Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
POLISH ACADEMY
SCIENCES single-stage grid-connected PV system based on Z-source
An integrated
inverter forOF
a single-phase
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Vol. 55, No. 3, 2007
Abstract. An integrated Z-source inverter for the single-phase single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system is proposed in this
paper. The inverter integrates three functional blocks including maximum-power-point-tracking, step-up/down DC-side voltage and
output grid-connected current. According to the non-minimum-phase characteristic presented in DC-side and the functional demands
of the system, two constant-frequency sliding-mode controllers with integral compensation are proposed to guarantee the system
robustness. By using two controllers, the effects caused by the non-minimum-phase characteristic are mitigated. Under the circumstance of that the input voltage or the grid-connected current changes suddenly, the notches/protrusions following the over-shoot/
under-shoot of the DC-bus voltage are eliminated. The quality of grid-connected current is ensured. Also, a small-signal modelling
method is employed to analyze the close-loop system. A 300W prototype is built in the laboratory. A solar-array simulator (SAS) is used
to verify the systematic responses in the experiment. The correctness and validity of the inverter and proposed control algorithm are
proved by simulation and experimental results.
Key words: Z-source inverter, single-phase single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system, sliding-mode controller.
1. Introduction
In the 90's of the last century, the centralized mode is used
in the photovoltaic (PV) system. Many parallel solar cell
arrays (SCAs) connect the grid by using one inverter.
Recently, the decentralized technology that each PV module
is less than 500W has been put into use in PV systems
[1-3].The technology enhances the flexibility and
expansibility of PV grid-connected systems.
Most of actual PV grid-connected systems consider only
the static characters of the SCAs, not the dynamic stability.
In fact, when the irradiance amplitude changes rapidly,
especially the irradiance decreases suddenly, the working
point of the output voltage and current of the SCAs will be
changed simultaneously, and the voltage amplitude will
decrease in a sudden manner, which will maybe cause the
DC-bus voltage to collapse. The dynamic stability of the
PV system in the case of the sudden changes has been
studied, and the model of the SCAs is established based on
the experimental results [4]. Dr. Wu analyzed the collapse
process of the DC-bus voltage in the single-stage PV gridconnected system and proposed a vary-step MPPT method
[5]. But even if the method is put into use, the collapse
still exists and its range is dependent on the value of the
step and the sample-cycle of the MPPT method.
Furthermore, in the traditional single-stage system the
voltage of the solar-cell must be greater than the peak of
the grid voltage to ensure the grid-connected success.
The Z-source inverter is a new inverter proposed in 2003
[6]. An impedance-source (Z-source) is used to replace the
DC-bus capacitance or inductance so as to overcome the
* e-mail: chen.zongxiang@gmail.com
263
L
L11 IIll1
1
C1 C2
PV
Array
Vin
Vc1
C
Ci
i2
S1 S
S44
S
Vc2
Vinv
Tx
/
vvacac vvac
ac
uc
u acr
S1
t1 t3
S4
t0
264
Lf
LL1 1 IIl1l1
SS2 2 SS3
3
t2 t4
vs
ILl22 IL22
Fig. 1. Single-phase inverter with Z-source
u cr
V in
Vc1
s4
S1
C1 C2
Vc2
Vinv s
s3
IIl2l2 LL22
i2
vac
vs
(a)
Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 55(3) 2007
Lf
L1L1 IIll11
V in
Vc1
Vc2
Vinv s
s3
vs
vac
IIll22 LL2 2
Lf
V in
V c1
Vc2
Vinv s
i2
s3
voltage
vs
vac
(6)
(c)
Fig. 3. The simplified operation modes in positive cycle (a)zero
state (t0,t1]& (t2,t3], (b)active state(t1,t2], (c)shoot-through
state(t3,t4]
1
Vin = BVin
1 2d
I pv
M PPT
Vin
PI
I*
(a)
sense V k , I k
(1)
? Ik ? I
D? I =
D? V =? Vk -? V
*
where
B=
1
Vin = Vc .
1 2d
3. MPPT design
IIll22 LL2 2
Vinv =
(5)
s4
S1
(4)
vac = BMVin (1 d )
LL
Il1l1
11 I
(b)
C1 C2
Vin + Vinv
2
s4
S1
C1 C2
Vc =
i2
1
1 2d
yes
?DV =
? 0
(2)
no
yes
1 d
Vc =
Vin .
1 2d
?I
D
Ik +
Vk =
?
? 0
?V
D
(3)
no
no
yes
D? I
Ik +
Vk >? 0
?
