Turkey Country

08.01.
2015
TurkeyCOUNTRY
CountryFiche
COUNTRY|Turkey
CountryIndicators
Population:74,72million(2013)
GDPpercapita:7.500(2011)
R&Dintensity(GERD/GDP):0,86(2011)
ShareofprivatesectorR&D:43(2011)
ShareofpublicsectorR&D:57(2011)
Overview
1.1.Overview
Turkisheconomyranks17th inthe2012listofworldeconomieswith$783,064m(593,545m)oftotalGrossDomesticProductforcurrentprices(IMF,2013).Thecountryhasapopulation
of75.6m,wouldaccountfor15.11% of the population of the EU27. 67.6% of the population are between 1564 years of age and half is younger than 30.1. The gross domestic product
(GDP)percapitain2012was8,014(TL18,914or$10,497).In2012TurkeyachievedaGDPgrowthof9.1%and2.2%withcurrentandconstantprices,respectively.Theannualaverage
growthratewas6.7%forthelastthreeyears.
The R&D intensity in Turkey was 0.92% in 2012. While it is below the EU27 average of 2.06%, the gross expenditure on R&D increased by 17.1% compared to previous year. In 2012,
GrossDomesticExpenditureonR&D(GERD)is5,534.5m(TL13,062.3m)AccordingtoTURKSTAT,46.8%ofR&Dexpenditureswerefinancedbybusinessenterprises,28.2%bygovernment
sector,21.1%byhighereducationsector,3.4%byothernationalsectorand0.6%byforeignfundsin2012.TheBusinessExpenditureonResearchandDevelopment(BERD)undertakenin
Turkeyin2012was2,496.3m(TL5,891.2m[12]).In2012,theHigherEducationR&D(HERD)was2,429.7m(TL5,734.1m).Thisrepresentsanincreaseof804.4m(TL1,895.5m)since
2009(a49.5%increaseinrealterms).GovernmentExpenditureonR&D(GOVERD)stoodat608.9m(TL1,436.9m)in2012representinganincreaseof178m(TL420.4m)since2009(a
41.4%increaseinrealterms)(TURKSTAT,2013)).
BasicCharacterisationofResearchsystem
Mainfeaturesofthesystem
The Turkish research system is highly centralised and led by the Supreme Council of Science and Technology (BTYK). The BTYK is chaired by the prime minister and is composed of the
relatedministersandhighlevelrepresentativesofgovernmentbodies,universitiesandnongovernmentalorganisations(NGOs).TheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey
(TUBITAK),whichisaffiliatedtotheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT),actsasthesecretariatoftheBTYK.
Themainchangeswhichoccurredinthelast10years
Thenewmilleniumhaswitnessedincreasingimportancetoinvestmentinscienceandtechnology(S&T)foracompetitiveeconomyandsocialwelfareinTurkey.Themajormilestonesofthis
periodareasfollows:
Theimplementationofatechnologyforesightstudy(theVision2023Project)between2002and2004forthedesignofthenewS&Tpolicies
FullassociationwiththeresearchframeworkprogrammesoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)since2003
Thelaunchin2004oftheTurkishResearchArea(TARAL)bytheBTYK
TheidentificationofthemaintargetsforS&Tin2004
TheapprovalbyBTYKofthefiveyearimplementationplanfortheNationalScienceandTechnologyStrategy(20052010)in2005.
TheapprovalofBTYKofthefiveyearimplementationplanfortheNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy(20112016)andActionPlaninDecember2010.
TheapprovalofBTYKofthefiveyearimplementationplanfortheNationalScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesStrategyandActionPlan(20112016)inDecember2010.
TheestablishmentoftheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT)inJune2011.
TheamendmentpromulgatedinthelegislationofTUBITAKinJuly2012.
ThegrowingpoliticalcommitmenttoS&ThasalsobeenreflectedtotheNinthDevelopmentPlan(20072013)whichwasissuedin2006.Theplan
defines improving S&T performance as one of the building blocks for greater competitiveness. The Tenth Development Plan (20142018) pursues this attitude by also underlying the
importanceofinnovativeactivitiesforstableandhighgrowth.
The new S&T and innovation strategy document, National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (20112016) and Action Plan aims to create more output from existing research
capacityandenhanceneedsorientedresearchcapacity.
NationalScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesStrategyandActionPlan(20112016)includesstrategiestodevelopHRSTaccordingtotheR&Dneedsoftheprivatesector.Itisexpected
thatthisstrategieswillbelinkedwiththeeducationpolicies.Thereisaneedtobalancethesupplyanddemandofscienceandengineeringgraduates.Asoneoftheareasofpriorityinthe
nationalpolicies,thegovernmentaimstoincreasethenumberofhumanresourcesforHRST.BoththisandtheimprovementofthedistributionofHRSTacrosssectorsisthefirstobjectiveof
theNationalScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesStrategyandActionPlan.
Moreover,thestrategydocumentsinpriorityareasarealsoprepared.TheseareNationalEnergyR&DandInnovationStrategy,NationalWaterR&DandInnovationStrategy,NationalFoodR&D
andInnovationStrategy.
TherecentamendmentinTUBITAKlegislationaimstoincreasefunctionalityofTUBITAKincommercializationofR&DoutputinTUBITAKsresearchcenters.
ResearchPolicy
TheNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy(20112016)definesthefollowingstrategicareastofocusforincreasedscience,technologyandinnovationperformance:
TargetorientedapproachesintheareaswhereTurkeyhasR&Dandinnovationcapacities
DemandorientedapproacheswherefurtherR&Dandinnovationeffortsareneeded
http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/erawatch/opencms/system/modules/com.everis.erawatch.template/pages/exportTypesToHtml.jsp?contentid=90a96064
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Bottomupapproaches(includingbasic,appliedandfrontierresearch).
Thecrosscuttingobjectivesforthesethreeareasaresetasfollows:
Developinghumanresourcesforscience,technologyandinnovation
Stimulatingthetransformationofresearchresultsintocommercialproductsandservices
DiffusingamultiactorandmultidisciplineR&Dcooperationculture
StrengtheningtheroleofSMEswithinthenationalinnovationsystem(NIS)
IncreasingthecontributionofR&DinfrastructurestoknowledgeproductionoftheTurkishResearchArea(TARAL)
Activatinginternationalscience,technologyandinnovationcooperationforthebenefitofthecountry.
