Binder 1

1/7/2015
VolumeandWettedAreaofPartiallyFilledHorizontalVesselsNeutrium
f Neutrium
ARTICLES CONTACT SPONSORSHIP
VOLUME AND WETTED AREA OF PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS
SUMMARY
The calculation of a horizontal vessels wetted area and volume is
required for engineering tasks such fire studies and the determination of
level alarms and control set points. However the calculation of these
parameters is complicated by the geometry of the vessel, particularly the
heads. This article details formulae for calculating the wetted area and
volume of these vessels for various types of curved ends including:

hemispherical, torispherical, semi-ellipsoidal and bumped ends.
1. DEFINITIONS
A
: Wetted Area
Di
: Inside Diameter of Vessel
Do
: Outside Diameter of Vessel
: Liquid level above vessel bottom
: Length of vessel, tan-line to tan-line
https://neutrium.net/equipment/volumeandwettedareaofpartiallyfilledvessels/
1/12
1/7/2015
Lf
: Straight Flange
: Inside Vessel Radius
Rc
: Inside crown radius
Rk
: Inside knuckle radius
: Vessel Wall Thickness
Vp
: Partially Filled Liquid Volume
Vt
: Total Volume of head or vessel
: Inside Dish Depth
: Eccentricity of elliptical heads
2. INTRODUCTION
The calculation of the liquid volume or wetted area of a partially filled
horizontal vessel is best performed in parts, by calculating the value for

the cylindrical section of the vessel and the heads of the vessel and then
adding the areas or volumes together. Below we present the wetted area
and partially filled volume for each type of head and the cylindrical
section.
2/12
1/7/2015
The partially filled volume is primarily used for the calculation of tank
filling times and the setting of control set points, alarm levels and system
trip points.
The wetted area is the area of contact between the liquid and the wall of
the tank. This is primary used in fire studies of process and storage
vessels to determine the emergency venting capacity required to protect
the vessel.
The volume and wetted area of partially filled vertical vessels is covered
separately.
3/12
1/7/2015
Head Gaskets Fixed

For just 39.99 or get your Money Back - Guaranteed
3. HEMISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

Hemispherical heads have a depth which is half their diameter. They
have the highest design pressures out of all the head types and as such
are typically the most expensive head type. The formula for calculating
the wetted area and volume of one head are presented as follows.
3.1 Wetted Area

A = h
Di
2
3.2 Volume
1
Vp =
(3R h)
2
4/12
1/7/2015
Vp = D
3
i
h
(3(
12
h
2(
Di
) )
Di
4. SEMI-ELLIPSOIDAL OR ELLIPTICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

The semi-ellipsoidal heads are shallower than the hemispherical heads
and deeper than the torispherical heads and therefore have design
pressures and expense lying between these two designs.
The most common variant of semi-ellipsoidal head is the 2:1 elliptical

head which has a depth equal to 1/4 of the vessel diameter. The formula
for calculating the wetted area and volume for one 2:1 semi-elliptical
head are presented as follows.
4.1 Wetted Area

For a 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal head is equal to 0.866, for other geometries
the formula below may be used to calculate .
4 (
0.5) + B
5/12
1/7/2015
Aw =
D i
8
4 (
1
0.5) B + 1 +
Di
h
Di
0.5) + B
ln
2 3
B = 1 + 12(
0.5)
Di
2
4z
= 1
2
Di
The wetted area calculated using this method does not include the
straight flange of the head. The length of the straight flange must be
included in the calculation of the wetted area of the cylindrical section.
4.2 Volume
3
Vp = D C
i
(3(
12
h
)
h
2(
Di
) )
Di
Where,
for ASME 2:1 Elliptical heads:
C = 1/2
for DIN 28013 Semi ellipsoidal heads:

t
+ 2.3227(
C = 0.49951 + 0.10462
Do
)
Do
6/12
1/7/2015
The volume calculated does not include the straight flange of the head,
only the curved section. The straight flange length must be included in
the calculation of the volume of the cylindrical section.
Tube production lines

MTM Profiling section for ERW complete tube production lines
5. TORISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

Torispherical heads are the most economical and therefore is the most
common head type used for process vessels. Torispherical heads are
shallower and typically have lower design pressures than semi-elliptical

heads. The formula for the calculation of the wetted area and volume of
one partially filled torispherical head is presented as follows.
5.1 Wetted Area

