Baroque Powerpoint

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit
The Baroque Era (16001750)
Turbulent change in
politics, science, arts
Religious wars
Exploration of the New

World
Rise of middle-class
culture
Music making centered in

the home, church, and
universities
Judith Leyster, The Flute Player
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Main Currents in Baroque Music
Monody:
New style featuring solo song with instrumental
accompaniment.
Florentine Camerata
Vincenzo Galilei
Giulio Caccini
Jacopo Peri
Young Woman at a Virgina, Jan Vermeer


New Harmonic Structures
Figured bass
Chords created through

improvisation
Basso continuo
Major-minor tonality
Bach, C.P.E., Trio Sonata in G
View of Toledo, El Greco

New Harmonic Structures
Equal temperament
J. S. Bachs The WellTempered Clavier

Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I,
Prelude and Fugue No. 1
Photo of the grand staircase of the Residenz


Baroque Musical Style
Early Baroque rhythm is freer
Late Baroque rhythm is regular and
vigorous
Emotions expressed with subtle dynamic
changes and use of dissonant chords

Dramatic forte/piano contrasts were also
typical

The Doctrine of the Affections
Union of text and music
One mood, or affection, per

movement or piece
Handel: Sampson, Let the Bright Seraphim

The Rise of the Virtuoso Musician
Technical improvements in instrument making
Composers challenging the performers

Domenico Scarlatti
Antonio Vivaldi
Sonata in D minor
Antonio Vivaldi

The Rise of the Virtuoso Musician
Instrumental
Vocal
Castrato
Countertenor or falsettist
Caricature of Farinelli, Pier Leone Ghezzi


The Rise of the Professional Female Singer
Increasingly professional women were
singers
and instrumentalists
Francesca Caccini
Barbara Strozzi
Faustina Bordoni
Francesca Cuzzoni
Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre
Concerto delle donne (Ensemble of the Ladies)

Internationalism
Free interchange among national cultures
All-European style
George Frideric Handel
G. F. Handel

Exoticism
Looking to the Near East, the Americas, and
elsewhere for ideas
16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

The Components of Opera
Meredith Hall as Poppea in the opera

The Coronation of Poppea
Large-scale musical drama

combining
Poetry
Acting
Scenery
Costumes
Singing
Instrumental music

Recitative
Secco
Accompagnato
Aria
Da capo aria
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=s3TXSuZ2fgM
Monteverdi-Orpheo
In un fiorito prato
Possente spirto-from
Orfeo

Ensemble numbers: Duet,
trio, quartet, etc.
Chorus
Overture/sinfonias
Libretto, librettist

Early Opera in Italy
Lavish spectacles
Claudio Monteverdi
Orfeo, Arianna
Coronation of Poppea
arioso
Claudio Monteverdi (15671643)
Listening Guide: Tu se morta (You Are Dead) from Act

Two of Monteverdis Orfeo
Based on Greek
continuo
You are dead, my life, and do I breathe?

You are gone from me
never to return, and do I remain?
No, for if my verses can do anything,
I will go surely to the deepest abysses,
and having softened the heart of the King of Shades,
I will bring her back to see again the stars:
Oh, if wicked destiny refuses me this,
I will stay with you in the company of death.
Non-metric
Farewell earth, farewell heaven and sun, farewell.
legend of Orpheus
The
libretto (literally,
book or the text)
changed from
original legend to
operatic version to
provide happy
ending
Homophonic texture
Tenor soloist with
recitative from opera
Listening Guide: CHORUS Ahi, Caso Acerbo from Act Two

of Monteverdis Orfeo
Chorus
Ah, bitter mischance, ah, wicked, cruel fate,
ah, hurtful stars. ah, envious heaven!
Let no mortal man trust
happiness that is passing and frail,
that soon flies away, and often
a precipice is near a great height.

The Spread of Opera
Italian opera rejected in France
Developing a national style
Jean-Baptiste Lully (16321687)
Genre won favor with King Louis
XIV

Opera in England
Masque
Stage plays forbidden
during the
Commonwealth
Play set to music and
Henry Purcell (16591695)
called concert
was allowed

Purcells Dido and Aeneas
Henry Purcell
(16591695)
English singer, organist,
and composer
Adopted elements from
Italian and French opera

Sacred and secular music

Act III: Didos Lament (Listening Guide)
Girls boarding
school
Virgils Aeneid
Librettist: Nahum
Tate
Plot: Aeneas leaves
The Death of Dido, Giovanni Barbieri
Dido, who loves him
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas, Act III

Didos Lament and Chorus
(Listening Guide)
Recitative: Thy hand, Belinda
Aria: When I am laid in earth
Five-measure chromatically descending ground bass

(ostinato)
Chorus: "With drooping wings"
Polyphonic texture
Word painting especially on words "drooping wings"

Didos Lament (Listening Guide)
Recitative: Thy hand, Belinda
Chromaticism
Sigh motive

Didos Lament (Listening Guide)
Aria: When I am laid in earth
Ground bass or ostinato

Barbara Strozzi and the Baroque Aria
Barbara Strozzi
(1619c. 1677)
Educated in Venice
Worked in a male-
dominated field
Prolific composer of
Barbara Strozzi, composer
madrigals, arias,
cantatas, and sacred
motets
Strozzi: Amor dormiglione (Sleepyhead, Cupid!)