ThenationalR&DtargetsofTurkeyfor2023,whichwereagreedbytheBTYKon27December2011,includethefollowing:
AchievinganR&Dintensityof3%(from0,84%in2010)
IncreasingbusinessR&Dexpenditureas%ofGDPto2%(from0,36%in2010)
IncreasingthenumberofFTEresearchersto300,000(from64.341in2010)
IncreasingthenumberofFTEresearchersintheprivatesectorto180,000(from25.342in2010)
KeyR&DFigures
2008
GDPgrowthrate
GERDfinancedbyabroadas%oftotalGERD
R&DperformedbyBusinesssector(%ofGERD)
46.0
1.3
0.6
9.2*
45.5
43.9
24
11.4
11.3
11.0
12
40.0
168,041.8
0.42
0.7
12.6
44.2
2,496.3
0.37
1.42e
0.8
47.4
11.9
R&DperformedbyPROs(%ofGERD)
0.32
1,958.8
170(e)
0.43
1.1
43.8
R&DperformedbyHEIs(%ofGERD)
525.8
25.34
0.34
1.3
1,981.4
0.34
0.32
BERDas%ofGDP
2.06
73.2
25.1
0.34
1,495.7
0.4
0.92
61.1
21.76
0.38
1,599.1
BERD(million)
63.2
21.1
0.26
0.86
GBAORDas%ofGDP
2.2
14.38
52.4
GBAORD(europercapita)
0.84
8.8
51.1
GERDpercapita
0.85
9.2
0.72
GERDas%ofGDP
EU
average
2012
2012
2011
4.8
2010
0.7
2009
42.5
43.2
45.1
63
0.3
Newdoctorategraduates(ISCED6)per1000populationaged2534
0.3
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Percentage population aged 3034 having completed tertiary education

(Eurostat)
Internationalscientificcopublicationspermillionpopulation
Scientific publications among the top 10% most cited publications

worldwideas%oftotalscientificpublicationsofthecountry
PCT patents applications in societal challenges per billion GDP (in PPS)
(climatechangemitigationhealth)
Mediumandhightechproductexportsas%totalproductexports**
1.5
Knowledgeintensiveservicesexportsas%totalserviceexports
Licenseandpatentrevenuesfromabroadas%ofGDP
15.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
35.7
331
18.0
319
16.3
313
Publicprivatecopublicationspermillionpopulation
301
15.5
274
PCTpatentsapplicationsperbillionGDP(inPPS)
14.7
13
Source:EUROSTATandTURKSTAT
Note:ThedatawasupdatedendofNovmidDec2013byEUROSTATandSepDec2013byTURKSTAT
e:Eurostatestimate,
*2011
**Onlythehightechproductexports
Business enterprise sector is the major R&D performers in Turkey. They performed 45.1% of R&D expenditure in 2012, according to Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). Higher
education sector is the second highest share of gross domestic expenditure on R&D in Turkeywith 28 43.9% in 2012. 11.0% of R&D expenditure was performed by government sector in
2012.Previousyear(2011),highereducationsectorwastheleaderofR&Dexpenditurewith45.1%.Businesssector'ssharewas43.2%in2011.
TheMajorPlayersintheResearchandInnovationPolicyMaking
Establishedin1983,theBTYKisalegallyformedbodydetermining,directingandcoordinatingS&TpoliciesinTurkey.Thecouncilproposesanddecidesonstrategiesapprovestheaction
plan for implementation of the strategies assigns the responsible bodies and coordinators for policy measures, and followups and coordinates implementation of policy actions. TUBITAK,
thesecretarytotheBTYK,isresponsibleforthedesignofscienceandtechnologypolicy.TUBITAKalsodesignsandimplementsR&Dsupportprogrammesandoperatesresearchcentres.
The High Planning Council (YPK), chaired by the prime minister, is the highestlevel body for the preparation and implementation of the national development plans, which also covers S&T
policyactionsforTurkey.TheMinistryofDevelopment(MoD)isthesecretarytotheYPK.TheMoDreplacestheformerStatePlanningOrganisationandisresponsibleforprovidingadviceto
thegovernmentandpreparingnationalplans,policies,strategiesandprogrammes,andcoordinatingregionaldevelopmentagencies,amongotherthings.
With a decree law published in the Official Gazette on 3 June 2011, the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT) was established. The new ministry and its duties were
introduced.Thescience,technologyandinnovationrelateddutiesoftheMoSITaredefinedasthedevelopment,implementationandcoordinationoftheS&Tandinnovationpolicies,andthe
promotionoftheR&Dandinnovationprojects,activitiesandinvestments.Allmainactorsinthesystem,includingtheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)and
theTurkishAcademyofScience,areconnectedtotheMoSIT.
In June 2011, the Ministry of Economy was also established. The MoE is responsible for developing and implementing foreign trade and foreign direct investment policies, and investment
incentives,amongothers.
The Ministries of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT), Finance (MoF), National Education (MoNE), Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Economy the UnderSecretariat of the Treasury
(HM),andtheHigherEducationCouncil(YOK)arealsothemajorplayersatgovernmentlevel.
Another actor in the research system is the Turkish Academy of Science (TUBA) affiliated to the MoSIT. It is mainly in charge of cooperation with academia and the support of academic
research.
TheTurkishPatentInstitute(TPE),theNationalMetrologyInstitute(UME),the Turkish Accreditation Agency (TURKAK) and the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) affiliated to the MoSIT are
theotherpublicorganisationsinthesystem.
TheTurkishStatisticalInstitute(TURKSTAT)isthebodyresponsibleforprovidingstatisticalinformationrelatedtoR&D,innovationandindustry,amongothers.
FundingFlows
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TotalgrossexpenditureonR&D(GERD)ofTurkeyhasincreasedmorethan10timesfrom2000to2012onTLbasisreaching5,534.5m(TL13,062.3m)in2012accordingtotheTurkish
Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). In 2012, 46.8% of R&D expenditures were financed by business enterprises, 28.2% by government sector, 21.1% by higher education sector, 3.4% by
othernationalsourcesand0.6%byforeignfunds.
Public funding for research and innovation is provided through the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT), the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK),theMinistryofDevelopment(MoD),theMinistryofEconomy,theSmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentOrganisation(KOSGEB)andtheTechnologyDevelopmentFoundation
ofTurkey(TTGV).
Structureoftheresearchsystem
At the political level, the Turkish research system is led by the Supreme Council of Science and Technology (BTYK), a legally formalised body chaired by the prime minister. The BTYK
determines, directs and coordinates research and innovation policies, and is composed of relevant ministers, heads of public and private bodies, universities and nongovernmental
organisations.TheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)isaffiliatedtotheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT) and acts as the secretariat of
the BTYK. The Ministry of Development (MoD) and the High Planning Council (YPK) are two other important actors in the design and implementation of science, technology and innovation
policies. The Ministry of National Education (MoNE) and the Council of Higher Education (YOK) design and implement education policies, and integrate them with research policies. The
TurkishAcademyofSciences(TUBA)determinesandrecommendsscientificpriorityareasandproposeslegislationtothegovernmentonissuesrelatedtoscientistsandresearchers.
Attheoperationallevel,theleadingactorinthesystemisTUBITAK.ItdesignsandimplementsprogrammestoincreaseR&Dactivitiesofthepublicandprivatesectors,anduniversities.The
Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organisation (KOSGEB) and the Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) are the other main bodies implementing industrial R&D
supportmeasures.TheTurkishPatentInstitute(TPE)carriesouttheproceduresrelatedtoindustrialandintellectualpropertyrights.TheTurkishAccreditationAgency(TURKAK) deals with
theaccreditationoforganisationsandlaboratories.TheprimaryresearchperformerinthepublicsectoristheMarmaraResearchCentreofTUBITAK.Itprovidescontractualresearch,testing,
training, consultancy, analysis and certification services in its research centres, and operates a technopark. TUBITAKs institutes are the most active research organisations conducting
research in their fields of specialisation. For nuclear research activities, the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority is the main body both for strategy preparation and for carrying out research
activities.TherearealsotheR&Dcentresoperatingunderuniversitiesandvariousministries,suchastheministriesofEnergyandNaturalResources,andFood,AgricultureandLivestock.
Apart from public research agencies, private sector established R&D centers in the context of the law numbered 5746 which concerns the support of research and development activities.
