AN967

Bidirectional VF Control of Single and 3-Phase Induction

Motors Using the PIC16F72
Author:

Padmaraja Yedamale
Microchip Technology Inc.

INTRODUCTION
Single-phase induction motors are extensively used in
appliances and industrial controls. The Permanent Split
Capacitor (PSC) single-phase induction motor is the
simplest and most widely used motor of this type. The
classification, construction and working principle of
single-phase induction motors are explained in detail in
the
application
note
AC
Induction
Motor
Fundamentals (AN887) available from Microchip. For
VF theory and basic operations, refer to AN887
mentioned above, and Speed Control of 3-Phase
Induction Motor Using PIC18 Microcontrollers
(AN843).
By design, PSC motors are unidirectional, which
means they are designed to rotate in one direction. By
adding either extra windings, and external relays and
switches, or by using gear mechanisms, the direction of
rotation can be changed. In this application note we will
discuss in detail, how to control the speed of a PSC
motor in both directions using a PIC16F72
microcontroller and power electronics.
The PIC16F72 microcontroller was chosen because it
is one of the simplest and low-cost general purpose
microcontrollers Microchip has in its portfolio. Even
though it does not have the PWMs in hardware to drive
complementary PWM outputs with dead band inserted,
all PWMs are generated in firmware using timers and
output to general purpose output pins.

The motor is energized with a single-phase AC power

supply, with a capacitor connected in series with the
start winding (also called an auxiliary winding) as
shown in Figure 1. The value of the capacitor is chosen
so that the total impedance on the auxiliary winding
produces sufficient phase shift in current to generate a
rotating magnetic field in the air gap.
Typically, the current flowing through the start winding
leads the current flowing through the main winding by
90 degrees.
By adding a microcontroller-based control circuit to the
motor, the voltage across the main winding and start
winding can be maintained at 90 degrees to each other.
The other advantage is that the starting capacitor can
be removed from the circuit, thus reducing the total
system cost.

FIGURE 1:

ELECTRICAL EQUIVELANT
CIRCUIT OF A PSC MOTOR
VMAIN

L
AC

Main
Winding

Squirrel
Cage Rotor

N
Starting
Winding

VSTART

A multiphase inverter can be used to drive the motor.

Two methods are discussed in the next section.

THEORY OF OPERATION
A PSC motor is usually a 2-phase asymmetrically
wound motor. The main winding is designed to take the
load current. The current flowing through the start
winding is much less than the main winding. Therefore,
the start winding will have a different electrical
characteristic compared to the main winding. In order
to produce the Magnetomotive Force (MMF) produced
by the start winding very near to the main winding, the
start winding has additional turns, higher resistance,
and reduced current flowing through it. This makes the
motor windings asymmetrical.

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00967A-page 1

AN967
DRIVE TOPOLOGY

The control circuit requires four PWMs with two

complementary pairs with sufficient dead band
between the complementary outputs. PWM0-PWM1
and PWM2-PWM3 are the PWM pairs with dead band.
The PIC16F72 does not have PWMs designed in the
hardware to output the way we need. Therefore, the
PWMs should be generated in firmware and output to
the port pins. Using PWMs, the DC bus is synthesized
to give two sine voltages at 90 degrees out of phase
with varying amplitude and varying frequency
according to the VF profile. If the voltage applied to the
main winding lags the start winding by 90 degrees, the
motor runs in one (i.e., forward) direction. To reverse
the direction of rotation, the voltage supplied to the
main winding should lead the voltage supplied to the
start winding.

Using an H-Bridge Inverter

The first approach is relatively easy as far as the
power circuit and control circuit are concerned. On
the input side, a voltage doubler is used and on the
output side an H-bridge, or 2-phase inverter, is used
as shown in Figure 2. One end of the main and start
windings are connected to each half bridge and the
other ends are connected together to the neutral
point of the AC power supply, which also serves as
the center point for the voltage doubler.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the main and start winding

voltages in forward and reverse respectively.

