School for Dance and music

DESIGN STUDIO ASSIGNMENT

SUMMAIYA LATIF AWAN
25TH SEP 2014

Dance
Dance & Dancing: Just Doing What Comes Naturally
Human beings probably danced even
before there was a word for it. Rhythmic bodily movement is instinctive. It connects people,
even if unconsciously, to the rhythms of nature. Dance springs from a human desire for
personal expression and social connection. And it feels good.

People dance for all kinds of reasons - to mourn, to celebrate, to heal, to give thanks, to
preserve cultural heritage and treasured legends, to demonstrate physical prowess, to assert
individuality, to provoke and to entertain.

Almost anyone can dance, regardless of age or ability. Maybe it's the Argentinean tango, the
American square dance, the Viennese waltz, an improvised riff at a club or a step or two at a
family wedding. Whatever the style or situation, dancing can be fun and a great way to
socialize.

Related but different, theatrical dance is presented as art and entertainment. Trained dancers
perform for an audience and the goal is to evoke a response. Dance becomes another way of
communicating. A dance could express something specific like a story. It might seek to convey
an idea, or it might simply be about creating an abstract effect, the way music often does.

Theatrical dance is often non-literal. The moving body conveys feelings or ideas that cannot be
put into words. Try explaining the mesmerizing effect of Japanese butoh, with its meticulously
controlled movement; or the exhilaration of break dance, with its fast, punchy jumps and turns.

Dance is a part of many popular entertainment forms, from ice shows, movies and music
videos to Broadway musicals and the circus. It also stands on its own in concerts featuring
solos, duets and ensemble works, often to live music.

Performance styles are varied and evolving.

They may reflect or challenge the social, cultural,
even religious traditions and values of their root cultures.

Ballet, for example, is danced in many parts of the world but it is a European form, originating

in the courtly entertainments of 15th century Italy. Courtly life requires formality and gracious
behavior. Though it has changed over time, ballet still expresses these values today.

In contrast, various forms of South Asian dance now seen in a theatrical context have their
roots in ancient temple dances. The characteristic rhythms of bharata, natyam or kathak dance
derive from musical traditions. The resulting grounded movement is notably different from
ballet's upward lift - itself in relation to western melodic forms.

Start dancing ballet to jazz music and the movement begins to change. A new freedom in the
hips creates a whole new effect not immediately identifiable as classical ballet. The labels we

use to identify dance forms are arbitrary. They are designed to help analyze and categorize
what is ultimately a shared human experience - the impulse to move.

Dance Forms: An Introduction

A wide variety of dance forms exist around the world. Here is an

introduction to over 40 traditional and contemporary dance forms that you may encounter on

stages near you and throughout. You'll find 24 major dance styles and additional information
on variations within certain forms. Most of these are theatrical dance forms whose primary

purpose is artistic presentation before an audience. Some forms play a wider social role but are
nonetheless adapted for theatrical performance.

1. Aerial dance

2. African dance
3. Afro-Caribbean dance
4. Azerbaijani dance
5. Ballet dance
6. Belly dance

7. Brazilian folk dance

8. Break dance
9. Butoh.

10. Capoeira
11. Chinese
12. Contact Improvisation
13. Contemporary
14. First Nations
15. Flamenco
16. Hip Hop
17. Improvisation
18. Jazz

19. Korean
20. Modern

21. South Asian

22. Tanztheater
23. Tap

24. Ukrainian

1. Hip Hop
Hip hop dance originated on the streets of New York City among young
Hispanic and African-American men during the late 1960s as part of the hip hop culture of

rap, scratch music and graffiti art. Break dance is the most common style of this constantly

evolving dance form. A newer development that came out of Los Angeles is the freestyle, high
energy and confrontational krumping, in which the dancers sometimes use physical contact
and weight sharing.

Electric boogie is a style of popping (ticking). Both locking and popping or ticking originally
came from Los Angeles. Popping was created by street dance crew Electric Boogaloo. Locking

was created by The Lockers Both locking and popping existed a long time before breaking
was born. During breaking era, b-boys started to put popping and locking into their dance.
Since people in NY twisted popping and made it funkier and something different from original

popping, they call it electric boogie instead of popping. Nowadays, so-called "Break dance"
consists of breaking, locking, and electric boogie or popping.

History
It was the robots on TV shows in the early '60s like "Lost in Space" that inspired
the black kids in Los Angeles to invent the dance the Robot.

Obviously mime was inspirational in the development and perfecting of the Robot. The sense of

animation and futurism is strong in most poor inner-city kids because it's an escape to a world
where everything is perfect, sharp, and in control. The hydraulic movements of the robot
danced to music which was becoming more and more mechanically rhythmic, like James
Brown's "Goodfoot" (1969), was a natural development in Los Angeles, a city of major street
dance creations.