Moreover,thegainsacquiredwithinthescopeofapplicationofTechnologyDevelopingZonesLawnumbered4691createpotentialsforprivatesectorR&D.
Highlights
TheR&DintensityinTurkeyincreasedto0.92%in2012(20/11/2013)
The R&D intensity in Turkey increased to 0.92 % in 2012 from 0.86% in 2011. Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) reached to 5,534.5m (TL13,062.3m)
withan17.1%increasecomparedtothepreviousyear.TheBusinessExpenditureonResearchandDevelopment(BERD)undertakeninTurkeyin2012was2,496.3m(TL5,891.2m).The
HigherEducationR&D(HERD)was2,429.7m(TL5,734.1m)whereasGovernmentExpenditureonR&D(GOVERD)stoodat608.9m(TL1,436.9m)in2012.
Fordetailedstatistics,pleasecheckhttp://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13630
Readmore
350thousandeurosfortheTechnologyTransferOffices(TTOs)(26/12/2013)
TosupportandencouragethenewTTOs,TUBITAKwillgiveagrantofupto350thousandeuros(1millionTL)totennewuniversitiesforthisaim.TUBITAKstartedagrantprogramfor
TTOsin2013.Lastyear,10universitiessupportedwiththisgrant.
Fordetailsofthenews,pleasecheckhttp://tubitak.gov.tr/tr/haber/tubitaktan10universiteyeteknolojitransferofisidestegi
Fordetailsoftheprogram,pleasecheckhttp://tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusaldestekprogramlari/icerik1513teknolojitransferofisleridesteklemeprogrami
Readmore
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RecentResearchPolicyDevelopments
AnimportantdevelopmentinresearchpolicyisthegovernmentaldecisiontakeninJune2011tocreatetheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT).Thisnewministryreplaces
the existing Ministry of Industry and Trade. The science, technology and innovationrelated duties of the MoSIT are defined as the development, implementation and coordination of the
science,technologyandinnovationpolicies,andthepromotionoftheR&Dandinnovationprojects,activitiesandinvestments.Thescienceandtechnologyrelateddutiesoftheministryare
carriedoutbyitsGeneralDirectorateofScienceandTechnology.
InDecember2010,theSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK)approvedtwostrategydocuments:theNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy20112016and the
NationalScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesStrategyandActionPlan(20112016).
In June 2010, the BTYK decided that the national R&D and innovation strategies for the areas of energy, water and food are prepared under the coordination of the Scientific and
TechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK).R&Dinvestmentsineachoftheseareasarepromotedundertheprimeministersinitiative.
TUBITAKannouncedfournewsupportprogrammesin2012:ThefirstmeasureistheSupportProgrammeforIndividualEntrepreneurswhichisamultistageprogrammeaimingtosupport
individualentrepreneurstotransformtheirtechnologyandinnovationfocusedbusinessideasintoenterprises.TheothertwomeasuresaredirectedtoimproveR&Dperformanceinpriority
research areas. The Support Programme for Research, Technological Development and Innovation Projects in Priority Areas targets private sector companies whereas the Programme for
SupportingR&DProjectsinPriorityAreaswasdirectedtowardsresearchersfrombothacademiaandprivate/publicresearchcentres.Futhermore,TUBITAKreviseditsSupport Programme
for Research and Development Projects of Public Institutions in the same period. The programme is now accepting project applications to specific calls announced by TUBITAK regarding
public institutions needs. For this aim, TUBITAK has invited the public institutions to determine their priority needs that can be resolved by R&D projects. Finally, Support Programme for
TechnologyTransferOfficesaimstocommercializeknowledgeandtechnologyinuniversities,toestablishcollaborationbetweenuniversitiesandtheprivatesectorandtoproduceknowledge
andtechnologydemandedbytheindustry.ThefirstcalloftheprogrammeisannouncedinNovember2012and10TTOsweresupported.Inthesecondcalloftheprogramme10moreTTOs
weresupportsin2013
In July 2012, TUBITAK legislation was amended. The new amendments aim to support venture capital funds. TUBITAK has focused on R&D intensive startups and commercialization of
potentialinventions.Moreover,ittargetscommercializationofR&DactivitiesinTUBITAKsresearchcenters.
In August 7 2012, 24th meeting of BTYK convened. The new decisions in this meeting focused on increasing the quality of primary and secondary education, restructuring of graduate
scholarship programmes abroad, restructuring of university entrance system and preparation towards participation to Horizon 2020. Furthermore, two additional decisions related with the
previous decisions were taken, namely the establishment of a coordination committee for integrity, harmonization and target orientation in R&D, innovation and entrepreneurship support
mechanismsandimprovementofpublicprocurementstosupportinnovativeness.
In November 2012, TUBITAK announced the Entrepreneurial and Innovative University Index of Turkey in October 2012. The study is realized with a close collaboration with Council of
HigherEducation(YOK).Theindexaimstoencourageentrepreneurshipandinnovativeactivitiesinuniversities.Itcoverstheuniversitieswith50fulltimeacademicpersonnel.Therefore,126
universitiesinTurkeyarecoveredbythisindex.Thefirst50rankingswillbeannouncedeachyear.Theindexincludes23indicatorsinfivedimensions.Thesedimensionsarecompetencein
scientific and technological research, pool of intellectual property rights, collaboration and interaction, entrepreneurial and innovative culture, and economic contribution and
commercialization.Accordingto2013results,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,SabancUniversityandBilkentUniversityarethemostentrepreneurialandinnovativeuniversitiesofTurkey.
TUBITAKhastakenoverchairmanshipofEUREKAforthetermJuly2012June2013.Turkeyhasincreasedthenumberofprojectsinthisprogrammerapidlyandraiseditsrankingfrom28th
in2007to7thin2011among42partneringcountries.TUBITAKplanstoimprovethisperformanceevenfurtherandaimsthatTurkeybecomesthe5thbestperformingcountrywithinthree
years.
ResearchPolicyGoals
ThemainaimsofTurkishresearchpolicy,asdefinedintheNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy(20112016)areasfollows:
Developinghumanresourcesforscience,technologyandinnovation
Stimulatingthetransformationofresearchresultsintocommercialproductsandservices
DiffusingamultiactorandmultidisciplineR8Dcooperationculture
StrengtheningtheroleofSMEswithinthenationalinnovationsystem(NIS)
IncreasingthecontributionofR&DinfrastructurestoknowledgeproductionoftheTurkishResearchArea(TARAL)
Activatinginternationalscience,technologyandinnovationcooperationforthebenefitofthecountry.
ThenationalR&DtargetsofTurkeyfor2023,whichwereagreedbytheBTYKon27December2011,includethefollowing:
AchievinganR&Dintensityof3%(from0,86%in2011)
IncreasingbusinessR&Dexpenditureas%ofGDPto2%(from0,37%in2011)
IncreasingthenumberofFTEresearchersto300,000(from72.109in2011)
IncreasingthenumberofFTEresearchersintheprivatesectorto180,000(from30.404in2011).
ResearchPolicyFocus
ThematicRDpriorities
Inthelastdecade,thepriorityareasweremainlysetthroughthetechnologyforesightstudy(theVision2023Project)implementedbetween2002and2004.Thestudyinvolvedparticipation
ofawidegroupofstakeholdersfromthepublicandprivatesectors,nongovernmentalorganisationsandacademia.