FIGURE 2:

PSC DRIVE WITH AN H-BRIDGE

PWM1

PWM3

PWM3
Vm

PWM2

Gate Driver

AC

PIC16F72

PWM1
VMAIN
VSTART

Vm +
- /2
Start
Winding

PWM0
PWM0

DS00967A-page 2

Main
Winding

PWM2

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN967
FIGURE 3:

MOTOR RUNNING IN FORWARD DIRECTION

150.00

VMAIN = Sin(t)

% Phase Voltage

100.00

50.00
VMAIN

0.00
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

VSTART

-50.00

-100.00

VSTART = Sin(t+/2)
-150.00
Phase Angle

FIGURE 4:

MOTOR RUNNING IN REVERSE DIRECTION

150.00

VMAIN = Sin(t)

% Phase Voltage

100.00

50.00
VMAIN

0.00
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

VSTART

-50.00

-100.00

VSTART = Sin(t-/2)

-150.00
Phase Angle

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00967A-page 3

AN967
This method of controlling a PSC type motor has a
few disadvantages.
Because the main winding and start windings
have different electric characteristics, the current
flowing through each switch is unbalanced. Over
time, this may lead to premature breakdown of
switching devices in the inverter.
The common point of the windings is directly
connected to the neutral power supply. This may
increase the switching signal coming into the
mains power supply and increase the noise emitted onto the line. This also may limit the EMI level
of the product, violating certain design goals and
regulations.
The effective DC voltage handled is high due to
the input voltage doubler circuit.
Lastly, the cost of the voltage doubler circuit itself
is high because of two large power capacitors.

With this drive topology, control becomes more efficient; however, the control algorithm becomes more
complex. The voltages Va, Vb and Vc should be controlled to achieve the phase difference between the
effective voltages across the main and start windings to
have a 90 degree phase shift to each other.
The turn ratio of the start winding to the main winding is
defined by:

EQUATION 1:
V MAIN
= --------------------V START
where is the turn ratio, and VMAIN and VSTART are the
effective voltage across the main winding and the start
winding.

A better solution to minimize these problems would be

to use a 3-phase inverter bridge, as discussed in the
next section.

In order to have equal voltage stress on all devices,

thus improving the device utilization and provide the
maximum possible output voltage for a given DC bus
voltage, all three inverter phase voltages are kept at the
same amplitude as follows:

Using a 3-Phase Inverter Bridge

EQUATION 2:

The input section is replaced with a standard diode

bridge rectifier. The output section has a 3-phase
inverter bridge. The main difference from the previous
scheme is the way the motor windings are connected
to the inverter. One end of the main winding and start
windings are connected to one half bridge each. The
other ends are tied together and connected to the third
half bridge, as shown in Figure 5.
Refer to Appendix B: Schematics for the schematics that reference the PIC16F72 with a 3-phase inverter
bridge.

FIGURE 5:

| Va | = | Vb | = | Vc | = | V1 |
The effective voltage across the main and start winding
is given as:

EQUATION 3:
VMAIN = Va Vc
VSTART = Vb Vc
The voltages are shown in the phasor diagram in
Figure 6.

CONTROLLING A PSC MOTOR WITH A 3-PHASE INVERTER BRIDGE

PWM1

PWM3

PWM5

PWM5
PWM3

PWM4
PWM2

Gate Driver

AC

PIC16F72

PWM1

Main
Winding

Va
Vb
Vc

Start
Winding

PWM0
PWM0

DS00967A-page 4

PWM2

PWM4

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN967
FIGURE 6:

VOLTAGE PHASOR
DIAGRAM

Because the turn ratio remains constant for a given

motor, can be a compile time option. With this, and
V1 can be precomputed for a given motor. This simplifies the run time calculation. Based on the phase angle,
phase voltages Va, Vb and Vc can be calculated as:

~
Vc
~
~
~
VSTART = Vb Vc
V1

EQUATION 6:

V dc
V a = V1 cos ( t ) + --------2

V1

~
Vb

~
~
~
VMAIN = Va Vc

V1

V dc
V b = V1 cos ( t ) + --------2

~
Va

V dc
V c = V1 cos ( t ) + --------2

As seen in the phasor diagram in Figure 6, the voltages

across phase A and phase B are out of phase, and the
phase difference between phase A and phase C is
degrees. By applying basic trigonometry, can be
calculated by:

Vdc is the DC bus voltage, and t is the angular velocity

of the electrical cycle. The direction of rotation can be
easily controlled by adding or subtracting in the Vc
calculation.

