to the controller.
Step 8 - Accessory and Miscellaneous Equipment

Flat Cable - Motor Lead Extension
Pump Length
Seal Length
Plus 6 ft
=
=
=
=
14.8ft
6.3ft
6.0ft
27.1ft
(4.51m)
(1.92m)
(1.83m)
(8.26m)
Select 35ft. (107cm.) 562 series flat cable.
Cable Bands
The pump and seal section are approximately 20 ft. (6 m) long. Twentytwo inch (56 cm) bands will be required to clamp to the housing, with
bands spaced at 2 ft. (61 cm) intervals (10 bands).
Above the pump, banding of the tubing plus cable, the twentytwo
bands can also be used. The bands should be spaced at 15 ft. (4.5 m)
intervals. The setting depth of 6980 ft. would require 466 bands.
Downhole Accessory Equipment

Check Valve
The 3.5 inch EUE 8 round thread check valve will be required.
Motor Controller
The motor controller selection is based on its voltage, amperage,
and
Sv=Motor volt+cable voltage loss
Sv=804+200 = 1004 volts
54
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KVA rating. Therefore, before selecting the controller we must first

determine the motor controller voltage. We will assume the
controller will be the same as the surface voltage going downhole. The surface voltage (SV) is the sum of the motor voltage and
the total voltage loss in the cable
The motor amperage is 27 amps, the KVA can now be Calculated:

=
KVA = 146
The 6H-CG motor controller suits these requirements.
Transformer
The transformer selection is based on the available primary power
supply (12500volts), the secondary voltage requirement
(2400volts), and the KVA requirement (150 KVA). Chose 3, 50 KVA
single phase transformers as shown in your catalog.
STEP 9 - VARIABLE SPEED SUBMERSIBLE PUMPING SYSTEM

Variable Frequency
The effects of varying frequency can be seen by preparing new head-
New rate=(60/50)*1132 = 1359 Bpd

capacity curves for the desired frequencies, based on the pump's known
60 Hz performance curve data. The Electrospeed controller is commonly
used to generate any frequency between 30 and 90 Hz.
55
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ESP DESIGN FOR SECOND WELL SIDRI-17

Step 1 - Basic Data
1.Well Data:
Casing size ID
= 6.184in
Tubing size
= 2.875in
Pump intake (V-D) =7602 ft

Pump intake (M-D) =7710 ft
Top perf.
=8038 ft
2-Production data:
WHP
= 200 psi
Ps
= 1000 psi
Pwf
= 412 psi
P.I
= 1.5 bbl/day/psi
WC
= 40 %
GOR
=20 m3/m3
=112.3 SCF/STB
QL
= 140 m3/day
= 880.5 STB/day
Qo
= 84 m3/day
= 528.3 STB /day
56
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3- Well flowing conditions:

w
= 1.07
= 0.927
= 0.85
Rs@Pb = 32 m3/m3
4 - Power source:Current frequency = 50 HZ

Next, we can determine the new well flowing pressure (Pwf) at
the desired production rate (Qd).
from IPR of the well page
Pwf=412 psi @ Q= 880.5 bpd
Water cut is 40 %;
0.4*1.07 = 0.428
Oil is 60 %;
0.6*0.927= 0.5562
The composite specific gravity is the sum of the weighted percentages:
The composite specific gravity =0.9842
The pressure due to the difference in perforation depth and pump
setting depth (8038-7602)can be determined as follows:
=
. .
2.31 /
PSI = (8038-7602) * 0.9842 / 2.31= 186 psi
57
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Therefore, the pump intake pressure will be:

PIP = 412 - 186 = 226 psi

In this third step we need to determine the total fluid mixture, inclusive
of water, oil and free gas that will be ingested by the pump.
1. Determine the Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (Rs ) at the pump intake
pressure with Standing's nomograph (see figure 2), or by
substituting the pump intake pressure (Pb) in Standing's equation;
100.0125
18 100.00091 ( )
1.2048
Rs = 0.85 (856/18*10 (0.0125*21)/(100.00091*200)) 1.2048

Rs = 111.45 scf/stb
2. Determine the Formation Volume Factor (Bo) using the Rs from above
and Standing's nomograph (see figure 3) or use Standing's equation as
follows:
= 0.972 + 0.000147 1.175
Where:
=
0.5
0.85
= 111.45
0.927
+ 1.25
0.5
+ 1.25 200
= 356.72
58
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Therefore:
Bo = 1.119 bbl/stb
The composite specific gravity, including gas, can be determined by first
calculating the total mass of produced fluid (TMPF) from the original
data given:
. . + . . 62.4
5.615 + . . 0.0752
TMPF = {(528.3*0.927 + 352.2*1.07)*62.4*5.615} +

