The Proposed Earliest Christian Letter on Papyrus and the Origin of the Term Philallelia

Author(s): G. R. Stanton
Source: Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 54 (1984), pp. 49-63
Published by: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn (Germany)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20183967 .
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49

THE PROPOSED EARLIEST

THE ORIGIN

Oxyrhynchus
Apollonios,

published

letter

from
in

P.J.Parsons

by

?V

LETTER ON PAPYRUS AND

OF THE TERM PHILALLELIA

3057,

Papyrus
was

CHRISTIAN

certain

Ammonios

his

to

'brother'

1974:

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P.J.Parsons

1)
Memoirs,

58]

palaeographic
me
with

in

gave

me

Macquarie
Queensland
Professor

(see

n.9)

independently
sending
and

n.4)

on

advice

various

for
other
published

checked
an
offprint

P.Oxy.
detailed
kindnesses
in

grateful
in
1975,
of
his
on
and

would

also

of

University
3057
and

(see,
Miscellanea

vol.

Papyri,
am

commenting
R.Merkelbach

points.
the

University/
for
discussing

at

me
for

Professor

E.A.Judge
article
and
for
the
are
papyrus
(see

Oxyrhynchus
144-146.

1974)

for

1977,

Papyrologica
sor
G.D.Kilpatrick,

The

(ed.),
(London,
date

27 ?ro/^a: coir, from atvofxa

New

with

like

in

[Graeco-Roman
for
Parsons
having
for
the
discussing
papyrus
in
article
Miscellanea
of

particular,
Papyrologica

this

article.

S.R.Pickering
to
thank

England
me.
Special

constructive

XLII

Mr

to

draft
Mr

30 tci

and

at

colleagues
University
are

thanks
n.11).
(see

Profes

generously

the

comments

the

on

of

Photographs
and
n.4)

87.

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

to

due

draft

of
in

this
of
Hemer

50

G.R.Stanton

to

Pointing
(PG

79.144A,

'marked

line

nXiveic

of

crumbles

nor

In

most

'it

would

But

'

date

graphic

ward

and

the

of

letter

was

monios
word

to

new

The

not

The

text

entire

P.Petr.

Plate
II

of

two

and
the
3)

has
11.

39(d).3,
words

Quotations

?rcCcxorcoc
III

from

but
sign

which

had

example
out
crossed
can
cover
verso

Bekker,
XLII,

Earliest

with
the

17,
An?cdota
pp.144

Christian

[Papyrologica
Christian
could

been
a

of

be

'palaeo

summarise

been

for

brought
(section

E.A.Judge
which
a

as

document

to

have

A).
in

appears
which

coincidence

Am

that

indicates
that

consideration

indication

the

B-D).

(sections
authorship
two

from

it,
the

the
term

1282.34),
informed

P.Oxy.

36(a)

closer

come

to
only
reject
of
the
cross1;

(e.g.

on

the

vocabulary

Christian

Parsons

subsequently
which

P.Oxy.

4)
P.J.Parsons,
Miscellanea
Papyrologica
'earliest
Plate
12.
and
By
document

such
of

by

also

'The

earliest

any

Possibility

been

see

out

3057

either

first

texts,
of

element

turns

offer

cited

parallels

this

POxy.

philallelia

Christian

been
which,

Christian

is

and
term

the

have

sentiment

earliest

which

of

it

the
article

O.Montevecchi

But

does

this

several

out,

pointed

authorship

origin
in

regarding

is

letter
in

that

Parsons
2)
mentioned,
as
'marked
with
the
u.?vr)V
a document
of
validation
a letter.
Parsons
But
of
a private
was
letter
papyri
an
For
illustrated
strokes.
the
4 9

accepted,
'this

he

context

might
of

2)

31.

first/second
3)

context1.

objections

for

to

line

Christian

parallels

case

the

the

in

dated

possible

other
other

Secondly,
of

(x?)

Christian

the

suppose

A.

and
adduced

or

for

distrib

cxaup?c

?rcLCx?rc

?xepo

hypothesis

wide

115').

the

rightly

about

C.J.Hemer,

and

Christian.

philallelia

look

caution

was

of

was

hand

to

to

the

'this
a

III

PMerton
refer

instead

the

Christian

of

study

Ammonios

one

lead

might

read

that

over

curious

with

have

as

interpreted

equated

likely

whether

be

was

to

Parsons

considered

there

decided

hardly

intention

against

himself,
a

follows

be

He

be

Ankyra
'an

Corinth',

3 might

as

of

Clement,

of

line

20

cryptic

strengthen

early1
4)
My

Egypt'.

Parsons

by

There

too

for

points

(cp)

recently

that

in

Neilos
I

in

possible.

are

justified,

to
If

is
in

surviving
the

seem

do

letter1.

Christian

could

if

fully

church

rightly

equally
3

initial

more

has

then

temerarious

be

was

he

suggested,

'the
line

?rcLCx?rc

warring

line

sentiments

importantly,

3057

P.Oxy.

of

he

'the

Parsons'

view,

my

added.

could

and

century,

But

in

theme

especially

'others'

in

15ff.

similar

be

might

cross1,

47.7?

letter'

Thirdly,

for

Might

the

lines

?rcLCXoA.f|v)

the

compared

"crossed

Christians

the

First,

(Parsons

the

of

Clement

easily'.

ution1

to

context

sign
2.

and

(HexLacu.?vnv

the

in

54

ou-ovoCac

Christian

letter

with

lined

he

'crossed'

of

phraseology

p.

hcxl

eLprjvric

that

suggested
the

the

below,

quoted

rcepL

epistle

to

parallel

official

of

diagonal
sense

and

expected
unpublished

A.D.
of

for

where

89)

P.Tebt.

Tait

erucx?rcxric:
the
overlap

146.
in

Letter?',

Florentina,
document'
as
identified

nex^ac
in
the

criss-cross

(dated
see

money
lines,
'supervisor'
237
IV.10;
254.

P.Oxy.
Graeca

of
to

the

among
with

out

crossed

of

interpretation
refers
usually
this
is
hardly

yet
me
that

loan

letters

R.Pintaudi

Parsons

(Firenze,
course
of

written

by

7]

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

(ed.),
1980)
meant

Christian.

289
the

The

Constantine

Syracuse,
l

tjiuxoc
their

?vdpamoLC

xolc

xaOxric

rcp?cpacLV

letter

to

non

uantia

sensus

the

suos

In

date.
correspond

to

rcp?cpacLV

but

to

Ammonios'
the

tas'matches
to

letter
The

parallels

shared

belief.

among

classical

rcp?c
vol

is

cpC?

of

Clement

special
which

to
On

technical
hostile

6)

Dio

Prus.

7)

M.Aurelius

Plutarch,
are
discussed

8)
126.2;
to
Gaius
Plutarch,

Clem.

or.

h.e.

used

of

language

P.Oxy.

well

at

22,
III

imply

cpl?l

xfic

?uo

xolvgovl
in

relationship
7)

Plutarch.

by

writers

More
as

such

8)

same

the

period.
to

letter

to

?x

with

(pp.204-206
Christians
early
for
the
kind

searching
3057.15ff.

common

is
uses

example,

24;

that

letter.
a

another'

personal

in

Ammonios1

(pl?l

writers

date,

Constantine1

course

Christian

Appendix
parallels
was
he

in

tx ctic

with
by

10.5.21-24

Donatists,
these
by
rather

36.31,

6.38;
Marcus

Dio,

cf.

40.37;

Plutarch,
Aurelius

Moralia
and
other

in

Alex.

Philodemos,

by

for

almost

other

later

and

interchangeable

joined

term

Apollonios

much

fraterni

of

uex?

in

Aelafius:
at

Ziwsa)
had
of

group

encourage

unity

group.

of

(University

imply

vocabulary;
used
the

have

might
a

against

the

is
used

Eus.
of

Schism
not
did

Parsons

?u?vol

be
is

is

the

one

Prusa,
and

to

; and

facultatem'may

of

with

cited

little

authorship

not

do

40.36

seems

to

of

C (piXaXXr\XCa

of

there

it
also

Chrestos:

the

or.