(Listening Guide)
Lighthearted ariaan invocation to the God of

love
Solo soprano with harpsichord or bass lute
Rising opening melody; lines shaped to express

the text
Lilting triple meter; brief switch to duple at

beginning of second section
Consonant with some chromaticism
Monody (accompanied solo song)
Da capo aria (three parts: A-B-A)
Source of text: anonymous Italian poem

performance with lute
17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio

Cantata (Italian to
sing)
Vocal genre for solo
singers and instrumental

accompaniment
Based on lyric, dramatic,
or narrative poetry
St. Thomass Church, Leipzig

Bach and the Church Cantata
Sacred cantatas
for the Lutheran

church
Sacred cantatas
Secular cantatas
Multimovement
works
J.S. Bach, composer

Billings: Chester
Five Wise and Five Foolish Virgins, Godfried Schaicken
Chorale
Martin Luther
Early hymns: in unison
Later hymns: four-part

harmony, soprano
melody
Unifying thread of the

Protestant cantatas

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685

1750), German composer,
organist, educator
Culminating figure of the

Baroque style
Career in northern Germany
Musical family
Organist and composer
Devout Lutheran
Secular and church patrons

during career

Duties at Leipzig
Church
University collegium
musicum
An evening outdoor concert in 1744

by the collegium musicum of Jena, Germany
Keyboard Music
The Well-Tempered Clavier
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier I, Prelude No. 1
Instrumental Music
Sonatas and concertos
Bach: Flute Sonata No. 2, Siciliano
Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II
Brandenburg Concertos
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, III
Orchestral suites
Bach: Orchestral Suite No. 2, Badinerie

200-plus church cantatas
Passions
One Catholic Mass
Dictionary, J.G. Walther


Musical Offering
The Art of Fugue

Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III (fugue)
Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue (fugue)

Typically have five to eight movements

Many movements based on chorale tune
Several choral numbers, recitatives, arias

Handel and the Oratorio
George Frideric Handel
(16851759)
International career
German-born
Studied and composed in

Italy
London and the Royal

Academy of Music
Italian opera seria,

oratorios

Oratorio
Performed by solo
voices, chorus,
orchestra
No staging or costumes
Performance of Handels Messiah in 1784


Diatonicism
Tone color
40-plus operas
Expanded role of
chorus
George Frideric Handel (16851759)

Prolific composer of
instrumental music
Orchestral suites
Water Music
Music for the Royal
Fireworks
Handel: Messiah, Nos. 18, 44

(Listening Guide)
Premiered in Dublin in 1742
Written in 24 days
Libretto: compilation of Old and New Testament
Handel: Messiah, No. 18

(Listening Guide)
Soprano aria Rejoice greatly (da capo aria)
Melisma
Handel: Messiah, No. 44

(Listening Guide)
Hallelujah Chorus: contrasting textures
Hallelujah! Hallelujah!
homophonic
For the Lord God reigneth
monophonic
The Kingdom for this world is become
homophonic
And He shall reign for ever and ever
polyphonic
King of Kings and Lord of Lords
homophonic
18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite

The Rise of Instrumental Music
Early- vs. late-Baroque instrumentation
Pietro Domenico Oliviero, Detail of orchestra for 1740 concert

Instrument designs
were improved
Finest violins in
history came from

shops of:
Stradivarius
Guarneri
A Concert, Leonello Spada
Amati

Violin strings made of gut
Woodwinds made of wood
Horns and trumpets: valveless, called natural
Timpani

The Baroque Suite
Suite: Collection of dance-related
movements
Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue (jig)
Other optional dances:

minuet, gavotte, bourre,
passepied
Repeated sections
ornamented second time
Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue

Handel and the Orchestral Suite
Two notable suites by Handel
Water Music
Music for the Royal Fireworks
Water Music, Suite in D major, II

(Listening Guide)
Royal party on the Thames River in London,
July 17, 1717
22 numbers
Performed without continuo
Divided into three suites