In 1969, a young black man by the name of Don Campbell was becoming known among street

dancers in Los Angeles for inventing a dance called the Campbellock (he put out a record
called "Do the Campbellock"). Don Campbell took the hydraulic robotic movements, which
were all about total control and mixed it with wild, out of control body movement dances of
the tap-flash dance days plus exact stop and start movements and spiced it all with comic facial

expressions and clown-like costumes to develop a whole new dance movement which is still
going strong called "Locking".

The best way to describe the movement of locking would be thus: You know those little-figured
toys that are like inside-out puppets on small plastic circular platforms or pedestals, and if you

press the bottom of the platform the figure collapses real fast, then when you let your finger up
it goes back into shape? Well that's what locking looks like. The body moves out of control then
back into control snapping into position, collapsing then snapping back.

At the time breaking was developing in New York, locking the Robot was getting popular in
southern California. During 1972 and '73 in Fresno, California, a small city halfway between
Los Angeles and Dan Francisco, a black family of all boys was inventing something new of their
own. They called their dance the Electric Boogaloo. Pistol Pete and his brothers had created The
Electric Boogaloo by combining locking. The Robot, and the more smooth and controlled
movements of mime. Instead of throwing their bodies in and out of control like locking, or in
total hydraulic control like The Robot, they passed energy through their bodies popping and
snapping elbows, wrists, necks, hips and just about all the body joints along the way.
(http://www.hiphop-network.com/articles/bboyarticles/popinelectricboogie2.asp )

If you ask several people to define the term "hip hop", chances are you will hear several
different answers. Hip hop is much more than a way of moving to hip hop music...it is a way of
life. Hip hop is a lifestyle that includes its own language, music, wardrobe style and style of
dance.

Some people believe that hip hop dancing is simply moving to hip hop music. However, hip
hop as a dance style is anything but simple. Hip hop dancers frequently engage in friendly

battles or informal dance competitions. In an article appearing in Dance Teacher magazine,

Rachel Zar discusses the top five elements of hip hop dance.

1. Popping
The Electric Boogaloos dance crew, popping consists of quickly contracting and
relaxing your muscles, causing a jerk in your body. These jerks are known as pops or hits.
Popping is performed with other dance moves and poses to the beat of the music.

Popping Terms:
Puppeting
Waving
The Creep
Tutting
Robotting
Ticking
Dynorama
Strobing
Vibrating

2. Locking
Created by Don Campbell in Los Angeles and introduced by his crew The

Lockers, locking consists of performing a series of locking movements, which involves

performing a quick movement, "locking" into another position, then holding the last position
for a few seconds. The hips and legs usually remain in a relaxed position while movements of

the arms and hands are more distinct and exact. Movements are big and coordinated closely
with the beats of the music. Locking has a bit of a comedic flair and is usually performed to
funk or soul music. Dancers who perform locking movements are called "lockers."

Locking Terms
Lock
Points
Throwback
Wrist Roll
Iron Horse
Muscle Man
Scooby Doo
Stop & Go
Scootbot
Skeeter Rabbit
Funky Guitar
Knee Drop
Leo Walk

3. Breaking
Breaking (also referred to as b-boying or b-girling) is probably the most well-

known element of hip hop dance. Breaking is very unstructured and improvisational, and
evolved from a style of dance known as uprock. Breaking, or breakdancing, is composed of

movements performed at different levels: toprock (performed while standing), downrock

(performed close to the floor), power moves (acrobatics) and freeze moves (poses). Dancers
who perform breakdancing are often called b-boys, b-girls or breakers.

Breaking Terms
Rock Steady Crew

Zulu Kings
Sal Soul
Crazy Commandos
Dynamic Rockers
New York City Breakers
Air Force Crew
Full Circle
The Bronx Boys
Seven Gems
(http://dance.about.com/od/hiphopdancing/tp/Elements-Of-Hip-Hop.htm )

What distinguishes hip-hop from other forms of dance is that it is often "freestyle"
(improvisational) in nature. Crews free styling, and battles are identifiers of this style. Hip-hop
dance can be a form of entertainment or a hobby. It can also be a way to stay active in
competitive dance and a way to make a living by dancing professionally.

Though hip-hop dancing is established on film and on television, it has not gained the same
level of exposure in theater. This may be due to the fact that the dance is performed more in
film and in television than it is in a theatrical setting.