Defence, space and nuclear technologies have been the three fields supported through thematic programmes for this period. The Defence Research Programme has been implemented by
TUBITAKincooperationwiththeMinistryofDefencesince2005.TheNationalSpaceResearchProgrammehasbeencarriedoutbyTUBITAKsince2005withtheinvolvementoftheTurkish
Armed Forces, related ministries, universities and private companies. TUBITAKs Space Technologies Research Institute is actively involved in the implementation of projects under this
programme. TUBITAK also manages an international scholarship programme to develop human resources in the field of space technologies. The National Nuclear Technologies Development
ResearchProgrammeisbeingimplementedfortheperiod20072015bytheTurkishAtomicEnergyAuthority(TAEK),incooperationwiththeMinistryofEnergyandNaturalResources.The
programmeaimstoestablishacenterofferingresearchandtraininginthefieldofnucleartechnologies.
Theotherthematicareaswerenotdirectlyaddressedthroughpolicyinstruments.
In2010,theSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK)hasdecidedthatthenationalR&Dandinnovationstrategiesforthefieldsofenergy,waterandfoodaretobepreparedunder
the coordination of TUBITAK with the involvement of experts from the public and private sectors and higher education institutes. These three fields (together with defense and aerospace)
weredefinedasthosepromotedundertheprimeministersinitiative.
Inlinewiththisdecision,TheNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy(20112016)publishedinthesameyeardefined3verticaland6horizontalstrategictargets.Thevertical
onesareasfollows:
TargetorientedapproachesinareaswhereTurkeypossessR&Dandinnovationcapacities(Automotive,machineryproductionandinformationandcommunicationtechnologies)
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Needorientedapproachesinareaswherefurtherinnovationeffortsareneeded(Defense,space,energy,waterandfoodtechnologies)
Bottomupapproaches(includingbasic,appliedandpioneeringR&D)
Ontheotherhand,thehorizontalstrategictargetsinclude:
TheimprovementofSTIhumanresources
SupportforthecommercializationofR&Doutputs
Disseminationofmultipartnerandmultidisciplinarycollaborativeculture
StrengtheningtheroleofSMEsinnationalinnovationsystem
ImprovingthecontributionofresearchinfrastructuresonknowledgeproductioncapacityofTurkishresearchArea(TARAL)
EnablinginternationalSTIcollaborationwithregardtonationalinterests
Followingadecisiontakenatthe23rdmeetingofBTYKinDecember2011,TUBITAKannouncedfournewsupportprogrammesin2012:
SupportProgrammeforIndividualEntrepreneurs.ThefirstcallswereclosedinAugust22,2012withoutanytechnologicalpriority.
SupportProgrammeforResearch,TechnologicalDevelopmentandInnovationProjectsinPriorityAreas.Therewere22callsopenedforunderthebroadtopicsofenergy,food,automotive,
ICTandmachineryproductionwiththedeadlineofendofAugust2012.
ProgrammeforSupportingR&DProjectsinPriorityAreas.Therewere11closedcallsbythefirstweekofDecember2012.Thecallswerefocusedonautomative,food,energy,ICTand
innovativemedicalequipments.
Thefirstcallofthe Support Programme for Technology Transfer Offices announced in November 2012 and 10 TTOs were supported. In the second call of the programme 10 more TTOs
weresupportsin2013.
Forthethematicprioritization,SupportProgrammeforResearch,TechnologicalDevelopmentandInnovationProjectsinPriorityAreasandProgrammeforSupportingR&DProjectsinPriority
Areasweredecidedbyhighlevelgroupmeetingsorganizedinthefirsthalfofthe2012.
Moreover,theexistingSupportProgrammeforResearchandDevelopmentProjectsofPublicInstitutionsarerevisedinaccordancewiththeneedsofpublicinstitutions.Projectssuchasbio
fuelproduction,carbonemission,undergroundwater,railproductionweresupported.Anotherrevisedprogrammein2013isPatentSupportProgramme.
NationalSupportProgrammeforResearchonNewIdeasandProductsarelaunchedin2013inordertosupportappliedresearchandexperimentaldevelopmentprojectsonnewproducts,
processes,methodsandmodelstoenhancenationalcompetitiveness.VentureCapital(PrivateEquity)FundingProgrammeisanothernewprogrammein2013.Itaimstoprovidegrantsto
venturecapitalfundsfocusingonearly(seedandstartup)stageequityinvestmentsininnovativesmallandmediumsizedenterpriseswhichhavethepotentialtodevelopinnovativeproducts,
servicesand/orproductionprocesses.SupportProgrammeToIncreaseCapacityinInnovationandEntrepreneurshipintroducesaschemetodevelopmentorshipmechanismforincreasing
R&Dandinnovationcapacityoffirms.
TTGVsnewprogrammeAdvancedTechnologyProjectSupports(ITEP)whichwaslaunchedin2010aimstosupportprojectsinthefollowingareas:technologiesfortheproductionofhigh
valueaddedbioproductsfromagriculturalwasteadvancedmaterialtechnologiesandsensitiveproductiontechniquestechnologiesfortheproduction,storageanddistributionofrenewable
energyfoodtechnologiesbiomedicaltechnologiesandtechnologiesforadaptationtoclimatechange.
MinistryofDevelopmenthasstartedinitiativesfortheimprovementofthematicuniversityresearchcenterssupportprogrammebyJuly2011.Theregulationhasnotbeenpromulgatedyet.
UndersecreteriatofTreasuryhasissuedaregulationforbusinessangelsaimingtosupportbusinessangelsforhighriskinvestmentsinstartupsinFebruary2013.Itissued123licensesby
theendofNovember2013.
Sectoralpolicies
WiththeintroductionofNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy(20112016),anewerastartedforTurkishSTIpoliciesinthecontextofsectoralprioritization.
R&D investments in firms are mainly stimulated through grants, soft loans and tax incentives. The leading grant programme to promote private R&D investments is the Industrial R&D
Funding Programme of TUBITAK. Moreover, newly introduced Support Programme for Research, Technological Development and Innovation Projects in Priority Areas and Programme for
SupportingR&DProjectsinPriorityAreashaspotentialforthesupportofR&Dactivitiesincriticalsectors.
Soft loans for the R&D activities of the private sector are provided by the Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) under the Technology Development Project Support since
1991. TTGVs programmes are partly financed by the Ministry of Economy. TTGVs new programme, Advanced Technology Project Supports (ITEP) also reflects sectoral prioritization
objectivesofthenewera.
TheSmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentOrganisation(KOSGEB)providesamixtureofsoftloansandgrantsfortheR&Dprojectsofthesmallandmediumsizedenterprisesunderits
R&D,InnovationandIndustrialApplicationSupportProgramme.
R&DisalsoencouragedthroughtaxincentivesprovidedtothecompanieslocatedintechnoparksandtothosebenefitingfromtheLawonSupportingResearchandDevelopmentActivities.
ThelatterprovidestaxbenefitstotheR&Dperformingcompanieslocatedoutsidethetechnoparksandemployingatleast50FTEresearchers,iftheyhavebeenentitledasR&DCentreby
the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT). In June 2012, the new decree on state incentives for investments has been approved by the Council of Ministers. This includes
fiscalincentivesandgrantssuchasplant/workshopinvestmentsforR&Dandenvironmentalprocesses,amongothers.
