Youngjoo Chung - Tutorial On Symbolic Computing With Mathematica (2011) (p47)

Tutorial
on
Symbolic Computing
with Mathematica
Youngjoo Chung
School of Info. and Comm., GIST
ychung@gist.ac.kr
2011. 7. 7
Mathematica Tutorial.nb
<< InitPackages`
Symbolic Computation
Symbolic computation (algebraic manipulation)

Mathematical computation with variables and constants according to the rules of algebra
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Basic Concepts of Mathematica
Mathematica is the world's only fully integrated environment for formulation, calculation
and visualization for technical computing.
The concept of Mathematica is to create once and for all a single system that could handle
all the various aspects of technical computing in a coherent and unified way.
The concept of Mathematica is to create once and for all a single system that could handle
all the various aspects of technical computing in a coherent and unified way.
Manipulation of the very wide range of objects involved in technical computing using only
a fairly small number of basic primitives (over 3,000 built in the kernel of version 7).
The functionality can be easily extended through user-defined functions and external
programs.
Platform-independent interactive documents known as notebooks (.nb files)
System-provided macros and user-defined macros in packages (.m files)
Interactive and non-interactive sessions
Communication with external programs using MathLink
Mathematica computing environment
User Frontend
Numerical
Analysis
Standard Packages
TCP/IP
Add-On Packages
Mathematica
Kernel
MathLink
mle.exe
User Packages
Other Packages
Windows/Unix
Platform
Windows/Unix
Platform
Control &
Instrumentation
External applications are written in C/C++.

Mathematica is used for both data input and output.
External applications and Mathematica communicate via MathLink.
The functionality can be extended through user-defined functions and external programs.
More information available at http://www.wolfram.com
Algebraic Calculation
Algebraic Calculations (Mathematica Tutorial)
Symbolic Calculations (Mathematica Tutorial)
Expand
Factor
Apart
Together
Simplify
Basic Algebra
Polynomial Algebra (Mathematica Guide)
Polynomial Systems (Mathematica Guide)
Elementary Functions
Elementary Functions (Mathematica Guide)
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions (Mathematica Guide)
Trigonometric Expressions (Mathematica Tutorial)
Complex Variables
Complex Numbers (Mathematica Guide)
Functions of Complex Variables (Mathematica Guide)
Flow Control
Conditionals (Mathematica Guide)
Loops and Control Structures (Mathematica Tutorial)
Flow Control (Mathematica Guide)
Formula Manipulation
Formula Manipulation
Formula Manipulation (Mathematica Guide)
Manipulating Equations (Mathematica Guide)
User Package Functions
Mathematica provides a solid foundation for symbolic computing and a number of supporting functions.
Built-in kernel functions
User-defined functions to complement the built-in kernel functions
A mechanism is needed to facilitate the algebraic manipulation of mathematical expressions
with the following properties:
Seamless integration with the computing environment of Mathematica
Selective targeting of the object to apply functions
Improved handling of subscripts (a1), tildes (), hats (), etc.
On-line setting and clearing of attributes
Addition of comments
Improved handling of derivatives, integrals and summations
Minimal use of variables
Algebraic manipulation of formulas using symbolic computing
Mathematica is not a word processor or an equation editor.
Application of functions
Substitution using mathematical identities
Allows focusing on the principles instead of time-consuming and error-prone calculations.
Good readability
Minimization of human errors during calculations
Expressions that closely resemble the traditional mathematical style, e.g., subscripts and
vector notations
A large collection of user-defined functions
Basic Algebra
Differentiation
Integration
Summation
Complex Variables
Vectors and Matrices
Polynomials and Series
Functional Analysis
Equations
Operator Analysis
Plotting
A large collection of user-defined functions

Basic Algebra
Differentiation
Integration
Summation
Complex Variables
Functional Analysis
Equations
Operator Analysis
Plotting
Etc.
MPMAF
An abbreviation of MPMapApplyFunc
The platform for algebraic manipulation of all or parts of an expression
User-defined functions
The function names start with the prefix MP.
Algebraic manipulation of expressions
Mathematical identities
Can be used separately independent of the macro MPMAF, in which case the features
provided by the options of MPMAF cannot be used.
Basic Algebra
Expansion
ExpandAHx + aL2 E
a2 + 2 a x + x2
The power exponent must be an integer. Otherwise, use MPExpandBinomial.

MPExpandBinomial@Hx + aLn , kD
MPEvalSum@%D
n
k=0
ak x-k+n n !
k ! H- k + nL !
Ha + xLn
MPExpandBinomial@Ha + b + cLn , k, lD
MPEvalSum@%D
PowerExpand@%D
ak bl c-k-l+n n !
n -k+n
k ! l ! H- k - l + nL !
k=0 l=0
b+c
cn
a+b+c
b+c
c
Ha + b + cLn
Factoring
FactorAx2 + Ha + bL x + a bE
Ha + xL Hb + xL
MPFactor
MPFactor@a + b, aD
b
a 1+
Reduction of fractions
x2
x+a
x2
a+x
Hx + aL2 - a2 - 2 a Hx + aL + 2 a2
x+a
- a2 - 2 a x + Ha + xL2
a+x
x2
ApartB
-a + x +
, xF
x+a
a2
a+x
MPApart
MPApartB
s2x ex
n2 e0 - ex
s2y ey
n2 e0 - e y
s2z ez
n2 e0 - ez
, 9ex , ey , ez =F
% . - s2x - s2y - s2z - 1
- s2x - s2y - s2z -
-1 -
n2 s2x e0
- n2 e0 + ex
n2 s2x e0
- n2 e0 + ex
n2 s2y e0
- n2 e0 + ey
n2 s2y e0
- n2 e0 + ey
n2 s2z e0
- n2 e0 + ez
n2 s2z e0
- n2 e0 + ez
Separation of variables for solving differential equations
y
x
2 x y
MPMAFB%, MPSepVars, 8All, x, Side Right<,

MPDiffToInt, :All, x, y, Constant
Log@c1 D>,
2
MPEvalInt, All,
MPSolve, 8All, y<F
y
x
Log@yD
2 x y
x +
Log@c1 D
2
y
2 x
c1
Direct solution using MPDSolve

y
2 x y
x
MPMAF@%, MPDSolve, 8All, y, x, RCN c1 <D
y
x
2 x y
x
y 2 c1
Adding sin and cos functions

MPTrigAddSinCos@a Cos@xD + b Sin@xD, SinD
a2 + b2 Sin@x + ArcTan@b, aDD
Conversion to other functions

MPTrigConvert@Tan@xD, CosD
1 - Cos@xD2 Sec@xD
Conversion to half angle

MPTrigToHalf@Cos@2 xD, SinD
1 - 2 Sin@xD2
Conversion to double angle
MPTrigToDoubleACos@xD2 , CosE
1
H1 + Cos@2 xDL
Complex Variables
Asterisk (*) is interpreted as the complex conjugate