2. Tap Dancing
They say tap dancing appeared during the time of slave trade. African slaves

were using drums and other instruments to perform their native music and songs. American
slave-holders started to panic thinking that Africans could communicate with each other
through the use of these instruments, thats why drums and other native instruments of

Africans were forbidden all over the South at that time. However, African slaves used all their

traditional rhythms when they danced, tapping out complex rhythmic passages that became a
vital physical code of expression. In the 19th century African-Americans didnt have good

quality Bloch shoes; however, they still could impress the audience with dynamic and rhythmic
footwork. Later on they combined their footwork with Irish and British clogging steps, which
later became modern tap dancing.

Tap dancing is one of the greatest feel-good dances you'll ever encounter. It makes everyone
smile and is enchanting when it's done well. And the greatest thing about it is that you can
learn it surprisingly quickly. Even by the end of a couple of well-taught classes, you will be
able to dance a short, simple routine that will sound 'right'.

Somehow, we all seem to have a good ear for Tap and know what it should sound like. That
means that if you are prepared to pay close attention to your teacher, you will be able to
monitor your own progress after a fairly short space of time your built-in Tap dance ear will
be a constant tutor! The music played in Tap lessons helps a lot too.

This is a big dance. Although it has some soft taps and tiny moves in it too, it's generally lively,
boisterous, and uplifting. It sizzles with fun and energy. It's just a great dance for making you
feel like a dancer on stage in front of a clapping, cheering audience.

Practicalities
Not only is it easy to learn, but it's easy to practice too! It's possible to practice
Tap surreptitiously we've seen people tapping out their practice routines under their desk
while they are working. But with all that enthusiasm comes a little word about exercise content

for beginners. We've talked about it needing to sound right. That means you have to start small
and quiet, giving great concentration to learning each step well, so it sounds (as well as looks)
accurate.

For your first few lessons, you may not use anything other than your feet to tap with and your
hands to clap with. If you are looking for a good cardio workout from your dance class, you

won't get it from Tap until you are a little more proficient and are leaping all over the place.
But fear not, after just a couple of lessons, you should at least be doing routines that last long
enough to get the heart rate up a little. On the plus side, it's a great toner for those calf muscles
and much more exciting than a boring old step aerobics class!

Tap Dance Teachers

Tap dance teachers are some of the most fun, energetic, enthusiastic you'll
ever meet. There's something about Tap dancing that makes it impossible to be glum around. So
if you are looking to be taught by a teacher whose presence is uplifting, Tap class is where
you'll find them.

And of course the best thing about Tap teachers (as if that wasn't enough), is that they'll keep
breaking into little bursts of super-fast Tap. They just can't help themselves!

Tap Dance Pupils

Tap dance is one of the most inclusive dances you'll find. Men, women,

young, old, fit and not-so-fit, big and small. They all can learn how to tap well.

And it does seem to attract a huge cross-section of people. Probably because it's one of the most
aspirational dances we know. There just seems to be a lot of people who secretly harbor a

desire to at least try a bit of Tap dancing once in their life. And so you will find all sorts of
people in beginners Tap classes.

Of course, very few just turn up once to try it and never appear again. If you've got a good

teacher, like the ones we describe above, you'll find that everybody gets hooked pretty quickly
and the whole class will keep turning up, week after week.

It really is the dance for everybody. So throw your sneakers away, tie on your Tap shoes, and
prepare to be transported into a magical toe-tapping world!
(http://www.danceclass.com/tap-dance.html)

Styles of Tap Shoes

Tap shoes are available in a variety of shapes, styles and colors. Tap shoes
are generally made of four materials: leather, canvas, wood and plastic. Young tappers tend to
favor the Mary Jane style of tap shoes, with a single ribbon tied into a bow on the top of the
foot. Older, more experienced dancers typically prefer flat leather oxford tap shoes. Tap shoes

with heels are also available if preferred, but tend to be a little more difficult to balance on, as
they place more weight on the ball of the foot and the toes. More advanced dancers usually opt
for split-sole jazz tap shoes, which allow more flexibility for performing advanced tap steps.

Fitting Tap Shoes

Overall comfort and fit is extremely important when purchasing tap
shoes. If the tap shoes dont fit perfectly, tap sounds won't be clear and precise. Keep in mind

that sizes of tap shoes may be quite different than street shoes sizes. If you are not sure of two
sizes, opt for the smaller size. Tap shoes should always fit snugly, with very little space in the
toe box. With frequent use, the most tap shoes will stretch and allow more room for your feet.

Sounds of Tap Shoes

When choosing tap shoes, it's just as important to consider how they
sound as how they look and feel. Tap shoes differ by the amount of screws attached to the taps.
The screws are adjustable, so different sounds can be produced. Tap dancers often loosen or

tighten screws to adjust the sound made by their taps. The most common tap shoes have three
screws on each shoe. After dancing for a while, dancers develop a personal preference for tap
shoes determined by specific tap sounds.