We can approximate the partially filled surface area of the torispherical
7/12
1/7/2015
head using the formula for elliptical heads. This approximation will over
estimate the surface area because a torispherical head is flatter than a
ellipsoidal head. This assumption is conservative for pool fire relieving

calculations.
2
Aw =
D i
8
1
0.5) B + 1 +
Di
4 (
h
Di
0.5) + B
ln
2 3
B = 1 + 12(
0.5)
Di
2
4z
= 1
2
Di
5.2 Volume
3
Vp = D C
i
(3(
12
h
)
h
2(
Di
) )
Di
Where,
for ASME Torispherical heads:
C = 0.30939 + 1.7197
Rk 0.06D o
Di
t
+ 0.98997(
0.16116
Do
t
)
Do
8/12
1/7/2015
for DIN 28011 Torispherical heads:

t
+ 1.3762(
C = 0.37802 + 0.05073
Do
)
Do
6. BUMPED HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL
top
Bumped heads have the lowest cost but also the lowest design pressures,
unlike torispherical or ellipsoidal heads they have no knuckle. They are
typically used in atmospheric tanks, such as horizontal liquid fuel storage

tanks or road tankers.
Here we present formulae for calculated the wetted area and volume for
an arbitrary liquid level height in a single Bumped head.
6.1 Wetted Area

9/12
1/7/2015
We can approximate the partially filled surface area of the bumped head
using the formula for elliptical heads. This approximation will over
estimate the surface area, which is conservative for pool fire relieving
calculations.
2
Aw =
D i
1
0.5) B + 1 +
Di
4 (
h
Di
0.5) + B
ln
2 3
B = 1 + 12(
0.5)
Di
2
4z
= 1
2
Di
6.2 Volume
Vt = 1/2z
Vp =
3Vt
4
(3Rc z)
h
(
h
(1
)
3R
The partially filled volume equation is an approximation, but will give a

reasonable accuracy for vessel volume calculations.
Singapore 2015
Make an Exciting Holiday. Find out more.
10/12
1/7/2015
7. CYLINDRICAL SECTION - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

an arbitrary liquid level height in the cylindrical section of a horizontal

drum.
7.1 Wetted Area

A p = 2LRcos
A p = LD i cos
R h
(
)
R
h
(1 2
)
Di
7.2 Volume
2
Vp = L (R cos
R h
(
) (R H)
2Rh h )
V p = LD i
1
cos
4
h
(1 2
1
) (
Di
Di
h
(
Di
)
Di
11/12
1/7/2015
Where the vessel has torispherical or ellipsoidal heads the straight flange
length of the head should be included in the cylindrical section length
when calculating the volume or surface area.
8. REFERENCES
1. B Wiencke, 2009, Computing the partial volume of pressure vessels
2. R Doane, 2007, Accurate Wetted Areas for Partially Filled Vessels
3. E Ludwing, 1997, Applied Process Design for Chemical and
Petrochemical Plants (Volume 2)
4. E Weisstein, 2013, Cylindrical Segment. From MathWorld

ARTICLE TAGS
Bumped Cylindrical Dished Hemispherical Horizontal Drum
Liquid Level Partially Filled Torospherical Vessel Vessel Head
Volume Wetted Area
Back
Article Created: March 1, 2013
2014 Native Dynamics | Contact | Copyright and Disclaimer

12/12
1/7/2015
VolumeandWettedAreaofPartiallyFilledVerticalVesselsNeutrium
f Neutrium
ARTICLES CONTACT SPONSORSHIP
VOLUME AND WETTED AREA OF PARTIALLY FILLED VERTICAL VESSELS
SUMMARY
The calculation of the wetted area and volume of a vertical vessel is
required for engineering tasks such fire studies and the determination of
level alarms and control set points. However the calculation of these
parameters is complicated by the geometry of the vessel, particularly the
heads. This article details formulae for calculating the wetted area and
volume of these vessels for various types of curved ends including:

hemispherical, torispherical, semi-ellipsoidal and bumped ends.
1. DEFINITIONS
A
: Wetted Area
Di
: Inside Diameter of Vessel
Do
: Outside Diameter of Vessel
: Liquid level above vessel bottom
: Length of vessel, tan-line to tan-line
https://neutrium.net/equipment/volumeandwettedareaofpartiallyfilledverticalvessels/
1/13
1/7/2015
Lf
: Straight Flange
: Inside Vessel Radius
Rc
: Inside crown radius
Rk
: Inside knuckle radius
: Vessel Wall Thickness
Vp
: Partially Filled Liquid Volume
Vt
: Total Volume of head or vessel
: Inside Dish Depth
: Eccentricity of elliptical heads
2. INTRODUCTION
The calculation of the liquid volume or wetted area of a partially filled
vertical vessel is best performed in parts, by calculating the value for the
cylindrical section of the vessel and the heads of the vessel and then
adding the areas or volumes together. Below we present the wetted area
and partially filled volume for each type of head and the cylindrical
section.
2/13
1/7/2015
The partially filled volume is primarily used for the calculation of tank
filling times and the setting of control set points, alarm levels and system
trip points.
The wetted area is the area of contact between the liquid and the wall of
the tank. This is primary used in fire studies of process and storage
3/13
1/7/2015
vessels to determine the emergency venting capacity required to protect
the vessel. Unlike horizontal vessels, it is not often required to know the
surface area of a partially filled vertical vessel's head and in this article
we present formulae for completely filled heads only.
The volume and wetted area of partially filled horizontal vessels is

covered separately.
Equipment of SS 304 Tank

Now, become SS tanks manufacturer with Big Offer of plant equipment
3. HEMISPHERICAL HEADS - VERTICAL VESSEL

Hemispherical heads have a depth which is half their diameter. They
have the highest design pressures out of all the head types and as such
are typically the most expensive head type. The formula for calculating
the wetted area and volume are presented as follows.
4/13
1/7/2015
3.1 Wetted Area

A = 2R c h
3.2 Volume
For the bottom head:
h
V =
(3R c h)
For the top head:
V =
(2R c h
Where
(3R c h))
is defined as the free space between the liquid surface and the
top of the head.
4. SEMI-ELLIPSOIDAL OR ELLIPTICAL HEADS - VERTICAL VESSEL

The semi-ellipsoidal heads are shallower than the hemispherical heads
and deeper than the torispherical heads and therefore have design
pressures and expense lying between these two designs.
The most common variant of semi-ellipsoidal head is the 2:1 elliptical

head which has a depth equal to 1/4 of the vessel diameter. The formula
for calculating the wetted area and volume for the 2:1 semi-elliptical
5/13
1/7/2015
head are presented as follows.
4.1 Wetted Area

2
D i
Aw =
1
(2 +
2 + 2
ln (
))
2 3
2
4z
= 1
2
Di
4.2 Volume
Vp = Di C
24
h
(3(
h
(
For the top head:

3
p
(3 (
6/13
1/7/2015
3
Vp = Di C
24
h
(3 (
h
) (
Where,
for ASME 2:1 Elliptical heads:
C = 1/2
for DIN 28013 Semi ellipsoidal heads:

t
+ 2.3227(
C = 0.49951 + 0.10462
Do
)
Do
Heat exchanger
Software for heat exchanger design
5. TORISPHERICAL HEADS - VERTICAL VESSEL

Torispherical heads are the most economical and therefore is the most
common head type used for process vessels. Torispherical heads are
shallower and typically have lower design pressures than semi-elliptical

7/13
1/7/2015
heads. The formula for the calculation of the wetted area and volume of
a partially filled torispherical head is presented as follows.
5.1 Wetted Area

We can approximate the partially filled surface area of the torispherical
head using the formula for elliptical heads. This approximation will over
estimate the surface area because a torispherical head is flatter than a
ellipsoidal head. This assumption is conservative for pool fire relieving

calculations.
2
Aw =
D i
1
(2 +
2 + 2
ln (
))
2 3
2
4z
= 1
2
Di
8/13
1/7/2015
5.2 Volume
3
Vp = Di C
24
h
(3(
h
(
For the top head:

3
Vp = Di C
24
h
(3 (
h
) (
Where,
for ASME Torispherical heads:
C = 0.30939 + 1.7197
R k 0.06D o
Di
t
0.16116
Do
t
+ 0.98997(
Do
for DIN 28011 Torispherical heads:

t
C = 0.37802 + 0.05073
Do
t
+ 1.3762(
Do
6. BUMPED HEADS - VERTICAL VESSEL
top
Bumped heads have the lowest cost but also the lowest design pressures,
9/13
1/7/2015
unlike torispherical or ellipsoidal heads they have no knuckle. They are
typically used in atmospheric tanks, such as horizontal liquid fuel storage
tanks or road tankers. Due to the low strength and poor draining
qualities of this head type it is rarely used for vertical vessels.
an arbitrary liquid level height in a single Bumped head.
6.1 Wetted Area