D? V
no
increase
V ref
decrease
yes
?DI ?= 0
D
?I>
? 0
yes
no
Vref
decrease V ref
increase
Vref
*
V =
? Vk
I * ?= I k
return
(b)
265
*
= I * sin t , where I
is
i2
Boost
converter
Based Z source
network
(DC-DC)
Vin
VC ref
2 x2 Vin
x2 + Vin
x&1
L
L
u
=
+
1
x&
2 2 x1 + I load
x1 I load
C
C
Inverter
Vin v
vac
(DC-AC )
u eq 1
R efer en c e
ue q 2
Sliding
Surface s
?1
Sliding
Surface s? 2
R e fe r en c e
I 2r* ef sin(?wt )
where
X = [ x1
x2 ]T = [ I l Vc ]T ;
1 T switch on
u1 =
0 T switch off
x2 x2*
4. Controller design
Due to the shoot-through state, the DC-bus voltage of Zsource is the high-frequency pulse signal which is difficult
to test. The capacitor voltage Vc, which is a constant voltage
signal, is easy to test and control. According to Eq. (6), at
the same time, the quality of output current can be better
by controlling Vc. Because four devices of the inverter bridge
must obey some special control logical rules, the paper
presents two constant-frequency sliding-mode controllers
to control the capacitor voltage of Z-source and the gridconnected current. The control variables of the controller
are ucr and uacr, which are obtained from the equivalent
control of the SMCs. And these two variables are compared
with a high-frequency sawtooth signal to obtain the pulses
controlling these devices. It is simple to obey the control
rules by using the proposed control methods, meanwhile
the advantages of the fast response and robustness of
sliding-mode are retained.
The grid can be considered as an ideal voltage source.
Two unattached close-loop controllers, shown in Fig. 5, are
employed to control the voltage of Z-source capacitors and
I l1
C 1 C2
Vi n
Vc2
Vc1
.
in the DC-side
1 ( x, t ) = k1 x1 + k 2 x2 + k 3 ( x2 x2* ) dt (k1,k2,k3 0)
0
(8)
x2 .
0 when 1 > 0
u1 =
1 when 1 0
(9)
(10)
Assume that
1 if
sgn( 1 ) =
1 if
1 > 0
1 0
(11)
x + V 2 x V
&1 ( x, t ) = k1 2 in + 2 in u1 + k 2
L
L
L1
(7)
Vin v
I L o ad
x1 I load
2
C
2 x1 + I load
+
C
*
u1 + k 3 ( x2 x2 )
. (12)
Il 2
L2
Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit with controlled DC side voltage
266
x
d
x
x2 x2*
(14)
is very small
If
d 1
t dt
lim
u1 =1
d [0, 1 ) .
2
lim
k
k
= lim 1 x2 2 x1 + x2 x2*
t
C
L
k1
k
Vc min 2 Il max > 0
L
C
> lim x2
k1
k
Vc min 2 I l max > 0
L
C
.
&1 0 when 1 0
d 1
|u =1 > 0 .
dt 1
(15)
> 0.
(19)
k1
k
Vc min 2 I l max > 0 , one has
L
C
1 0
1 <0
(20)
d [0, 1 )
2
*
k2x2Iload + k2Vinx1 + k3C(2x22 2x2 x2* xV
1 in + x2Vin )
k1
x&1
x& =
*
.
2 k1(xV
1 in + Iload x2 ) + k3L(2x1 + Iload )(x2 x2 )
(21)
x I
d u1=0
V x
Vin x2 < 0
*
2.
I load x2*
x1
I load
x = Vin = x* .
2 * 2
x2
lim+
1 0
d 1
|u =0 < 0 ,
dt 1
(17)
(22)
d
1
*
xi = ( Axi + BVin + CIload + Dx2 ) (i = 1,2) (23)
dt
region where
d 1
t dt
lim
I I
V + V
= lim k1 c in + k 2 l load + k 3
t
L
C
1 > 0
(V
in
(18)
1 < 0
where
kV
A = 2 in
k1Vin
k 2 I laod
B=
-k1 I load ,
k 2 x2*
C=
* ,
k 1 x2
-2k Cx* + k 3CVin
D= 3 2
(2 -1)k 3 LI load ,
*
= x2 V
in
267
.
If the poles of matrix A of Eq. (23) are all in the left
plane, the close-loop system is stable. So the inequality is
concluded as follows.
2
2
*
k1 + (k2Vin + 2k3L ) + 2k1k2 (2Iload 1)Vin + 4k1k3 CVin (Vin 2x2 ) L < 0
*
( k1 k2Vin + 2k3L ) k1C(Vin 2x2 ) + k2LIload ( 2 1) > 0
k1 V k2 I > 0
.
(24)
L c min C l max
According to the inequality (24), one can determine the
range of the coefficients k1, k2 and k3 and then choose
appropriate values by a trade-off.