Classic tapping shoes

Comfortable clothing for tap dancing

After you buy good quality Bloch shoes, you should

choose dance clothes that have to be comfortable and loose. If you are a beginner then one set

of clothing for performances will be enough. You can use various accessories to look different
every time you are on stage.
(http://www.dancedirect.com/uk/Press/Article/1264/)

If you are starting a tap class, the type of floor you will be dancing on is as important as your
tap shoes. The best floor for tap dancing is one that is both resilient and resonant. A resilient

floor is capable of withstanding shock without being damaged. A resonant floor produces
strong and deep sound tones. The resilience and resonance of a floor is determined by what the
floor is made of and what lies underneath the floor's surface.

Hardwood Makes a Great Tap Dance Floor

The best tap dance floor is made of hardwood, such as maple or oak. Hardwood floors are less
likely to be damaged than floors made of soft wood such as pine. Maple is a great tap dance
floor choice because it is not likely to splinter and doesnt need a sealer to protect it from water
damage and warping.

It is very important to determine the type of floor that lies underneath the surface you will be
tapping on. If the sounds you hear from your taps are not resonant and the pitch doesnt vary

between the heels and the toes, the floor underneath is most likely concrete. A concrete
subfloor is hard on your body and could result in injury to your knees, back or legs. The best

and safest floor for tap dancing is a hardwood surface with air underneath known as a spring
floor. A spring floor is created by a series of floor beams spaced apart by spring coils. A spring
floor vibrates and produces more resonant sounds.
(http://dance.about.com/od/tapdancing/qt/Tap-Dance-Floor.htm)

3. Aerial dance
Aerial dance refers to a theatrical production performed by dancers who are

suspended in the air with the aid of apparatus such as ropes, lengths of cloth known as silks,
straps or a trapeze.

Aerial Silk
Is one of the well-recognized aspects of this type of dance, and is often called

aerial ribbon, fabric, or tissue depending on region. Aerial silk acts were first made famous by
Isabelle Chasse in Cirque du Soleil's show called Quidam.

Performers climb the suspended fabric without the use of safety lines, and rely only on their
training and skill to ensure safety. They use the fabric to wrap, suspend, fall, swing, and spiral

their bodies into and out of various positions. Aerial silks may be used to fly through the air,

striking poses and figures while flying. Some performers use dried or spray rosin on their
hands and feet to increase the friction and grip on the fabric.

Space
Aerial silks are an incredibly demanding art and require a high degree of strength

and power. For all users, the space required is usually between 20 and 30 ft. There are a great
many tricks that can be done on a 12-to-15-foot (3.7 to 4.6 m) aerial fabric and a few drops
require more than 30 feet, but for the most part 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) is best.

Tricks
The three main categories of tricks are climbs, wraps and drops. Climbs employed by
aerialists range from purely practical and efficient, such as the Russian climb, to athletic and
elegant tricks of their own, such as the straddle climb. Wraps are static poses where aerialists

wrap the silks around one or more parts of their body. In general, the more complicated the
wrap, the stronger the force of friction and the less effort required to hold ones-self up. Some
wraps, such as the straddle-back-balance, actually allow performers to completely release their
hands. Foot locks are a sub-category of wraps where the silks are wrapped around one or both

feet. In a drop, performers wrap themselves up high on the silks before falling to a lower
position. Drops can combine aspects of free fall, rolling or otherwise rotating oneself before

landing in a new pose. Preparation for a drop can make for a pretty wrap, but the ultimate goal
is the fall rather than the pose. Of the three trick types, drops require the most strength, and are

also the most potentially dangerous. Rosin (dry or mixed with rubbing alcohol) is employed to
help performers maintain their grip. Aerial silks are an incredibly demanding art and require a
high degree of strength, power, flexibility, courage, and grace to practice.

Aerial dancing shows have an inherent level of danger. The dancers perform every trick on the
mat placed on the floor beneath and drop extensively over a mat before doing it in rehearsal.

Fabrics

The fabrics used as silks are very strong with some give and flexibility. The fabric is
2-way stretch polyester Lycra or Tricot Nylon. The width varies depending on the routine and
the acrobat. The fabric is usually quite long, as it is doubled for rigging, giving the acrobat two
strips of fabric to work with as he or she performs.

Stretch
Low stretch fabrics are primarily used by beginners who have not yet developed

proper climbing technique.

Medium stretch fabrics are the principal choice of professional aerialists and graduates of
professional training programs such as cole nationale de cirque.