MPComplexExpandAHu+v L* , u, TargetFunctions ConjugateE
*
v+u
The built-in function ComplexExpand gives a rather different (even though equivalent)
result.
ComplexExpand@Conjugate@u+v D, u, TargetFunctions ConjugateD
1
v+ 2
Hu+Conjugate@uDL
1
CoshB
Hu - Conjugate@uDLF - v+ 2
Hu+Conjugate@uDL
1
SinhB
Hu - Conjugate@uDLF
The exponential form of a complex number

MPComplexToExp@x + yD
y
ArcTanA x E
x2 + y2
Eliminate the second highest order term

MPMergePolyAx3 + a x2 + c, xE
a3
+c-
27
a2 x
3
+x
Transform a polynomial by making a replacement of the variable

MPTransPolyAx3 + a x2 + c, x, a + xE
c + a2 Ha + xL - 2 a Ha + xL2 + Ha + xL3
A case of two variables

MPTransPolyAx2 Hy + aL, 8x, y<, 8x - 1, y + 1<E
a + H- 2 + 2 aL H- 1 + xL + H- 1 + aL H- 1 + xL2 + y + 2 H- 1 + xL H1 + yL + H- 1 + xL2 H1 + yL
Taylor series
10
MPTaylorB
1+
x2
1 + x , x, 3F
x3
16
1 + Hx + DxL2 , Dx, 1F
MPTaylorB
1 + x2 +
x Dx
1 + x2
MPAFE@y@xD, MPTaylor, 8All, x - x0 , 2, Variables x<, CS x0 , Head TildeTildeD
y@xD y@x0 D + Hx - x0 L y @x0 D +
Hx - x0 L2 y @x0 D
Equations
Adding equations
MPAddEqs@8a b, c d, e f<D
a+c+e b+d+f
Subtracting equations
MPSubtEqs@8a b, c d, e f<D
a-c-e b-d-f
Move a subpart of an equation to left- or right-hand side

MPMoveEq@x + y z, y, RightD
-x + z y
Eliminating variables from a set of equations

MPEli@8x + y 1, x - y + 2 z 1, y - 3 z 3<, 8y, z<D Simplify
2x 5
Solve equations and write

MPSolve@8x + y 1, x - y + 2 z 1, y - 3 z 3<, 8x, y, z<D
:x
5
2
,y-
3
2
,z-
3
2
>
Differentiation
The built-in derivative operator D, or , evaluates the expression immediately.

D@f@xD, xD
f @xD
The total derivative operator Dt assumes all symbols are dependent variables.
Dt@a f@xD, xD
Dt@a, xD f@xD + a f @xD
The partial differential operator
delays the evaluation until the command MPEvalD or
MPExpandD is encountered.
y
3
x2 y
Ha f + b gL
MPMAF@%, MPExpandD, 8At@2D, 8f, g<<D
3 Ha f + b gL
x2 y
ya
3 f
x2 y
+b
3 g
x2 y
The function MPExpandD is used to expand an expression using the differential operators.
MPExpandDB
f + Sin@gD
+ Cos@gD
g
x
, 8f, g, h<F
f + Sin@gD h
x
h2
Integration by parts using the differential operator

MPIntegrateByPartsD BHF f
fg-g
f
x
g
x
Merging the differential operator

f
MPMergeDBa
+b
g
x
Ha f + b gL
x
Transformation of variables
xF
11
12
Transformation of variables
2 f
MPTransDB
w2
l3
2 c2 p2 l
2pc
, VT :w, l, w
l4
>F
2 f
4 c2 p2 l2
Evaluation of vector operators

MPAFEA2 y, MPEvalVecOps, 8All, y y@r, jD, Cylindrical@r, j, zD<, Apply ExpandE
MPMAFB%, MPSimpD, :
1 y
2 y
r r
1 2 y
2 y
r2
j2
2 y
r2
+
1 y
r r
2 y
r2
, Mult r>F
1 2 y
r2 j2
r r
y
r
MPAFEA2 y, MPEvalVecOps, 8All, y y@x, y, zD, Cartesian@x, y, zD<E

MPMAFB%, MPTransD, 8At@2D,
VT 88x, y, z<, 8r, q, j<, 8x r Sin@qD Cos@jD, y r Sin@qD Sin@jD, z r Cos@qD<<,
Apply HExpand PowerExpand Simplify &L<,
MPSimpD, ::
2 y
2 y
2 y
2 y
r r
x2
+
2 y
2 y
r r
2 y
y2
r2
>, :
Cot@qD y
q
r2
1 2 y
r2 q2
>>F
z2
Csc@qD2 2 y
r2
2 y
2 y
Cot@qD y
r2
j2
2 y
r2
1 2 y
r2 q2
1 2 Hr yL
r
r2
Csc@qD2 2 y
r2
j2
Csc@qD
r2
y
Sin@qD
Integration
Wrap the integral with HoldForm (HF) to prevent evaluation.

Without the wrap
F f@xD x
F f@xD x
With the wrap
F HF f x
F f x
Combining multiple integrals

KHF f@xD xO KHF g@xD xO
MPCombInt@%, RV 8x, x <D
K f@xD xO g@xD x
f@xD g@x D x x
Convolution in Fourier transform

:f@xD HF F@kD k x k, g@xD HF G@kD k x k>
:f@xD F@kD k x k, g@xD G@kD k x k>
HF F@kD G@kD k x k
1
1
- k x
- k x
x, G@kD
x>>,
f@xD
g@xD
2p
2p
MPCombInt, 8All, RV 8x, x , x <<,
MPFourierToDiracDelta , 8All, k<,
MPMAFB%, RA, :All, :F@kD
MPEvalIntDelta, 8All, x <F
F@kD G@kD
1
2p
kx
K f@x D g@x D d@x - x - x D x O x
1
2p
f@x - x D g@x D x
Transformation of the integration variables

MPTransIntB f x , VT 9x, y, y x2 =F
f
x2 + a2
MPAFEBHF
- x2
1
+
a2
p
a
x, MPEvalInt, Apply PowerExpandF
13
14
MPAFEBHF
- x2
+ a2
x, MPTransInt,
8All, VT 8x, q, x a Tan@qD<<, RA Sign@aD 1, PostApply MPEvalIntF
1
x2 + a2
p
a
HF Integrate@f, x, y, zD
MPMAF@%, MPTransInt, 8All,
VT 88x, y, z<, 8r, q, f<, 8x r Sin@qD Cos@fD, y r Sin@qD Sin@fD, z r Cos@qD<<<,
Apply PowerExpandD
f z y x
2
f r Sin@qD f q r
Replacement of the integration variable with others

MPTransIntB f x3 , Weight r2 Sin@qD, RV 9x3 , 8r, 0, <, 8q, 0, p<, 8f, 0, 2 p<=F
2p
f r2 Sin@qD f q r
Merging multiple integrals