EQUATION 4:
Angle = 180 2 tan-1 ().

Figure 7 shows the phase voltages Va, Vb and Vc, and

Figure 8 shows the effective voltages across the main
winding (VMAIN) and the start winding (VSTART).

By applying the Pythagorean Theorem, the voltage

vector V1 can be calculated as:

Figure 8 also shows that the effective phase difference

between the voltages is 90 degrees and the effective
voltage ratio is .

EQUATION 5:
( 1 + 2 )
V1 = V -----------------------2

FIGURE 7:

PHASE VOLTAGES Va, Vb and Vd

100
80
60

% Phase voltage

40
20

Va
Vb

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Vc

-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
Phase angle

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00967A-page 5

AN967
FIGURE 8:

VOLTAGE ACROSS MAIN WINDING (VMAIN) AND START WINDING (VSTART)

150

% Phase Voltage

100

50
VMAIN

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

VSTART

-50

-100

-150
Phase Angle

DS00967A-page 6

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN967
IMPLEMENTATION USING THE PIC16F72

After five instruction cycles, the complementary PWM

is turned ON. This gives a dead time of 1 s when the
microcontroller is running at 20 MHz. When the count
reaches 624, all outputs are turned OFF. A new PWM
cycle starts after 10 instruction cycles.

In order to control a 3-phase inverter bridge, we need

three PWM pairs with complementary outputs. In addition, each complementary pair of PWMs needs dead
time in between any OFF and ON switch events to
avoid a DC bus short circuit. The PIC16F72 does not
have these features in the hardware. However, this can
be easily implemented using a general purpose timer
and six output pins as shown in Figure 9.

In the source code provided with this application note

(see Appendix A: Source Code), instead of comparing the Timer1 values corresponding to the duty
cycle values, a relative count is calculated with respect
to the previous PWM duty cycle. This count is subtracted from 0xFF (Timer1 is configured as an 8-bit
timer) and loaded to the Timer1 register. When the
Timer1 value overflows, in Timer1 overflow ISR, the
corresponding Odd PWM is turned OFF and the corresponding Even PWM is turned ON after five instruction
cycles. This is done for all three pairs of PWM. Refer to
the flowcharts in Figure 10 through Figure 11 for more
details.

Generating Software PWMs

The scheme shown here gives a fixed PWM frequency
of approximately 7.9 kHz. Timer1 (1:4 prescale) is
counted up from 00 to 634. At the beginning of the cycle
(when Timer1 = 00), the PWMs controlling the upper
switches (i.e., PWM1, PWM3 and PWM5) are turned
ON. Based on the individual PWM duty cycle, the
corresponding PWM output is turned OFF.

FIGURE 9:

PWM SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

624

634

Timer 1 counting UP
from 00 to 634

00
PWM period = 634 for ~8 kHz PWM frequency @ 20 MHz FOSC
PWM 1/3/5
ON

PWM 3
OFF

PWM 1
OFF

PWM 0
ON

Dead Time
Note:

PWM 5
OFF

PWM 2
ON

Dead Time

PWM 1/3/5
ON

PWM 4
ON

Dead Time

PWM 0/2/4
OFF

Dead Time

The PWMs are numbered with respect to Figure 5.

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00967A-page 7

AN967
FIGURE 10:

MAIN LOOP
MAIN_LOOP
Start

No

Is S1
pressed?
Yes

Initialize
PORTB Fault and toggle switch interface
PORTC PWMs

Copy Sine table values to

RAM locations

Initialize ADC to read Motor current

and Potentiometer

Initialize Timer0, Timer1, Interrupts

and Sine table offsets

No

Timer0
rollover?

Yes
Update PWM duty cycles (A)
(UPDATE_PWM_DUTYCYCLES)

Prioritize PWM duty cycles (B)

(PRIORITIZE_PWMS)

Calculate new speed

Set ADC GO bit

Is ADC
Yes
result ready?

AD_CONV_COMPLETE
No

DS00967A-page 8

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN967
FIGURE 10:

MAIN LOOP (CONTINUED)

PRIORITIZE_PWMS

UPDATE_PWM_DUTYCYCLES

Read value pointed by TABLE_OFFSET1 from

the Sine table (corresponds to PWM1/0 pair)

No

PWM1/0 duty cycle =

Sine (TABLE_OFFFSET1) x NEW_FREQ

Is PWM3<
PWM1?