Width
Fabric width is mostly a personal choice. The thickness of the fabric when gathered
is also influenced by the "denier", or technical thickness of the fabrics weave. 40 denier is a
common choice. The following applies to 40 denier nylon fabric:

60" - Narrow when open, thin when gathered. Fairly common simply because the fabric is
widely available.
72-84 - Average for adult performers
96" - Wide when open, thick when gathered. Best for adults with large hands.
108 - Very wide and thick. For adults with very large hands, or specialty acts.

Length
Length is a function of the height of the space available.
For beginners, it is beneficial if the fabric comes down past the ground, allowing them to
practice wraps at a lower level where they can be spotted.

For intermediate users and above, it is sufficient if the fabrics come down to the ground.

For all users, the space required is usually between 20 and 30 ft. There are a great many tricks
that can be done on a 12-to-15-foot (3.7 to 4.6 m) aerial fabric and a few drops require more
than 30 feet, but for the most part 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) is best.

Rigging
Aerial rigging applies to the hanging of aerial silks and hammocks. Aerial silk
rigging equipment commonly includes:
A figure-eight descender, rescue eight, ring, or other piece of hardware for holding the silk
A ball-bearing swivel to keep the silk from twisting and to allow for spinning
Carabiners for connecting the silk hardware to the swivel, and for connecting the swivel to a
mounting point

Aerial Silk Dancewear

Aerial silk classes require certain types clothing to get the most out of your
time spent practicing. By wearing the appropriate dancewear, you can minimize injuries like
silk or rope burn. Skin burns can happen at the back of the knees, under the arms, and on the
stomach or back if you are not properly suited up. That is why it's essential to always wear the
correct clothes while performing aerial silk moves, no matter what your level of advancement.
A gymnastics suit, dance leotard, unitard, or full body suit will do the trick quite well. You can

also get by with a long tank top that can easily be tucked into your tights or leggings. Also,
remember that you'll need a long-sleeved shirt handy to prevent any silk burns under the arms.
The perfect pants for the occasion are tights and leggings.

Aesthetics and beauty are some of the most important aspects of aerial silk dancewear to keep
in mind when transitioning from practicing in class to performing live. Of course, comfort and
safety are prerequisites, but the outfit you choose for a performance has a great impact on your
overall presentation and appeal during a show.

Double layered tights work great for performances, with tights underneath and a costume

unitard on top. For the costume, think colorful, exotic and exciting! The type of costume you
choose will greatly affect your performance. Stretch velvet works well for the costume layer
because it has a nice amount of grip against the aerial fabric, although it does get worn down
over time.

(http://www.divadancewear.com/aerialsilkdancewear.html )

Music
Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Its common elements are pitch (which governs

melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation),
dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture.

Ive been thinking a lot to the purpose of music lately. I started reflecting on what music means
to me and its role it plays in my life. This role has changed in different moments in life, but its
a good reminder as to how people relate to music.

Music comes in many different types and styles ranging from traditional rock music to world
pop, easy listening and bluegrass. Many genres have a rich history or geographical
significance, a cult following or music roots that go far beyond the 20th century.

The Music Genres List covers many of the most popular styles of music:-

1. Alternative Music
2. Blues

3. Classical Music
4. Country Music
5. Dance Music

6. Easy Listening
7. Electronic Music

8. European Music (Folk / Pop)

9. Hip Hop / Rap
10. Indie Pop

11. Inspirational (incl. Gospel)

12. Asian Pop (J-Pop, K-pop)
13. Jazz

14. Latin Music

15. New Age
16. Opera

17. Pop (Popular music)

18. R&B / Soul
19. Reggae
20. Rock
21. Singer / Songwriter (inc; Folk)
22. World Music / Beats

1. Latin American Music

Latin American music encompasses rhythms and styles originated or related to
Latin America. Some critics have defined Latin music as an incorporation of four elements:
music style, geography, cultural background of the artist and language. The first of those
encapsulates all music styles generated from Latin countries, such as salsa, merengue, tango,

compas, bossa nova and bachata; as well as other styles derived from a more mainstream genre,
such as Latin pop, rock, jazz and reggaeton.

Geographically, it usually refers to the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions of Latin

America but sometimes include Francophone countries and territories of the Caribbean and

South America as well. The origin of Latin American music begins with Spain and Portugal's
colonization of Latin America in the 16th century. Latin American music is performed in
Spanish, Portuguese, and to a lesser extent, French.

