All Assessment Answers

NAS
Section 7 Solutions to Assessment Questions
NAS Chemistry Teachers Guide 2001 Nelson Thornes Ltd.
Unit 1
Mechanics and Radioactivity
Solutions to Assessment Questions
1
Length is a base quantity
Kilogram is a base unit
Power is a derived quantity
Joule is a derived unit
The rate of change of displacement is called velocity
The rate of doing work is called power
The rate of change of momentum is called force
(i) Displacement during OX = 4 m s1 0.5 s = 2 m
(ii) Displacement during XY = average speed time (or area under this section)
=3m
s1
0.5 s = 1.5 m
[4]
[3]
1
1
[3]
5
4
Acceleration/m s2
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time/s
Correctly placed hollow
Correctly placed hump
Correct rectangular shapes
+4 m
s2
and/or 4 m
s2
correctly marked
Hump
Correct shape
Unit of x
Unit of ut
m s1 s = m
Unit of
12 at2
s2
s2
=m
= (6.0 m
= 1.3 m
2.0 m
s1)/(8.0
[2]
[2]
Acceleration = gradient of graph

s1
[4]
s 5.0 s) = 4.0 m
s1/(3.0
s)
s2
1
1
NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2001 Nelson Thornes Ltd.
[3]
Unit 1
1
Distanced travelled = area under graph between 6 s and 8 s

=
5
12
(3.3 m
s1
+ 6.0 m
s1)
2.0 s = 9.3 m
[2]
[2]
31
[3]
force = mass acceleration

Any three from:
different directions
act on different bodies
different types of force
different points of application or different lines of action
act at different times or act for different lengths of time
rate of change in momentum is proportional to the (resultant) force acting
and occurs in the direction of the force
[2]
Diagram (see Figure 13.1 on page 28) showing:
how a range of quantifiable forces can be applied to a movable object of constant mass
apparatus suitable for measuring the acceleration
statement of how the magnitude of the variable force is known
identification of the distance
and time measurements that could yield a value for the acceleration
repeat acceleration measurements for different forces
how acceleration is determined from the distance and time measurements
draw graph of force against acceleration
proportionality indicated by a straight line passing through the origin
v2 = u2 + 2ax = 0 + (2 9.81 m s2 2.00 m)
= 39.2
m2 s2
v = (39.2
m2 s2)
[4]
[3]
1
= 6.26 m
s1
Tangent drawn at base of second line
Gradient of tangent = (1.85 m 0 m)/(1.10 s 0.72 s)
Speed = 4.9 m s1
{range: 4.4 m s1 to 5.3 m s1}
Average force = (m2v2 m2v1)/t

= [0.12 kg (4.9 m
= 16.7 N
[2]
s1
+ 6.26 m
[3]
[3]
1
s1)]/(0.08
s)
{range: 16.1 N to 17.3 N}
2
1
[4]
Unit 1
8
Force from
hand
Normal
contact
force from
floor
Weight
Friction
(either
direction)
Pull
from nail
Any four of the five forces shown, directions and labels must be correct
41
[4]
No energy transferred by either friction or normal contact force from floor
as there is no movement in the direction of the force
Advantage of keeping x small: greater leverage
Disadvantage of keeping x small: nail pulled out a shorter distance
[2]
weight = mg = 45 000 kg 9.81 N kg1 = 441 000 N
[1]
[2]
Moments about A:
increase in upward force at B 60 m = 441 000 N 40 m
increase in upward force at B = 441 000 N 40 m/(60 m) = 294 000 N
[2]
increase in upward force at A = 441 000 N 294 000 N = 147 000 N
[1]
10 Energy stored = area under graph or 2 force extension

=
12
800 N 0.5 m = 200 J
Kinetic energy =
12
mv2
= 200 J
1
1
1
v = [(200 J 2)/(0.060 kg)]
s1
= 82 m
[2]
[3]
Line added to graph:

with same start and finish points
and enclosing a larger area under it
Slight decrease in horizontal velocity
due to opposing force of air resistance
Upwards velocity decreases to zero
and then increases downwards
because of gravity
[2]
[2]
[3]
Unit 1
11 KE before =
KE after =
12
12
22 000 kg (3 m s1)2 +
12
66 000 kg (1 m s1)2
66 000 kg (2 m s1)2
KE before = 132 000 J and KE after = 132 000 J so collision is elastic
1
KE at midway = 2 88 000 kg (1.5 m s1)2
[3]
= 99 000 J
which is less than the total energy after the collision as some energy has been stored
elastically in the compressed buffers
[3]
Occurs when the springs are in the act of either compressing or expanding
[1]
Impulse = change in momentum
= 66 000 kg (2 1) m
s1
[or 22 000 kg (3 0) m
s1]
1
1
= 66 000 N s
The impulse is the same
because the momentum exchange is the same
12 Incoming particle is an alpha particle or a helium nucleus
[3]
[2]
Target atoms are gold or silver
[2]
Conclusions:
Large spaces between nuclei or nucleus is a very small part of the atom
1
1
Nucleus is dense
The diameter of a nucleus (or nucleon or alpha particle) is approximately
The diameter of an atom (or the electron orbits) is approximately
1011
1015
[2]
1
1
[2]
13 Compare and contrast:

Deep inelastic scattering
Alpha particle scattering
Both fire projectiles at a target and look at deflections
Both look for substructure/charge distribution
Projectiles are electrons
Projectiles are particles
Electrons have been accelerated/

have high energy
particles from natural source/

low energy
Target is neutrons/protons
Target is atoms/gold foil
Discovered quarks
Discovered nucleus
14 Number of electrons = number of protons = 6

Number of neutrons = 14 6 = 8
14C
6
14N
7
0
1
1
1
[2]
[2]
Take background reading
Corrected count unaffected when paper used as absorber
Corrected count becomes zero when lead used as absorber
[6]
[3]
Unit 1
15
22
11Na
0
22
10X + 1
Decay constant = ln 2/(t12 in seconds) = 8.45 109 s1
Activity = N = 8.45 109 s1 6.0 1021
= 5.1
1013
Bq (or
s1)
either correct for background or take readings for weeks

16
220 Rn
86
4
216
84Po + 2
[2]
[3]
[1]
[1]
An appropriate set-up for detecting radiation (GM tube or ionisation chamber)
Measurement of successive count rates
at 10 20 s intervals
Plot of count rate against time graph
How half-life is found from graph
Count rate is so low, it will be difficult to distinguish it either from background

radiation or from random fluctuations
Very slow change in count rate difficult to detect over normal experimental times
Beta-minus absorbed within the milk sample
1 [any 2]
[3]
[2]
17 Density = mass/volume
Volume = mass/density = 0.197 kg/(19 000 kg m3)
= 1.04
105
Volume of one atom = 1.04

Radius
3(1.73
m3
1029
m3)
105
m3/(6.0
= 2.6
1010
1023)
= 1.73
1029
m3
[2]
1
1
[2]
radius of atom so volume of nucleus

Radius of nucleus
1015 volume of atom
Density of nucleus
density of atom
= 10+15 19 000 kg m3 = 2 1019 kg m3
[2]
Assumption: all the mass of the atom is in the nucleus
[1]
105
10+15
Unit 2
Electricity and Thermal Physics
1
drift speed v = I/(nAq)

=8
103
= 2.4
A/(7
102
1023
m3
106
m2
1.6
1019
C)
s1
Drift speed in the copper wire is much lower
but I, A and q are the same for the two specimens
so n must be much larger in copper than in the semiconductor material
Vibration of the ionic lattice increases with temperature
obstructing the flow of electrons and resulting in a reduced drift speed
(a) False
Wires in series carry the same current and since I = nAqv
If A is less then v will be more
(b) True
Power = V2/R and both resistors have same V (since in parallel)
so if R is less then P will be more
Ammeter added anywhere in series
Voltmeter added in parallel with the resistance wire
Record (corresponding) values of V and I
for different values of V
by adjusting R1
Draw a graph of V against I
Resistance = gradient
Length
diameter (or cross-sectional area)
[3]
= 1.72 108 m 6.00 m/(0.25 106 m2)
= 0.41
1
1029
[3]
[2]
[3]
[2]
[2]
Current I = nAqv
[3]
1
m3
0.25
106
m2
1.60
1019
C 0.093
103
s1
1
1
= 0.41 A
[2]
[2]
Resistance R = l/A
= 1.10
[3]
Any good reason for an implied yes or no

4
[3]
Idea that electrons behave as an incompressible fluid
so that current flow is immediate throughout circuit
Voltage drop across 4 resistor = IR = 0.75 A 4 = 3 V
Voltage across parallel combination = 9 V 3 V = 6 V
I1 = 6 V/(24 ) = 0.25 A
[3]
[3]
[3]
Unit 2
Is = 0.75 A 0.25 A = 0.50 A
R = 6 V/(0.50 A) = 12
E.m.f. of single dry cell allow from 1.30 V to 1.60 V
Terminal p.d. allow from 2/3 to full e.m.f. value
N cells drawn in series, where N = 9/(e.m.f. value)
[2]
[3]
Any 3 (1 mark each) from:

keys (metal) have low resistance
since I = E/R (or P = E2/R)
small R means large I (or large P)
large I (or P) causes heating
[3]
I = I1 + I2
[1]
I = V/RT I1 = V/R1
I2 = V/R2
V/RT = V/R1 + V/R2
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2
if RV >> Rlow then 1/RV << 1/Rlow
so 1/RT 1/Rlow and RT Rlow
[2]
Circuit diagram showing all four components in series
[1]
e.m.f. = IRtotal = 200
106
A 25
103
= 5.0 V
Rtotal = emf/I = 5.0 V/(250
A) = 20 000
[2]
[1]
Circuit diagram as before with correct addition of voltmeter

106
[3]
parallel combination R = 20 000 10 000 = 10 000

and use of 1/RV + 1/(15 000 ) = 1/(10 000 )
to get
9
RV = 30 000
Energy given out = mc T

= 1200 kg 4200 J
kg1
K1
(98 65) K
1
1
= 166 MJ
Total power from radiators = 6 1.5 kW = 9 kW
Time = energy/power
= 166
106
J/(9
103
[3]
W) = 18 480 s
Radiators hotter and house cooler in the morning
so T between radiators and rooms is greater
[3]
[3]
[2]
10 E.g. using first 2 12 minutes (150 s)
Rate of rise of temperature T/t = (31 20) K/(150 s)

= 0.073 K
s1
1
1
[2]
Unit 2
Rate of energy supply = mc T/t
for saucepan
1.20 kg 900 J
kg1
K1
0.073 K
s1
for water
0.5 kg 4200 J kg1
K1
0.073 K
s1
total rate of energy supply = 232 J
s1
= 79 J
s1
= 153 J
s1
= 230 W
1
1
1
As the temperature of the saucepan increases
an increasing proportion of supplied heat goes to surroundings
11 Pressure = force/area
[4]
[2]
At pedal, small force on small area produces large pressure
Pressure transmitted by fluid
at brakes, pressure acting on large area produces large force
[4]
[1]
12 pV = nRT
R = pV/nT
Units of R = N m2 m3/(mol1 K)
= kg m
= kg
s2
m2
m2 s2
m3/(mol1
mol1
1
1
K)
K1
[3]
Pressure
0K
Temperature
Correctly labelled axes (allow any temperature)
Straight line through the correct origin
13 Energy transferred = 12 mv2

=
12
7.2
103
kg (32 m
[2]
1
s1)2
1
1
= 3.7 J
[3]
Energy for work done by air on disc
comes from kinetic energy of air molecules
but molecular kinetic energy absolute temperature or air temperature falls
[3]
either disc moves in the direction of the force applied to it or disc gains energy from
the air
[2]
Unit 2
Number of molecules
14
Speed
axes suitably labelled
shape of graph A
peak of graph B to the right of peak of graph A
both graphs having roughly equal areas
15 U = 0
[2]
[2]
because the temperature of the filament is constant
W = 24 W 2 s = 48 J
Electrical work done on the filament by the power supply
Q = U W = 0 48 J = 48 J
Energy given to filament by heating (hence, negative here)
only a small proportion of input energy comes out as light
the rest heats the surroundings
16 A mechanism in which heat from a higher temperature source
[2]
[2]
[2]
flows, in part, to a lower temperature sink
while the remainder is converted into useful work
Efficiency = heat transformed into useful work
divided by total heat flowing from hot source
A1 lines in spectrum
[2]
[3]
[2]
are characteristic of chemical composition
A2 examine the spectrum of the star or sketch graph of spectral distribution
Determine spectral type or measure wavelength at which spectrum peaks
Find temperature from H-R diagram or use Wiens law to find T
A3 definition of parallax (labelled diagram)

Measure p for few months against background of distant stars
1
1
[2]
[3]
Unit 2
Find distance from p = r/R (or equivalent)
Use of Wiens law (or colour temperature)
to find T (or spectral class)
Luminosity L from Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
measure intensity I at Earth
use of I = L/4R2
use of nearby stars
to draw H-R diagram
H-R diagram then gives other distances
and these distances give the structure
A4 axes correctly labelled
red giants and white dwarfs shown and labelled
A5 luminosity L = intensity 4R2

L = 1.2
= 2.8
4r2sT 4
m2
1028
= 2.8
4 (4.3
m)2
r2 = 2.8 1028 W/[4 5.7 108 W m2 K4 (5200 K)4]
r = (5.3 1019 m2) = 7.3 109 m
A6 white dwarfs are very small stars
[3]
Sirius B originally more massive than Sirius A
so it burnt up faster and has already passed beyond its red giant stage
A7 rise of temperature at centre

results in outer layers being blown away
1
1
because (with more detail)
pulsar action or another characteristic feature
with mechanism or more detail
m1 s2
[2]
[2]
[1]
high density or another characteristic
using the linear region of the graph
[2]
either core mass > 1 MS or star mass > 8 MS
B1 find gradient/read values off graph and divide stress by strain
[3]
that are also very hot
or kg
[3]
W
1
Pa or N
[4]
r2 = 2.8 1028 W/(4T 4)
m2
[2]
1
1017
1028
[3]
main sequence correctly drawn and labelled
108
[3]
[2]
[2]
1
1
[2]
[1]
Unit 2
B
Stress/Pa
Material A
Strain
Line B:
steeper than A
straight with no curving
[2]
Line C:
less steep than A
becoming plastic at a lower strain
[2]
B2 A to B:
bonds stretched
bonds recover when force removed
[2]
B to C:
planes of atoms
slip over each other
leaving a permanent strain
Area of triangle = 12 base height

= 12 4 103 8 108 Pa
= 1.6 106 Pa (or N m2 or J
1
m3)
stored energy = 1.6

= 1.6
106
= 1.6
106
m3
volume of wire
m3
[ (0.2
m3
2.5
107
103
m3
[2]
[1]
Area represents energy per unit volume

106
[3]
m)2
[ r2h]
2 m]
= 0.40 J
B3 diagram and words convey idea of a number of crystals/grains

idea of planes of atoms in different directions
B4 work hardening is repeated stress cycles under elastic limit
any two from:
metal becomes harder
metal becomes stronger
metal becomes more brittle
1
1
1
[3]
1
1
[2]
[1]
Unit 2
[2]
elastic limit increases

reverse by:
heating to a high temperature/just under melting point
then gradually cooling
B5 TG: temperature at which the material changes from a glassy/brittle state to a

rubbery/viscous state
<TG
[2]
[1]
Stress
>TG
Strain
Line A straight line i.e. brittle
Line B getting shallower then steeper and with a large strain i.e. rubbery
Initial gradient of line A greater than that of graph B
Below TG: long tangled chains
Above TG: long chains free to untangle and move relative to each other
B6 components of concrete: stone, sand and cement

1
Concrete sets; tension is removed
Steel tries to contract and pulls the concrete into compression
[3]
Beta particles emitted with a range of energies
Beta decay involves a second particle (antineutrino)
which takes lost energy
Alpha is the only particle emitted, therefore no lost energy
C2 mass before = [(92 1.0073) + (146 1.0087)] u = 239.9418 u
m = (239.9418 238.0003) u = 1.9415 u
Binding energy = 1.9415 u 930 MeV u1 = 1806 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon = 1806 MeV/(238 nucleons) = 7.6 MeV
[2]
[1]
Concrete is poured onto steel rods that are in tension
C1 alpha particles emitted all with the same energy
[3]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Unit 2
C3 electron neutrino is difficult to detect because:
it does not react by electromagnetic interaction, hence no ions to detect
it does not feel the strong interaction
it only interacts via the weak interaction
it has very small/zero mass so little/no gravitational interaction
[4]
Second generation other members are:

charmed quark
muon neutrino
anti charmed quark/anti muon neutrino
[3]
[1]
discovery of the tau

C4 total mass after reaction = [1.0073 + (14 0.1503) + 0.5305 + 1.1974] u = 4.8394 u
m = [4.8394 (2 1.0073)] u = 2.8248 u
Equivalent energy = 2.8248 u 930 MeV u1 = 2630 MeV
Kinetic energy of one proton = 12 2630 MeV = 1315 MeV
[2]
[2]
[1]
Minimum since unlikely that all products will be at rest

C5 conservation of charge/strangeness/charm/baryon number
[1]
Conservation of lepton number/lepton muon number

either
(1) = (1) + (+1) + (1)
or
L_
(1) = (0) + (0) + (1)
[2]
C6 the weak interaction
[1]
Strangeness not conserved (or quarks change flavour) or lifetime of

than expected
1010
s is longer
[1]
W, Z
[1]
Large mass of W, Z
[1]
C7 diagram 1:
Baryon number not conserved (1 0)
means electromagnetic interaction so single strange particle impossible
[2]
Diagram 2:
lepton number not conserved (0 2)
should be
W+/charge
not conserved at either vertex
D1 example of medical investigation
Further significant detail
Suitable value for half-life
with reason
131 I
53
131 Xe
54
0
1
[2]
[4]
[2]
Unit 2
99 Mo
42
0
99m
43 Tc + 1
[1]
Molybdenum remains attached to alumina
Technetium enters the saline solution
and is run off when concentration has risen
[3]
(In) Activity
D2
Time
axes labelled and second peak lower
correct shape twice
increasing activity of saline shown by B
C explained by run off of saline
[4]
gamma camera:
source and collimator
scintillator and photomultiplier
shown in correct sequence
with satisfactory reference to output
D3 diagnosis is identifying the cause of the problem
1
1
Therapy is the treatment

70 kV X-rays distinguish soft tissue from bone
Megavolt X-rays destroy any tissue
since absorption is independent of Z
D4 high frequency sound from probe
Echo received by probe and time delay measured
to give distance so picture can be constructed
D5 examination of leg 4 mark maximum from:
[4]
reflected from an interface within body
transmitter placed on leg and detect signal reflected by glass
[2]
Z3
since absorption increases with
[4]
[4]
Unit 2
repeat at each of several positions
show cross-section of leg on diagram
detector linked to monitor
details of either A scan or B scan
limit set by wavelength used
due to diffraction effects
[4]
[2]
ultrasonics or X-rays?
one reason for choice
with a supporting statement
one problem with alternative
with a supporting statement
[4]
Unit 4
Waves and our Universe
1
When a body changes direction at a constant speed
its velocity (a vector quantity) changes
and a change in velocity is an acceleration
[3]
Towards the Earth
[1]
On the Earth
Towards the Moon
Angular speed = /t = 2 rad/[(120 60) s]
= 8.7
104
Free fall: when the gravitational force is the only force acting on the object
Without gravity, satellite would continue along a tangent to its orbit
Free fall of satellite keeps pulling satellite back onto its circular path
v = r
v = 16 rad
a=
s1
80
102
m = 12.8 m
s1
2r
a = (16 rad
[2]
[3]
[2]
1
s1)2
80
102
m = 205 m
s2
Tension in string has its maximum value when the stone is nearest the ground
as it equals centripetal force + weight at this point
[2]
[2]
Oscillatory motion where the force (or acceleration) is proportional to the displacement 1
1
but in the opposite direction
[2]
Using T = 2 (l/g)
l = T 2g/4 2 = (2.0 s)2 9.81 m s2/42
l = 0.99 m
[2]
Amplitude = 3.0 cm
[1]
Either attempt to find gradient at Z or vmax = 2 3.0 cm/(8.0 s)
v = 2.4 cm s1
[2]
4
3
2
/cm s1
rad
s1
[2]
1
0
10
1
2
3
4
Time/s
Negative sine wave
Correct scale added
[2]
Unit 4
5
Gradient of graph = 10 cm s2/(4 cm) = 2.5 s2
2 = 42/T 2 = 2.5 s2
T = 2 / (2.5 s2) = 4.0 s
[3]
a /cm s2
4
2
0
88
10 12
2
4
6
t/s
Any sinusoidal curve
Positive or negative cosine curve starts at either + or maximum
Correct period (4.0 s)
Scale labelled to show amax (+5 and 5)
Displacement
B+
C0
E0
F+
Acceleration
C0
D+
E0
Velocity
B0
D0
E+
F0
E = mgh = 80 kg 9.81 N
kg1
50 m
E = 40 000 J
This energy has been converted to elastic potential energy
Stored energy =
12 kx2
k = 2 39 000 J/(20
k = 200 N
1
1
[2]
[1]
m1
1
m1)]
T = 4.0 s
7
[4]
m)2
T = 2(m/k) = 2 [80 kg/(200 N
[4]
[3]
1
1
[2]
61
[6]
Any 6 points from:

for all masses, B oscillates at same frequency as A
when mass on B < M, amplitude of B remains small
when mass on B = M, amplitude of B is large
as resonance occurs
since A and B then both have the same natural frequency
amplitude of A decreases as A loses energy to B
B then becomes driver and loses its energy to A
when mass on B > M, amplitude of B is again small
resonance curve sketched
eventually, all oscillations cease as energy is dissipated to surroundings
Unit 4
8
Vibrations of atoms are parallel to the direction of energy propagation

R
[1]
(i) Any 2 compressions (C) correctly labelled
(ii) Any 2 rarefactions (R) correctly labelled
(iii) Wavelength correctly labelled
[3]
[1]
Speed v = f
9
v = /T
so
(or vT = or T = v/)
A transverse wave
which is restricted to vibrate in one plane only
Either
using light:
view light through a Polaroid filter
rotate Polaroid by 90 goes completely dark if light is plane polarised
Or
[2]
[2]
using microwaves:
microwave transmitter and detector
rotate detector (or transmitter) by 90 and reading falls to zero
[2]
(or rotate grille of metal bars positioned between transmitter and detector)
(i) False
All waves can be diffracted

(ii) False
Sound is a pressure wave that transmits energy

(iii) True
= v/ f = 331 m
s1/(436
Hz) = 0.759 m = 75 cm 1 cm
10 Any 5 points from:

level ripple tank
two dippers on same beam or use of a single beam
dippers just touch surface of water or plane waves pass through 2 slits
vibrated electrically implied e.g. motor/oscillator/vibrator/signal generator
suitable illumination e.g. light or stroboscope
projected onto paper, screen or production of frozen image
51
[5]
Unit 4
S1
S2
(i) A correct
(ii) B or B correct
(iii) C or C correct
Both B and C correct
Decrease
Increase
[2]
21
[2]
[4]
11 Any 2 points from:

both waves are the same type (allow either both transverse or both longitudinal)
waves have same frequency or wavelength
waves are travelling in opposite directions
Diagram showing a microwave transmitter pointing towards a metal plate
Stationary wave from superposition of waves from transmitter and those reflected
from metal plate
Move probe between transmitter and reflector and note series of maxima and minima
12 (i) True
60 Hz produces 3 loops (3rd harmonic)

20 Hz produces 1 loop (fundamental)
160 Hz produces 8 loops
[3]
Unit 4
(ii) False
Length of string in figure = 3
12
1
12
= 1.5 m
=1m
v = f = 60 Hz 1 m = 60 m s1
(iii) True
1
1
40 Hz produces 2 loops (2nd harmonic)

13 Photons or quanta
[6]
Photon releases electron
Energy or frequency of red light < energy or frequency of ultraviolet
Red has insufficient energy to release electron so foil stays in position
[4]
Ultraviolet of greater intensity:

1
gold foil collapses quicker

Red light of greater intensity:
no change
Either foil stays the same
much more difficult to release electrons
Or foil rises
as it becomes more positive as electrons are released
[2]
[2]
[2]
14 Stopping voltage = 0.5 V

Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons = 0.5 V 1.6 1019 C = 8 1020 J
Maximum kinetic energy = hf
= hf maximum kinetic energy = (6.63 1034 J s 6.0 1014 Hz) 8 1020 J
= 3.2
1019
J
0.3
graph A
0.2
graph B
0.1
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
P.d./ V
0.5
1.0
1.5
Graph A:
starts at 0.5 V
saturates at more than 0.2 A
[3]
Unit 4
Graph B:
starts at less than 0.5 V
saturates at less than 0.2 A (allow at 0.2 A)
[4]
[1]
15 2810 eV or 4.5 1016 J

Use of E = hc/
= hc/E = 6.63
= 4.4
1010
1034
J s 3.0
108
s1/(4.5
1016
J)
X-rays or gamma rays

m = 207 9.1
1031
1
kg or v = 0.11 3
Momentum p = mv = 1.88
= h/p = 6.63
1034
1028
J s/(6.2
108
kg 3.3
1021
kg m
107
s1)
s1
m
1
= 6.2
s1
= 1.1
1013
1021
kg m
s1
16 The ability of something to exhibit both wave and particle behaviour
= h/p = 6.63
s1)
1034
J s/(0.12 kg m
= 0.12 kg m
= 5.5
[3]
1
1
and like a particle in the photoelectric effect

Momentum p = mv = 0.06 kg 2 m
e.g. light behaves like a wave when it is diffracted

s1
[4]
s1
1033
This wavelength is far too small to detect or smaller than that of gamma radiation
[3]
1
1
[2]
[1]
17 Measure or f [comparison must be stated or implied]
Quote Doppler formula for light waves e.g. / = v/c
State how to decide direction e.g. blue shift towards or red shift away
Galactic speed distance or v = Hd with symbols defined
[3]
[BUT must refer to galaxies to get this mark]

Sketch graph of velocity against distance straight line through origin
Hubble constant = gradient of graph
v = (/) c = 0.1 3.0 108 m s1 = 3.0 107 m s1
d = v/H = 3.0 107 m s1/(3 1018 s1)
d = 1 1025 m
[3]
[3]
Unit 5
Fields, Forces and Synthesis
1
Force F = GMJ MG/r 2

MG
r 2
MG
r 2
[2]
1
=
GMJ MG/r 2
Cancel MG and rearrange to show that r 3 2 = GMJ
TG = 7.16 days = 7.16 24 60 60 s = 6.19 105 s
G = 2/TG = 2/(6.19 105 s) = 1.02 105 rad s1
MJ = r3 2/G = (1.07 109 m)3 (1.02 105 rad s1)2/(6.67 1011 N m2 kg2)
= 1.89 1027 kg
g = GM/r 2
v = (2gr) = (2GM/r)
[3]
[3]
Planet has same mass and twice the radius

vp = vE/2
vp = 11 km s1/2 = 8 km s1
Fuel must supply sufficient kinetic energy
3
1
( 2 mv 2)
for the whole space probe
[4]
[1]
Tension
Electrostatic
repulsion
Weight
Diagram showing only ball A (which can be just a dot) with:

weight acting vertically downwards
electrostatic force acting leftwards
tension acting upwards to the right
[3]
For vertical equilibrium:

T cos 50 = mg
mg = 1.5
103
1
kg 9.81 N
T = mg/cos 50 = 1.5
102
kg1
= 1.5
102
N/cos 50 = 2.3
102
[3]
FE = T sin 50 = 2.3 102 N sin 50 = 1.75 102 N 1.8 10 2 N
[1]
FE = kq1q2/r 2
For horizontal equilibrium:
1.8
102
N=
q = [1.8
kq2/(15.3
102
102
N (15.3
m)2
102
m)2/(8.99
109
m2
C2)]
= 2.1
10 7
Electrostatic force is repulsive and the gravitational force is attractive
Electrostatic force is much larger than the gravitational force
[3]
[2]
Unit 5
4
Electric force
pulls dust up
Gravitational force
pulls dust down
Diagram showing a speck of dust (which can be just a dot) with:

electric force upwards
gravitational force (or weight) downwards
Electric force = Eq = 100 N C1 1.6 1019 C = 1.6 1017 N
Weight = mg = 1.0 1018 kg 9.8 N kg1 = 9.8 1018 N
Resultant = 1.6 1017 N 9.8 1018 N = 6.2 1018 N
Resultant force is upwards
[2]
[4]
200 V
100 V
50 V
0V
Diagram showing:
two parallel plates labelled 200 V and 0 V
field shape including fringing
correct direction
[3]
Equipotentials added to diagram:

50 V equipotential
100 V equipotential
[2]
Capacitance = charge displaced/voltage
[2]
Current flows in the bell when the capacitor is charging
but not when the capacitor is fully charged
[2]
Labels added to circuit showing:

voltage across capacitor = 50 V
voltage across bell = 0 V
The capacitor discharges through the switch
the discharge current flows in the bell
[2]
[2]
Unit 5
Switch added to circuit in parallel with bell i.e. between pins 3 and 5
[1]
With anti-tinkling switch closed, current flows in this switch and not in the bell
[1]
At the beginning:
Q = CV = 40 000 106 F 12.0 V
Q = 0.48 C
At the end:
Q = CV = 40 000 106 F 10.5 V = 0.42 C
Q = 0.48 C 0.42 C = 0.06 C
I = Q/ t = 0.06 C/(10.0
103
[3]
s)
I = 6.0 A
[3]
8
+Q
+Q
Q
V1
Vt = V1 + V2
+Q
Q
V2
+Q
Diagram
Vt = V1 + V2
V = Q/C so Q/Ct = Q/C1 + Q/C2
Cancel Q to give 1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2
(a) 1/Ct = [1/(200 F)] + [1/(1000 F)]
Ct = 167 F
(b) Q = CtV = 167

Q = 1.5
103
106
1
103
C)/(200
106
F)
V2 = Q/C2 = (1.5 103 C)/(1000 106 F) = 1.5 V
W = 2 C V 2
1
W = 2 3 106 F (6 V)2
W = 5.4
Q = CV = 3
1
1
F 6 V = 1.8
[3]
106
[2]
V1 = 7.5 V
105
[2]
(c) V1 = Q/C1 = (1.5
F9V
[4]
105
capacitors in parallel, Ct = C1 + C2 = 3 F + 5 F = 8 F
W = Q2/2C = (1.8 105 C)2/(2 8 106 F)
W = 2.0 105 J
[3]
[4]
Unit 5
10 Neutral point: where two (or more) fields combine
to produce zero resultant field or where they cancel out
[2]
Diagram showing on one solenoid:

parallel field lines through centre
one complete field line loop on each side
correct polarity shown
On other solenoid:
opposite polarity and weaker/stronger field
Since B = onI, BA = 2 4 BB = 8BB
fields cancel nearer to source of weaker field (solenoid B) at

Neutral point is
19
[4]
19
distance
m = 0.11 m from solenoid B or 0.89 m from solenoid A
11 Current in wire produces its own magnetic field
1
1
[3]
interacts with field from magnets to set up a catapult field around PQ and RS
in opposite directions
[3]
arrow added to diagram showing upward force on side PQ
[1]
1.
strength of magnetic field between the two magnetic poles
2.
magnitude of current
3.
length of coil or number of turns of coil
As coil rotates, it cuts magnetic flux and an e.m.f. is induced across it
the induced e.m.f. opposes the applied p.d. so current falls
[3]
[2]
12 B = onI
n = N/l = 250/(0.14 m)
B = 4
107
A2
250 0.80 A/(0.14 m) = 0.001 795 T 0.0018 T
[2]
magnetic flux = BA
B = /A = 5.4 106 Wb/(6.0 103 m2)
B = 9.0
[2]
[1]
104
The magnetic field lines spread out at the ends of the solenoid so the field is weaker
13 I = P/ V = 3.45 103 W/(230 V)
I = 15 A
Imax = I 2 = 15 A 2 = 21.2 A
B = o I/(2 r) = 4
B = 1.5
105
107
A2
21.2 A/(2 30
[2]
1
102
m)
1
1
Earths field is constant but the wires field is alternating
alternating magnetic field can induce an e.m.f.
[3]
[2]
Unit 5
14 The generation of an e.m.f.
when a conductor moves
relative to a magnetic field
Suitable experiment e.g. two coils with one carrying a.c. or bar magnet and solenoid
How change of flux linkage is produced
Measurement of induced e.m.f. with voltmeter in correct place
How to change the rate of flux cutting
1
1
What is then observed

v = 860 km
h1
= 860
103
m/(60 60 s) = 240 m
[3]
[5]
s1
Area swept out by aircraft each second = 240 m s1 54 m = 1.29 104 m2 s1
Flux cut each second = B area swept out each second =

6.0 105 T 1.3 104 m2 s1 = 0.77 Wb s1
E.m.f. induced = flux cut each second = 0.77 V
[2]
direction of magnetic field or whether plane is flying in the northern or

southern hemisphere
[1]
15 (a) At 30 mm, B = 1 mT
Magnetic flux = BA = 1 103 T 16 104 m2
= 1.6
106
Wb (or T
m2)
(b) At 10 mm, B = 30 mT
Magnetic flux = BA = 30 103 T 16 104 m2 = 4.8 105 Wb
Induced e.m.f. = / t
t = (4.8
105
Wb 1.6
106
Speed = distance/time = 20
Wb)/(15
103
106
V) = 3.1 s
m/(3.1 s) = 6.5
103
s1
Slow down or decelerate

16 (a) F = Gm1m2 / r 2
(b) F =
[3]
[3]
[1]
kQ1Q2/ r 2
Difference: gravitational only attractive, electric attractive and repulsive
Similarity: both have an infinite range or obey inverse square laws
[2]
[2]
17 From line 2 of table:

NQ
N0 Q0
l 1/RC
line 3
dQ/d t = Q/RC
line 4
1/
line 5
RC ln 2
line 6
N0/e2
line 7
Q0/8
[5]
Unit 5
18 One value for half-life from graph between 33 s and 36 s
Evidence of at least two values used and averaged
[2]
= ln 2/t = ln 2/(34.5 s) = 0.02 s1
[1]
Tangent drawn to curve at N = 3.0 10 20
Attempt to find gradient (ignore negative sign)
Value between 5.5
1
2
Bq and 6.0
1018
1018
Bq
[3]
A = N
= A/N = 5.75 1018 Bq/(3.0 1020)
= 0.019
[2]
[1]
s1
First method since can take several values and average or not second method as
difficult to draw an accurate tangent
19 Q = CV
Q = 30 F 9 V = 270 C
Time constant = RC = 20
103
30
106
F = 0.6 s
[2]
[1]
After 0.6 s, charge remaining = Q0 /e

After 1.2 s, charge remaining = Q0 /e2
After 1.8 s, charge remaining = Q0 /e3
C/e3
Charge remaining = 270
= 13 C
[2]
300
Charge/C
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.5
1.5
Time/s
Graph of charge against time showing charge decreasing
Approximately exponentially (a charge intercept and not crossing time-axis)
Q0 = 270 C
Q0.6 s = 99 C
Q1.2 s = 37 C
Q1.8 s = 13 C
[3]
20 Total mass before = 2.0136 u + 3.0160 u = 5.0296 u

Total mass after = 4.0026 u +1.0087 u = 5.0113 u
1
Mass of energy released = 5.0296 u 5.0113 u = 0.0183 u

Mass of energy released = 0.0183 u 1.66
Energy released =
c2 m
= 3.038
Energy released = 2.73
1012
1029
kg
u1
= 3.038
kg (3.00
108
s1)2
1027
1029
kg
1
1
1
[4]
Unit 5
21 F = mv 2/rp
F = Bqv
Bqv =
mv 2/rp
1
so q/m = v/Brp
[3]
e
Alpha particles
Protons
n
Additions to diagram:
both alpha particles and protons bend downwards
with the protons bending the most (smaller radius)
r = mv/Bq
[2]
m = 4mp and q = 2qp

so r : rp = 4:2 = 2:1
[2]
Further additions to diagram:

neutrons travel straight through magnetic field
electrons bend upwards
with a very small radius
22 Vacuum
[3]
Radio frequency cavities or alternating electric field
Magnetic field for circular motion
Magnetic field for focusing or deflection device
Change in dimensions means that time to complete circuit changes
so particles become out of step with the alternating electric field
[4]
[2]

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NAS

Section 7 Solutions to Assessment Questions

NAS Chemistry Teachers Guide 2001 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Length is a base quantity

Kilogram is a base unit

Power is a derived quantity

Joule is a derived unit

The rate of change of displacement is called velocity

The rate of doing work is called power

The rate of change of momentum is called force

(i) Displacement during OX = 4 m s1 0.5 s = 2 m

Correctly placed hollow

Correctly placed hump

Correct rectangular shapes

Acceleration = gradient of graph

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2001 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Distanced travelled = area under graph between 6 s and 8 s

force = mass acceleration

rate of change in momentum is proportional to the (resultant) force acting

and occurs in the direction of the force

Diagram (see Figure 13.1 on page 28) showing:

apparatus suitable for measuring the acceleration

statement of how the magnitude of the variable force is known

identification of the distance

repeat acceleration measurements for different forces

how acceleration is determined from the distance and time measurements

draw graph of force against acceleration

proportionality indicated by a straight line passing through the origin

v2 = u2 + 2ax = 0 + (2 9.81 m s2 2.00 m)

Tangent drawn at base of second line

Gradient of tangent = (1.85 m 0 m)/(1.10 s 0.72 s)

{range: 4.4 m s1 to 5.3 m s1}

Average force = (m2v2 m2v1)/t

{range: 16.1 N to 17.3 N}

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2001 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

No energy transferred by either friction or normal contact force from floor

as there is no movement in the direction of the force

Advantage of keeping x small: greater leverage

Disadvantage of keeping x small: nail pulled out a shorter distance

weight = mg = 45 000 kg 9.81 N kg1 = 441 000 N

increase in upward force at B = 441 000 N 40 m/(60 m) = 294 000 N

increase in upward force at A = 441 000 N 294 000 N = 147 000 N

10 Energy stored = area under graph or 2 force extension

800 N 0.5 m = 200 J

v = [(200 J 2)/(0.060 kg)]

Line added to graph:

and enclosing a larger area under it

Slight decrease in horizontal velocity

due to opposing force of air resistance

Upwards velocity decreases to zero

and then increases downwards

NAS Physics Teachers Guide 2001 Nelson Thornes Ltd.

KE before = 132 000 J and KE after = 132 000 J so collision is elastic

Impulse = change in momentum

because the momentum exchange is the same

12 Incoming particle is an alpha particle or a helium nucleus

Target atoms are gold or silver

13 Compare and contrast:

Alpha particle scattering

Both fire projectiles at a target and look at deflections

Both look for substructure/charge distribution

Projectiles are electrons

Projectiles are particles

Electrons have been accelerated/