4.2. AC current-shaper controllers. According to Fig. 1,
the equivalent circuit figure with AC-current output is
shown in Fig. 7. Its state equation can be obtained as
follows.
dx3 1
)
=
(Vdcu2 uac
dt Lf
where
(25)
x3 = i2 ,
1 S switch on
u2 =
0 S switch off
where
(26)
Set
0 when 2 > 0
u2 =
1 when 2 < 0
(27)
ueq 2 =
+Lf x&3*
( x3* x3 )Lf vac
+
gVdc
Vdc
The inequality
(28)
same method from Section 4.1. For the sake of the length
Lf
S=1
S
i2
6
(A)
S=0
V dc
u ?ac
-200
50 (ms) 60
268
-6
70
80
90
(a)
Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 55(3) 2007
200
(V)
200
(V)
V
(b)
150
180
100
50
160
50 (ms) 60
70
80
50 (ms) 100
90
150
200
250
(b)
(b)
300
(V)
300
(V)
200
200
100
(b)
100
0
50 (ms) 50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
50.5
0
50 (ms) 100
(c)
Fig. 8. Static waveforms (a) current and voltage waveforms of
the grid (b) voltage waveform of the capacitor of Z-source and its
reference (c) output voltage of Z-source
200
250
(c)
Fig. 9. Dynamic waveforms while Vdc changes (a) current and
voltage waveforms of the grid, (b) voltage waveform of the
capacitor of Z-source and input voltage Vdc (c) output voltage
of Z-source
200
(V)
6
(A)
-200
-6
50 (ms) 100
200
(V)
150
150
200
250
(a)
200
(V)
150
100
-6
-200
50 (ms) 100
150
(a)
200
250
50
50 (ms) 100
150
(b)
200
250
269
300
(V)
200
components
value of the
prototype
0
50 (ms)
100
150
200
250
(c)
Fig. 10. Dynamic waveforms while i2 changes (a) current and
voltage waveforms of the grid, (b) voltage waveform of the
capacitor of Z-source and input voltage Vdc
(c) output voltage of Z-source
200
(V)
parameters
of the
controllers
6
(V)
10k Hz
1000F
1500F
1.0 mH
12 mH
110 V/50Hz
Parameter of controller k1
Parameter of controller k2
Parameter of controller k3
0.001
0.0015
1
Parameters of controllers g
0.002
100
(a)
200
250
-6
2,5
SAS current, A
-200
50 (ms)
300
250
2,0
2,
5A
200
I ph
1,5
150
1,0
1
I ph=
,45
100
0,5
50
200
(V)
SAS power, W
100
Switch frequency
Capacitor C1&C2
Capacitor Cin
Inductance L1&L2
Inductance Lf
Grid voltage v'ac(rms)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
150
100
50 50 (ms)
100
150
(b)
50 (ms) 100
150
(c)
200
250
300
250
250
300
(V)
200
100
0
200
270
(b)
(a)
(b)
Fig.14 Experimental voltage and current waveforms while
Iph=2.5A, (a) Vc (Ch1:50V/div), Vin (Ch2:50V/div), (timebase:
10ms/div), (b) Vinv (Ch2:100V/div,timebase: 0.05ms/div)
(a)
Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 55(3) 2007
(a)
271
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
(b)
Fig. 16. Experimental voltage and current waveforms (Iph is
changed suddenly from 1.25A to 2.5A.) (a) Vc (Ch1:50V/div), Vin
(Ch2:50V/div), (timebase: 100ms/div), (b) v'ac (Ch1:170V/div), i2
(Ch2:1.5A/div), (timebase: 40ms/div)
[6]
[7]
[8]
6. Conclusions
[9]
The paper studies an integrated single-phase singlestage grid-connected inverter based on the Z-source which
has three functional blocks to track the maximum power
point, step-up/down voltage and output grid-connected
current. According to the non-minimum-phase
characteristic of Z-source impedance network and the
functional demands of PV grid-connected system, two
constant-frequency sliding-mode controllers with integral
compensation are proposed to guarantee the system
robustness. The effects caused by the non-minimum-phase
characteristic are minimized. In the state of that the input
voltage or the grid-connected current changes suddenly, any
notches/protrusions following the over-shoot/under-shoot of
the DC-bus voltage are eliminated. These excellent staticstate and dynamic attributes of the SMCs ensure the quality
of the grid-connected current. Furthermore, this method to
control the DC-side voltage of the Z-source might also shed
a light on other Z-source inverter/rectifier systems. Besides,
a small-signal modelling method is employed to analyze the
close-loop system to prove the system stability. At last, the
simulation and experiment results show the proposed PV
grid-connected inverter is feasible and the validity of the
proposed control scheme is also confirmed.
Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Dr. Huajun Yu,
an engineer of Shanghai Power Transmission&Distribution
Co. Ltd., for his valued assistance and comments in this
study. We also wish to thank Prof. Pengsheng Ye and Dr.
Sanbo Pan who give their hands to this study.
272
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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[15]
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[17]