(1112.3*0.85*528.3*0.0752)
TMPF = 307424 Ib /day.
BFPD = 528.3*1.119 + 352.2*1 = 943.4 bbl / day
. . =
5.615 62.4
Composite Sp.Gr =307424 / (5.615 * 62.4 * 943.4)

Composite Sp.Gr = 0.93

Sufficient data is now available to determine the total dynamic head
required by the pump.
= + + + Pdepletion
Hd = The vertical distance in feet between the estimated producing fluid

level and the surface.
59
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2.31 /

Hd = 7602 - ((226 *2.31)/0.93)
Hd = 7040.6 ft.
Ft = Tubing friction loss. Refer to Friction Loss Charts in the engineering

section.
Ft(from Artificial lift book volume 2B )
Friction loss per 1,000 ft. of 2-7/8 tubing (new) is 5.7 ft. per 1,000 ft. of
depth at 880.5 BPD (140 M3/D). Using the desired pump setting depth:
Ft = (5.7*7602)/1000
= 43.3 ft
Pd = Discharge pressure head (desired wellhead pressure).

Using the composite specific gravity:
Pd = (200*2.31)/0.93
= 496.7 ft.
Pdepetion = 100/(0.433*0.93) = 248 ft
TDH = Hd + Ft + Pd + Pdepletion
TDH = 7040.6 + 43.3 + 496.7 + 248 = 7819.6 ft.
60
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Step 5 - Pump Type Selection

Select the pump type with the highest efficiency at the calculated
capacity, 1132 BPD (180 M3/D) that will fit in the casing. Select Reda
pump D26 (450 series-2915 RPM), 50cycle . And locate it's performance
curve.
The head in feet (meters) for 100 stage at 140 m3/ day is 1250 ft. The
brake horsepower (BHP) per 100 stage is 13 hp
To determine the total number of stages required, divide the total
dynamic head by the head/stage taken from the curve.
/ = 12.5
/ = 0.13
. =
Total number of stages = 7819.6 / 12.5 = 626 stages
Once you've decided on the maximum number of pump stages, calculate

the total brake horsepower required as follows:
= / . . .
BHP = 0.13*626*0.93 = 75.7 HP
Step 6 - Optimum Size of Components Gas Separator

AS vg/vt < 0.1 so we don't require gas separator.
Seal Section
It will be calculated using charts of total dynamic head versus HP
Using(appendix c)
Seal horse power = 4 hp
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Determination of total HP
Tot.HP= BHP+seal HP
=79.4 hp
Motor
Using table 2 , appendix 4F
Choose motor (85 hp @ 540 series)
Volt/Amp =(987/44)

Determine Cable Size
The cable size is selected based on its current carrying capability. Using
the motor amps (44) and the cable voltage drop chart in the catalog,
select a cable size with a voltage drop of less than 30 volts per 1,000 ft.
All conductor sizes 1 through 6) fall in this category. The #1 cable has a
voltage drop of 13 x 7.052 = 91.7 volts. and is the least expensive. This
will be the cable size used.
Cable Type
Check to be sure the cable diameter plus tubing collar diameter is
smaller than the casing I.D. (see Engineering section ).
Cable Length
The pump setting depth is 7602 ft. With 100 ft. of cable for surface
connections, the total cable length should be 7702 ft.
Cable Venting (junction box)

A cable vent box must be installed between the wellhead and the motor
controller to prevent gas migration to the controller.
62
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Step 8 - Accessory and Miscellaneous Equipment

Flat Cable - Motor Lead Extension
Pump Length
Seal Length
Plus 6 ft
=
=
=
=
14.8ft
6.3ft
6.0ft
27.1ft
(4.51m)
(1.92m)
(1.83m)
(8.26m)
Select 35ft. (107cm.) 562 series flat cable.
Cable Bands
The pump and seal section are approximately 20 ft. (6 m) long. Twentytwo inch (56 cm) bands will be required to clamp to the housing, with
bands spaced at 2 ft. (61 cm) intervals (10 bands).
Above the pump, banding of the tubing plus cable, the twentytwo
bands can also be used. The bands should be spaced at 15 ft. (4.5 m)
intervals. The setting depth of 7052 ft. would require 470 bands.
Downhole Accessory Equipment

Check Valve
The 2-7/8 inch EUE 8 round thread check valve will be required.
Motor Controller
The motor controller selection is based on its voltage, amperage,
and
Sv=Motor volt+cable voltage loss (Total volt)
=1080 volt
KVA rating. Therefore, before selecting the controller we must first
determine the motor controller voltage. We will assume the
controller will be the same as the surface voltage going downhole. The surface voltage (SV) is the sum of the motor voltage and
the total voltage loss in the cable
63
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The motor amperage is 44 amps, the KVA can now be Calculated:

=
KVA = 82.21
The 6H-CG motor controller suits these requirements.