Yes
Interchange PWM1 and PWM3 duty cycles

Read value pointed by TABLE_OFFSET2 from

the Sine table (corresponds to PWM3/2 pair)

PWM3/2 duty cycle =

Sine (TABLE_OFFFSET2) x NEW_FREQ

No

Read value pointed by TABLE_OFFSET3 from

the Sine table (corresponds to PWM5/4 pair)

Is PWM5<
PWM3?

Yes
Interchange PWM3 and PWM5 duty cycles

PWM5/4 duty cycle =

Sine (TABLE_OFFSET3) x NEW_FREQ
No
Return

Is PWM3<
PWM1?
Yes

Interchange PWM1 and PWM3 duty cycles

Return
AD_CONV_COMPLETE
C

NEW_FREQ = ADRES

MOTOR_CURRENT = ADRES

HEATSINK_TEMP = ADRES

Set limit on NEW_FREQ

0x30 < NEW_FREQ < 0xD0
No

Motor current >

MAX_MOTOR_CURRENT?

No

HS Temp>
MAX_HEATSINK_TEMP?

Set ADC mux to read motor current

(for next cycle)
Yes

Set OVER_CURRENT
flag

Set OVER_TEMPERATURE flag

Return

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00967A-page 9

AN967
FIGURE 11:

INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINES (ISR)

ISR_INT

CHECK_FAULT

Context Save: WREG and STATUS

Yes

Timer1 ISR?

INT

OVER_CURRENT_COUNT (OC_COUNT) =
OVER_CURRENT_COUNT - 1

T1

TIMER1_OVERFLOW
No

No

Is OC_COUNT = 0?

Yes
Timer0 ISR?

T0

Yes

TIMER0_OVERFLOW

STOP_MOTOR

No
x

Yes

INT ISR?

INT
CHECK_FAULT
TIMER0_OVERFLOW

No
Restore: WREG and STATUS

T0

Timer0 = Count for NEW_FREQ

RETFIE

Reset overcurrent filter count

TIMER1_OVERFLOW
T1
Lowest PWM Duty Cycle

Turn Off Odd Channel w/least

PWM Duty Cycle value

5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)

Highest PWM Duty Cycle

Medium PWM Duty Cycle

New PWM Duty Cycle

Turn Off Odd Channel w/medium

PWM Duty Cycle value

Turn Off Odd Channel w/highest

PWM Duty Cycle value

Turn Off All 6 Channels

5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)

5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)

5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)

Turn ON All Odd PWM

Channels (1, 3 and 5)

Turn ON Complementary
Channel

Turn ON Complementary
Channel

Turn ON Complementary
Channel

Timer1 = Medium Duty Cycle

Lowest Duty Cycle

Timer1 = Highest Duty Cycle

Medium Duty Cycle

Timer1 = End of PWM Cycle

Highest Duty Cycle

Timer1 = Lowest Duty Cycle

DS00967A-page 10

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN967
Initialization
PORTC<0:5> are initialized to output PWMs.
Timer1 is initialized with 8-bit operation and 1:4
prescale.
A/D channels are initialized to read frequency
reference (AN0), motor current (AN1) and
heatsink temperature (AN2).
- Frequency reference is read using a
potentiometer connected to A/D Channel 0.
- Motor current is read using a shunt resistor in
the DC return path. The voltage
corresponding to the motor current is
amplified and connected to A/D channel 1.
Timer0 is used for setting the motor frequency
based on the potentiometer setting. On every
Timer0 overflow, new PWM duty cycles are
advanced by 10 electrical degrees on the Sine
table.
The Sine table is loaded into RAM
Timer0 overflow, Timer1 overflow and INT
interrupts are enabled.

Main Routine
These tasks are done in the MAIN_LOOP routine:
New PWM duty cycle is calculated by the
subroutine UPDATE_PWM_DUTYCYCLES
Three pointers pointing to three different values on
the Sine table corresponding to the phase
difference between Va, Vb and Vc. The sine table is
drawn to maximum duty cycle available when the
sine value reaches 90 degrees. Every value is
scaled down based on the frequency input to
follow a linear VF profile.
PWM duty cycle sorting is handled by the
subroutine PRIORITIZE_PWMS
PWM duty cycles calculated earlier are sorted in
ascending order, so that the duty cycle with minimum ON time can be addressed first and PWM
with maximum duty cycle last. Corresponding
Flags are set to indicate which PWM duty cycle
corresponds to which PWM output.

