Topic06 InelasticBehaviorHandouts

INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Inelastic Behavior of
Materials and Structures
Illustrates inelastic behavior of materials and structures

Explains why inelastic response may be necessary
Explains the equal displacement concept
Introduces the concept of inelastic design response spectra
Explains how inelastic behavior is built into the NEHRP
Recommended Provisions and ASCE 7-05
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
Inelastic Behaviors 6 - 1
Importance in Relation to ASCE 7-05
Inelastic Behavior of Structures
Derivation and explanation of the response
From material
reduction factor, R
Derivation and explanation of the displacement
to cross section
amplification factor, Cd
Derivation and explanation of the overstrength
to critical region
factor, o
to structure
Idealized Inelastic Behavior

From Material..
Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Stress, ksi
Stress
80
u
y
60
u
y
40
20
0
Strain
u
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
Strain, in/in
Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel
Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete

(Unconfined and Confined)
Stress, ksi
6
4
Confined
2
Unconfined
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain, in/in
Concrete Confinement
Unconfined
Confined
Benefits of Confinement
To Section..
Strain
Stress
Moment
ELASTIC
Spiral Confinement
y
Strain
Virtually NO Confinement
y
Stress
My
Moment
u
Olive View Hospital, 1971 San Fernando Valley earthquake
INELASTIC
Mu
Software for Moment - Curvature Analysis

XTRACT
To Section..
Moment
Mu
My
=
y
u
y
Curvature
NOTE:
Mu
My
To Critical Region and Member

Moment
Mu
My
Moment
Area y
u
y
Curvature
ELASTIC
INELASTIC
NOTE:
Rotation
Critical Region Behavior of a Steel Girder
Area u
LP
To Critical Region and Member

To Structure..
Force
=
Note:
u
y
Displacement
Loss of Ductility Through Hierarchy

Strain = 100
Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity
System ductility of 4 to 6 is required for

acceptable seismic behavior.
Curvature = 12 to 20
Good hysteretic behavior requires

ductile materials. However, ductility in
itself is insufficient to provide acceptable
seismic behavior.
Rotation = 8 to 14
Displacement = 4 to 10
Cyclic energy dissipation capacity is a

better indicator of performance.
Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading
Response Under Reversed

Cyclic Loading
(t)
Displacement
Transducer
(Controls )
+
+
Moment Arm L
7
5
Time
3
1
Time
2
4
6
Earthquakes impose DEFORMATIONS. Internal forces develop

as a result of the deformations.
Deformations are cyclic,

inelastic, and reversed
Load Cell
Laboratory Specimen Under Cyclic Deformation Loading
Force
Hydraulic
Ram
Records (F)
Hysteretic Behavior
Force
Force
Displacement
Transducer
(Controls )
Moment Arm L
Deformation
Deformation
Hydraulic
Ram
Records (F)
Measured Hysteretic
Behavior
ROBUST
(Excellent)
Load Cell
Deformation
PINCHED
(Good)
Hysteretic Behavior
Hysteretic Behavior
Force
Force
AREA=
Energy Dissipated
Force
Force
Deformation
Deformation
Deformation
PINCHED (with strength loss)

Poor
BRITTLE
Unacceptable
ROBUST
PINCHED (No Strength Loss)
Deformation
The structure should be able to sustain several

cycles of inelastic deformation without significant
loss of strength.
Some loss of stiffness is inevitable, but excessive
The art of seismic-resistant design is in the details.

With good detailing, structures can be designed
for force levels significantly lower than would be
required for elastic response.
stiffness loss can lead to collapse.
The more energy dissipated per cycle without

excessive deformation, the better the behavior
of the structure.
Why Is Inelastic Response Necessary?