Transformer
The transformer selection is based on the available primary power
supply (12,470 volts), the secondary voltage requirement (1080
volts), and the KVA requirement (82.21 KVA). Chose 3 ,27.5 KVA
single phase transformers as shown in your catalog.
STEP 9 - VARIABLE SPEED SUBMERSIBLE PUMPING SYSTEM
Variable Frequency
The effects of varying frequency can be seen by preparing new headNew rate=(60/50)*880.5 = 1056.5 Bpd
capacity curves for the desired frequencies, based on the pump's known
60 Hz performance curve data.
Comment:
So The ESP seems to be the optimum artificial lift method
64
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Well Test
Types of well tests:

Build-up test
Drawdown test
Drill stem test
Injection test
Well test analysis methods:

Horners method
Type curve method
Super position
Horner's Method
Under the following assumption, the pressure build - up survey can be made.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Well closed at sand face by lowering blank liner.

Flowing fluid is homogeneous.
Well exists is an infinite area (No Interference With The Well)
Properties of rock ( K) are homogeneous.
Objectives of build-up test

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Static pressure. (Ps).

Skin effect. (S).
Damage factor.
Flowing pressure
Productivity ratio (P.R).
Unaltered permeability.
65
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Steps of Calculation:
7.
Plot log ( tp +t)/t versus (PWS ) ( shut - in pressure ) the result is a
straight line.
The extrapolation of the above line until will cut the line or axis along
which log ( tp+ t)/t = 0 .
This gives (Ps).
Where,
tp = the production time of the well period to shut - in
t=the shut-in time.
The Slope of the line (m)
162.6 . .
=
/
.
Where,
q = Production rate, STB / day.

B0= Oil formation volume factor, bbl / STB.
K = Formation permeability, m d.
oil=Oil viscosity , C . P.
h= Formation thickness. (ft)
From the slope we can determine the permeability of the formation
1. Calculation of Skin Effect. (S)

Skin effect is defined as the additional pressure
drop between re, rw caused by the pressure of altered zone due to
formation damage or improvement.
Flow efficiency = Productivity ratio = P.R.
P.R. 5.5
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Pc
Ps Pwf
Where,
APc: m ( The slope of the line).
Ps : Static pressure , psi
Pwf: Flowing pressure , psi.
But , flow efficiency
P.R. 1
Ps
Ps Pwf
Where:
Ps: Pressure drop caused by skin effect.
S = Ps/0.87m
From the productivity ratio we can obtain the following results.

P.R. =1
Virgin formation.
P.R. > 1
Stimulation.
P.R. < 1
Formation damage.
Also, we can calculate the skin effect "S" by Empirical Correlations

Method:
P P
K
1hr
i
S 1.15
log
3.23
C r 2
m
o t w
Where:
P1hr = Pressure at 1 hr. , Psi.

= Porosity.
Ct = total Compressibility, Psi-1
rw= Well radius,
ft.
67
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Pressure build-up test for AR 05

Data given
ZONE
NUKHUL
WELL
DATE
AVG.Q
CUM.OIL PROD.
NET PAY(H)
HOLE DIAMETER
AR 05
17/02/1959
760bbl\day
27328bbl
100ft
7in
Tp
862.9894
Calculations :
68
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p(psig)
dt
(to+dt)/dt
(to+t)/dt
2747
3321
60
863.9895
14.3998246
3336
120
432.4947
7.20824561
3345
180
288.6632
4.81105263
3349
240
216.7474
3.61245614
3359
360
144.8316
2.41385965
3365
540
96.88772
1.61479532
3375
1080
48.94386
0.81573099
3382
1440
36.95789
0.61596491
3390
2160
24.97193
0.41619883
3396
2880
18.97895
0.31631579
3401
3600
15.38316
0.25638596
3403
4200
13.32842
0.22214035
build-up test
3500
3450
3400
3350
build-up test
3300
3250
3200
1
10
100
1000
SLOPE (M) =
-44.2
PERMEABILITY (k )=
128.6085
SKIN (s )=
Pressure build-up test for SID 04