MPMergeIntBa f x + b g x + c h xF
Ha f + b g + c hL x
Merging integration intervals

a
MPMergeIntInterval B f@tD t + f@tD tF

0
f@tD t
0
Integration by parts
x
MPIntegrateByParts BHF y @yD y2 y, y @yDF

-
- 2 y y@yD y - Iy2 y@yDMy- + x2 y@xD

-
Summation
Changing the summation intervals
MPChSumIntervalBHF an , 8n, 81, 2<, 8n3 , n4 <<F

n=-
n4
an + an
n=n3
n=1
Combining multiple summations. The indexes are replaced to avoid duplication.
MPCombSumB fn gn , RV 8n, m<F

n=1
n=1
fn gm
n=1 m=1
Merging multiple summations
MPMergeSumB A@kD + B@kDF

k=0
k=0
HA@kD + B@kDL
k=0
Merging summation intervals

k-1
MPMergeSumInterval B an + an F
n=0
n=k
an
n=0
Expansion of vector expressions

MPExpandVecBA Ja B CNF

a A.C B - a A.B C
MPExpandVecA Ie EM, 9e, E=E
e E + H eL.E
Matrix form of equations

MPEqsMatForm@8a x + b y z1 , c x + d y z2 <, 8x, y<D
x
a b
z
OK O J 1 N
y
z2
c d
Expansion of A
15
16
Expansion of A
MPExpandVecA A, AE
I AM - 2 A
Deleting a column from a matrix

Table@i j, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<D MatrixForm
MPDeleteColumns@%, 2D MatrixForm
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
1 3
2 6
3 9
Inserting a column in a matrix

Table@i j, 8i, 3<, 8j, 3<D MatrixForm
MPInsertColumns@%, 80, 0, 0<, - 1D MatrixForm
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
1 2 3 0
2 4 6 0
3 6 9 0
Diagonalization of a matrix
1 4 9
4 4 0 ;
9 0 4
MPDiagMatrix@%D MatrixForm
1
2
J5 +
397 N
0
0
1
2
J5 -
0
397 N 0
Transform a vector from Cartesian to spherical coordinates

MPVecFromCart@80, 0, 1<, Spherical@r, q, jDD
8Cos@qD, - Sin@qD, 0<
`
`
`
The result is z = r cosq -q sinq.
Transform a vector from spherical to Cartesian coordinates
17
MPVecToCart@80, 0, 1<, Spherical@r, q, jDD

8- Sin@jD, Cos@jD, 0<
`
`
`
The result is j = - x sinj +y cosj.
Functional Analysis
Variable transformation
y @xD + y@xD
MPTransEqB%, y@xD g@sD, VT :x, s, x s2 , s
x >F
y@xD + y @xD
g@sD +
g @sD
2s
A case of two variables

x,x f@x, yD - y,y f@x, yD
MPTransEqB%, f@x, yD g@x, hD,
VT :8x, y<, 8x, h<, :x
x+y
2
,h
x-y
>>, Apply SimplifyF
- fH0,2L @x, yD + fH2,0L @x, yD

gH1,1L @x, hD
Abbreviation of derivatives
MPAbbrevFA pH0,1L @x, tD - 2 a pH1,0L @x, tD qH1,0L @x, tD, Deriv TrueE
pt - 2 a px qx
The subscripts denote the derivatives. The function arguments can be restored using MPRestoreFunctions.
MPRestoreF@ pt - 2 a px qx , 8p, q<, Deriv TrueD
- 2 a pH0,1L @t, xD qH0,1L @t, xD + pH1,0L @t, xD
Taking a factor out of a function

MPFactorFunc@f@a xD + Ha AL, CurlH, aD
a A + f@a xD
Putting a factor inside a function
18
MPInsideFunc@f@a xD + a A, CurlH, aD
Ha AL + f@a xD
Merging arguments of a linear function

MPMergeFunc@a f@x, zD + b f@y, zD, fD
f@a x + b y, zD
Operator Analysis
Expansion of operator expressions

MPExpandBraket@HXa
Xa
a\ + Xa
+ Xb L A H
b\ + Xb
Q
l0
a\ + Xb
l0
MPCommutatorB
a\ +
b\L, AD
b\
Q
l0
l0
P,
PF
MPExpandOp@%, 8Q, P<D

Q
2 l0
PQ -
P l0
Q
2 l0
P l0
2
Q
2 l0
P l0
2
Q
2 l0
P l0
2
QP
Simplify a commutator using a commutation rule @Q, PD QP - PQ =

MPCommutatorAQ2 , P2 E
MPSimpOp@%, 8Q, P, <D
- P2 Q2 + Q2 P2
2 2 + 4 Q P
Examples
Ref. Chap 9, Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists

Parachutist
The equation of motion is
m v m g - b v2
where -b v2 is the drag force and m g is the force of the gravitational attraction. The initial
velocity when the parachute opens at time t = 0 is vH0L = vi.
The terminal velocity, v0, can be found from the equation of motion as t ; when there is
no acceleration, v = 0, so
19
The terminal velocity, v0, can be found from the equation of motion as t ; when there is
no acceleration, v = 0, so
m v m g - b v2
MPMAFA%, RA, 9All, 9v 0, v v0 ==,

MPSolve, 8All, v0 , - 1<, MergeP TrueE
m v g m - b v2
0 g m - b v20
gm
v0
The variables t and v separate.
m v m g - b v2
v
MPMAFB%, RA, :At@1D, v

>,
t
MPSepVars, 8All, t, Times, Side Right<,
MPDivDenom, 8At@1D, m<F
m v g m - b v2
m v
g m - b v2
v
g-
b v2
m
which can be integrated to yield the velocity at time t.

v
b v2
m
g-
MPMAFB%, MPDiffToInt, 8All, 8v, vi , v<, t<, ,

MPEvalInt, All, , ,
MPSolve, 8All, v<, Hold vi , MergeP True, ,
TrigExpand, At@2D, Apply Simplify,
MPDivFrac, :At@2D,
bg
CoshB
gm
MPEli, :At@2D, v0
gm
, b>, Apply PowerExpand, , ,
b
MPEli, :At@2D,
v0
g
v
g-
b v2
m
tF>, MergeP True, ,
T, g>F
20
vi
g-
v 1 t
b v2
m
gm
bg
gm
gm
vi +
gm
vi FF
gm
bg
TanhB
tF
bg
+ vi TanhB
t + ArcTanhB
TanhB
tF
v0 Ivi + v0 TanhA EM
T
v
v0 +
t
vi TanhA E
T
where
:v0
gm
,T
v0
>
Verify that our solution satisfies the originial equation of motion:
MPAFEBv, MPExpandD, :All, v
t
T
t
T
, OverDot t>, Apply SimplifyF
v0 + vi TanhA E
MPMAFB%, MPTrigConvert, 8At@2D, Tanh<,
t
T
MPEli, :At@2D, v
v0 + vi TanhA E
t
, TanhB F>, Apply Simplify,
T
RR, :At@2D, :v0
gm
,T
v0
>>, Apply ExpandF
v0 Iv20 - v2i M
T Iv0 CoshA E + vi SinhA EM
- v2 + v20
v
T v0
b v2
v gm
that is, Newton's equation of motion.