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

Timer0 reload value is calculated by the

subroutine TIMER0_OVERFLOW
Timer0 is used for setting the motor frequency. The
Timer0 reload value is calculated based on three
factors: first is the frequency reference input from
the potentiometer, second is the number of sine
table values, and third is the MCU operating
frequency.
Polling for the ADC result is handled by the
subroutine AD_CONV_COMPLETE
ADC conversion is poled in the main routine.
Alternatively, frequency reference (AN0), motor
current (AN1) and heatsink temperature (AN2) are
selected and converted.

Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs)

Timer1 ISR: In the first three Timer1 overflow
ISRs, the corresponding Odd PWM output is
turned off in each ISR. The complementary output
is turned on after a dead time of five cycles (1 s).
In the fourth Timer1 overflow ISR, the PWM cycle
is restarted. All PWMs are turned OFF and the
timer is loaded with the value corresponding to
the lowest duty cycle value. This is repeated for
each PWM cycle.
Timer0 ISR: A flag is set to indicate that the Sine
output should advance by 10 degrees on the Sine
table. The Timer0 registers are reloaded with the
value corresponding to the motor frequency
reference.
INT ISR: The INT pin is used to interface hardware overcurrent fault. Motor current is compared
with a fixed voltage reference using an op amp
comparator. Each time the motor current exceeds
the reference, in INT ISR a count (0C_COUNT) is
decremented. If the count reaches zero in one
Timer0 cycle, then the motor is stopped and
overcurrent is indicated. This count is reset in
every Timer0 ISR.

DS00967A-page 11

AN967
Controlling a 3-Phase Induction Motor

The DC bus is modulated with these PWMs to give

three Sine voltage outputs with 120 degrees phase
shift to each other as shown in Figure 12. This can be
done by changing the offset pointers on the Sine table.
Firmware needs to be recompiled and the part should
be reprogrammed. To reverse the motor direction, the
PWM loaded to two of the phases should be
interchanged.

The advantage of the drive topology shown in Figure 5

is the same hardware can be used to control the
speed of a 3-phase induction motor. In order to control
a 3-phase induction motor with a Variable Frequency
(VF) technique, three pairs of complementary PWMs
with dead band are required.

FIGURE 12:

PHASE VOLTAGE FOR 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL

150

Sin(t)

Sin(t+120)

Sin(t+240)

% Phase Voltage

100

50
Sin(wt)
0

Sin(wt+120)
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Sin(wt+240)

-50

-100

-150
Phase Angle

PIC16F72 LIMITATIONS

CONTROL USING A PIC18F2431/4431

Using the PIC16F72 for control has the following

limitations:

The PIC18FXX31 MCUs have a state-of-the-art Power

Control PWM (PCPWM) module on-chip. This module
can provide three pairs of complementary PWMs with
programmable dead band. Programming is greatly
simplified using PIC18FXX31 devices, because it
reduces the task of generating the software PWMs,
which takes most of the processor resource on a
PIC16F72. The source code included with this
application note (see Appendix A: Source Code)
also includes single-phase VF control using the
PIC18F2431.

MIPS: Generating a software PWM takes

significant processing power. This limits any other
application that may be required to run on the
same MCU.
PWM Frequency Range: The PWM frequency
range is limited and requires firmware changes.
The safe PWM frequency range is from 6 kHz to
10 kHz with an operating frequency of 20 MHz.
The PWM cycle may have an error up to 5%.
The resolution is also limited between 6 to 8 bits.
In addition to this, generating PWM outputs in
firmware uses the on-chip Timer, program and
data memory.

DS00967A-page 12

To
learn
more
about
using
PIC18FXX31
microcontrollers for different types of motor controls,
refer to application notes AN899, Brushless DC Motor
Control
Using
PIC18FXX31
Microcontrollers
(DS00899) and AN900, Controlling 3-Phase AC
Induction Motors Using the PIC18F4431 (DS00900)
available from Microchip.