Inadditiontothesemeasures,TUBITAKTEYDEBcarriesoutaschemefornonR&DperformingSMEs(SMEFundingProgramme)tostartR&Dactivities.
The establishment of new indigenous R&D performing/innovative firms are mainly promoted through seed finance provided under the Technopreneurship Capital Support Programme
implementedbytheMoSIT.Inaddition,KOSGEBencouragesthecreationoftechnologyentrepreneursthroughitsR&D, Innovation and Industrial Application Support Programme. TUBITAK
implementsTechnoentrepreneurshipFundingProgrammeforthesamepurpose.
TUBITAKstartedtheSupportProgrammeforIndividualEntrepreneursinJune2012.Theprogrammeislaunchedwithreferencetothedecisiontakenin23rdmeetingofBTYKanditsaimis
tosupportindividualentrepreneurstotransformtheirtechnologyandinnovationfocusedbusinessideasintohighvalueenterprises.
AttractingFDIisoneoftheprioritiesofthegovernment.WhiletherearenodirectmeasuresforattractingresearchintensiveFDI,theLawonSupportingResearchandDevelopmentActivities
aimstopullFDIforR&D.However,thereisanurgentneedformeasuresattractingforeignR&D.
Publicprivate collaboration for R&D is stimulated in technoparks. Also, the MoSIT implements the Industrial Thesis Projects Support Programme for this purpose. Other measures for
stimulating such collaborations are the Support Programme for Research Projects of Public Institutions, the Support Programme for the Initiative to Build Scientific and Technological
CooperationNetworksandPlatforms,TechnologyTransferSupportProgrammeforSMEs,andSupportProgrammeforTechnologyTransferOffices".
In the 26th BTYK meeting in June 2013, following seven new decisions were adopted for the enhancement of usage of national energy sources in energy mix and development of national
energytechnologiesthroughpublicprivatepartnerships:
DevelopmentofNationalDesignandManufacturingCapabilityforThermalPowerPlants(MLTES)
DevelopmentofHydroelectricEnergyTechnologies(MLHES)
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DevelopmentofWindEnergyPowerPlantTechnologies(MLRES)
AdaptationofSolarEnergyTechnologies(MLGES)
DevelopmentofNationalDesignandManufacturingCapabilityforThermalPowerPlantFlueGasTreatmentTechnologies(MLKAS)
DevelopmentofCoalGasificationandLiquidFuelProductionTechnologies
IncreasingEnergyEfficiency
MainPolicyDocuments
26thMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyPolicy
12thMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyEvaluationofProgressandDecisions
13thMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyEvaluationofProgressandDecisions
14thMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyEvaluationoftheProgressandDecisions
15thMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyEvaluationoftheProgressandDecisions
21stMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyPolicy
22ndMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyPolicy
23ndMeetingoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnologyPolicy
NationalScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesStrategyandActionPlan(20112016)
NationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy20112016
SMEStrategyandActionPlan20112013
TheNinthDevelopmentPlan:20072013
Overview
Turkey is a unitary state where all policy fields, including research, are under the responsibility of the central government. The Turkish regional administrative hierarchy consists of
provinces,counties,townsandvillageswhichhaveallbeenequalinpowerandresponsibilitysince1925.Inthe1950sTurkeywasdividedintosevengeographicalregions,whereeachone
containsabout10provincesanddoesnothaveanygovernancecomponent.In2002,inanattempttoharmonisewithEUregulations,anewregionaldistributionwascreatedaccordingtothe
NUTSclassification.Accordingtothenewclassification,81provincesaregroupedinto26NUTSIIclusters,provincesareconsideredasNUTSIIIleveland12newadjacentprovincegroups
arelabelledasNUTSIlevel.Allregionsinthecountryhavethesamestatusintermsofoverallpowersandresponsibilities.
Thegovernmentestablished26regionaldevelopmentagencies(RDAs)
atNUTSIIlevelinordertoaccelerateregionaldevelopmentthroughenhancedcoordinationandcooperationbetweenallstakeholders.AccordingtothelawofRDAswhichwasenforcedin
2006, the research/innovationrelated duties of the agencies include (among others): Implementing and supporting research for the identification of the natural, economic and human
resources,andincreasingeconomicdevelopmentandcompetitivenessoftheregion
Promotingthebusinessandinvestmentpotentialoftheregionatnationalandinternationallevelsincooperationwiththerelevantinstitutions
Supportingsmallandmediumsizedenterprisesandstartupsintermsofmanagement,production,promotion,marketing,technology,finance,organisationandhumanresourcestraining
incooperationwithrelevantinstitutions
PromotingactivitiesinbilateralormultinationalprogrammesinwhichTurkeyparticipatesintheregion,andcontributingtotheeffortsofprojectdevelopmentinthatrespect.
ThecoordinationoftheagenciesatnationalleveliscarriedoutbytheMinistryofDevelopment
.
All26RDAsfollowthesamestructuredefinedbythelaw:theyhaveaDevelopmentBoard(formedbythestakeholdersinregionfromtheprivateandpublicsectors,academiaandNGOs)
andaBoardofDirectors(formedbythegovernor,major,thepresidentoftheprovincialcouncil,presidentofchambers,etc.).TheoperationalunitofanRDAistheGeneralSecretariat.The
RDAsalsocreatesinvestmentpromotionofficesunderthegeneralsecretariat.
R&DindicatorsbyRegions
Turkey
Istanbul
0.92
0.68
West
Marmara
Aegean
East
Marmara
West
Anatolia
Mediterranean
Central
Anatolia
West
Black
Sea
East
Black
Sea
North
East
Anatolia
0.49
0.53
0.92
Regional
GERD as a
percentage
ofRegional
GDP(%)*
0.52
0.65
1.49
2.39
0.48
0.71
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Regional
BERD as a
percentage
ofRegional
GDP
184,301
40,197
6,149
20,630
28,438
42,089
11,873
7,762
6,619
4,457
4,528
Total R&D
personnel
(FTE)
in
theregion
*AsRegionalGDP,RegionalGrossValueAdded(RGVA)atCurrentBasicPricesof2011isused.RGVA2011isstandardizedwithGDPof2012.
Regionalresearchprogrammes
Currently,noresearchprogrammesimplementedatregionallevel.TheSmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentOrganisation(KOSGEB)istheonlyagencyimplementingcentrallydesigned
R&Dprogrammesthroughitsregionalbranches.
RegionaladministrativestructuresdonothaveresponsibilityforregionalR&Dpolicy.Ontheotherhand,theregionaldevelopmentagencies(RDA)takeactionsonregionalR&Dpolicies.The
RDAsincludethestimulationofR&Dandinnovationintheirregionaldevelopmentstrategies.
TUBITAK launched the Provincial Innovation Platforms support in 2011, under the Support Programme for the Initiative to Build Scientific and Technological Cooperation Networks and
Platforms.However,thisprogrammeisnotfullyfunctioning.
FiscalPolicies
The Law on Technology Development Zones (TDZs), which was enforced in 2001, provides tax incentives for R&D for the companies located in the technoparks. Incomes out of the R&D
activities of companies in the technoparks designated by the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT) are exempted from income and corporate taxes, and income of the R&D
staffworkinginthosecompaniesisexemptedfromalltaxes.