Substituting the numerical data, v0 and T are
:v0
gm
v0
,T
>
MPMAFB%, MPEli, 8All, v0 , 1, Keep True<, ExpandMergeP True,

Meter
RA, :All, :g 9.8
Second
Convert, :At@1, 2D,
Mile
, b 700
Kilo Gram
Meter
>F
Hour
:v0
gm
,T
:v0
v0
>
0.989949 Meter
, T 0.101015 Second>
Second
:v0
2.21445 Mile
Hour
Plot vHtL.
, T 0.101015 Second>
, m 70 Kilo Gram>>, Apply PowerExpand,
21
22
gm
gm
vi +
gm
bg
TanhB
bg
+ vi TanhB
tF
tF
MPMAFB%, RA, :At@2D, :g 9.8
Meter
Second
m 70 Kilo Gram, vi 60
Mile
, b 700
Kilo Gram
,
Meter
, t t Second>>, Apply PowerExpand,
Hour
MPDivFrac, :At@2D,
Mile
>,
Hour
Hour Meter
Mile
Convert, ::
, 1>, :At@2D,
>>,
Mile Second
Hour
Mile
MPDivEq, :All,
>,
Hour
Plot, :At@2D, 8t, 0, 0.1<, PlotRange 80, 60<,
AxesLabel :t@SecondD, vB
Mile
F>, ImageSize 500>, Take LastF
Hour
gm
vi +
gm
b
Hour v
gm
b
TanhB
+ vi TanhB
bg
m
bg
m
tF
tF
2.21445 H60 + 2.21445 Tanh@9.89949 tDL
Mile
2.21445 + 60 Tanh@9.89949 tD
Mile
v
Hour
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
tHSecondL
Series Solution of Differential Equations
We apply the method of series soution to the linear (classical) oscillator equation.
(9.84)
2 y
x2
+ w2 y 0
with known solutions y = sinHw xL, cosHw xL.

We try the series solution of the form
(9.85)
y@xD xk Ia0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + M HF al xk+l

l=0
y@xD xk I + a0 + x a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 M al xk+l
l=0
with a0 0 and the exponent k and all the coefficients al still undetermined.
By substituting (9.85) into Eq. (9.84), we have
(9.86)
2 y
x2
+ w2 y 0
MPMAFB%, RA, :At@1D, y al xk+l >, Apply MPEvalDF

l=0
y w2 +
2 y
x2
w2 xk+l al + x-2+k+l H- 1 + k + lL Hk + lL al 0
l=0
which gives
l=0
23
24
l=0
l=0
MPMAFA%, MPShiftSum, 9AtA1, x-2+k+l E, 8l, 2<=,

MPChSumLimits, 8At@1D, 8l, 0, <<,
MPMergeSum, At@1D,
MPFactor, 9At@1D, xk+l =, Base _SumE
l=0
l=0
Ixk+l w2 al + xk+l H1 + k + lL H2 + k + lL a2+l M + H- 1 + kL k x-2+k a0 + k H1 + kL x-1+k a1 0

l=0
xk+l Iw2 al + H1 + k + lL H2 + k + lL a2+l M + H- 1 + kL k x-2+k a0 + k H1 + kL x-1+k a1 0

l=0
From the lowest power of x, xk-2, vanishing of the coefficient yields

H- 1 + kL k a0 0
Since a0 was chosen to be nonzero, we have

(9.87)
H- 1 + kL k 0
This equation is called the indicial equation and we have k = 0 or k = 1.

Since the coefficient of xk+ jH j 0L vanishes, this results in
(9.88)
w2 al + H1 + k + lL H2 + k + lL a2+l 0
MPMAFA%, RA, 8At@1D, l j<,
MPSolve, 9All, a2+j =E
w2 al + H1 + k + lL H2 + k + lL a2+l 0
w2 aj + H1 + j + kL H2 + j + kL a2+j 0
a2+j -
w2 aj
H1 + j + kL H2 + j + kL
Depending on whether k = 0 or k = 1, we have different recurrence relations. First with

k = 0, the recurrence relation (Eq. (9.88)) becomes
(9.89)
a2+j -
w2 aj
H1 + j + kL H2 + j + kL
MPMAF@%, RA, 8At@2D, k 0<D
a2+j -
a2+j -
w2 aj
H1 + j + kL H2 + j + kL
w2 aj
H1 + jL H2 + jL
whose solution is
(9.90)
a2+j -
w2 aj
H1 + jL H2 + jL
MPMAFA%, MPRSolve, 9All, aj , 8j, 0<=,

RA, 8All, j 2 n<, SimpOne True, Apply PowerExpand,
MPToFactorial, At@2DE
a2+j -
w2 aj
H1 + jL H2 + jL
a2 n
H- 1L w2 n a0
Gamma@1 + 2 nD
H- 1Ln w2 n a0
a2 n
H2 nL !
and our solution of the differential equation is

(9.91)
y al xk+l
l=0
MPMAFB%, RA, 8At@2D, k 0<,

MPChSumInterval, 8At@2D, 8l, 8n, 0, , l 2 n<<<,
RA, :At@2D, a2 n
H- 1Ln w2 n a0
H2 nL !
>, Apply MPFactorSum,
MPEvalSum, At@2DF
y al xk+l
l=0
y a0
n=0
H- 1Ln x2 n w2 n
H2 nL !
y Cos@x wD a0
Similarly, if we choose the indicial equation root k = 1 (Eq. (9.88)), the solution becomes
(9.94)
25
26
Sin@x wD a0
w
From (9.91) and (9.94), the general solution can be put

y c1 Cos@x wD + c2 Sin@x wD
27
Mathematica Language
Language Overview (Mathematica Guide)
Structure of Mathematica Expressions

Expressions (Mathematica Tutorial)
Constants
Numbers (Mathematica Overview)
Types of Numbers (Mathematica Tutorial)
Integer (Built-in Mathematica Symbol)
Rational (Built-in Mathematica Symbol)
Real (Built-in Mathematica Symbol)
Complex (Built-in Mathematica Symbol)
Mathematical Constants (Mathematica Guide)
Variables
Defining Variables (Mathematica Tutorial)
Eliminating Variables (Mathematica Tutorial)
Patterns
Patterns (Mathematica Guide)
Introduction to Patterns
Verbatim Patterns
Example
In four-wave mixing, two waves of frequencies w1 and w2 interact and generate additional
frequencies through nonlinear mixing. Suppose the two waves are given by
28
Ei
*
IEi - wi t + Ei wi t M
for i = 1, 2, and the nonlinear process is due to the third-order Kerr effect:
PNL e0 c3 E3
Find out what frequencies are present in the output wave near w1 w2 .
The field is given by
2
E HF Ei
i=1
MPMAFB%, RA, :At@2D, Ei
*
IEi - wi t + Ei wi t M>,
2
MPEvalSum, At@2DF
2
E Ei
i=1
1
2
*
I- t wi Ei + t wi HEi L M
i=1
*
*
I- t w1 E1 + - t w2 E2 + t w1 HE1 L + t w2 HE2 L M
and the nonlinear mixing produces

