Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 13
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SEMANA 16
ESTADSTICA II
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Overview
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Chapter 2 Review
Center: Measure of center
Variation: Measure of the amount
that scores vary among themselves
Distribution: Nature or shape
of distribution of the data
Outliers: Sample values that are very
far away from majority of other values
Time: Changing characteristics of
the data over time
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview
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Chapter 13
The main objective is to address the
changing characteristics over time.
By monitoring this characteristic, we are
better able to control the production of
goods and services, thereby ensuring
better quality.
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Definition
Process Data
These are data arranged according to
some time sequence.
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Definition
Process Data
These are data arranged according to
some time sequence.
Important characteristics of process data
can change over time.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 9
Definition
Run Chart
A run chart is a sequential plot of
individual data values over time.
One axis (usually vertical) is used for
the data values, and the other axis
(usually the horizontal) is used for
the time sequence.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
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Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
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Definition
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Reduce variation in a
product or a service.
Definition
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Random variation
Random variation is due to chance; it is the
type of variation inherent in any process
that is not capable of producing every good
or service exactly the same way every time.
Assignable variation
Assignable variation results from causes
that can be identified.
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Definition
A control chart of a process characteristic (such
as mean or variation) consists of value plotted
sequentially over time, and it includes a center
line as well as a lower control limit (LCL) and an
upper control limit (UCL). The center line
represents a central value of the characteristic
measurements, whereas the control limits are
boundaries used to separate and identify any
points considered to be unusual.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Notation
n = size of each sample, or subgroup
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Notation
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Notation
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Monitoring Process
Variation: Control Chart for R
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Monitoring Process
Variation: Control Chart for R
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Monitoring Process
Variation: Control Chart for R
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Monitoring Process
Variation: Control Chart for R
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Monitoring Process
Variation: Control Chart for R
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Table 13-2
Control Chart
Constants
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Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
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R = 19 + 13 + ...+ 63 = 21.2
20
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
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R = 19 + 13 + ...+ 63 = 21.2
20
D3 = 0.000
D4 = 2.282
from Table 13-2
Example: Measuring
Aircraft Altimeters
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R = 19 + 13 + ...+ 63 = 21.2
20
D3 = 0.000
D4 = 2.282
from Table 13-2
D4R = (2.282)(21.2) = 48.4
D3R = (0.000)(21.2) = 0.0
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
MINITAB Display
R Chart for Errors
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Interpreting
Control Charts
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Example: Statistical
Process Control
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Example: Statistical
Process Control
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Example: Statistical
Process Control
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Monitoring Process
Mean: Control Chart for x
Point plotted: Sample means
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Monitoring Process
Mean: Control Chart for x
Point plotted: Sample means
Center line: x
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Monitoring Process
Mean: Control Chart for x
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Center line: x
Upper Control Limit (UCL): x + A2R
Monitoring Process
Mean: Control Chart for x
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Center line: x
Upper Control Limit (UCL): x + A2R
Lower Control Limit (LCL): x A2R
Monitoring Process
Mean: Control Chart for x
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Center line: x
Upper Control Limit (UCL): x + A2R
Lower Control Limit (LCL): x A2R
where the values of A2 found in Table 13-2.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
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Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
x = 2.50 + 2.75 + ...+ 9.75 = 6.45
20
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Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
x = 2.50 + 2.75 + ...+ 9.75 = 6.45
20
A2 = 0.729
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Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
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Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
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Example: Manufacturing
Aircraft Altimeters
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SEMANA 17
ESTADSTICA II
Slide 53
Section 13-3
Control Charts for
Attributes
Created by Erin Hodgess, Houston, Texas
Control Charts
for Attributes
Slide 54
Notation
p = pooled estimate of proportion of
defective items in the process
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Notation
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Notation
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Notation
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Notation
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pq
n
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pq
n
pq
n
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Center line: p
Upper control limit: p + 3
pq
n
pq
n
Example:
Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
Example:
Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
p = 25 + 24 + 22 + ...+ 31 = 375
= 0.000288
(13)(100,000)
1,300,000
Example:
Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
p = 25 + 24 + 22 + ...+ 31 = 375
= 0.000288
(13)(100,000)
1,300,000
q = 1 p = 0.999712
Example:
Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
p = 25 + 24 + 22 + ...+ 31 = 375
= 0.000288
(13)(100,000)
1,300,000
q = 1 p = 0.999712
p+3
pq
n
= 0.000449
p3
pq
n
= 0.000127
Slide 69
Example:
Number of deaths:
25 24 22 25 27 30 31 30 33 32 33 32 31
Interpretation: Using the three out-of-control criteria listed
in Section 13-2, we conclude that this process is out of
statistical control since from the p-chart there appears to be
an upward trend, and there are eight consecutive points all
lying above the centerline (Run of 8 Rule). Based on these
data, public health policies affecting respiratory tract
infections should be modified to cause a decrease in the
death rate.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.