African Latin music

The term can refer to the mixing of African and other cultural elements found
in Latin American society such as religion, music, language, the arts and social class. The term
Afro-Latin American, as used in this refers specifically to Sub-Saharan African ancestry and
not to European colonial or North African/Middle Eastern ancestry, such as White South
African or Arab/Berber Moroccan ancestry

The African Influence

The African slaves that arrived to the New World brought with them all the
traditions and beats from their continent. The African influence in Latin music is so big that
this could be the single most important element in Latin music history.

The traditional music of Africa is historically ancient, rich, and diverse, with the different
regions and nations of Africa having distinct musical traditions.

Traditional music in much of the continent is passed down orally (or aurally) and is not

written. In Sub-Saharan African music traditions, it also frequently relies heavily on percussion

instruments of every variety, including xylophones, drums, and tone-producing instruments

such as the mbira or "thumb piano.

The music and dance of the African diaspora, formed to varying degrees on African musical

traditions, include American music and many Caribbean genres, such as soca, calypso (kaiso)

and zouk. Latin American music genres such as the samba, rumba, salsa, and other clave
(rhythm)-based genres, were also founded to varying degrees on the music of enslaved
Africans, and have in turn influenced African popular music.

Musical instrument
Besides vocalisation, which uses various techniques such as complex hard
melisma and yodel, a wide array of musical instruments are used. An African musical

instrument include a wide range of drums, slit gongs, rattles and double bells, different types of
harps, and harp-like instruments such as the Kora as well as fiddles, many kinds of xylophone
and lamellophone such as the mbira, and different types of wind instrument like flutes and

trumpets. Additionally, string instruments are also used, with the lute-like oud serving as
musical accompaniment in some areas.

Drums used in African traditional music include talking drums, bougarabou and djembe in
West Africa, water drums in Central and West Africa, and the different types of ngoma drums

(or engoma) in Central and Southern Africa. Other percussion instruments include many
rattles and shakers, such as the kosika (kashaka), rain stick, bells and wood sticks. Also, Africa
has lots of other types of drums, and lots of flutes, and lots of stringed and wind instruments.

The playing of polyrhythms is one of the most universal characteristics of Sub-Sarahan music,
in contrast to polyphony in Western music. Several uniquely designed instruments have
evolved there over time to facilitate the playing of simultaneous contrasting rhythms. The

mbira, kalimba, Kora and dousn'gouni are examples of these instruments which organize notes
not in the usual single linear order from bass to treble, but in two separated rank arrays which
allows additional ease in playing cross rhythms. The continuing influence of this principle can
be seen in the gravi-kora and gravikord modern examples.

Bougarabou vs. Djembe

With all of the different sounds in traditional African music and
drumming, it can be confusing to know which drums create the different harmonic tones,
especially when the sounds can be so similar as the drums vary in size, shape and design.

The Djembe drums also originated in Western Africa, are made from hardwoods like the
Bougarabou, but are smaller in height and head size. The heads themselves are made from

thinner hides, such as goat hide, giving the Djembe a lighter tone than the Bougarabou. Djembe
drums are smaller, more portable and versatile in the way they can be held and the way they
produce bass (the "trampoline" sound), tone (the mid-range sound) and slap (much like the

crack of a whip) sounds. Djembe drums are great for beginners, for drum circles and for
teaching kids and others how to beat out basic rhythms.

The Bougarabou, sometimes called the African Conga, hails from Western Africa, and is
specifically attributed to Senegal. It resembles the shape of the Djembe, but it is larger and

shaped more like an hourglass than a goblet. Bougarabou drums have a head that is typically
made from antelope or cow hide, lending itself to a deep bass tone that may imitate a typical
bass drum. Since Bougarabou drums are larger than Djembes and can create lower tones, but

they are also less easy to carry around and require a strap or a stand if the drummer is not
sitting. Bougarabou drums are often played in groups of four, like Conga drums or as a

harmonic back up to the Djembe. Due to the mechanics involved in playing these larger drums,
many times musicians playing the Bougarabou drum will take advantage of the larger surface
space of the drums and wear bracelets with bells to enhance the sounds of their rhythms.
(http://blog.x8drums.com/2010/11/bougarabou-vs-djembe.html)

Djembe, Developed c. 1200 AD, Related instruments, Dunun,

Bougarabou, Ashiko, Goblet drum

The djembe has a body (or shell) carved of hardwood and a drumhead made of untreated (not
limed) rawhide, most commonly made from goatskin. Excluding rings, djembes have an

exterior diameter of 3038 cm (1215 in) and a height of 5863 cm (2325 in). The majority
have a diameter in the 13 to 14 inch range. The weight of a djembe ranges from 5 kg to 13 kg
(1129 lb) and depends on size and shell material. A medium-size djembe carved from one of
the traditional woods (including skin, rings, and rope) weighs around 9 kg (20 lb).