PNL e0 c3 E3
MPMAFB%, RA, :At@2D, E
*
*
I- t w1 E1 + - t w2 E2 + t w1 HE1 L + t w2 HE2 L M>,
2
Expand, At@2, ED, FactorExp tF
PNL E3 e0 c3
PNL
*
* 3
e0 c3 I- t w1 E1 + - t w2 E2 + t w1 HE1 L + t w2 HE2 L M
8
PNL
1
8
3
2
2
3
2 *
e0 c3 J-3 t w1 E1 + 3 t H-2 w1 -w2 L E1 E2 + 3 t H-w1 -2 w2 L E1 E2 + -3 t w2 E2 + 3 - t w1 E1 HE1 L +
*
2 *
* 2
* 2
6 - t w2 E1 E2 HE1 L + 3 t Hw1 -2 w2 L E2 HE1 L + 3 t w1 E1 IHE1 L M + 3 t H2 w1 -w2 L E2 IHE1 L M +
* 3
2 *
*
2 *
3 t w1 IHE1 L M + 3 t H-2 w1 +w2 L E1 HE2 L + 6 - t w1 E1 E2 HE2 L + 3 - t w2 E2 HE2 L +
* *
* *
* 2 *
6 t w2 E1 HE1 L HE2 L + 6 t w1 E2 HE1 L HE2 L + 3 t H2 w1 +w2 L IHE1 L M HE2 L +
* 2
* 2
*
* 2
* 3
3 t H-w1 +2 w2 L E1 IHE2 L M + 3 t w2 E2 IHE2 L M + 3 t Hw1 +2 w2 L HE1 L IHE2 L M + 3 t w2 IHE2 L M N
The frequencies are
PNL
3
2
2
3
2 *
*
2 *
* 2
* 2
* 3
2 *
*
2 *
* *
* *
* 2 *
* 2
* 2
*
* 2
* 3
MPMAFA%, frequencies Cases@, a_ , 80, <D &, At@2D, Take Last,
Part, 8At@2D, 82<<, Level 1,
MPDiv, 8At@2D, t<,
Cases, 9At@2D, wi_ 2 wi_ - wj_ =, Apply UnionE
1
PNL
3
2
2
3
2 *
8
*
2 *
* 2
* 2
* 3
2 *
*
2 *
* *
* *
* 2 *
* 2
* 2
*
* 2
* 3
frequencies 8- 3 w1 , - 2 w1 - w2 , - w1 - 2 w2 , - 3 w2 , - w1 , - w2 , w1 - 2 w2 , w1 ,
2 w1 - w2 , 3 w1 , - 2 w1 + w2 , - w1 , - w2 , w2 , w1 , 2 w1 + w 2 , - w1 + 2 w2 , w2 , w1 + 2 w2 , 3 w2 <
frequencies 8w1 , 2 w1 - w2 , w2 , - w1 + 2 w2 <
Four frequencies are present in the output wave and they are in the order
frequencies 82 w1 - w2 , w1 , w2 , - w1 + 2 w2 <
if w1 < w2 .
Functions
Mathematical Functions (Mathematica Guide)
Programming
Procedural Programming (Mathematica Guide)
Defining Functions (Mathematica Tutorial)
Functions can be called recursively.

f@n_D := n f@n - 1D; f@0D = 1;
29
30
f@100D
93 326 215 443 944 152 681 699 238 856 266 700 490 715 968 264 381 621 468 592 963 895 217 599 993 229
915 608 941 463 976 156 518 286 253 697 920 827 223 758 251 185 210 916 864 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000
100 !
93 326 215 443 944 152 681 699 238 856 266 700 490 715 968 264 381 621 468 592 963 895 217 599 993 229
915 608 941 463 976 156 518 286 253 697 920 827 223 758 251 185 210 916 864 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000
Clear@fD
Functional Programming (Mathematica Guide)

Pure Functions (Mathematica Tutorial)
Functional Operations (Mathematica Overview)
Example: data manipulation
Generate the data

data = RandomReal@8- 10, 10<, 100D
89.2069, 4.38196, 7.36707, 2.44153, - 2.71293, - 7.84716, - 2.51371, - 7.20865, - 0.35902,
0.547298, - 5.73894, 6.72848, 0.891682, 6.47749, 2.32973, - 1.13296, - 9.28741, 2.6097,
- 3.3001, 1.31403, 3.28091, - 6.56867, - 4.45742, - 3.50691, - 5.22019, - 7.31909,
8.72281, 2.20909, - 1.75738, 8.50959, 4.91354, 7.45721, 5.48025, - 1.42342, 9.46615,
4.72104, 7.33425, - 1.08151, 5.55214, 2.43006, 8.78305, - 8.43983, - 1.63389,
- 5.64446, - 6.33726, 6.14862, - 5.05503, 7.83732, 9.89825, - 6.70792, - 1.25488,
5.78948, - 6.64355, - 4.31986, 5.54391, 5.09748, 4.97521, - 7.33067, - 5.96476,
0.273494, 4.95501, - 9.22198, - 4.24909, - 6.01423, 1.07997, - 0.97207, - 0.425487,
1.10524, 4.61603, - 1.08979, - 4.19288, - 4.14596, 0.206045, - 3.44104, - 5.51746,
- 3.39021, 4.92202, - 8.64063, - 2.70173, 2.66111, 7.56427, 3.89614, 4.80096,
- 7.25148, - 9.66792, 2.19267, - 8.06609, 2.25114, 5.52372, 9.20761, - 7.88423,
4.23404, - 6.21864, 6.96702, 5.57343, 7.28515, 9.36244, - 4.81503, 6.72125, - 0.399189<
Number of data
Length@dataD
100
Addition of all data

Plus data
34.7723
Select positive numbers
Select@data, NegativeD
8- 2.71293, - 7.84716, - 2.51371, - 7.20865, - 0.35902, - 5.73894, - 1.13296, - 9.28741,
- 3.3001, - 6.56867, - 4.45742, - 3.50691, - 5.22019, - 7.31909, - 1.75738, - 1.42342,
- 1.08151, - 8.43983, - 1.63389, - 5.64446, - 6.33726, - 5.05503, - 6.70792, - 1.25488,
- 6.64355, - 4.31986, - 7.33067, - 5.96476, - 9.22198, - 4.24909, - 6.01423, - 0.97207,
- 0.425487, - 1.08979, - 4.19288, - 4.14596, - 3.44104, - 5.51746, - 3.39021, - 8.64063,
- 2.70173, - 7.25148, - 9.66792, - 8.06609, - 7.88423, - 6.21864, - 4.81503, - 0.399189<
Cases@data, _ ? NegativeD
8- 2.71293, - 7.84716, - 2.51371, - 7.20865, - 0.35902, - 5.73894, - 1.13296, - 9.28741,
- 3.3001, - 6.56867, - 4.45742, - 3.50691, - 5.22019, - 7.31909, - 1.75738, - 1.42342,
- 1.08151, - 8.43983, - 1.63389, - 5.64446, - 6.33726, - 5.05503, - 6.70792, - 1.25488,
- 6.64355, - 4.31986, - 7.33067, - 5.96476, - 9.22198, - 4.24909, - 6.01423, - 0.97207,
- 0.425487, - 1.08979, - 4.19288, - 4.14596, - 3.44104, - 5.51746, - 3.39021, - 8.64063,
- 2.70173, - 7.25148, - 9.66792, - 8.06609, - 7.88423, - 6.21864, - 4.81503, - 0.399189<
Select data larger than 5

Select@data, > 5 &D
87.97756, 7.06071, 6.25687, 7.77989, 8.95827, 9.383, 6.92007, 6.09351,
9.35384, 8.79465, 6.81701, 9.68147, 5.23082, 6.14421, 8.4387, 6.12878,
7.46329, 6.51098, 9.32175, 8.12827, 9.10668, 9.73478, 8.44398, 6.23945<
Cases@data, _ ? H > 5 &LD
87.97756, 7.06071, 6.25687, 7.77989, 8.95827, 9.383, 6.92007, 6.09351,
9.35384, 8.79465, 6.81701, 9.68147, 5.23082, 6.14421, 8.4387, 6.12878,
7.46329, 6.51098, 9.32175, 8.12827, 9.10668, 9.73478, 8.44398, 6.23945<
Group two numbers and add the numbers in each group.

Partition@, 2D & data
Plus %
889.2069, 4.38196<, 87.36707, 2.44153<, 8- 2.71293, - 7.84716<, 8- 2.51371, - 7.20865<,
8- 0.35902, 0.547298<, 8- 5.73894, 6.72848<, 80.891682, 6.47749<, 82.32973, - 1.13296<,
8- 9.28741, 2.6097<, 8- 3.3001, 1.31403<, 83.28091, - 6.56867<, 8- 4.45742, - 3.50691<,
8- 5.22019, - 7.31909<, 88.72281, 2.20909<, 8- 1.75738, 8.50959<, 84.91354, 7.45721<,
85.48025, - 1.42342<, 89.46615, 4.72104<, 87.33425, - 1.08151<, 85.55214, 2.43006<,
88.78305, - 8.43983<, 8- 1.63389, - 5.64446<, 8- 6.33726, 6.14862<,
8- 5.05503, 7.83732<, 89.89825, - 6.70792<, 8- 1.25488, 5.78948<, 8- 6.64355, - 4.31986<,
85.54391, 5.09748<, 84.97521, - 7.33067<, 8- 5.96476, 0.273494<, 84.95501, - 9.22198<,
8- 4.24909, - 6.01423<, 81.07997, - 0.97207<, 8- 0.425487, 1.10524<, 84.61603, - 1.08979<,
8- 4.19288, - 4.14596<, 80.206045, - 3.44104<, 8- 5.51746, - 3.39021<,
84.92202, - 8.64063<, 8- 2.70173, 2.66111<, 87.56427, 3.89614<, 84.80096, - 7.25148<,
8- 9.66792, 2.19267<, 8- 8.06609, 2.25114<, 85.52372, 9.20761<, 8- 7.88423, 4.23404<,
8- 6.21864, 6.96702<, 85.57343, 7.28515<, 89.36244, - 4.81503<, 86.72125, - 0.399189<<
813.5889, 9.8086, - 10.5601, - 9.72236, 0.188278, 0.989546, 7.36917, 1.19678, - 6.67771,
- 1.98607, - 3.28776, - 7.96432, - 12.5393, 10.9319, 6.75221, 12.3708, 4.05682,
14.1872, 6.25274, 7.9822, 0.343213, - 7.27836, - 0.188635, 2.78229, 3.19033, 4.53461,
- 10.9634, 10.6414, - 2.35546, - 5.69127, - 4.26698, - 10.2633, 0.107901, 0.679749,
3.52624, - 8.33884, - 3.235, - 8.90766, - 3.7186, - 0.040626, 11.4604, - 2.45052,
- 7.47525, - 5.81495, 14.7313, - 3.65019, 0.748378, 12.8586, 4.54741, 6.32206<
Packages
31
32
Packages
Mathematica Packages (Mathematica Tutorial)
Package Development (Mathematica Guide)
A sample package
Sample.m
<< Sample`
Context@AddTwoD
Sample`
AddTwo@a, bD
AddTwo@a, bD
Remove@Sample`AddTwoD
Remove@Global`AddTwoD
Communication with External Programs

Introduction to MathLink (Mathematica Tutorial)
MathLink C API Developer Guide (Windows)
MathLink API (Mathematica Guide)
Example (addtwo.exe)
addtwo.c
#include "mathlink.h"
extern int addtwo( int i, int j);
int addtwo( int i, int j)
{
return i+j;
}
33
addtwo.tm
int addtwo P(( int, int));

:Begin:
:Function:
addtwo
:Pattern:
AddTwo[i_Integer, j_Integer]
:Arguments:
{ i, j }
:ArgumentTypes: { Integer, Integer }
:ReturnType: Integer
:End:
:Evaluate: AddTwo::usage = "AddTwo[x, y] gives the sum of two machine integers x and y."
Compile and link
SET CL=/nologo /c /DWIN32 /D_WINDOWS /W3 /O2 /DNDEBUG /I\Include

SET LINK=/NOLOGO /SUBSYSTEM:windows /INCREMENTAL:no kernel32.lib
user32.lib gdi32.lib /LIBPATH:\Lib
MPREP addtwo.tm -o addtwotm.c
CL addtwo.c addtwotm.c
LINK addtwo.obj addtwotm.obj ml32i2m.lib /OUT:addtwo.exe
Install and run
Install
mlelink = Install@"I:MathematicaMathLinkMathLinkExamplesaddtwoaddtwo.exe"D;
The two arguments must be integers.

AddTwo@1, 2D
3
AddTwo@1.0, 2.0D
AddTwo@1., 2.D
Uninstall.
Uninstall@mlelinkD
"I:\Mathematica\MathLink\MathLinkExamples\addtwo\addtwo.exe"
34
Example (Modeling of Optical Fiber Modes)

Initialization
Open the MathLink connection.

Windows
mlelink = Install@"mle.exe"D;
Unix
mlelink = Install@LinkConnect@"aaa"DD;
Uninstall
Uninstall@mlelinkD
mle.exe
Set the default directory.

SetDirectory@"D:Temp"D
D:\Temp
Directory@D
D:\Temp
Turn off Sellmeier formula by default.

DspnSetSellmeier@FalseD;
Refractive Index Profiles
Step index
The data format for the step index profile is
{Step, ncore, {acore-clad , nclad }}
or
{Step, Dcore, {acore-clad , Dclad }}.
D is given in percent (%).
profile = 8Step, 1, 84, 0<<

DspnPlotIndex@1.55, profile, Scale Delta,
AxesLabel 8r@mmD, "D@%D"<, ImageSize 500D
8Step, 1, 84, 0<<
D@%D
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
rHmmL
2
a-index
The data format for the a index profile is
{Alpha, a, {{0, ncore}, {acore , n1 }, {r2, n2 }, ... , {rN , nN }, {acore-clad , nclad }}
or
{Alpha, a, {{0, Dcore}, {acore , D1 }, {r2, D2 }, ... , {rN , DN }, {acore-clad , Dclad }}.
35
36
profile = 8Alpha, 2, 880, 1<, 84, - 0.5<, 86, - 0.5<, 88, 0<<<
8Alpha, 2, 880, 1<, 84, - 0.5<, 86, - 0.5<, 88, 0<<<
D@%D
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
rHmmL
5
10
15
-0.2
-0.4
General index
The data format for the general index profile is
{General, {0, ncore}, {r1 , n1}, {r2, n2 }, ... , {rN , nN }, {acore-clad , nclad }}
or
{General, {0, Dcore}, {r1 , D1}, {r2, D2 }, ... , {rN , DN }, {acore-clad , Dclad }}.
profile = 8General, 880, 1<, 84, - 0.5<, 86, - 0.5<, 86, 0<<<
8General, 880, 1<, 84, - 0.5<, 86, - 0.5<, 86, 0<<<
D@%D
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
rHmmL
2
10
12
-0.2
-0.4
Characteristic Equation
Plot the characteristic equation.

profile = 8Step, 1.46, 84, 1.45<<;
DspnPlotCharEquation @1, 1.55, profile,
AxesLabel 8"neff ", "Log10 G"<, ImageSize 500D
Log10 G
-3
-4
-5
-6
1.452
1.454
Effective Index, Group Index, and Dispersion
1.456
1.458
1.460
neff
37
38
Effective Index, Group Index, and Dispersion
Calculate the effective indexes, group indexes and dispersion of the guided modes.
profile = 8Step, 1.46, 84, 1.45<<;
sols = DspnNeffNgroupDspn @1, 81.2, 1.6, 0.02<, profile, NumModes 1D
8Mode 8HE1,1 <, Lambda 81.2, 1.22, 1.24, 1.26, 1.28, 1.3, 1.32, 1.34,
1.36, 1.38, 1.4, 1.42, 1.44, 1.46, 1.48, 1.5, 1.52, 1.54, 1.56, 1.58, 1.6<,
Neff 881.4573, 1.45723, 1.45716, 1.45709, 1.45702, 1.45696, 1.45689,
1.45682, 1.45675, 1.45668, 1.45661, 1.45654, 1.45647, 1.45641,
1.45634, 1.45627, 1.4562, 1.45613, 1.45606, 1.45599, 1.45592<<,
Ngroup 881.46137, 1.46138, 1.46139, 1.4614, 1.46141, 1.46142, 1.46143,
1.46143, 1.46144, 1.46144, 1.46144, 1.46144, 1.46144, 1.46144,
1.46144, 1.46143, 1.46143, 1.46142, 1.46142, 1.46141, 1.4614<<,
Dspn 882.10049, 1.93054, 1.75769, 1.58207, 1.4038, 1.22301, 1.03981, 0.854336,
0.666699, 0.477018, 0.285407, 0.0919793, - 0.103155, - 0.299888, - 0.498114,
- 0.697731, - 0.898639, - 1.10074, - 1.30395, - 1.50817, - 1.71333<<<
Plot the effective indexNeff

ListPlot@Transpose@8Lambda . sols, HNeff . solsL@@1DD<D,
Joined True, AxesLabel 8l@mmD, Neff <, ImageSize 500D
Neff
1.4572
1.4570
1.4568
1.4566
1.4564
1.4562
lHmmL
1.3
Plot the group indexNg
1.4
1.5
1.6
ListPlotATranspose@8Lambda . sols, HNgroup . solsL@@1DD<D,

Joined True, AxesLabel 9l@mmD, Ng =, ImageSize 500E
Ng
1.46144
1.46143
1.46142
1.46141
1.46140
1.46139
1.46138
lHmmL
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Plot the dispersion D

ListPlot@Transpose@8Lambda . sols, HDspn . solsL@@1DD<D,
Joined True, AxesLabel 8l@mmD, "D@psnmkmD"<, ImageSize 500D
D@psnmkmD
2
lHmmL
1.3
-1
Poynting Vector and Field Profile
Calculate the Poynting vector.
1.4
1.5
1.6
39
40
profile = 8Step, 1.46, 84, 1.45<<;

sols = DspnNeff@1, 1.55, profileD
SetCoordinates@Cartesian@x, y, zDD;
ssol = DspnPoyntingVector @1, 1.55, 1, profile, Phase p 2, MaxRadius 20D;
8Mode 8HE1,1 <, Lambda 1.55, Neff 81.4561<<
Plot the Poynting vector

Plot@HPoyntingVector@@3DD . ssolL@x, 0D, 8x, - 10, 10<, AxesLabel 8r@mmD, Sz <D
Sz
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
-10
-5
rHmmL
5
10
DensityPlot@HPoyntingVector@@3DD . ssolL@x, yD,

8x, - 10, 10<, 8y, - 10, 10<, PlotPoints 50, PlotRange AllD
Plot3D@HPoyntingVector@@3DD . ssolL@x, yD, 8x, - 10, 10<, 8y, - 10, 10<,

AxesLabel 8x, y, Sz <, BoxRatios 81, 1, 1<, PlotPoints 50, PlotRange AllD
Example (Hardware Control via GPIB)

Initialization
Open the MathLink connection.

mlelink = Install@"mle.exe"D;
mlelink = Install@LinkConnect@"aaa"DD;
Uninstall@mlelinkD
mle.exe
Initialization of the GPIB interface for data acquisition and control.

GPIBInitialize@8"GPIB0", 0, IsBoard True<,
8"tds360", 1, TimeOut 11<, 8"hp3245a", 9, TimeOut 11<D
board = "GPIB0", address = 0, eos = 10, timeout = 10
device = "tds360", address = 1, board = "GPIB0", eos = 10, timeout = 11
device = "hp3245a", address = 9, board = "GPIB0", eos = 10, timeout = 11
41
42
GPIBIfClear@"GPIB0"D
Interface cleared: board "GPIB0".
Set the default directory.

SetDirectory@"D:Temp"D
D:\Temp
Directory@D
D:\Temp
Communication Examples
Identfication of the equipment

GPIBClear@"tds360"D;
GPIBWrite@"tds360", "*IDN?"D;
GPIBRead@"tds360"D
TEKTRONIX,TDS 360,0,CF:91.1CT FV:v1.09
Retrieve the data from the equipment and store the data to a file.
GPIBWrite@"tds360", "CURVe?"D;
GPIBReadFile@"tds360", "data.txt", TimeOut 11, Delete TrueD
Read to file: device "tds360" to file "D:\Temp\data.txt".
Switch the data source to Channel 1.

GPIBWrite@"tds360", "DATa:SOUrce CH1"D;
Verify the data source.

GPIBWrite@"tds360", "DATa:SOUrce?"D;
GPIBRead@"tds360"D
:DAT:SOU CH1
Square Pulses and the Fourier Spectrum
Set the amplitude and frequency of the signal source.

GPIBWrite@"hp3245a", "RST"D;
GPIBWrite@"hp3245a", "APPLY SQV 1.0"D;
GPIBWrite@"hp3245a", "FREQ 1E3"D;
Read the data from the oscilloscope and the store the data in the variable "data".
43
data = GPIBRead@"tds360", TimeOut 11D;
Parse the data and put the t and y data in the variable " pdata". The format of "pdata" is
88t1, y1 <, 8t2, y2<, ...<. The time ti is in the unit of second and the data yi is in the unit of volt.
GPIBWrite@"tds360", "WFMPre:CH1:XINcr?"D;
xinc = ToExpression@
StringReplace@Part@StringSplit@GPIBRead@"tds360"D, " "D, 2D, "E" "*^"DD;
GPIBWrite@"tds360", "WFMPre:CH1:YMUlt?"D;
ymu = ToExpression@StringReplace@
Part@StringSplit@GPIBRead@"tds360", TimeOut 12D, " "D, 2D, "E" "*^"DD;
adata = StringDrop@data, 6D;
pdata = ToExpression StringSplit@adata, ","D;
pdata = Table@8xinc * i, ymu * pdata@@iDD<, 8i, Length@pdataD<D;
Length@pdataD
1000
Plot the data.

ListPlot@pdata, Joined True, ImageSize 500,
PlotRange 8- 0.8, 0.8<, AxesLabel 8"sec", "V"<D
V
0.75
0.5
0.25
sec
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
Graphics
Fourier transform. First separate the time and signal data. Put the time data in the variable
"t" and the signal data in the variable "y".
8t, y< = Transpose@pdataD;
The frequency data
44
f=
1
Length@tD Ht@@2DD - t@@1DDL
HRange@Length@tDD - 1L;
The Fourier transform of the signal data

fy = Fourier@yD;
Plot the spectrum data.

ListPlotATranspose 9f * 0.001, HAbs fyL2 =, PlotRange 880, 10<, All<,
ImageSize 500, AxesLabel 9"f@kHzD", "F@yD
"=E
F@yD2
100
80
60
40
20
f@kHzD
2
10
Graphics
Clear the data.

f =.; t =.;
Sinusoidal Waves and Curve Fitting
Set the amplitude and frequency of the signal source.

GPIBWrite@"hp3245a", "RST"D;
GPIBWrite@"hp3245a", "APPLY ACV 1.0"D;
GPIBWrite@"hp3245a", "FREQ 1E3"D;
Read the data from the oscilloscope and the store the data in the variable "data".
data = GPIBRead@"tds360", TimeOut 11D;
GPIBWrite@"tds360", "WFMPre:CH1:XINcr?"D;
xinc = ToExpression@
StringReplace@Part@StringSplit@GPIBRead@"tds360"D, " "D, 2D, "E" "*^"DD;
GPIBWrite@"tds360", "WFMPre:CH1:YMUlt?"D;
ymu = ToExpression@StringReplace@
Part@StringSplit@GPIBRead@"tds360", TimeOut 12D, " "D, 2D, "E" "*^"DD;
adata = StringDrop@data, 6D;
pdata = ToExpression StringSplit@adata, ","D;
pdata = Table@8xinc * i, ymu * pdata@@iDD<, 8i, Length@pdataD<D;
Length@pdataD
1000
Plot the data.

pl1 = ListPlot@pdata, Joined True, ImageSize 500, AxesLabel 8"sec", "V"<D
V
0.4
0.2
sec
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
-0.2
-0.4
Graphics
Curve fitting. Fit the data to the sine curve and find the fitting parameters.
f = 1000;
fitparams = FindFit@pdata, A + B Sin@2 p f t + fD, 8A, B, f<, tD
8A - 0.009912, B - 0.507288, f 0.159094<
Plot the sine curve using the fitting parameters.
45
46
pl2 = Plot@Evaluate@A + B Sin@2 p f t + fD . fitparamsD, 8t, 0, 0.005<,

ImageSize 500, PlotStyle 8RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<, AxesLabel 8"t@secD", "V"<D
0.4
0.2
t@secD
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
-0.2
-0.4
Graphics
Comparison of the original data and the fitting curve.

Show@8pl1, pl2<D
0.4
0.2
sec
0.001
-0.2
-0.4
Graphics
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
If you want to know more about symbolic computing,

please visit:
http://ontl.gist.ac.kr
Lectures Symbolic Computing Methods and
Applications
47

Youngjoo Chung - Tutorial On Symbolic Computing With Mathematica (2011) (p47)

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Youngjoo Chung - Tutorial On Symbolic Computing With Mathematica (2011) (p47)

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Tutorial

Symbolic computation (algebraic manipulation)

External applications are written in C/C++.

User Package Functions

A large collection of user-defined functions

The power exponent must be an integer. Otherwise, use MPExpandBinomial.

% . - s2x - s2y - s2z - 1

- s2x - s2y - s2z -

Separation of variables for solving differential equations

MPMAFB%, MPSepVars, 8All, x, Side Right<,

Direct solution using MPDSolve

Adding sin and cos functions

a2 + b2 Sin@x + ArcTan@b, aDD

Conversion to other functions

Conversion to half angle

Conversion to double angle

Asterisk (*) is interpreted as the complex conjugate

The exponential form of a complex number

Polynomials and Series

Eliminate the second highest order term

Transform a polynomial by making a replacement of the variable

A case of two variables

MPAFE@y@xD, MPTaylor, 8All, x - x0 , 2, Variables x<, CS x0 , Head TildeTildeD

y@xD y@x0 D + Hx - x0 L y @x0 D +

Move a subpart of an equation to left- or right-hand side

Eliminating variables from a set of equations

Solve equations and write

The built-in derivative operator D, or , evaluates the expression immediately.

The partial differential operator

delays the evaluation until the command MPEvalD or

MPMAF@%, MPExpandD, 8At@2D, 8f, g<<D

Integration by parts using the differential operator

Merging the differential operator

Evaluation of vector operators

MPAFEA2 y, MPEvalVecOps, 8All, y y@x, y, zD, Cartesian@x, y, zD<E

Wrap the integral with HoldForm (HF) to prevent evaluation.

With the wrap

Combining multiple integrals

Convolution in Fourier transform

:f@xD F@kD k x k, g@xD G@kD k x k>

MPMAFB%, RA, :All, :F@kD

MPEvalIntDelta, 8All, x <F

K f@x D g@x D d@x - x - x D x O x

Transformation of the integration variables

x, MPEvalInt, Apply PowerExpandF

8All, VT 8x, q, x a Tan@qD<<, RA Sign@aD 1, PostApply MPEvalIntF

Replacement of the integration variable with others

Merging multiple integrals

Merging integration intervals

MPMergeIntInterval B f@tD t + f@tD tF

MPIntegrateByParts BHF y @yD y2 y, y @yDF

- 2 y y@yD y - Iy2 y@yDMy- + x2 y@xD

Changing the summation intervals

MPChSumIntervalBHF an , 8n, 81, 2<, 8n3 , n4 <<F

Combining multiple summations. The indexes are replaced to avoid duplication.

MPCombSumB fn gn , RV 8n, m<F

Merging multiple summations

MPMergeSumB A@kD + B@kDF

Merging summation intervals

Vectors and Matrices

Expansion of vector expressions

MPExpandVecA Ie EM, 9e, E=E

Matrix form of equations

Deleting a column from a matrix

Inserting a column in a matrix

Transform a vector from Cartesian to spherical coordinates