Compare the Wind and Seismic Design of a
Simple Building
Building properties:
Moment resisting frames
Density = 8 pcf
Period T = 1.0 sec
Damping = 5%
Soil Site Class B
62.5
90
120
Wind:
100 mph fastest
Exposure C
62.5
Velocity pressure qs= 25.6 psf

Gust/exposure factor Ce = 1.25
Pressure coefficient Cq = 1.3
Load factor for wind = 1.3
90
120
Wind:
100 mph Exposure C
Total wind force on 120-foot face:

VW120= 62.5*120*25.6*1.25*1.3*1.3/1000 = 406 kips
Earthquake:
Total wind force on 90-foot face:

VW90 = 62.5*90*25.6*1.25*1.3*1.3/1000 = 304 kips
Assume SD1 = 0.48g

Earthquake:
Comparison: Earthquake vs. Wind

62.5
Building weight, W =
120*90*62.5*8/1000 = 5400
kips
90
120
VEQ = CSW
CS =
S D1
0.48
=
= 0.480
T ( R / I ) 10
. (10
. / 10
. )
VEQ
2592
=
= 8.5
304
VW 90
ELASTIC earthquake forces 6 to 9 times wind!

Virtually impossible to obtain economical design
Total ELASTIC earthquake force (in each direction):

VEQ = 0.480*5400 = 2592 kips
VEQ
2592
=
= 6.4
406
VW 120
How to Deal with Huge Earthquake Force?
Isolate structure from ground (base isolation)

Increase damping (passive energy dissipation)
Allow controlled inelastic response
Assume Frame Is Designed for Wind

Pushover Analysis Predicts Strength = 500 k
Force, kips
Actual
600
Idealized
400
Historically, building codes use inelastic response procedure.

Inelastic response occurs through structural damage (yielding).
We must control the damage for the method to be successful.
200
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Displacement, inches
How Will Frame Respond During 0.4g El Centro Earthquake?
Response Computed by NONLIN
Force, kips
Idealized SDOF Model
Maximum
displacement:
4.79
600
Fy=500 k
K2=11 k/in
400
200
Maximum
shear force:
542 k
K1=550 k/in
El Centro Ground Motion
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Displacement, in.
0 .6
Acceleration, g
0 .4
0 .2
Number of
yield events:
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
15
-0 .6
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
T im e , S e c o n d s
Response Computed by NONLIN
Interim Conclusion (The Good News)

The frame, designed for a wind force that is 15%
of the ELASTIC earthquake force, can survive the
earthquake if:
It has the capability to undergo numerous cycles of
INELASTIC deformation.
It has the capability to deform at least 5 to 6
times the yield deformation.
Yield displacement = 500/550 = 0.91 inch
It suffers no appreciable loss of strength.
Maximum Displacement 4.79

=
= 5.26
Ductility Demand
Yield Displacement
0.91
REQUIRES ADEQUATE DETAILING
Interim Conclusion (The Bad News)

As a result of the large displacements associated with
the inelastic deformations, the structure will suffer
considerable structural and nonstructural damage.
This damage must be controlled by

adequate detailing and by limiting
structural deformations (drift).
Development of Equal Displacement

Concept of Seismic Resistant Design
Concept used by:
IBC
NEHRP
ASCE-7
In association with force based

design concept. Used to predict
design forces and displacements
FEMA 273
In association with static pushover

analysis. Used to predict displacements
at various performance points.
The Equal Displacement Concept
The displacement of an inelastic system, with

stiffness K and strength Fy, subjected to a particular
ground motion, is approximately equal to the displacement
of the same system responding elastically.
Maximum Displacement (in)
Repeat Analysis for Various Yield Strengths

(All other parameters stay the same)
7
Elastic = 5.77
Avg. = 5.0 in.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Yield Strength (K)

6
Ductility Demand
(The displacement of a system is independent of the

yield strength of the system.)
5
4
Inelastic
3
2
1
Elastic
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Yield Strength (K)

Constant Displacement Idealization

of Inelastic Response
IDEALIZED BEHAVIOR
3500
3000
3000
2500
2500
Force, Kips
3500
2000
1500
1000
1500
500
0
2
The required force levels under inelastic response
1000
0
0
Displacement, Inches
are much less than the force levels required for

elastic response.
3500
3500
3000
Elastic
Force, Kips
2500
2000
1500
1000
Elastic
2500
2000
1500
1000
Inelastic
500
Inelastic
500
0
0 d =0.91 2
y
0
0
5.77 6
Design for this force
Design for this displacement
3500
FE
3000
1500
FI
0
0
Ductility supply MUST BE > ductility demand =