TheLawonSupportingResearchandDevelopmentActivities
issued in 2008 and implemented by the MoSIT in cooperation with the Ministry of Finance provides tax incentives to increase the investments in R&D, to attract R&D activities of foreign
companiesinthecountry,toencouragecollaborationonR&Dandtostimulatethecreationofnewtechnologybasedfirms.Themainfeaturesofthemeasureincludethefollowing(INNOPolicy
TrendChart Policy Trends and Appraisal Report, Turkey, 2008): Companies employing more than 50 researchers and those with a project funded by a R&D support agency or from
internationalresourceswillbeabletodiscount100%ofR&Dexpendituresinthecalculationofcorporateearnings
Half the amount of increase compared to previous year in R&D expenditures made by companies which employ more than 500 fulltime equivalent R&D personnel is discounted in the
calculationofcorporateearnings
Public administrations can provide one time technopreunership capital support up to TL100,000 (approx. 45,662) (1=2.19TL) without collaterals and university graduates can benefit
fromthissupport
TheincometaxofR&Dandsupportpersonnelworkingforcompaniesemployingmorethan50researchersandthosewithaprojectfundedbyaR&Dsupportagencyorfrominternational
resources or for those projects which are carried out by TUBITAK, those working in precompetitive research projects and in those enterprises benefiting from technopreneurship capital
supportwillbediscountedatarateof90%forthosewithdoctoratedegreesand80%forothers
HalftheamountofsocialsecuritypaymentswhichisrequiredtobepaidbytheemployerofR&Dpersonnelworkingforcompaniesemployingmorethan50researchersandthosewitha
projectfundedbyaR&DsupportagencyorfrominternationalresourcesorforthoseprojectswhicharecarriedoutbyTUBITAKwillbecoveredbytheMinistryofFinanceforfiveyears
Budgetscreatedforprecompetitiveprojectswillnotbetreatedasincomeforthepartnerorganisationkeepingtheaccounting.
Finally,theSupportforR&DInvestments scheme which is implemented by the Ministry of Economics, provides several incentives including exemption from value added tax and customs
duty,incometaxwitholding,bankloaninterestsupportandinsurancepremiumsupportforeligiblefirmsconductingR&D.
AccordingtothedataprovidedbyTUBITAK(fromthesourcesoftheMinistryofFinance),R&Dtaxallowancein2011accountedforapproximately715m(TL1,758.4m)andthenumberof
beneficiariesinthesameperiodwasrealisedas817.ThenumberofR&DpersonnelbenefitingfromincometaxwithholdingbyMay2012reached18,035.
HumanResourcesPolicies
ThedevelopmentofhumanresourcesforscienceandtechnologyishighintheagendaoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK)in Turkey. There is an increased focus on
science, technology and innovation in the new curricula designed and implemented by the Ministry of National Education since 2005. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey(TUBITAK),incooperationwiththeMinistryofNationalEducationorganisesvariousschemes(suchasscienceolympiads)topromotescienceandresearchinschools.
IncentiveshavealsobeenprovidedforuniversityresearchersbyTUBITAKintheformofprojectfinance,scholarshipsandawards.Theincentivestargetbothlocalandforeignresearchers.In
additionstoavarietyofscholarshipprogrammestargetingyoungTurkishresearchers,TUBITAKimplementstheResearchFellowshipsForForeignCitizens and PhD Fellowship for Foreign
Citizenswheretravelandresearchgrantsinthefieldsofnaturalsciences,engineeringandtechnology,medicalsciences,agriculturalsciences,socialsciencesandhumanitiesareawarded
to highly qualified PhD students and young postdoctoral researchers to enable them to conduct part of their research/PhD studies in Turkey. There is also a programme implemented by
TUBITAKtoreversebraindrainbyattractingbacktheTurkishPhDholdersfromothercountries,PostDocIncomingFellowships.TheCoCirculationScheme,partiallysupportedbytheEC
FP7MarieCurieActionsPeopleCOFUNDandcoordinatedbyTUBITAKaimstoincreaseandfacilitatetheinternationalmobilityofscientists.Theschemeofferingforincomingmobilityof100
Turkishandforeignexperiencedresearchersforperiodsof2024monthsprovidesbothresearchandemploymentopportunitiesinacademicorindustrialinstitutionsestablishedinTurkey.A
new programme have been introduced early in November, 2012, Joint Ph.D. Programme Abroad . Furthermore, TUBITAK implements a support measure called the Science and Society
ProjectSupportProgramme(whichispromotedasoneofareasundertheprimeministersinitiative)whereteachersandacademicscandevelopandimplementprojectstopromotescience
inschoolsanduniversities.
An International Researcher Committee was established according to the decision taken at the BTYK meeting on 24 December 2008 and remained operational until the BTYK meeting of 15
December 2009. The aim of the committee is to find solutions to the problems of international researchers in Turkey. The committee consisted of high level officials from the Ministry of
ForeignAffairs,theMinistryofFinance,theMinistryofNationalEducation,theMinistryofHealth,theMinistryofLabourandSocialSecurity,theMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology,
theCouncilofHigherEducation(YOK),TUBITAKandtheMinistryofInternalAffairsGeneralDirectorateofPolice.Inordertosupporttheactivitiesofthecommitteeandidentifytheproblems
ofinternationalresearchersinTurkey,workshopswerecarriedoutbyTUBITAK.
Mainissuesofinternationalresearcherstobeaddressedbythecommitteeareidentifiedasfollows:
Loweringbureaucraticburdenforobtainingandrenewalofworkpermissionforinternationalresearchersandtheirspouses
Solvingproblemsregardingresearchersdiplomaequivalenceandacademicpromotion
Improvingeducationconditionsoftheirchildren
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SolvingproblemsregardingsocialsecurityandhealthinsuranceofinternationalresearcherstomakesurethattheycantransfertheirsocialsecurityrightstoTurkeywithoutanyproblems,
andthattheycanequallybenefitfromqualityandsafehealthservicesaccessibletotheTurkishcitizens.
Thecommitteedevelopedsolutionsfortheseproblemsandidentifiedresponsibleorganisationsforexecutingactionpointsforimprovement.Thoseissuesidentifiedbythecommitteebutnot
yethavebeenaddressedweretransferredtotheScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesCoordinationCommittee,whichwasestablishedin2009.Basedonitsfiveworkinggroups,the
CommitteehasbeenworkingonthetopicstoimprovetheclimateforresearchersinTurkey,suchasenhancinggovernanceinhighereducationinstitutions,raisingresearchersincome,and
furtherincreasingthestockofqualifiedhumanresearchesforscienceandtechnology(HRST),anduniversityindustrycollaboration.Therecommendationsofthecommitteeareincorporated
intotherelatedpolicies.