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN967
CONCLUSION

APPENDIX A:

Microcontroller-based control for a PSC motor makes

the system easy to implement and have control over
the motor in two directions. Implementing the
algorithm using a 3-phase inverter bridge gives
flexibility and efficiency of control. In addition, a 3phase induction motor can be controlled using the
same hardware by making minor modifications to the
firmware. The PIC16F72 is a popular low cost general
purpose microcontroller from Microchip, that can be
used to implement the control algorithm. To a great
extent, PIC18FXX31 devices can provide flexibility in
implementing motor control algorithms.

The complete source code is available for download as

a single archive file from the Microchip corporate web
site at:

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

SOURCE CODE

www.microchip.com

DS00967A-page 13

DC-

R6

C11

R9
15K

0.0

R10

1
2
3
4

100

R11

IR2153-DIP8

8
7
6
5

1EMU06

D2

VB
HO
VS
LO

1N4148

VCC
RT
CT
COM

220 pF

C3
22 pF

10K

D1

U3

FREF

CCW

CW
2

+5V
R1

0.1 F

C2

S1
4

+5V

C12

R5
2K

470K, 0.5W

4.7 F, 25V

0.1 F

C10

Power
Supply

DC+

PIC Interface

3
1

DS00967A-page 14

Y1

22

R7

20 MHz

2K

R3

1
IRFR420A

C6
0.1 F

C4
22 pF

FREF
MOTOR
TEMP

C1
0.1 F

RA3
RA4
RA5

RA0
RA1
RA2

RC0
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC5
RC6
RC7

RB0
RB1
RB2
RB3
RB4
RB5
RB6
RB7

L1

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

TL431-T092

D4

R12
2K7

+
C7

R4

4
3

IN

S2

+
C8

1
2

C9
0.1 F

+5V

10K

R2

+5V

10 F, 25V

OUT

U2
LM340T -5.0V

0.1 F

C5

10K

SW1

100 F, 25V

+15V

PWM0
PWM1
PWM2
PWM3
PWM4
PWM5

FAULTA
SW1

560 H, 0.5A
R8
11K

PIC16F72

D3
1EMU06

Q1

8 VSS
19 VSS

10 OSC2

9 OSC1

2
3
4
5
6
7

1 MCLR

20 VDD

FIGURE B-1:

APPENDIX B:

2 COM

+5V

AN967
SCHEMATICS

PIC INTERFACE AND POWER SUPPLY (SHEET 1 OF 2)

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

 2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

Motor
Connector

J2

EARTH

M3

M2

M1

R22

AUX

TEMP

PSC
MOTOR

MAIN

300

R20
0.05R/3W
DC-

C18
33 pF
4.7 nF

C19

1K

R16

C21

RV1

EARTH

J1

91K

U5:A

C14
0.1 F

R24
NTC

F1

1K

R15

AC INPUT

MCP6002

0.01 F 270 VAC

R18
10K

R19

2-

+5V

8
4

4 AC2

AC1

D5

DC-

C17
33 pF

IMOTOR

R13
2K4

R21
5K

5 +

6 -

+ C20
470 F 250V

DC+

+5V

R17
MCP5002

1M
U5:B
7

R14

300

FAULTA

FIGURE B-2:

IRAMS10UP60A

C13 10 F 16V
VB3 1
M3
VS3
2
NC
3 C15 10 F 16V
VB2 4
VS2
M2
5
NC
10
F
16V
C16
6
VB1
7
VS1
M1
8
NC
9
DC+
V+
10
NC 11
DC12
DC13
DC14
H1
PWM1
15
H2
PWM3
16
H3
PWM5
17
L1
PWM0
18
L2
PWM2
19
PWM4
L3
20
ITRIP
21
VCC
+15V
22
R23
VSS
23
4.3K

U4

AN967

POWER SECTIONS AND MOTOR CURRENT MEASUREMENT (SHEET 2 OF 2)

DS00967A-page 15

AN967
NOTES:

DS00967A-page 16

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:

Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.

Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.

There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchips Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.

Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as unbreakable.

Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchips code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.