5.77
= 6.34
0.91
Use basic elastic spectrum but, for strength,

divide all pseudoacceleration values by R,
a response modification factor that accounts for:
2000
500
4 d =5.77 6
u
ASCE 7 Approach
2500
1000
Equal Displacement Concept

of Inelastic Design
Equal Displacement Concept

of Inelastic Design
3000
Force, Kips
For design purposes, it may be assumed that

inelastic displacements are equal to the
displacements that would occur during an
elastic response.
2000
500
Force, Kips
Force, Kips
ACTUAL BEHAVIOR
Equal Displacement Idealization

of Inelastic Response
dR
dI 6
Using response spectra, estimate elastic force demand FE

Estimate ductility supply, , and determine inelastic force demand FI
= FE /.. Design structure for FI.
Anticipated ductility supply

Overstrength
Damping (if different than 5% critical)
Past performance of similar systems
Redundancy
Compute reduced displacement. dR, and multiply by to obtain true

inelastic eisplacement, dI. Check drift using di.
Ductility/Overstrength
FIRST SIGNIFICANT YIELD
First Significant Yield is the level of force

that causes complete plastification of at least
the most critical region of the structure (e.g.,
formation of the first plastic hinge).
First
Significant
Yield
Force
The design strength of a structure is equal

to the resistance at first significant yield.
Design
Strength
Displacement
Overstrength (2)
Overstrength (1)
Force
Force
Design
Strength
Design
Strength
Displacement
Displacement
Overstrength (3)
Sources of Overstrength
Force
Apparent
Strength
Overstrength
Sequential yielding of critical regions

Material overstrength (actual vs specified yield)
Strain hardening
Capacity reduction ( ) factors
Member selection
Design
Strength
Displacement
Definition of Overstrength Factor

Overstrength Factor =
Apparent Strength
Definition of Ductility Reduction Factor Rd

Force
Elastic Strength
Demand
Design Strength
Strength
Demand
Reduction due
To Ductility
Force
Apparent Strength
Overstrength
Apparent Strength
Overstrength
Design Strength
Design Strength
Displacement
Displacement
Elastic
Displacement
Demand
Definition of Ductility Reduction Factor

Ductility Reduction Rd =
Elastic Strength Demand

Apparent Strength
Force
Definition of Response Modification

Coefficient R
Overstrength Factor =
Elastic
Strength
Demand
Strength
Demand
Reduction due
To Ductility
Apparent
Strength
Overstrength
Design
Strength
Ductility Reduction Rd =
R=
Apparent Strength
Design Strength
Apparent Strength

Design Strength
= Rd
Elastic Displacement
Displacement
Demand
Definition of Response Modification

Coefficient R
Force
Definition of Deflection Amplification Factor Coefficient Cd

Elastic Strength
Demand
R x Design Strength
x Design Strength
Apparent Strength
Reduced (Design) Strength

Design Strength
Displacement
ANALYSIS DOMAIN
Elastic
Displacement
Demand
Computed Design
Displacement
Demand D
Actual Inelastic
Displacement
Demand I
Elastic
Displacement
Demand E
ASCE 7 Approach for Displacements

Determine design forces: V = CsW, where Cs
includes ductility/overstrength reduction factor R.
Distribute forces vertically and horizontally and
compute displacements using linear elastic analysis.
Multiply computed displacements by Cd to obtain
estimate of true inelastic response.
Examples of Design Factors for Steel Structures

ASCE 7-05
R
Rd
Cd
Special Moment Frame

Intermediate Moment Frame
Ordinary Moment Frame
8
4.5
3.5
3
3
3
2.67
1.50
1.17
5.5
4.0
3.0
Eccentric Braced Frame

Eccentric Braced Frame (Pinned)
8
7
2
2
4.00
3.50
4.0
4.0
Special Concentric Braced Frame

Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame
6
3.25
2
2
3.00
1.25
5.0
3.25
Not Detailed
1.00
3.0
Note: Rd is ductility demand ONLY IF o is achieved.

ASCE 7 Elastic Spectra as

Adjusted for Ductility and Overstrength
Examples of Design Factors

for Reinforced Concrete Structures
ASCE 7-05
1.2
Rd
Cd
Special Moment Frame

Intermediate Moment Frame
Ordinary Moment Frame
8
5
3
3
3
3
2.67
1.67
1.00
5.5
4.5
2.5
S
CS = DS
R/ I
Special Reinforced Shear Wall

Ordinary Reinforced Shear Wall
Detailed Plain Concrete Wall
Ordinary Plain Concrete Wall
5
4
2
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.00
1.60
0.80
0.60
5.0
4.0
2.0
1.5
S D1
CS =
T(R / I )
SDS=1.0g
1.0
Acceleration, g
SD1=0.48g
R=1
R=2
R=3
0.8
0.6
R=4
R=6
0.4
R=8
0.2
0.0
0
Note: Rd is Ductility Demand ONLY IF o is Achieved.
Period, Seconds
Using Modified ASCE 7 Spectrum

to Determine Force Demand
Using Modified ASCE-7 Spectrum

to Determine Displacement Demand
1.2
25
R=1
R=1
1.0
R=4
Displacement,inches.
Pseudoacceleration, g
0.8
0.6
V=0.15W
0.4
0.15
0.2
0.0
R=4
20
(R=4)*Cd
15
Cd=3.5
10
5
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Period, Seconds
Period, Seconds
Displacements must be multiplied by factor Cd because

displacements based on reduced force would be too low
INELASTIC = Cd REDUCEDELASTIC
Equal displacement approach may not be

applicable at very low period values.
25
Displacement,inches.
R=1
INELASTIC = 3.65 in.
R=4
20
(R=4)*Cd
15
Cd = 3.5
10
5
0
0
Period, Seconds
Equal Energy Concept
(Applicable at Low Periods)
ELASTIC ENERGY
INELASTIC ENERGY
FE
FI
EE
FI
EI
FE
y
FI
E E = 0.5FE
EI = FI u 0.5FI y = FI y ( 0.5 )
FE
F2
y = 0.5 y E
FI
FI
Newmark Inelastic Spectrum (for Psuedoacceleration)
100
FI =
Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec
Assuming EE = EI :
FE
FI
FE
= 2 1
FI
Inelastic:
10
FI =
FE
EqualDisp.
Equal Energy
Transition
0.1
0.01
Elastic:
FE
2 1
0.1
1
Period, Seconds
10
Inelastic Design Response Spectrum for Acceleration & Displacement

100
Newmarks
Inelastic Design Response Spectrum
Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec
To obtain inelastic displacement spectrum,

multiply the spectrum shown in previous
slide by (for all periods).
Disp.
0.1
0.01
At very low periods, the ASCE 7 spectrum does not reduce to

ground acceleration so this partially compensates for
error in equal displacement assumption at low period
values.
Cs
Period, T
Note: FEMA 273 has explicit modifications for computing target
at low periods.
Accel.
10
0.1
1
Period, Seconds
10

Topic06 InelasticBehaviorHandouts

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Topic06 InelasticBehaviorHandouts

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INELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Illustrates inelastic behavior of materials and structures

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Importance in Relation to ASCE 7-05

Inelastic Behavior of Structures

Derivation and explanation of the response

Derivation and explanation of the displacement

Derivation and explanation of the overstrength

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

Software for Moment - Curvature Analysis

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

To Critical Region and Member

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Critical Region Behavior of a Steel Girder

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

To Critical Region and Member

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Loss of Ductility Through Hierarchy

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

System ductility of 4 to 6 is required for

Good hysteretic behavior requires

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Cyclic energy dissipation capacity is a

Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading

Response Under Reversed

Earthquakes impose DEFORMATIONS. Internal forces develop

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Deformations are cyclic,

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Laboratory Specimen Under Cyclic Deformation Loading

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

PINCHED (with strength loss)

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

PINCHED (No Strength Loss)

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

The structure should be able to sustain several

Some loss of stiffness is inevitable, but excessive

The art of seismic-resistant design is in the details.

stiffness loss can lead to collapse.

The more energy dissipated per cycle without

Why Is Inelastic Response Necessary?