InDecember2010,theNationalScienceandTechnologyHumanResourcesStrategyandActionPlan(20112016)
was approved by the Supreme Council of Science and Technology (BTYK). The document includes strategies to develop HRST according to the R8D needs of the private sector. The main
targetsaredefinedasfollows:IncreasingthenumberofpersonnelinHRSTandimprovingthedistributionofHRSTacrosssectors
Developingtheresearchculture,thecapabilitiesandexperiencesofresearchers
ImprovingtheworkenvironmentoftheHRST
Increasingthemobilityofresearchers
DevelopingtherecruitmentcapacityofR8Dpersonnel
In24th BTYKmeetingconvenedinAugust72012,9out8newdecisionsareeitherdirectlyorindirectlyrelatedwiththehumanresourcespolicies:Thecanbelistedasfollows:
Implementationofassessmentstudiestoimprovethequalityofprimaryandsecondaryeducation
Developmentanduseofdigitalcontentinprimaryandsecondaryeducationcurriculum
Supportingthedevelopmentofdigitalcontentinhighereducation
Revisionofcurriculumanddesignofeducationalcontent
Researchondifferentmodelsofforeignlanguageeducationinprimaryandsecondaryeducation
Restructuringofscholarshipprogrammesabroad
Organizationofsciencefairsforstudentsofprimaryandsecondaryeducation
Restructuringofuniversityentrancesystem
InteractionbetweenKnowledgeTrianglePolicies
The technology incubators are established in technical universities and operated by the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Organisation (KOSGEB). Through this initiative KOSGEB
aimstosupportR&DandinnovationactivitiesofSMEsandpromotesthecreationoftechnologybasedcompanies.Initiatedin1991,themeasureprovidesamixtureofgrantsandsoftloanto
entrepreneurs/SMEs having new technological ideas and innovations, in order to improve these ideas by developing prototypes, start production and compete in national and international
markets.Theincubatorsareestablishedincooperationwiththetechnicaluniversitiesandindustrialchambers.AsofDecember2012,thereare31technologyincubatorsand65incubators
withoutwallsestablishedbyKOSGEBthroughoutthecountry.
Technoparks are created to bridge the gap between the industry and academic communities, and to increase the number of companies conducting R&D as well as raising the share of
businessinR&DspendinginTurkey.Ithasbeenimplementedsince2001bytheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT)undertheLawonTechnologyDevelopmentZones.
Accordingtothelaw,technoparksareestablishedin/nearbyuniversitiesand/orresearchcentres.Thelawstimulatesthemobilityofhumanresourcesforinnovationandresearchbetweenthe
research community and business by providing incentives for researchers to work with private companies located in technoparks. The measure also encourages establishment of spinoff
companiesasitisonlypossibleforanacademicstafftostartupacompanyintechnoparksestablishedinaccordancewiththeLaw.Inaddition,incomesoutoftheR&Dactivitiesofcompanies
in the technoparks designated by the MoSIT are exempted from income and corporate taxes, and income of the R&D staff working in those companies is exempted from all taxes. In March
2011,thelawwasamended.ThemostsignificantamendmentisrelatedwiththemasproductionofR&Doutputsuseofpubliclandsfortechnologydevelopmentzones.Asof2012,thereare
45technoparksdesignatedbytheMoITofwhich32active.
TheUniversityIndustryJointResearchCentres(USAMs)wereestablishedasmixedfundingresearchorganisationsandarethejointcreationofuniversities,theScientificandTechnological
Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and at least three companies or an umbrella organisation. The USAMs main activity is precompetitive research although they can conduct contract
researchforapartnercompany.Attheendof2006,TUBITAKendedtheUSAMsupportprogrammeandstartedtheSupportProgrammefortheInitiativetoBuildScientificandTechnological
CooperationNetworksandPlatforms,whichtargetsfoundationoftechnologyplatformsfordifferentsectors.Thereare9technologyplatformsinselectedsectors.However,itisnotpossible
toclaimthattheseplatformsareefficientasexpected.Now,TUBITAKdonotacceptnewproposalsforestablishingplatformssincetheprogrammeisunderrevision.
PoliciestosupportentrepreneurshipinuniversitiesareimplementedbyKOSGEB.Incooperationwithuniversities,KOSGEBannuallyorganisesentrepreneurshiptrainingcourseswhichalso
includesmodulesforbusinessplanpreparation.
ThereexistnodirectmobilityschemesallowingScienceandEngineeringstudents/PhDs/researcherstoconductinnovationprojectsinfirms.Ontheotherhand,theIndustrialThesisProjects
SupportProgramme(SanTez)oftheMoSITpromotesuniversityindustryinteractionsbycofinancingresearchactivitiesconductedbyuniversitiesunderthesisstudiesforaprivatesector
company. The theses address research and innovation projects which aim to develop new technologybased products and processes, and to transform university research into innovative
productsandprocessesinlinewiththeneedsoftheindustry.Inthefirsthalfof2012,92SanTezprojectswerefunded.
The other programme stimulating the private sectoruniversity cooperation is the UniversityIndustry Support Programme which was launched by TUBITAK in May 2011. The programme
aimstostimulatethecommercializationoftheresearchresultsofuniversitiesandpublicresearchorganizationsbySMEs.Itsupportsprojectstargetingnewproductdevelopment,product
improvement,productqualityenhancementanddevelopingnewproductiontechniques.
In November 2012, TUBITAK announced the Entrepreneurial and Innovative University Index of Turkey in October 2012. The study is realized with a close collaboration with Council of
HigherEducation(YOK).Theindexaimstoencourageentrepreneurshipandinnovativeactivitiesinuniversities.Itcoverstheuniversitieswith50fulltimeacademicpersonnel.Therefore,126
universitiesinTurkeyarecoveredbythisindex.Thefirst50rankingswillbeannouncedeachyear.Theindexincludes23indicatorsinfivedimensions.Thesedimensionsarecompetencein
scientific and technological research, pool of intellectual property rights, collaboration and interaction, entrepreneurial and innovative culture, and economic contribution and
commercialization.Accordingto2013results,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,SabancUniversityandBilkentUniversityarethemostentrepreneurialandinnovativeuniversitiesofTurkey.
OtherPolicies
Research is becoming an increasingly important area of attention for other policies. While there are no explicit R&D strategies or policies in the other policy areas, their R&D needs are
highlightedasapolicyissueintheTenthDevelopmentPlanandinthedecisionsoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK).TheSupportProgrammeforResearchProjectsof
PublicInstitutionsisanimportanttoolforministriesandpublicorganisationstoidentifytheirR&DneedsandtoaddressthemthroughcollaborativeR&Dactivities.
IPRpoliciesmainlyfocusonincreasingthelevelofawarenesstowardsIPRinTurkey.Inordertoincreasethenumberofpatentapplicationsattheendof2006anewsupportprogrammewas
initiatedincollaborationwiththeTurkishPatentInstitute(TPE)andTUBITAK(thePatentApplicationPromotionandSupportProgramme).Thisprogrammeisrevisedin2013anditsscopeis
broadened.Inaddition,theTPEimplementsapromotioncampaignjointlywithrelatedstakeholders(suchasTUBITAK,KOSGEB,etc.)toemphasizetheimportanceofIPR.
Moreover, there are various attempts in different ministries and public institutions to support R&D activities such as Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Livestock, Ministry, Ministry of
Economics,andUndersecreteriatofDefenseIndustry.
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Governmentpolicymakingandcoordination
TheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK)headedbytheprimeministeristhetoplevelpolicymakingandcoordinationbody.Basedonstatutorydecree77thatwentintoeffect
on 4 October 1983, the BTYK was established and granted the role of identifying, monitoring and coordinating S&T policies. The BTYK has 18 permanent council members headed by the
Prime Minister and other relevant stakeholders that are invited to the BTYK meetings with advisory capacity. In total, around 120 different actors from the governmental bodies, higher
education and private sectors are represented in the BTYK meetings. The Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK), affiliated by the Ministry of Science, industry and
TechnologyandactingasthesecretariatfortheBTYK,istheprimaryorganisationwhichdesignsandmanagesresearchpoliciesandprogrammes,andoperatesresearchcentres.