The djembe can produce a wide variety of sounds, making it a most versatile drum. The drum is
very loud, allowing it to be heard clearly as a solo instrument over a large percussion ensemble.

The Malink people say that a skilled drummer is one who "can make the djembe talk",
meaning that the player can tell an emotional story. (The Malink never used the djembe as a
signaling drum.)

Traditionally, the djembe is played only by men, as are the dunun that always accompany the

djembe. Conversely, other percussion instruments that are commonly played as part of an
ensemble, such as the shekere (a hollowed-out gourd covered with a net of beads), karignan (a
tubular bell), and kese kese (a woven basket rattle), are usually played by women. Even today, it
is rare to see women play djembe or dunun in West Africa, and African women express
astonishment when they do see a female djembe player.

Spiral pattern on the inside of a well-carved djembe (djalla wood).

The spine of the skin is clearly visible through the hole in the waist.

Traditional djembe used by the Kono people from the Nzrkor region
in Forest Guinea. (From the collection of Muse de l'Homme, Paris, added to the collection in
1938.)

Djembe with modern two-ring mounting system

Fiberglass djembe with synthetic skin and lug tuning system

A bougarabou (alternative spelling Boucarabou) drums are single headed (cow skin), with an
elongated goblet or roughly conical shape, usually placed on a single stand, and most
commonly played in sets of three to four.

The drummer also wears a series of metal bracelets called Siwangas in Buluf and Fogny dialect
that contribute to the sound. The audience and the dancers form a circle and clap, often with
wooden chunks (size 25-30 cm) of palm peduncles, and sing with the music, but it is unique in
that a single drummer traditionally provides the drumming. There are also some groups using
a set of three or four drums and some more drums like djembe or other small Jola drums.

Bougarabou
New-Age Music
New-age music is down tempo music intended to create artistic inspiration,
relaxation, and optimism. It is used by listeners for yoga, massage, meditation, and reading as a
method of stress management or to create a peaceful atmosphere in their home or other

environments, and is often associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality. The
harmonies in new-age music are generally modal, consonant, or include a drone bass, and are
often structured as variations on a theme. The melodies are sometimes recordings of nature

sounds and used as an introduction to a track or throughout the piece. Pieces of up to thirty
minutes are common.

New age includes both electronic forms, frequently relying on sustained synth

pads or long sequencer-based runs, and acoustic forms, featuring instruments such as flutes,

piano, acoustic guitar and a wide variety of non-western acoustic instruments. Vocal
arrangements were initially rare in new age, but as it has evolved vocals have become more
common.

Stylistic origins
Electronic music, folk music, ambient music, progressive rock, world music,
minimal music

Typical instruments
Piano, synthesizer, sampler, sequencer, strings, found sounds (often bird song or

whale song, waterfalls, etc), folk and ethnic instruments, acoustic guitar, flutes, harp, sitar,
tamboura, tabla, organ

Sormina
We present to you the Sormina, which is an electronic instrument designed by
Juhani Raisanen for the sole purpose of combining traditional musical instrument material
with the goodness of technology like wireless support. Sormina is easy to hold in your hand just

like a violin but has the goodness of any modern day electronic instrument that can produce
electronic sounds and visual output too with the help of wireless connectivity.

Flute
The Native American Flute has gained worldwide fame in recent years for it's
distinctive sound and prominent use in New Age and World Music recordings. However, it's

traditional use was originally highly personal and meditative. It was played largely without
accompaniment during courtship, healing, and spiritual rituals. A common folk tale relates that

the discovery of the flute occurred when people noticed the beautiful sound of the wind
blowing through holes in tree branches that had been put there by the woodpecker.

Tanpura
5-string instrumental tamburi, for accompanying sitar or sarod. The tanpura (or

tambura, tanpuri) is a long-necked plucked string instrument found in various forms in Indian
music; it does not play melody but rather supports and sustains the melody of another
instrument or singer by providing a continuous harmonic bourdon or drone. A tanpura is not
played in rhythm with the soloist or percusionist: as the precise timing of plucking a cycle of
four strings in a continuous loop is a determinant factor in the resultant sound, it is played
unchangingly during the complete performance. The repeated cycle of plucking all strings
creates the sonic canvass on which the melody of the raga is drawn. The combined sound of all

strings is very rich in harmonics that will enhance the resonance of the tones sung or played to

the accompaniment of a fine tanpura. It has four or five (rarely six) metal strings, which are
plucked one after another in a regular pattern to create a harmonic resonance on the basic
note or keynote.
Size of a standard female tanpura is Size: L 122 cm; W 40 cm; D 32 cm, Weight about 2, 2 kg
Full Size Tanpura male (approx. 56" length) and female styles (approx. 52" length)
Professional Full Size Tanpura 4 strings, Miraj style seasoned wood for exceptional tonal
quality, Available in male (~ 56" length) and female (~ 52" length) styles
(http://www.indianmusicinstitute.com/tanpura.html)

Piano
The piano (an abbreviation of pianoforte) is a musical instrument played using a
keyboard. It is widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use,
chamber music, accompaniment, and for composing and rehearsal. Although the piano is not

portable and often expensive, its versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world's most
familiar musical instruments.