Information contained in this publication regarding device

applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
WRITTEN OR ORAL, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE,
RELATED TO THE INFORMATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION, QUALITY, PERFORMANCE,
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PURPOSE.
Microchip disclaims all liability arising from this information and
its use. Use of Microchips products as critical components in
life support systems is not authorized except with express
written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed,
implicitly or otherwise, under any Microchip intellectual property
rights.

Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron,
dsPIC, KEELOQ, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART,
PRO MATE, PowerSmart, rfPIC, and SmartShunt are
registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A. and other countries.
AmpLab, FilterLab, Migratable Memory, MXDEV, MXLAB,
PICMASTER, SEEVAL, SmartSensor and The Embedded
Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, dsPICDEM,
dsPICDEM.net, dsPICworks, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR,
FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial
Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK,
MPSIM, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICLAB, PICtail,
PowerCal, PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, rfLAB,
rfPICDEM, Select Mode, Smart Serial, SmartTel and Total
Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
2005, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the
U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Printed on recycled paper.

Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2002 quality system certification for

its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in
Chandler and Tempe, Arizona and Mountain View, California in
October 2003. The Companys quality system processes and
procedures are for its PICmicro 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchips quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00967A-page 17

Worldwide Sales and Service

AMERICAS

ASIA/PACIFIC

ASIA/PACIFIC

EUROPE

Corporate Office
2355 West Chandler Blvd.
Chandler, AZ 85224-6199
Tel: 480-792-7200
Fax: 480-792-7277
Technical Support:
http://support.microchip.com
Web Address:
www.microchip.com

Australia - Sydney
Tel: 61-2-9868-6733
Fax: 61-2-9868-6755

India - Bangalore
Tel: 91-80-2229-0061
Fax: 91-80-2229-0062

China - Beijing
Tel: 86-10-8528-2100
Fax: 86-10-8528-2104

India - New Delhi

Tel: 91-11-5160-8631
Fax: 91-11-5160-8632

Austria - Weis
Tel: 43-7242-2244-399
Fax: 43-7242-2244-393
Denmark - Ballerup
Tel: 45-4450-2828
Fax: 45-4485-2829

China - Chengdu
Tel: 86-28-8676-6200
Fax: 86-28-8676-6599

Japan - Kanagawa
Tel: 81-45-471- 6166
Fax: 81-45-471-6122

France - Massy
Tel: 33-1-69-53-63-20
Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79

China - Fuzhou
Tel: 86-591-8750-3506
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Korea - Seoul
Tel: 82-2-554-7200
Fax: 82-2-558-5932 or
82-2-558-5934

Germany - Ismaning
Tel: 49-89-627-144-0
Fax: 49-89-627-144-44

Atlanta
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Tel: 770-640-0034
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Boston
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Tel: 978-692-3848
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Chicago
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Kokomo
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China - Hong Kong SAR

Tel: 852-2401-1200
Fax: 852-2401-3431
China - Shanghai
Tel: 86-21-5407-5533
Fax: 86-21-5407-5066
China - Shenyang
Tel: 86-24-2334-2829
Fax: 86-24-2334-2393
China - Shenzhen
Tel: 86-755-8203-2660
Fax: 86-755-8203-1760
China - Shunde
Tel: 86-757-2839-5507
Fax: 86-757-2839-5571

Singapore
Tel: 65-6334-8870
Fax: 65-6334-8850
Taiwan - Kaohsiung
Tel: 886-7-536-4818
Fax: 886-7-536-4803
Taiwan - Taipei
Tel: 886-2-2500-6610
Fax: 886-2-2508-0102

Italy - Milan
Tel: 39-0331-742611
Fax: 39-0331-466781
Netherlands - Drunen
Tel: 31-416-690399
Fax: 31-416-690340
England - Berkshire
Tel: 44-118-921-5869
Fax: 44-118-921-5820

Taiwan - Hsinchu
Tel: 886-3-572-9526
Fax: 886-3-572-6459

China - Qingdao
Tel: 86-532-502-7355
Fax: 86-532-502-7205

Los Angeles
Mission Viejo, CA
Tel: 949-462-9523
Fax: 949-462-9608
San Jose
Mountain View, CA
Tel: 650-215-1444
Fax: 650-961-0286
Toronto
Mississauga, Ontario,
Canada
Tel: 905-673-0699
Fax: 905-673-6509

10/20/04

DS00967A-page 18

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.