Aurelius

is

Ammonios

?uoQjuxC

'friendship
Dio

at

?CXLV.

x
Parsons

period.
c

...

is

?u?vol
too

Similarly,'concors

?u?cppov

by

cpl?l

Alexandria,

Letter

5)
Optatus,
b.
30a,

the

while

?x?poLC.

and

?uovol

?A.f)?OLC

given

as
has

dent

?u?vol

cited

Marcus

l,

the

hardly

refrain.

?l??v

?cpopucxc

'concord'

l,

common

the

texts
?u.oi[iuxCa

word

view

Aelafius'detrahendi

l acpopuxxc

of

In

40.39).
...

over,

x^eOrjc

of

cpl?l

almost

or.

ti vx

to
?l??v

writers

?XXr\Xa
c

(cf.

Talk

of
in

homi
obser

these

?l??v

letter

especially

letter

sentiment

the

actions

his

etiam

phraseology.
same

x^eOrjc

the

in

sanctissima
with

of

not

is

in

??eA.cpLxr)v

of

not

persist

sed

difficulty

rcp?cpacLV

tradition,

but

Chrestos,

The

Chrestos

?l??v

phrase

longe

?prjcxeCac

'concors

not

huiuscemodi

with

Christians

Constantine1

desirable

should

pertineant
ab

the

in

?u.?

quarrel

mock

ayLcoxaxric

the

They

sentiment,

?x?poLC

shared

Constantine's

hardly

to

xfic

of

infamiamque

i|iux?.c...

to

of

bishop
about

who

occur

speaks

auertere'.

x?c

assume

He

Chrestos,
?u-OiJjuxl

Those

arto

ijjuxolc

Christians.

of

?u-?cppc?v

expressions

qui

l acpopu-ctc

?l??v

to

the

letter
?xoucL

with

us

for

Africa.

parallels

Constantinian

?AXoxpCac

common

of

facultatem,

only

to

letter

opportunity

x?c

Similar

of

noscuntur

51

Papyrus

?u?voLa.

an

?xoocL

dedecus

ipsorum
dent

offer

they

from

ad

a?e?cpLxf)

pagans

l).

vicar

modo

detrahendi

to

?l??v

x^eOric

In

a?e?cpLxr)

about

give

fraternitas'

nibus

xolc

and

aXAoxpCac

Aelafius,

obseruantiae
'quae

speaks

brothers

313/314.
about

on

Letter

Christian

A.D.

cuvecLC,

ou.?(ppG)v

Christian

(xolc

that

to

dated

both

Constantine,

Earliest

Proposed

my
unpublished
New
England,
Strom.
poem.

248;
Josephus,
Moralia
1036b-c.

I
3
The

thesis

48.14.
824d.

Homonoia

writers

of

Concepts

of

and
the

related

first
under

Unity

two
the

themes

in

centuries
Pax

Romana

1970).
1.4.3
('gives
= P.Here.
[
War
Jewish
uses
Polybios

an
opportunity
1074+1081+1676]
1.198;
Epiketos
phraseology

of
XX

V
14.
salvation'),
4-6;
Philon,
Embassy
3.5.8
and
Ench.
32.3;
which
is
similar
quite

This content downloaded from 134.93.85.99 on Tue, 9 Dec 2014 04:52:46 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

52

G.R.Stanton

of

Independently
had

3057

Oxy.
Christian
He
with

New

have

3057

and

the

wide

alludes

needed

no

agreed

that

we

have

no

in

line

3.

we

since

against
have
in

widespread

not

the

say,

by,

could

this

Asia

Minor

the

be

Christian's
was

O.Montevecchi
Christian

setting
to

support

the

the

fourth

cautious.

is

admissible

for

it

probable.

the

been

by

as

Christian

question

in

l ?cpopucxc
]?T) ?l??v
C
rCO??
(pOpU C ?L??V

9)
The
by
ferred
inscriptions
Studies

C.J,Hemer,
Australian
as
to

for

Christians"

(Missoula,
and
Eumeneia',
10)

xolc

XI-XII

to

to

case
of

?cpopu.f)v

Archaeology]
from

William

pp.84,
'The

W.M.Calder,
Buckler

Hepburn
from
1960)

Anat.

Phrygia1,
398-413,

55

Aegyptus

429-439,

Rank
and
11)
E.A.Judge,
20-31.
1982)
(Christchurch,
for
to
Professor
giving
Judge
vance
of
publication.

Status
Quotations
a
me

(1975)
in

the

copy

he

World
from
of

of

pp.20,
text
the

n.34

of

this

L.Robert,

I
lecture

This content downloaded from 134.93.85.99 on Tue, 9 Dec 2014 04:52:46 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

in

32]
Acmonia

below.
St

and
23.

Anatolian
and

"Christians

Studies,
Heretics

Cf.

and

in
15-26

The

Caesars

22

tjxg?v

cqxov
CpL?OVLXL

25-38/

(1955)

302.
the

stressed

Formula',

Theological
and

at

declined

History
[published
re
(henceforth
the
third-century

For

E.Gibson,

291-303

have

Judge

1939)

(Manchester,
Stud.

family
may

which

84-91
90.

'how

and

3057

Eumeneian

of
[Harvard
Phrygia
Inscriptions
Christians
1978)and
'Jews,
A.R.R.Sheppard,
Anat.
Stud.
29
169-180.
(1979)

O.Montevecchi,

of

Buried

(1976)
and
89

Philemon.

letter

: e.g.
x x
Ttp?C aXXf]X0VC
xf)V
?LC
(28.6.7).
OLCl?oAf)V
Greeting',
12

'brother'

studying

Ammonios

?L

is

Apollonios

to

P.Oxy.

of
sufficient

friends

all
of

that

Ammonios'

in

own

Egypt

9)

is.1

that
is

whether

examples,

the

v\i(5v
VXL OLC

tell

in

lacks

letter

their

can

Apollonius,
of

Quotations
see
Minor

Epitaphs
(Paris,

it

E.A.Judge,

UTieV

hypothesis

Paul's

sup

supposing
it

11 )

four
In

?x^POLC

Institute
'Hemer').
of
Asia

took

authorship.

'Ammonius

Presented

'Early-Christian
Hellenica

?l??v

un

and

?x?pOLC
L XOLC

though

amongst
one

in

the

he

more

evidence

numerous

but

observed

recalls

Lecture,

how

Christian

end,

rank

was

might

not

the

have

documentary

that

date,

of
that,

argued

quite

view

she

relationships

the

to

(1.82.4),

of

of

is

her

early

the

Memorial

status

written
see

that

at

salutation

lack

establishing
In

date

Christianity

difficulty
in

the
He

we

have

behind

that

were

Nevertheless,

disturbance

addressed

circle',

letter,

Broadhead

conducted

people

but

and
Hemer

Secondly,

than

Christians
'The

similarly

The

address.

In

to

in

'master'

called
in

render

the

the

time

cryptogram

that

century

Domitian.

of

of

Younger

that

others.

point

epitaphs,
that

allusive;

context.

second

later

possibility

principate

the

early

on

hints

slight

the

Christian

P.Oxy.
what

in

to

kind

queried

Pliny

the

or

to

likely

problem.

commonplace

reasons

three
are

the

as

some

of
from

in

been

seeking
Hemer

of

'cryptic'

recipient

for

hypothesis

evidence

preclude

have

parallels

Parsons'

sentiments

crux

the

much

the

Thirdly,

good

the

from

posed

to

reason

the

is

so

may

either

explanation

is

case

each

the

the

possibility'.

verbal
of

P.

regarded

than

evaluation

Whether

not

He

especially

an

argued,

are

115

in

parallels,

hypothesis.

more

'no

for

authorship

C.J.Hemer.

by
and

offered

Hemer
III

to

xexta.cu.evoc

of

also

Christian

explored

unproven'

range

He

distribution,

writer

fully

best

Christian

P.Merton

papyrus

'at
the

Testament.

rejecting

need

as
extend

however,
the

for

already

of

possibility

more

been

hypothesis

did,

the

Parsons,

am

Paul

grateful
in
ad

The

the

that

author's
Acts

friendship'.
to

brother,

we

that

personal

which
that

and

counter-gift

of

say

is

an

of

it

to

the

of

of

only

of
of

we

spending

for

close1
we

but
of

Christian

the

think

no

very

obligations

to

to

(rtpocxCpecLV
silence

relations),

social

not

culture,

thing

brothers

human

you,
able

from

arguing

the

want
not

I'm

disposed1

circle

ideas

implies

'the

ideal

this

put

common

the

as

of

wary

contractual

don't

('I

favourably

of

Paul's

Ammonios

belongs

be

be

trace
to

from

sprang

burden

that

to

any

of

kindnesses,

should

difficult

what

embarrassed

We

53

Papyrus

ethics

as

intention

12)

on

distinctive

continual

your

10).

makes

least

at

conceived

absence

tradition

can

are

is

you

'the

return

the

Ammonios

line

that

'reflects

with

7-9).

d?cec?c,

said

the

down

offered

?L

(Judge

kindness

lines

have

cpL?Lxfic

of
me

weigh

them',

repay

to

thinking

Letter

Christian

Earliest

Proposed

gift

system

values.
also

Judge
titudes
Some
('doing
of

rceCp

('so

try

New

Testament

usual

the

'the

dicated,
New

only

Testament

'to

live

in

peace

l un

?l??v

the

motivation

the

New

Testament.

this

in

lie
not

the

?cpopucxc

an

others
x

?x?pOLC

O'

the

by

to

Ammonios

to

the

against

you

in

Judge
positively

'brothers'
(e?pTyve?

you'
even

But

19-20).
urge

with

. As
have

lines

in

effort
contrasts

test1

opportunity

me

but

which

letter

?uxov,

induces

[rceLpcx]

('experience
14) '

the

urn

moral
20-21)

to

Ammonios.

xapLcduev?c

personal

'put

of

literature,

lines

encouragement

to

give

The

at

ethical

letter

and

9)

also',

in

the

Christian

early

TteLpo.?co,

elements

vocabulary

sake

my
of

in

line

13)

and

vocabulary

points

in
men.

of

for

meaning

and

many

occur

do
not

God,

do

flavour'

eLV

at

('repay1,

21)

of
to

of

divergence

aueL?ecdcu
line

attitudes

marked
pattern1

as

favour',

the
L

'a

Christian
such

me

used

the

terms,

key

to

pointed

from

here

differs

...')

from

in
with
and
classical
is
here
tying
philosophical,
highly
language
as
in
the
of
instead
7-8)
(lines
?ctpeCv
papyri
?cxpuveLV
commonly
as
a variant
how
occurs
New
and
Testament
(where
reading;
?cxpuveLV
only
. One
as
far
not
should
common
the
more
in
it
is
than
go
ever,
?cxpe?v
Septuagint)
use
of
of
in
Ammonios'
as
a contrast
the
overtones
to
draw
between
goodwill
as
but
if
not
old
cloaks
the
7
in
line
received
ones,
rcpO
LpecLC
('I
possible,
For
when
and
as
new
Christian
of
the
because
better
than
ones,
motive')
usage.
a
can
be
it
or
in
means
Christian
'intention'
'motive'
TtpocupecLC
writings,
The

12)

the

of

usage
in
the

or

good
the
Deaths

one

neutral
of

Gospel
[PG

John

On Prayer
Origen,
14.256D];
[PG
Gregory
Discourses
Chrysostomos,

(e.g.
6.17

46.165A];

11.4
of
on

[PG
Nyssa,
John

11.452A],
On
34.2

on

Commentary
Infants'
[PG

Early
59.194],

55.3

[PG 59.306]).
To
12.1:
the
of
used
God
is
'(Divine)
13)
Smyrnaians
Ignatius,
by
aueC?ecdou
In
3.18
he
has
done.'
Galatians
for
all
him
will
reward
xo-pC
[Bourrhos]
grace
or
context
from
the
is
whether
of
is
used
xnv
?ecQou
God,
xAnpovoutcxv
supplied
l
I
s.v.
and
1
the
not
3).
xolpl?ou
(cf.
regard
Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich-Danker
'
see
a classical
as
L
line
of
8)
kindness',
usage;
( acts
cpL? vdpcoTiL
plural
Kleomenes
and
Demosthenes
25.86
Plutarch,
36.17.13,
8.70,
(cf.
Agis
Polybios
It
true
In
of
is
Praise
Demosthenes
53 [32],5,
(as
said)
16).
Judge
[Loukianos],
in
is
used
it
but
in
Christian
the
is
used
that
of
God
word
literature,
early
and
Titus
of
God
kindness'
for
'love
the
to
3.4)
mankind,
(e.g.
convey
singular
to

5.13

refer

to

the

14)
etpnveueLV
but
also

of

'hospitality'
occurs
(as

noted

in
by

Mark

men
9.50,

Moulton-Milligan

(Acts

28.2).

Romans
s.v.

12.18,
and

Cor.

Hemer

and

13.11
86)

This content downloaded from 134.93.85.99 on Tue, 9 Dec 2014 04:52:46 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

in

an

1 Thess.
Augustan

G.R.Stanton

54

B.
case

The
could

Is

homonoia

writes

offers

Neilos

of
What

As

kai

harmony

and

CpL? ??nAL

L TX]V

Hemer

writers

the

and

l?xica.

in

Yet

what

imbued

(while
is

an

This
third

is
century

Origen

of

the

kind

as

an

ordinance

inscription:
voul
[l]
Jones
98a).
ter.

in

found

speaks

poetry,

is

writers
with

Neilos

15)
three

of
Ankyra,
features

verbal
and

harmony
(ii)

refers
to

Hemer

151)

pray

17)
as

long

destroying
love
and
x
v?uov
14.19
the
banned

birds

for

Origen,
as
they

as

same
l

yn

it

In

(Heb.

use

of

the

New

(PG
of

Ammonios

moral

III
r\\xiv

development

for
the

in

own

statutes

Y rcnc
creatures
listed
common.

3.192;

used

is

rteCp

?l??v

cxcpopunv
classical
by

only
(Heb.

(something)'

statement

This
where

the

joins
where
(uu c xo?c

you1
and

shares
'that

prayer
(i)
?u?vol

and
in

(iii)

'you'
?oeAcpo?c,

?v
line

14)

Neilos.

The
214.4-6).
question
...
; )
avcxxpecpecOou
as
as
in
well
others,

Selections
wild

their

let

writers:

'I pray1
does
of
line
L,
16)
not,
(eftxou
sur
les
lettres
E.Wipszycka,
'Remarques
livre
de
d'un
si?cles
M.Naldini)',
(? propos
at
to
205-206
the
203-221
(1974)
prayer
points
x ?*
col
<v>
xnv
nu?pcxv
e?xou?
?xcxcxnv
?A.ox?nPL

On

things
clash
with
l xolc
x?c
('all
winged

of
PH

says

author.

Deuteronomy:
retain
their

e?

and
Ehrenberg
as
in
Ammonios'

Testament

79.144A).

between

'experience

Ammonios,

link
vOouclv

??

active),
formula

the

11.29),

146

of

?oeAcpcov

of

the

philallelia
a

eLpnveOeLV,
a variety
used
by
Sextus
Empiricus,
use

writings.

parallelism,

establishes
rtoXeLC

are

in

of

promotion

the

they

canonical

894.8-10

is

for

5.14;
above.

that

Synonymous

A. xx

the

either).

is

Already

law.

feature

in
in

Septuagint

by

the

21.16.1;

letter

Christian

previously
birds
have

philallelia.

(intransitive

the

IIe-IVe
des
priv?es
Juristic
Journ.
18
Papyrology
of
Paniskos:
<rc?vxa)v>
rcp? u?v
tx p
Ti CL
xolc
deoLC
(P.Mich.
?eC
v?ouc
(xoloOxouc
euxecdcu
could

word

remain
among
might
l
in
Neilos'
letter)
(as
to
brothers'
back
my
'you

x<3v

That

86.
a
imply
chr?tiennes

16)
course,

with

equivalent

rare

verb,

Letters
with

bestowed

Christian

cited
occurs

terms

that

The

attempt1

the

these

affection

mutual

cpLA. AAtiA.l
(line
16)

is

an

'make

Actu?cxveLV,
.
11 .36)

of

(B.Mus.Inscr.
near
?u?vol

Diodoros
Sikeliotes
5.8.7;
Dio
74 (75).
5.6
42.15.1,
2 Cor.
in
and
1 Tim.
5.12
see
in
n.8
this
period,

Polybios
Cassius
occurs

?uovol

of

instance

any

with

yolp

of
presence
a common
not

the
it

and
l

characteristic

in

reinforces

17)

from

unity

actually

occur

usage

u?v
|c ] l
l e?exnPL

[u
x

xe

word
than

philallelia

God.

by

the

?vc?CLv

(xf)v

philallelia

not

the

Hebrew

eLpnveOo

Although

of
of

imposed

11?u?vol
Note

nor

comparable
true

earlier

does
Christian

authority

particularly

he

parallel

but

love

brethren

later

is

homonoia

about

and

the

was

P.Oxy.

close

whom

15)

3057

philallelia

striking

with

of

?e?CpG?V)?

neither

However,
Testament

XCOV
philallelia

use

its

cherish

affection

out,

pointed

New

?ueCv
and

mutual

very

prayer

to

400:

desire,

Spirit

brothers

among
a

Ammonios'

the

one

if

strongly

Christian.

quoted

A.D.

more

argued

peculiarly

Parsons

about

writing

formulation?

be

persist

phrase.

divine

the

is
might

tempting

Ankyra,
does

could

which

philallelia

Christian

early

authorship

terminology

identify

that

an

philallelia

Christian

for

14
are

habits,

(ol

than

which
xov

O?cuoLc)
shall
be

rcpocxexpoux?xec
which
crawl
rather

(PG
17.28A):
which
those

those

pleasure,
of
love

to

of

insects

xnc
. '

at

Epiktetos
that

suggests
himself
in

'All

reject

the

cpLAoAAnACcxc

Origen
unclean1)
and
tries

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

(cf.

such

think

birds,

nothing
law

of
of

mutual

TtctpcoccxuevoL
Deut.

interprets
as
referring
to

3.1.35

pagan
4.1.

see

to
what

the

The

and

philallelia
of

Kyrillos
of

Alexandria

claims

patriarch

to

philallelia
kai

lelia
by

the

are

writer,

rare

word

Christian

as

18)

it

thus

favoured,

with

homonoia

in

linked
the

Alexandria,
xfjc
l
x

and

?y?ren

are

cpL?cxA.A.nA,L

of

letter

or

Soloi

Plutarch)

formed,

actually
of

Neilos
but

the

the

phenomena.
not

by

This

uses

22)

if

on

of

stated

21 )

1175.
works,

Klearchos

philal

is

about
classical

as

of

That

scriptures

holy

Ammonios,

Commentary

work

precept

20)

teacher.

similar

is
is

is

of

Kyrillos

commentary

cpLA.aAAnA.ov

philallelia

and

on

(such

burden

Sophronios,
the

Thessalonike

describe

by
the

another

philallelia'.

the

to

In

of

19)
attributes

through

6.8

one

used).

author

authors

Micah

18)

not

to

of

scholarly
earlier

It

its

God

by

reminds

century,

Metropolitan

his

to

writers.

Eustathios,

seventh

taught

where
or

cpL?ocxopyC
The

accustoms

Moses,

became
in

philallelia

use

law

of

which

is

us

55

Papyrus

exposition

link

?y?rcn

the

vouoypaxpoc

who

Christian
noun

in

homonoia

Eustathios,

however,

'the

Jerusalem

the
a

century),

(where,
that

of

in

brethren

(fifth

letter

Ammonios1

Kyrillos

the

for

love

on

Letter

Christian

Earliest

Proposed

Ankyra

order

the

of

by
terms

the

56

(PG 71.736A):

xnv

??^

Micah

Prophet

by

and

C ?xELV
i?
Uxnu
(pLA. A.A.nA?
x
eue
?eA.cpo?c
?yoLTinc
xfjc
in
also
combined
Kyrillos1

rc?ouxeCv
on

v.
1

Deuteronomy

Essays

(PG 69.644B).
in

19) On Worship

ship

passage
Y Ttnc
y tuov

Spirit

Kyrillos
as
?Ov
ulc
for
cplAxov]

adverb

cpLXaXXf\Xi?c

20)
'Since
love
kind

God

which
and
on

father
occurs
The
to

cplA.
man

through
teaches

tranquillity
the
Torah,

Prophet

or

mother

in

PG

SS.

of

Psalm
love

the
through
...'
Whether

the

Wor

last

27

(PG

cpucLxfjc
substitutes
The
me1).

cx

?l?

teacher

?ov)

87.3497D):
of
mutual
its

loves

animal

every

..."
48.8

23

(49.9)

and

harmony
scriptures,

holy
this

synthesis
or

13.1

(p.

'If

Tafel):
A.A.tiA.l

cplA.
and

(?l

then

we

become

,
c)
union

ouovol

through
spiritual
is
based
Christian
teaching
the
of
other
scriptures
aspect
clear,
is
not
New
in
the
Testament)
ti v
is
4.9.
1 Thess.
y
frequently
1 Peter
John
1.22,
13.34-35,
Twelve
the
of
Patriarchs(e.g.
of
some

etc
cpLAcxoeAxptqi
aA.Af)A.ouc
links
cplA.
cpLA.dA.A.nA.Ccx with
16.
16
Government
Christian
(p.
x?

Tafel).

22)
archos
977c;

of

and

author

the

on
as
believes,
Sophronios
to
use
of
the
y ti v
aAA.nA.ouc
(for
example,
and
13.8
Romans
in
xo
y ti v occurs
?XXr\Xovc
Testament
New
in
the
with
used
(e.g.
?X?n?ouc
Testaments
the
in
and
1 John
4.11-12)
3.11,
Note
also
Gad
Zebulon
17.2).
6.1-3,
8.5,
Joseph
Eustathios
Elsewhere
in
Romans
12.10.
cpL?ocxopYOL
a
to
due
Obedience
: Eustathios,
On
the
?e?cpt
72

worthy

Ioannes

and

Kyros

Moses,
K0L^

neighbour,

mutual

[Kyrillos

not

is

In

the

69.964B.

law-writer
c
eCcnYn^nv

A.At|Xl
his

me

several
On

with

love1

mutual
loves

who

in
72.105D),

(PG 68.421B).

of

relationships
10.37
('He
more
than

uses

Kyrillos

philallelia
36
(PG

and VI

(PG 68.197D)

Miracles

the

On

the

(PG 68.553A).

and
(553C)
Zechariah

this

'cowardly
in
Matthew

seen

Eustathios,
men

on

Truth

links

Sophronios,
according
(x?v
xfic
and
every

21)
such

in

and

VIII

Truth

after

little

Commentary

passages:

in

in

and

Spirit
a

cpLA.dAXnA.oc

adjective
other

Eustathios,
of
Soloi,
cf.

cpLA.aAA.nA.oc
writers
other

Schol.b2
(ibid.

on

Commentaries
3 Wehrli

fr.
ad

11.17.755

1076.53,
use

FHG
(p.

1126.28)

Homer's
II
317.
432.14-15
and

1126.31.

Iliad
x?

cpL?
Erbse).

cpLA. A.A.f)?c?C
Moralia
Plutarch,

(ibid.

: Kle

cpLAocxopyC

Plutarch,
?A.nA.ov:
Eustathios
1126.30),

Moralia
also

uses
while

2.47
Zenobios
97 9e-f;
cpLAaA.AnA.oc:
freely
431.
ad
11.17.755
I
Schol.b1
Babrius
(p.
124.9;
Graeci
44;
Paroemiographi
s.v.
Souda
xo?ol?c
189
329a
Greene);
ad
Plat.
Schol.
88
(p.
Rep.
Erbse);
notes
D and
58-59
see
section
below).
to
the
references
further
(For
adjective
on
in
Hesiod,
and
68.22
68.6
Gaisford)
Hes.
ad
commenting
Tzetzes
(Schol.
p.
11.5.572
ad
Erbse).
as
Schol.
noun
uses
does
the
42
(p.81.44
Works
philallelia,
in

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

G.R.Stanton

56

varies.

Were

attractive

to

as

thus

teaching,

there

was

books

which

in

passages

of

postulate

The

kai

Christian
ian

author

criteria

25)

ters.

While

we

as

author
we

are

need

23)

Moreover,
more
is

The
24)
fundamental

The
extracts

Quotations
r?daction,
(Leuven,
testimony
versalis?e!
the
Prophets
seven

For
in

simo
7-32,

'Papyrus

Tibiletti,

26)
identify
(dated
(see
dated

It

now

seems

(n.25)
27)

Xpricxoc

to

private

59,

Apart
appear

nei

28

February
P.J.Parsons

of
u.

nei

attributed

to

establish

to

meet

Christ

of

any
of

the
let

later
of
to

the

text

with

the

27)
Christ,

as

(such
of

Neilos,
.
see

studied:
earlier

and,
Lectionaries

certainly

the

u.

Antike

f.

*Euu(

cpLA.cxA.A.nA.L

extensively
Reallex.
an
for

to
a

adherence

of

than

discussion,

(London,
existed

54-59.

1964)
as

early

'Some

G.D.Kilpatrick,

that

by

dei

secoli

Church

(n.16)
and

Christentum
del

greci

papiri
1979).

II

M.Naldini,
II-IV
203-221,

Community
20
47-71
(1977)
e IV
III
sec?lo

V?c
xPncL
phonetic
spelling
second
and
third
centuries:
in
a man
so
is
A.D.)
money
delivering
and
in
3035.4-5
order
(an
P.Oxy.
man
the
wanted
is
described
256)
loc.

and

and

E.A.Judge

1968)
and

E.A.Judge
in
Egypt

the

ad

Cristiane

(Firenze,

the

is
PSI

to
and

the
G.
Tra

d.C.:

used

to

1412.10

distinguished
to
arrest
as
XPncL

V?c
loc.

S.R.Pickering,

66-68).
as
a Jewish
'Incouc
someone
be
who
by
of
the
third
century
PGM
1, pp.
170).
114,
fourth
early
century

from

Mus.Helv.

be

sacra

discussions
papiri
loc.cit.

Antike

f.

(Milano,
certain

see

magical
papyrus
danz/Henrichs,
letter
of
the
Metzger,

Jahrb.

in
of
people
papyri
the
hand
to
ii/iii
by
on
J.R.Rea
2785.2)
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precisely
discussion

(for
cit.

full

the

E.Wipszycka,
Documentation

Century',
Le
lettere
e cristianesimo

paganesimo

see
private

54-55,

of

out

usage

Les
Actes
des
Traditions,
Ap?tres:
Lovaniensium,
48]
Theologicarum
Ephemeridum
a pre-Christian
for
and
85
89-93,
argues
and
uni
from
their
context
divorced
passages
under
three
and
the
Moses,
headings
arranged
character
of
in
order
to
the
Psalms,
explain

Judaism
the
and

Lettere

explain

self-identification

4.26.13-14.

h.e.

would

the

attribution

Testament

Old

one

what

(ed.),

especially
Testament

criteria

these

S.R.Pickering,
Mid-Fourth

Eus.

fails

been

Jewish

the

[Bibliotheca

(anonymous)
in
Acts.

Egitto:
37-39
and

from

l)

Hellenistic

by

quotations
25)

1969)
and
the

century):
J.Kremer
in

th?ologie
1979)
81-97,
book
of
Old

has
'Florilegium1,
1131-1160

But
not

handbook.

seeking

dropped
?vc?CLC

collections

(?x?oy

(second
in
Acts'

has

testimony

quotations,
is

may

nomina

follow
Certainly

highlighted.

to

letter

find

biblical

Jewish

were

which

expression

with

the

such

could

scriptures.
in

Christian
to

of

Christian

Christian

H.Chadwick,

(Stuttgart,
Testament

New

early

letter

explicit

article

such
by

an

writers

wanted

anyone

for

associated

of

VII

Christentum
L.Morris,
of
Books
as
Meliton

an

unless

one

this

expect
an

or

if

be

teaching

verbatim

24)

would

formulation

which

which
to

For

specifically

closely

history
article

on

scarcely

find

of

accepted

2 6)

to

terms

3057.

P.Oxy.

can

Testament

attractive

usually

'Christian1

would

?u?vol

be

handbook

Testament,

criterion

as

presumably

Old

in

new

would

which

New

the

Christian

canonical

passages

longish

the

the

Christian

were

of

for

attribution

early

homonoia

of

addition

an

of

Christian

later
or

it

repetition,

philallelia
which
Moses

collections

for

philallelia

did

of

syntheses

precise
source

usage

they

selection

such

or

to

a
as

of

term

the

for

had

lack

authoritative

used

precedent

paraphrases
need

an

respect

this

for

establishing

same

the

not

postulate
which

handbook

with

the

it

to

18

(1961)

24-27]

was

the
name,
neither
(P.Par.

'inco?
(P.Gr.Vindob.
= SB VI

earliest
Jewish

574.1233;
Xpncxo?
9605

references
nor
cf.
occurs

39838.5
= Naldini

to

in
Christian,
= Preisen
3020
a
in
Christian
[published
53).

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by

'incouc
a

H.

The

or

vouf))A.)
the

Christian

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primarily

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of

the

these,

The

exclusively

not

31)

as

regarded
VIII

482,

basis

of

dated
the

xo?c

the

absence

we

which

See

28)
Centuries
U

cannot
A.H.R.E.

Pontif.

Proceedings
Memoirs,
little

in

61]
the

'Monk'

1959);
l'amour

M.Naldini,
est-il

1968);
n.s.

29

54-55,

34)
for

PSI

Moulton-Milligan
use
the
of

1162

P.Ant.
is

92.2
'my

lord

II
P.Lond.
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praepositi
in

VIII

lines

(b).10
the
and
417.1-2

des
ser.

addresses
cf.
Naldini

?oeAxpoC

123-178.
for

P.Oxy.
In
40).

though

The

perhaps

that

3a

Ill

col.

(re

Jahrb.

f.

Antike

171).

I
of

the

business
3057.29,
without

of
Y

and

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a

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P.Par.

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

is

op.cit.

42.1,

5,

community.
In
(Anastasios
letter
addresses

strategus

13-14).

Ttnx?c
loc.cit.

Studien

fragmentary.
?oeAxp?c
a Christian

feeling

Stud,
Love
in

[Annales

religious
is
as

papyrus
colleague
31
and
much

173,

1.?.20

the

1190.3,

P.Oxy.

Theol.
Study

H.Koskenniemi,
bis
400
n.Chr.
1956)
158.

(n.30)
P.Tor.

E.Wipszycka,

by

members

Journ.

adjective

example,

discussed

but

Papyri',
[Graeco-Roman
there
is
very

papyri.

Gods'',
of
Love:

(Helsinki,

example,
his

'Le

see
C.Spicq,
Agap?
1958
[Etudes
(Paris,
Bibliques]
Le
vocabulaire
de
chr?tien
le
grec
(Bruxelles,
antique

Testaments

cite

century)
a graffito,

discussed:

loc.cit.

to

in

Christian

Monasticism',
P.Col.
VII

Briefes

?oeA.cp?c

writer

the

of
as

R.Joly,
tt v dans
'Ay
Love
'The
of
the

is

A.

Economy',
Chronique
a deacon:
of
[n.25]
79-85);
'The
Earliest
Use
of
Monachos

19-21;

in

P.Amh.
pope:
Christian

et

B.F.Harris,

referring
another

in

textes

griechischen
B,
102.2]

Five
(cxvoun)

M.Guarducci,

Papyrologists
with
Naldini

much

des

= Naldini

s.v.

as

been

First
'Euu

(fourth

of

Origins

L.Morris,
1981)
101-113,
writers:
see,

?oeA.cp?c
be
may
brother';
=

republished

group

181-186.

op.cit.

and

prepared

Lateranense1,

Reminiscences

of

and

the

77

battistero

E.A.Judge,

and

482

del

'Early

by
the

has

Analyse
(n.25)
lAclv
and

'Isis
147-151;

Phraseologie
Fennicae,
63-66
and

Scient.

(n.25)

word

Rapids,
Christian
213-215.

205,

Acad.

this

op.cit.
original?

P.Mich.
33)
Idee
und

zur

of

(Grand
to

confined

(n.16)

77)
72-89

[1977]

Testament:

J.G.Griffiths,
(1978)

Bible

the
not

record

(discussed

Youtie

(P.Coll.
20

usage
Nouveau

le

of

of

occurrence,
see
reign:

in

hypothesis

1959).

= Naldini

be

economic
the

Papyri
(Leiden,

earliest

and

H.Musurillo,
and
M.Naldini,

by

or

Greek
8]
50.

Congress
He
agrees
the
Bible

155-160.

1975)
'citations'
papyrological

The

32)

the

(1973-1974)

Echoes

International

124-134
[1956]
77.14-15

Christentum

dans

XIV

discussed

Youtie

46

'Biblical

earliest
31

d'Egypte
P.Coll.

Archeol.

(London,
of
way

and

published

for
u.

Accad.

B.F.Harris,
of
the

The

31)

in

But

must

Consequently,

Sacra

the

community.
we

the

language

Ammonios

Christian

religious

Lugduno-Batava,
= Naldini
1162.14

on

of

basis
of

origin,

precision.

(P.Mich.
either

the

letter

social,

in
Ill
example,
P.Ross-Georg.
or
8
The
(A.D.
328/9
343/4).
than
of
the
Constantine's
years
early
a Ursus
e a Leo
nei
sotterranei

See

30)

York

acclamazioni
Rendic.

for

29)
As,
P.New
no
later

is

to

on

cf.

12;

M.Naldini

papyrus

34)

Nomina

Paap,

the

and

Christian

or

13)
In

uncertain.

what

on

as

one

just

quite

lines

Similarly,

used

language
take

is

in

Christian

as

any

[Papyrologica
in
P.Oxy.

occurs

px(uc?)

and

with

define

A.D.

evidence

or

To

community

line

refer
of

'brothers'

of

group

ixn)

letter

33)

could

32 )

Apollonios

accepted

15-17).

14)

further

any

this

regard

be

oLoeAcpcu

(line

to

references

31 )

xg?v)

authorship.

cannot

(lines

?eA.cpouc
of

as

Christian

(spelled
Bible

the

to

Christian

133)

August

?l

Christian

(addressed

57

Papyrus

Bible,

as

(such
a

to

identifiable

vocative
of

plural

to

23

the

(such

Christians

of

earliest

of

)r

officials

a?eA.cpe

conclusive

the

reminiscent

its

by

singular
is

XUY

reference

potential

vocative

and

or

2 9 ) 30)
use

28)

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(such

symbols

on

Letter

Christian

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(note

the

mistake

G.R.Stanton

58

of
about

philallelia

ution

for

later

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3057

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encourages

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ian

us

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we

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atical

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ship'

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harmony

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circumstances
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rare

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to

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

the
first

on

19.1

these

second
terms

produces

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the

The

series

2,

1,

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3,

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that

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and

writers

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Christian

dependent

formation

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regular

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-oAA.nA.oc
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lelia

of
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philosophical

36)
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mathematical

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noun
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3;
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16
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4;
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210
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12

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-

225
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6 = 6;

7 ;

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16

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30
notes

the

Arithmetic

M.L.D'Ooge,
Mich.

by
[Univ.

Nicomachus

of

Human.

Stud.,

Ser.,

16]

260-262.

York,

1926)

II

The
20.3.
same
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: 2 is
not

20

3;

12

40)

below).

lines

in

ending

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two

in

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: 1
=

Introduction

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four

section

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writers

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while

mathematical

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12=9+(1/2 x 4);
240 = 225 + (1/15

forms
cor

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Christian

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10;
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196 = 29; but

6 - 2 = 4;
(ii)]
-

Ibid.

37)
series)

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225
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-

30
-

: 210

[series

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of
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225

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39)

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38 )

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59

37)

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to

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of

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citing

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numbers],

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) ,

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6

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cuA.?nTTXLX
13.6.
39)

Iamb,

in

40)

There

are

?nAoc,

TKxp?A.A.nA.oc,
as
a doutful

On Nikomachos1
l xo?xo
x?c

Chalkis,

Pistelli/Klein:
l cpLA. A.?nA.L
x

Nikom.

p.

x
l

ev
is

33.26

VxCo.
a

?oxeiT

Introduction
xcov
x

parenthesis

Ttep
between

to

eCo?Sv
?eELa
citations

cf.

Pistelli/Klein;

nouns

?uo

Arithmetic

xo?

plOuoo
X
pLCxepc?

Nikom.Ar.

to

L ?uolc?c
Nikom.Ar.

of

16.3-4.

en?X
?xcxx?A.A.nA.oc,
?A.ercaA.A.nA.oc,
corresponding
vxl
not
to
but
and
A.A.nA.oc,
ULcaA.AnA.oc,
Ttcxp?A.A.nA.oc
cpLA.?A.A.nA,oc,
or
occurs
?L
Ttpoc?A.A.nA.oc
A.A.nA.oc,
UTt?A.A.nA.oc.
(xcxxeTt?A.A.nA.oc
only
reading

in

Schol.

Ap.

Rh.

3.1018.)

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

30.

p.
L?L?xnx?c
I

G.R.Stanton

60

between

the

mutual

affection

in

mathematical

lelia

does

there

is

much

human

my

talk

his

and

and

cities
41)

Storia

For
del

[Phoenix
A Life

respect

clc

of

was

writing

the

structure

of

The

Studies,
studies.
B

44

DK

1]

47

image,
man
with

of

fragment
47)

the
is
to

48)
gether
holds
noia)
Harder

just
'Ocellus

R.Harder,

fr.

'Okellos'
the

the

together
holds
in

together
his

good

laws

same

time

draws

households

re

Philosophy

Pythagoreanism
Pythagoras:

mathematico

the

human

condition,
Tradition

Pythagorean
1975)
Pa.,

from

re

with

1-4,

Manual

Nikomachos,

numerical

relationships
not
Aristotle,
pre-date
1957)
(Cambridge,
'Philolaos'
puovl
by

does
fragment
Philosophers
use
of
On
the

Mass.,

(Cambridge,

Pythagoreanism

?vdpamc?

and

commentary

und

uEincev
business
rich

After
aspects
cuv
Cf.

to

of

poor.
xct

excerpt
c
?lx

xe

?oylcu?c
trans

otj

p. 356.17-18:
The
ijjuxcxv.

v?u-k)

p.915.18-19.
of
the

Stobaios
Text

Lucanus':

nuev

musical

the

life
in

puoy

of
the

5-6.

p.356.2-3,

Kommentar

[Neue

Philologische

149.

1926)

and
and

Stobaios

from
and

(ibid.

Eklogai
x
rtept
?ox?eL

??
on
from

arrangement
laws
(p.916.13-14).

the

?u?vol
the
effect
resources

Stobaios
the

mentioned:

animals,
universe,
families

?TT ucev,
about
of

Stobaios,
c
l?x
fluev
x vg?v
uol

?lx

1 Harder,

of

bodies

\i?v

in

(Berlin,

1]

of

far

L.Ferrero,
della

Greek

from
in

completed
on
the

Ancient

specific
movement
the

Pythagorean'in
to
be
said

virtue

'Aisara'

Untersuchungen,

this

clv

cx

3:

quite
on
) and

'Aisara

'Euryphamos
cuv
puoy
a view

that

in

is

the
Pythagorean'
x
l cplXl
x
?u?vol
cpocLc
(I p.355.3-4):
begins
L TTOA.LOC.
X
L OLXCjO Xe
X
46)

fragment,
a section

not

275.

DK
passage
?A. yu

has

Presocratic
120-121.

op.cit.
Science

and

261-262,

255-258,

45)
??Ovcxxo

This

6.

Jan),
evidence
The
J.E.Raven,

see

Early
P.Gorman,

and

Park,

(University

(p.252.17ff.
For
the
J.A.Philip,
Lore

(cuv

of

Harmonics

its

discovery
speaks

for

fine
of

History
and

harmony
and
the

parallel
Nicomachus

for

48)

moved

Pythagoreans
a

to

universe

Pythagoras
138-146

24-34,

the

which

with
the

in

J.A.Philip,
1966)

(Toronto,
113-132.

ease

the

law,

by

kosmos.

community
alia
origini

Pythagorean
(dalle

W.K.C.Guthrie,

36-63,

175-181,

1979)

the

with

much
'Okellos'

instituted
for

the

are

polis
at

Pythagorean

homonoia,

early
romano

mondo

1955)
7]

the

dpuovCo.

the

nei

and

Archytas,
The

of

importance

Classical
earlier

G.S.Kirk
and
310-311
see
W.Burkert,

44)

importance

the

of

puoy

the

Pytha

'Aisara'

communities

Perhaps

47)

that

44)

46)

Apollonios

early
cxpuovCct

claimed

and

cuv

of

the

requires

have

in

harmony

to

example,

philal

texts,

numbers,

homonoia.

constitution.

of

to

said

While

Pythagorean

of

universe

families

speaks
a

the

increases

but

soul,

and
to

and

43)
Philolaos,
9
Harmony
the
octave.

e?peOeLC
actions

the

laws

the

For
the
42)
harmonic
unity
see
F.R.Levin,

1972)

and

strife

'Euryphamos'

1962)

to

is

of

for

Thus,

interested

community.

remains

of

promotion
very

41 )

harmony

that

Archytas

to

Suppl.,
(London,

[American
ferences

view

43)

pitagorismo
(Torino,

pubblica)
I
(Cambridge,

42)

the

ascribed

the

the
were

Pythagoreans

about

communities.

civil

between

parallel

in

45)

xocu

Ammonios

occur

and

numbers

were

also

they

Pythagoreans

stops

mind.

?l

relationships.

maintenance.

with

The

but

in

to

applied

knowledge,

is

calculation

from

affection

among

harmony

and

homonoia

in
see

in

Philolaos

creation

of

mutual

to

and

gorean

of

of

relationships,
not,

universe

as

idea

the
the

cause
cause

of

points

out

'Life

p.139.18-21:
is
life

the

soul;

holds

harmony
concord

is

God;
of
concord

strong

parallel:

harmony
cause
the

and

cities,
145)

of

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

is

to
( puovl
(homo
law.'

The

D.
term

The
long

which

Lycian

of

city

of

acteristics
can

to

the

end

of
in

Then,
will

and

all

Since

it

different
original

the

few

the

by

Stoic

and

were

to

an

in

ent.

that

the

the

influenced

Anyone

xcov

cx?vecx

have

may
by

been

of
=

NF
49)
Oenoanda

rc??Lec
I

see

Prometheus

in

4-12

[?sterreichische
z.
TAM
d.

Erg?nzungsb.
discussion

6]

A.Barigazzi,
1-17.
(1978)

50)

D.N.Sedley,

51)

M.F.Smith,

52)

Cf.

ibid.

53)

This

is

seen

in

and

Epicureans

3057

uses

it

of

Diogenes

more

widely
used

it

we

than

which
of

limited
us
can

53)

it.

represents

things,

lead

may

stock.

Epicureans
in

both

common

contexts
all

idea

Probably

all
group

to
yet
we

allow
docum
should

Oe?c

?u?vol v?uoc

Col.

21,

now

and

of

in

?oxx
?)vx?
puovl

the

term,

word

bor

been
that

the

the

have

could

?(pG?V

term
used

Demokritos

xocuoc
oCxol

P.Oxy.

may
the

is

Stoics

different

uses

the

of

discovery

word

the

Oinoanda
in

of

Christian

deny

of

possibility

have

is

part

view

However,

the

may

groups,

competing
to

Ammonios

world.

But

belief

of

Diogenes

were

shared

philallelia

point

Although
ideas

Utopian

in

51 )

Stoics

characteristically

not

of

mankind

laws

centuries.

also

important

age.

several
is

start.

which

of

unity

by
This

the

52)

differences,
a

idea

uecx?.
or

was

that,

the

term

citizenship

this

things

such

second

suggests

the

all

49)

philallelia

striking

purposes

of

being

ideal

of

common

the

embraced

used.

'brothers'.

the

our

Christians.

philallelia

of

For

their

is

is

mankind

kind

philallelia

which
as

well

the

writings

show

from

ideal

just

closer

walls

another.

argued

from
aware

come

?cxcu

YO-p
of

need

and

survived,

was

char
the

For

for

first

M.F.Smith,

have

Smith

of

one

by

the

Epicureanism

which

no

literature

of

world

the
in

text

line,

men.

to

be

embodied

fragment,

of

and

Epicurean

keen
Far

as

mankind

account

idea

in

wall

physical

indeed,

(oLxoaocuvnc
to

Epicurean

the

of

part

Epicureans.

for

love

an

is

philallelia

in

which

Epicurus

on

devise

new

the

love

the

fragment.
over

pass

come

will

Roman

the

been

noun

the

mutual

that

of

have

and

parallel

in

of

to

of

rowed
of

possible

writings

rarity
that

is

editor

assumed

we

real

schools

The

be

no

gods

the
15th

the

may,

known

will

a
the

of
of

in
It

other

any

the

on

section
basis

the

treatise.

there

and

which

is

larger

than

justice

things

there

thought,
by

with

letters

ethical

of

life

cpLAo.A.A.nA.Ca.c)

the

the

inscription

imbued

On

of

fragments

carved

had
The

the

text
new

the

of

preserved.
as

such

the

up

one

Epicureanism.

well

to

assigned
the

on

Diogenes

promote
is

text,

truth,

be

tc vx

the
be

turned

61

Papyrus

new

idea:

philosophical

second-century

to

occurs

philallelia

fragment

the

Oinoanda

now

has

philallelia

inscription

which

as

Philallelia

on

Letter

Christian

Earliest

Proposed

M.F.Smith,
Akad.
d.

1974)
(Wien,
'Un pensiero

n.s.

Class.Rev.
22-23,

op.cit.

New

Thirteen

Phil.-Hist.

Wiss.,

26

21-25

with

of
Diogenes
Denkschr.,

Fragments
Kl.,
nei

avveniristico

117
4.

2,

plate

di

Epicuro',

cpLAcxA.A.nA.Lcx

in

ex

218.

(1976)

24.

22.
suggested

by

Tzetzes'

use

(n.22

above)

of

For

photograph
giardino

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

62

G. R.Stan

that

consider
is

with

in

only

by

adjective
but

of

of

(Basileios
is

attested

by

x?

should,

is

but

it,

using

hypothesis
centre

particular

to

Epicurean.

require

apart

from

used

not

In

have

this
a

from
the

by
the

late

the

third

of

cpLA.cxA.A.nA.L
3057,

Christian
of

it.
author.

been

received

second

early

cpLA.?A.A.nA.ov

Christian

have

by
Such

century.

For

in

community

Alexandria.

from

P.Oxy.

command

Christian

as

such

far
l

century

to

or

first

Oxyrhynchus,

by

noun

in

57)

seen,

not
x

the

Ammonios

could

existence

are

We

letter

Christian

The

have

xolvgovlx?v

exclusive

any

influenced

cpLA?AAnA.ov

however,

first

attribute

Egypt

not

does

an

letter

in

community

is

we

xo

x?

been

as

independence.
?rct

occurs

altogether.

birds,

century,

It

have

may

Philon's

or

cpLAaXA.nA.ov)

adjective

schools

and
in

to

second

do

they

that

Christian

by

hesitate

then,

conceivable

the

By

and

as

close

who

fish

(to

the

other

by

(Plutarch)

texts.

writer

are

We

. 59)

surviving

mathematical

is

noun

indicated,

writers

of

only

cpLA.?A.A.nA.ov

Caesarea)
in

writers

an

in
even

contexts,

cpLA. A.A.tiA.ov

x?

,
x

not

some

In

Smith

also
or

used

humans.

xolvcj?vlx?v

but

Philon)
is

tt ?oc

cpL?oeOv?c

It

as

as

article

the
As

54)

sources,
(such

with

philallelia.

philallelos

also

xo

Stoic

Stoics

the

used

adjective

interchangeable

not

the

ton

the

letter

f\ n \
not

need

have
a

pounding
Demokritos.

See
in

early
B
68

DK

after

dans

which

3,
flood

5,

Siculus

has
I:

Book

(Leiden,

29]

II
54)
Stobaios,
Eklogai
p.109.16-18
TT L?OTTOLflCeC?
L ,
XOXoudeLV
<Y
VLXOU
X
L CpLXdXXf)XOU
<cpuceL>.
X

55)

On

Philon,

the

Virtues

145

n.63,

suggested

is
more

For

(
UX

quoted
cautious

III

SVF

?l

of

XOYLXO?

mice
of
see

approach
aux
pr?lim.

686):

TO?

xfj

identify

xocuoc
of
report
from
Hekataios

[Etudes
1-9.

Commentary
1972)

to

need

Mlxpoc
that
the

assumed

retreated

p>

the

would

A.

relig.

Y p
X

YaunceLV
L XOLVO?

[cpOU

69.

?<?ov
(ed.),
that

is

are

sources

56)
Peripatetic
x
l xolvo?vlx?v
Y p eivcu
in
Pembroke
A.A.Long

from

it

1.10.2.

rom.,

l'emp.

derives

where

Sikeliotes

one

However,

Egypt.

man

Nile

the

Diodoros

Diodorus

Burton,
orient,

in

written
of

view

born

being
Abdera

been

expounded
x?v
?vdpomov.
in
Problems

cpLXdXXriXoc

may

in

II

Stobaios
Cf.

p.

M.F.Smith,

Stoicism
have
been

(London,
of
used

120.

14:
cpLXdXXnXov
S. G.
24.
op. ci t.
127
and
144
1971)
human
the
beings
by

Cynics.
57)

Cf.

note

58)
Elenchos

Josephus,
9.18.3

Alkiphron
Tzetzes,

Schol.

2.29

22

above

and

Jewish

[GCS

26.256.10]

(of
ad

M.F.Smith,
War

The

the

(of

) ; Epiktetos
Iamblichos,
42
(p.70.3

farmers);
Hes.
Op.

24.

op.cit.

2.119

echoed

Essenes;

3.13.5,

Moralia
977c
(of
Plutarch,
fish);
Basileios,
XI
Cf.
36
29.261C).
Eustathios,
Opuscula
(p.69.37
l cpLA.dXAnA.ov
x
ouxg?
XVII
and
9
ttoXlxlx?v
(p.147.84
.
L CpLXdXXnXoV
L CpLXdvdpO?TTOV
X
X

vlx?v

60)
assume
provenance
P.Amh.
in
Egypt.
to

mention

Recently

Professor
that

the
for

3a

Kilpatrick
was
letter
the

(see
n.31)
Irenaeus
a church
(Vigil.

letter
are

pointed
written
a
is
little

to

out
in

Egypt,
easier.

of
letters
examples
(1.10.2
Rousseau/Doutreleau
a
in
in
list
of
Egypt,

Christ.

36

[1982]

87-94,

me
if

that,
it
BGU

written
= I
peripheral
especially

on

Discourse

59)
(PG
x
l

Pistelli;

p.123.12

Protreptikos
Gaisford).

1.6

xolvo?vlx?v
xolvo?
x?
??

Tafel):

it
is
while
was
then
not,
= Naldini
27
(
p.93

14

Psalm

x?

Tafel):

from

Hippolytos,
4.5.17;

by
4.5.10,

4.1.126,

Rome

Harvey)
more
and
88-90)

This content downloaded from 134.93.85.99 on Tue, 9 Dec 2014 04:52:46 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

natural
to
a Christian
2),
and
is
recent

Kilpatrick

423

and

found
the
first
churches.
has

The

in

features
gestion

of

offered

However,

of

the

about
affect

University

warned

discovery

Upper

Greek

Egypt

for
judge

the

early

Christian
has

(quotation

62)

pointed
'dating
from

the

of

the

significance
on
comments

(ed.),

Youtie
at 411

[Papyrologische
420).
(cf.

'Petitions
Collectanea

The

What

was

this
language
61)
At

those

in

we

can

He

educated.

Paul

say

could

respects,

tradition.

petitions
a
and

the
Letter:

Texte

second

of

reference
mid-second

churches
date

century
to

Egypt
to
the

era

the

pre-Christian
in
lines
L
Tipoxp?Tiou

terms

as

hand
and

Papyrologica:

of
key
and

Christian

of
the

from

perhaps
p.89).

For

thought

authorship.

Pauline

of

development
manuscripts
to
the
lack

164

compare
P.J.Parsons,
Hanson

the

Christian.
in

G.R.Stanton

administrative
document
single
contains
of
the
five
B.C.)
Ti pLCxnUL,
?L
rceUp
?pecLC,
cpopd,
129,
181-182).
165-166,

61)

of

like

as

writers.

he

was

those

from

of

sug

philallelia

regarded

attribution.

hand,
he

be

word

Christian

suggest

the
if

could

Christian

Christian

by
But

Greek.

to

rare

England

assuming
of
and

and

as

different

New

by

The

authorship.

the

schools

several

mathematical

to
of

Acts,

Apocryphal
A.D.'

century

96,

of

used

basis

any

that,

quite

against
the

from
and

lack

letter

the

distinctive

usage

are

The

so

is

writer

values

rcpO

we

Classical

his

to

confined
not

which

was

philallelia

is

then,

on

uses

which

63

Papyrus

Christian

suggest

handbook

on

Letter

Christian

strongly

criterion

not

is

letter

present,

dated

early

term

and
the

which
Christian

tempting
the

period

letter

the
an

Earliest

Proposed

distinct

from

a
by
the
Grammarian's
Texts
Published
letter

und Abhandlungen,

20] n

10-19

of

U.P.Z.

(see

in
Egypt
in
Middle
in
the
mid-third

(U.P.Z.
P.Oxy.
110.38,

the

110,
3057:

literary
style,
grammaticus'
by
in
A.E.
Complaint1
in
Honor
of
H.C.

'public

(Bonn,

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1976)

409-446