A = 2R c h
6.2 Volume
h
V =
(3R c h)
For the top head:
V =
(2R c h
(3R c h))
10/13
1/7/2015
Where
is defined as the free space between the liquid surface and the
top of the head.
Equipment of SS 304 Tank

Now, become SS tanks manufacturer with Big Offer of plant equipment
7. CYLINDRICAL SECTION - VERTICAL VESSEL

an arbitrary liquid level height in the cylindrical section of a vertical

drum.
7.1 Wetted Area

A = D i h
11/13
1/7/2015
7.2 Volume
Vp =
Di h
Where the vessel has torispherical or ellipsoidal heads the straight flange
length of the head should be included in the cylindrical section length
when calculating the volume or surface area.
8. REFERENCES
1. B Wiencke, 2009, Computing the partial volume of pressure vessels
2. R Doane, 2007, Accurate Wetted Areas for Partially Filled Vessels
3. E Ludwing, 1997, Applied Process Design for Chemical and
Petrochemical Plants (Volume 2)

ARTICLE TAGS
Bumped Cylindrical Dished Hemispherical Liquid Level
Partially Filled Torospherical Vertical Drum Vessel Vessel Head
Volume Wetted Area
Back
Article Created: November 4, 2014
12/13

Binder 1

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Binder 1

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

1/7/2015

volume of these vessels for various types of curved ends including:

: Inside Diameter of Vessel

: Outside Diameter of Vessel

: Liquid level above vessel bottom

: Length of vessel, tan-line to tan-line

: Inside Vessel Radius

: Inside crown radius

: Inside knuckle radius

: Vessel Wall Thickness

: Partially Filled Liquid Volume

: Total Volume of head or vessel

: Inside Dish Depth

: Eccentricity of elliptical heads

horizontal vessel is best performed in parts, by calculating the value for

Head Gaskets Fixed

3. HEMISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

3.1 Wetted Area

4. SEMI-ELLIPSOIDAL OR ELLIPTICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

The most common variant of semi-ellipsoidal head is the 2:1 elliptical

4.1 Wetted Area

for DIN 28013 Semi ellipsoidal heads:

Tube production lines

5. TORISPHERICAL HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

shallower and typically have lower design pressures than semi-elliptical

5.1 Wetted Area

estimate the surface area because a torispherical head is flatter than a

ellipsoidal head. This assumption is conservative for pool fire relieving

for DIN 28011 Torispherical heads:

6. BUMPED HEADS - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

typically used in atmospheric tanks, such as horizontal liquid fuel storage

6.1 Wetted Area

The partially filled volume equation is an approximation, but will give a

7. CYLINDRICAL SECTION - HORIZONTAL VESSEL

an arbitrary liquid level height in the cylindrical section of a horizontal

7.1 Wetted Area

4. E Weisstein, 2013, Cylindrical Segment. From MathWorld

Article Created: March 1, 2013

2014 Native Dynamics | Contact | Copyright and Disclaimer

volume of these vessels for various types of curved ends including:

: Inside Diameter of Vessel

: Outside Diameter of Vessel

: Liquid level above vessel bottom

: Length of vessel, tan-line to tan-line

: Inside Vessel Radius

: Inside crown radius

: Inside knuckle radius

: Vessel Wall Thickness

: Partially Filled Liquid Volume

: Total Volume of head or vessel

: Inside Dish Depth

: Eccentricity of elliptical heads

vessels to determine the emergency venting capacity required to protect

The volume and wetted area of partially filled horizontal vessels is

Equipment of SS 304 Tank

3. HEMISPHERICAL HEADS - VERTICAL VESSEL

3.1 Wetted Area

For the top head:

top of the head.

4. SEMI-ELLIPSOIDAL OR ELLIPTICAL HEADS - VERTICAL VESSEL

The most common variant of semi-ellipsoidal head is the 2:1 elliptical

head are presented as follows.

4.1 Wetted Area

For the top head: