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1. Overview
1. Personalities
1. The unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person
2. Type A vs. Type B
1. Type A
1. tend to feel a sense of time and pressure
2. easily angered
3. higher risk for heart disease
2. Type B
1. tend to be relaxed and easygoing
3. some people are neither
2. Psychoanalytic (Freudian) Theory
1. Psychosexual Stage Theory of Personality
1. Phallic Stage
1. boys and girls notice their physical differences
1. girls develop penis envy (desire for a penis)
2. boys get castration anxiety (fear of castration by fathers or for
misbehavior)
2. identification
1. when people emulate and attach themselves to an individual they
believe threatens them
2. prevents boys from fearing their fathers
3. encourages boys to break away from attachment to mom and act like
men
2. latency
4. Projection
1. believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by
the other person and directed at oneself
5. Reaction formation
1. expressing the opposite of how one truly feels
6. Regression
1. returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior
7. Rationalization
1. coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence
8. Intellectualization
1. undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic
9. Sublimination
1. channeling ones frustration toward a different goal
2. viewed as particularly healthy
5. Criticisms of Freud
1. Freudian theory
1. little empirical evidence supports it
2. proving it is impossible
3. overestimates the importance of early childhood and of sex
4. has little predictive power
5. able to interpret both positive and negative reactions to the theory
as
support
2. Feminists
1. Freudian theory is objectionable
2. penis envy
1. grew from the assumption that men are superior to women
2. if women were jealous of men, it was probably due to the advantages
men had in society
3. ex. Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow
3. womb envy
1. mens jealousy of womens reproductive abilities
2. Karen Horney
4. men dont have stronger superegos
6. Impact of Freudian Theory
1. Impact on culture greater than impact on contemporary psychology
2. Terms used in our language
1. ego, penis envy, denial, unconscious
3. Arts
1. Salvador Dali
1. paintings depict the unconscious
2. Woody Allen
1. films often feature a character undergoing psychoanalysis and playing
out a Freudian drama
3. Psychodynamic Theories
1. Neo-Freudian (Psychodynamic) Approaches
1. offshoots of Freuds psychoanalytic theory
2. Carl Jung
3. Alfred Adler
2. Carl Jung
1. The unconscious has two parts:
1. collective
2. personal
2. Personal unconscious
1. contains complexes
1. the painful/threatening thoughts and memories that you dont want to
confront
3. Collective unconscious
1. extraversion
2. agreeableness
1. how easy to get along with
3. conscientiousness
1. high = hardworking, responsible, organized
4. openness to experience
5. emotional stability (neuroticism)
1. how consistent your mood is
3. Factor Analysis
1. Allows researchers to use correlations between traits to see which traits cluster
together as factors
2. Example:
1. factor- conscientiousness
2. traits- punctuality, diligence, neatness
1. strongly correlate
4. Idiographic Theorists
1. Using the same set of terms to classify all people is impossible
2. People need to be seen in the few terms that best characterize them
5. Gordon Allport
1. Common traits are useful
1. but a full understanding of someone is impossible without looking at their
personal traits
2. Types of personal traits
1. cardinal dispositions
1. play a pivotal role in everything you do
2. central dispositions
3. secondary dispositions
1. less apparent
2. cognitive-behavioral
3. trait theorists
3. MMPI-Z
1. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
2. widely used
3. some have lie scales built in
3. Radical Behaviorists
1. Observing behavior is the only way to measure personality
4. Reliability vs. Validity
1. Reliability
1. consistency
2. Validity
1. accuracy
5. Barnum Effect
1. People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of
personality
2. Named after P.T. Barnum
1. circus owner
2. Theres a sucker born every minute.