A piano usually has a protective wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings,
and a row of black and white keys (52 white keys and 36 black keys). The strings are sounded

when the keys are pressed down, and are silenced when the keys are released. The note can be
sustained, even when the keys are released, by the use of pedals at the bottom of the piano.

The standard width of a grand piano is also about 5'. The length varies from 4' to 9'. The
total floor space allowance for the smallest grand should be at least 5' wide by 6' long,

including bench space. Grand pianos are measure by the length from the very front of the
keyboard to the farthest end of the piano along the spine, with the lid closed. The smallest

Steinway is 5 ft. 1 in. (The size stated is always the over-all length of an instrument.) There are
several types of grand pianos, based on piano length.

Small Grand under 4' to 5| Baby Grand 5 to 55| Medium Grand 56 to 59|Living Room
Grand - 5'10"|Professional Grand - 6 Drawing Room Grand - 6'4" | Parlour Grand 6'8"
Semi Concert Grand 74 | Concert Grand - 8' 11' and larger

String instrument
String instruments or stringed instruments are musical instruments that
produce sound from vibrating strings. In most strings instruments, the vibrations are

transmitted to the body of the instrument, which also vibrates, along with the air inside it. In
the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are
called chordophones. Some common instruments in the string family are violin, guitar, sitar,
electric bass, viola, cello, harp, double bass, rabab, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, and bouzouki.

Music sequencer
A music sequencer (or simply sequencer) is a device or application software

that can record, edit, or play back music, by handling note and performance information in
several forms, typically MIDI or CV/Gate, and possibly audio and automation data for DAWs
and plug-ins.

2. Dance Music
Dance music is music composed specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing.

It can be either a whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. In terms of
performance, the major categories are live dance music and recorded dance music. While there
exist attestations of the combination of dance and music in ancient times

Dance music works often bear the name of the corresponding dance, e.g.
waltzes, the tango, the bolero, the can-can, minuets, salsa, various kinds of jigs and the
breakdown. Other dance forms include contradance, the merengue (Dominican Republic), and
the cha-cha-cha.

Trance
Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s in
Germany. It is characterized by a tempo of between 125 to mid 160 beats per minute,
repeating melodic phrases, and a musical form that builds up and down throughout a track.

Trance is a genre on its own, but also will include other styles of electronic music such as
techno, house, pop, chill-out, classical music, and film music.
A trance refers to a state of hypnotism and heightened consciousness. This drifting sensation

is portrayed in this genre by mixing many layers and rhythms to create build and release.

Germany is regarded as the birthplace of electronic trance music, with the original
melodic trance sound first appearing around 1993 in Frankfurt.

Stylistic origins
House, techno, acid house, chill-out, pop, classical, film score, hardcore techno
Cultural origins
Early 1990s, Germany
Typical instruments
Synthesizer, keyboard, drum machine, sequencer, sampler, DAW, Roland TR909, Roland JP-8000

Purpose of Trance Dance

Dance Trance is a fitness class first, so we give students an opportunity to lose
weight, increase cardio, increase endurance and develop muscle strength. This class is great
for:

*Dance students
*Dance teachers
*Dance fitness enthusiasts
*Persons that want to lose weight
*Persons that love music
*Persons wanting to learn some dance moves
*Moms that left their dance days behind
(http://dancetrancefitness.com/dance-studio-owner-info/)

My School of Music and Dance

In My School of Music and Dance, U will learn, perceive and take pleasure in Aerial Dance,
Hip Hop also tap Dance. And in Music U will come across Latin Music, New-age music as well
as Dance Music.

The reason behind the selection of these genres is mainly the interest. The requirement of these
genres to be taught in this school was the exposure of new music and dance to our people. Not

a lot of schools alike our built or initiated. To bring a good change in folks life form, providing
corporal and psychological comfort.
So the step was taken accordingly.

Dance Styles

Silk Aerial Dance

Hip Hop

tap Dance

Music Styles

African Latin Music

New-Age Music

Trance Dance Music