Data given
ZONE
NUKHUL A
WELL
DATE
AVG.Q
CUM.OIL PROD.
NET PAY(H)
HOLE DIAMETER
SID 04
08/12/1959
930bbl\day
32000bbl
90ft
7in
Tp
825.8065
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Calculations :
p(psig)
dt
to+dt/dt
(to+t)/dt
2737
3447
60
863.9895
14.3998246
3475
120
432.4947
3.60412281
3480
180
288.6632
1.60368421
3483
240
216.7474
0.90311404
3485
360
144.8316
0.40230994
3488
540
96.88772
0.1794217
3490
720
72.91579
0.10127193
3490
1080
48.94386
0.04531839
3490
2760
19.76064
0.00715965
SLOPE (M) =
-16.74
PERMEABILITY (k )=
462.8
SKIN (s )=
42.1
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Gas Engineering
Separator Components
1.Primary separation section :
For separating the bulk of the liquid from the well stream, it is desirable to
remove quickly liquid slugs and large droplets of liquid from the gas stream in
order to minimize turbulence and separate of liquid particles. This is
accomplished by the use of tangential inlet, which circulate the fluid.
2.Liquid accumulation section :

This section should be of efficient volume to handle fluid surges that may
occur. The separation liquid should not disturbed by the flowing gas stream.
3. Secondary separation section:

Is for removing the smaller liquid droplets. The major principle of separation
in this section is gravity settling form the gas stream, thus minimization
turbulence, it is important to decrease gas velocity.
4. Mist extraction section:

Impingement is the most widely used principle for collection of small particles
in liquid-gas separation. Particles strike a collecting surface. Two general types
of mist extractor differ in intensity of centrifugal force. When a gas stream
approaches an obstruction it veers around it, but the liquid droplets having a
greater mass density, offer more resistance to change in direction and tend to
continue in a straight line. Thus the larger particles collide (impingement) with
confining wall and separated from the gas.
1) Van type mist extractor
2) Knitted-wire mesh pad
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Types of separator
1. Vertical Separator:
The well stream enters the separator through the tangential inlet, which
imparts a circular motion to the fluids. A Centrifugal and gravity force
provides efficient primary separation. A conical baffle separates the liquid
accumulation system from primary section to ensure a quiet liquid.
Surface releasing solution gas. The separated gas travels up ward through the
secondary separation section where the heavier entrained liquid particles
settle out. The gas flows through the mist extractor and particles accumulate
until sufficient weight to fall into the liquid accumulation section. Sediments
enter the separator and accumulate in the bottom and flushed out through
the drain connection.
2. Horizontal separator:
-Single tube: the well stream enters through the inlet and strikes an angle
baffle or dished deflector and strikes the side of the separator, producing
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maximum primary separation. Horizontal divider plates separate the liquid

accumulation and gas separation section to ensure quick removal of solution
gas. The separated gas passes through the mist extractor where liquid
particles where liquid particles 10 micron and larger size are removed.
-Double tube: consist of an upper separator section and lower liquid

chamber. The mixed stream of oil and gas enters the upper tube. Liquid fall
through the first connecting pipe into the liquid reservoir and wet gas flows
through the upper tube where the entrained liquid separate owing to
difference in density and to scrubbing action of mist extractor.
Horizontal single tube
Horizontal double tube
Lower initial cost

They are easier to
insulate for cold-weather
operation.
The liquid remains
warmer, minimize
freezing and paraffin
deposition
The larger capacity under

surging conditions.
The better separation of
solution gas in the quiescent
lower chamber.
Better separation of gases and
liquids of similar densities.
More stable liquid level
control.
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3. Spherical separator:
The incoming well stream is split by the inlet flow diverter and directed
tangentially against the wall of the separator. The liquid streams come
together after flowing 180o around the vessel wall and then fall into the
accumulation section to remain there until released. The gas stream is
travelling through the large diameter and loses particles due to its reduced
velocity. Then, the gas passes through mist extractor.
Factors affecting separation
Operating pressure: a change in pressure effects changes in the gas
and liquid densities, velocity and flowing volume. The net effect on an
increase in pressure is an increased gas capacity of the separator.
Temperature, it affects the actual flowing volume and densities o f the
gas and liquid. The net effect of an increase of temperature is a
decrease in capacity.
Well stream crude oil composition.
74
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Vertical separator
Liquid level
control not as
critical
Will handle
larger quantities
of sand
Easier to clean
Has greater
liquid surge
capacity
Fewer
tendencies for
revaporization of
liquid.
Horizontal separator
Spherical separator
Successfully
used in handling
foaming oils
Cheaper than
vertical
separators
Easier to ship on
skid assemblies
More
economical and
efficient for
processing large
volume of gas
Smaller
diameter for a
given gas
capacity.
Cheaper than
either horizontal
or vertical types
Better clean-out
and bottom drain
feature than
vertical type
More compact
than other types.
Stage separation
the final stage of vapor liquid separation because the final equilibrum flash
occurs in the tank.the propose of of stage separation is to reduce the
consecutively lower pressure. As shown in figure two stage separation
involves one separator and one storage tank. Three-stage separation Stage
separation is a process in which gasesous and liquid hydrocarbons are
separated into vapor and liquid phases by two or more equilibrim flashes at
requires two separators and a storage tank. Four-stage separation would
require three separators and a storage tank. The tank is always counted as
75
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pressure on the reservoir liquids gradually, in steps or stages, so that a more

stable stock tank liquid will result.
76
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DESIGN OF STAGE SEPARATION

The equilibrium constant (k) values for each component at any pressure
and temperature can be written as follows:
Ki= 1/P*(10)(a+cFi)
Where :
P: The operating pressure ,psia
A = 1.2 + 0.00045*P + 15*10-8* P2
C = 0.89 - 0.000017*P - 3.5*10-8*P2
Fi = bi*(1/Tbi-1/T)
bi = Log(pci/14.7)/(1/Tbi-1/T)
Tbi = normal boiling point temperature
for C7+
n = 7.3 + 0.0075*(T - 460) + 0.0016*P
bc7+ = 1013 + 324*n - 4.256*n2
Tbc7+ = 301 + 59.85*n - 0.971*n2
The API gravity for the separated oil can be calculated from the following
equation :
API = 6084 / AMWt + 5.9
Go = 141.5 / (131.5 + API)
GOR = 5.615*379.4*Nvt*62.4*Go/( Nlt*Mwa)
77
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Given Data :
component
N2
CO2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
C7+
78
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Zi
0.0113
0.0024
0.1122
0.2034
0.2113
0.0502
0.0927
0.0289
0.0322
0.0361
0.2193
Tci
227.6
547.9
343.37
550.09
666.01
707.98
765.65
829.1
845.7
913.7
1227
Pci
492
1073
673.1
708.3
617.4
529.1
550.7
483
489.5
439.7
396
Mwi
28.016
44.01
16.042
30.068
44.094
58.12
58.12
72.146
72.146
86.172
283.85
Tbi
139.6
350.3
201.32
332.47
416.27
470.89
491.1
542.1
556.9
615.765
720.3113

Production

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Production

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Production Engineering

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

where J is the productivity index. Apparently J is not a constant in the

A modified model has been developed to account for the formation

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

If the well is producing above the bubble point pressure and

Below the bubble point:

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Current and predictive IPR followed by VLP at

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Selectinng the Optimum Tubing String

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Pr= 2836 psi

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Pr= 2851 psi

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Pr= 3731 psi

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

The optimum tubing strings for the 3 wells are:

Opt. Tubing Size OD(inch)

Current and predictive IPR

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Verticle Lift Performance

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Completion of naturally flowing wells

1-Open-hole completion:The pay zone is drilled after a casing has been

2-Cased hole completion:

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Since perforations can be placed very accurately in relation to the different

Cased-hole completions are more susceptible to formation damage than open

A positive skin value indicates that a well is damaged.

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

remove the damage. Matrix acidizing is used to restore initial productivity.

Main configurations of production strings

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

A- Single zone completion

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Parallel dual string and tubing annulus completion.

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Alternative selective completions

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

A - Single zone tubingless completion

B - Multiple zone tubingless completion

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

The equipment of naturally flowing wells

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

A)Flow Plug (Fixed):

B) Shaffer adjustable surface bean :

2 . Subsurface (bottom) Choke (fixed) :

D = Choke size / 64 (in)

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

1-Plot relation between Q & P @ various Choke sizes.

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

Artificial Lift Selection

1. Sucker Rod System.

B.SC. PROJECT 2009 ABU RUDEIS SIDRI FIELD

TMPF =( ( Bopd * Go + BwpdGw)62.45.615)+(GORBOPDGg.0752)

Comp SP.GR = 92955.8/(2835.61562.4)