Music at the French Royal Court
Grand entertainments of Louis

XIV and Louis XV
Court composer: JeanBaptiste Lully
Composer at the Palace of

Versailles (outside Paris)
Director of the 24 Violons du

Roy
A French court dancer


Music at the French Royal Court
Jean-Joseph Mouret (16821738)
Chambord, a French castle in the Loire valley
Theatrical composer at the

court in Paris
Stage works
Divertissements
Instrumental suites
Suite de symphonies
Mouret: Rondeau, from

Suite de symphonies (Listening Guide)
Written for a full Baroque orchestra
Familiar fanfare
used as theme music for television show
Five-part rondo structure (A-B-A-C-A)
A section serves as a refrain
Regular phrasing, with a strong, even beat
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/shorter/
The Enjoyment of Music 11th

Shorter Edition
19. The Baroque Concerto

Contrast and unity
Latin concertare (to contend with)
Opposition of different forces

Two Types of Concerti
Solo concerto
Concerto grosso
Concertino
Ripieno, or tutti
Vivaldi: Concerto for piccolo in C, I
Handel: Concerto grosso in G, II

Antonio Vivaldi and the Solo Concerto
Antonio Vivaldi (16781741)
Italian violinist and
composer
The red priest
Conservatorio delOspedale
della Piet (Venice)

Prolific composer
Above all, he was

possessed by music.
Marc Pincherle
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons

(Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide)
Group of four violin concertos
Each concerto accompanied by a poem
Music depicts specific lines of the poem
No. 1: Spring
No. 2: Summer
(La primavera)
(Lestate)
No. 3: Autumn
No. 4: Winter
(Lautunno)
(Linverno)
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons

(Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide)
Spring (La primavera)
Solo violin, string orchestra, continuo
Three movements:
I: Evokes animals and nature
Ritornello form
II: Largo in triple meter
Imagery forms a sleeping goatherds poem
Ostinato dog bark in violas
III: Rustic dance, drone of bagpipes
The Enjoyment of Music 11th

Shorter Edition
20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music

Baroque Keyboard Instruments
harpsichord
Organ
Harpsichord
Clavichord

Keyboard Forms
Two basic types
Based on harmony with

strong element
of improvisation
Prelude
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier
Chorale prelude
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Mans Desiring
Stricter forms based on

counterpoint
Fugue
Bach: Fugue in D

Keyboard Forms
Purcell: Come, ye sons of art away
Passacaglia
Chaconne
Toccata

The Fugue and Its Devices
Fuga
Contrapuntal, based on imitation
Subject unifies the work
Choral or instrumental
Melodic lines are referred to as voices
Fugue,
Josef Alber, (1925)

Episodes: interludes between statements of the
subject that serve as areas of relaxation.
Modulation to foreign keys
Use of contrapuntal devices
Use of stretto is common
Piece ends in tonic key

Original:
Inversion:
Retrograde:
Retrograde inversion:
Augmentation:
Diminution:

Form: Opening of Exposition
Fugue Exposition (4 voice)
Subject Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Contrapuntal line
Answer
Countersubject I Countersubject 2
Subject
Countersubject 1
Answer

Form: Exposition and Episode
Exposition Episode Subject Episode Subject Episode Subject
Entry
Entry
Entry
Bach's Contrapunctus 1, from The Art of Fugue

(Listening Guide)
four-voice fugue
Exposition:
Subject is presented in order: alto-soprano-bass-tenor
Episode

Looking ahead to the Classical Era
Rococo
French rocaille, a shell
Reaction against
Baroque style
Franois Couperin
(16681733)
Opera buffa: Italian

comic opera developed
throughout Europe.
La gamme damour (The Gamut of Love)

Jean-Antoine Watteau

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Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

The Baroque Era (16001750)

Exploration of the New

Music making centered in

Judith Leyster, The Flute Player

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Young Woman at a Virgina, Jan Vermeer

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Chords created through

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

J. S. Bachs The WellTempered Clavier

Photo of the grand staircase of the Residenz

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

changes and use of dissonant chords

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Union of text and music

One mood, or affection, per

Handel: Sampson, Let the Bright Seraphim

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Technical improvements in instrument making

Composers challenging the performers

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Caricature of Farinelli, Pier Leone Ghezzi

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Concerto delle donne (Ensemble of the Ladies)

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit

Looking to the Near East, the Americas, and

elsewhere for ideas

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

Meredith Hall as Poppea in the opera

Large-scale musical drama

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

trio, quartet, etc.

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Listening Guide: Tu se morta (You Are Dead) from Act

You are dead, my life, and do I breathe?

Farewell earth, farewell heaven and sun, farewell.

recitative from opera

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Listening Guide: CHORUS Ahi, Caso Acerbo from Act Two

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

Italian and French opera

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

16. Baroque Opera and Its Components

Dido, who loves him

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition

Purcell: Dido and Aeneas, Act III

Recitative: Thy hand, Belinda