TheotherimportantplayersinresearchandinnovationpolicymakingaretheMinistryofDevelopmentanditstwooperationalarms,theHighPlanningCouncil(YPK)andtheMoneyCreditand
CoordinationCouncil(PKKK).TheYPKisthehighestlevelauthorityforthepreparationandimplementationofdevelopmentplanswhicharethehighestlevelpolicydocumentslinkingresearch
andinnovationtootherpolicyareas.MinistryofDevelopmentisthesecretariatfortheYPK.TheYPKischairedbytheprimeministerandcomposedoftheministersappointedbytheprime
ministerandtheundersecretaryoftheMinistryofDevelopment.ThePKKK,headedbytheprimeminister,isresponsibleforthedeterminationofpoliciesforstatesupportprogrammesand
theallocationoffundsforthispurpose.
TheministriessuchasFinance,EnergyandNaturalResources,Economyand UnderSecretariat of the Treasury (HM) are other important bodies actively involved in the formulation of R&D
policies.TheSmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentOrganisation(KOSGEB)designs and implements policies and programmes for increasing SMEs investment in R&D and innovation.
TheTurkishAcademyofSciences(TUBA)isresponsiblefordeterminingandrecommendingscientificpriorityareasandproposinglegislationtothegovernmentonissuesrelatedtoscientists
and researchers. The Ministry of National Education and the Council of Higher Education (YOK) are other key players in S&T policymaking as they design and implement education and
trainingpoliciesandimplementprogrammesincooperationwithotheractors,suchasTUBITAK.
SciencePolicyAdvice
ScientificadvicetothegovernmentisprimarilyprovidedbytheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK).Theotherorganisationwhichhasundertakenasimilarrole
istheTurkishAcademyofSciences(TUBA).BothorganisationsareaffiliatedtotheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT).
ThescienceandtechnologypolicymakingprocessinTurkeyinvolvesallmajorstakeholders,suchasgovernmentbodies,privatesectorcompanies,universitiesandresearchinstitutionsand
nongovernmentalorganisationssuchasthechambersandsectoralassociations.ThecompositionoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK).
Toolsforpolicyadvice
ThereisnoregularmonitoringandevaluationmechanismforpoliciesandprogrammesinTurkey.Ontheotherhand,asof2010,variousorganisationsintheresearchandinnovationsystem
havetakenstepsonthesubject.ThefirstmonitoringandevaluationexerciseofresearchmeasurestookplacefortheIndustrialTechnologyProjectcarriedoutduring19992005,wherethe
funding provided by the World Bank for research and innovation activities was evaluated. However, this evaluation only applied to small proportion of research schemes. In 2010, an
independentexpostevaluationofR&DsupportschemeoftheSmallandMediumEnterprisesDevelopmentOrganisation(KOSGEB)wasconductedfollowinginternationalnormsalongwiththe
otherSMEsupportmeasuresofKOSGEB.Inthesameperiod,theScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)startedtotakestepsfortheevaluationofitsprogrammes
byconductingaliteraturereview,developingindicatorsandsurveysforevaluation.Oneofthetwopilotregionaldevelopmentagencies(CukurovaDevelopmentAgency)implementedthefirst
evaluationstudyoftheregionalsupportschemesin2011.Anindependentevaluationwascarriedfollowinginternationalnorms.
The first foresight study of Turkey was carried out between 2002 and 2004 under the Vision 2023 Project (see TrendChart report Annual Innovation Policy Trends and Appraisal Report
Turkey, 2006). Two hundred and fortyeight individual policy stakeholders from the world of science, technology and innovation participated in 12 technology foresight panels and 2,323
persons participated in a Delphi survey. This represents the largest ever level of participation in the policymaking process by government, the business sector, academia and non
governmentalorganisations.TheforesightwascoordinatedbyTUBITAKtoinvestigatealternativefuturesinkeyareasandtosetprioritiesinR&D.Anotherforesightexercisewasimplemented
bytheTurkishAcademyofSciences(TUBA)todetermineTurkeysscientificprioritiesbetween2001and2004period.Theresultsofthebothforesightstudieswereusedasinputstodesign
theS&TpoliciesinTurkey.
AsatooltosupportthesectoraldimensionofTurkishS&Tandinnovationpolicy,technologyplatformswereinitiatedbyTUBITAKin2007.ThefirstfiveTechnologyPlatformswereestablished
in the sectors that have the highest share of exports in the Turkish economy. These included the automotive, electric and electronics, metal, textiles and marine sectors. The initiative was
then extended to three new sectors, namely energy and pharmaceuticals, which have the highest share of imports in the Turkish economy, and agriculture as a sector with strategic
importance. The technology platforms have already started to function as an interface to which the public bodies refer to whenever they need to integrate the business perspective into
sectoralpolicies.
Asnecessary,adhoccommitteestotheBTYKallowstakeholderstoidentifyspecificproblemsandgeneratepolicyrecommendationsthatfeedbackintothepolicymakingprocessattheBTYK
level.
OtherassetsforcoordinationandcoherenceoutsideofBTYKincludetheTechnicalCommitteeonR&DinvolvingtheBTYKpermanentmembersandotherstakeholders.Asoneofthetwelve
technicalcommitteesoftheCoordinationBoardforImprovingtheInvestmentEnvironment(YOIKK),theYOIKKR&DTechnicalCommitteewasestablishedin2008.Itbringstogetherprivate
sector and government representatives to make recommendations to the Council of Ministers. Coordinated by TUBITAK, its work includes the investigation of alternative structures for
revolvingfundsandmeansoffacilitatinguniversityindustrycooperation,technologytransfer,R&DorientedFDI,andinternationalresearchers.
TheBTYKresolvedbydecreethatpublicinstitutionsaretodevelopresearchprogramstosatisfytheR&DneedsofpublicinstitutionsandtofosterR&Ddemandatsocietallevel.Therehave
been15publicR&Dprogrammeslaunchedbypublicinstitutions.Thisinitiativehasbeenanimportanttoolforintegratingsystematicallytheneedsofpublicinstitutionsintothescienceand
technology policy making process. The Support Programme for Research Projects of Public Institutions of TUBITAK is used as an instrument to implement the public R&D programmes
preparedbypublicinstitutions.
Actorsinpolicyimplementation
The main organisations responsible for implementing research policies are the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT), the Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TUBITAK), the Ministry of Development and the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA). TUBITAK Directorates (e.g. the Science Fellowships and Grant Programmes Department,
Academic Research Funding Programme Directorate, and the Technology and Innovation Funding Programmes Directorate), Ministry of Finance, the Small and Medium Enterprises
DevelopmentOrganisation(KOSGEB),andtheTechnologyDevelopmentFoundationofTurkey(TTGV)withcontributionsfromtheMinistryofEconomyarethemainbodiesresponsibleforthe
implementationofinnovationpolicymeasures.AlltheseactorsactivelytakepartinpolicyformulationthroughclosecollaborationwithTUBITAK.Theirseniormanagementsparticipateinthe
meetingsoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology.
Theseorganisationsalsodesigntheinnovationpolicymeasuresthattheyimplement,generallyinconsultationwithnationaland/orinternationalexternalexperts.Theopinionsoftheirtarget
groups (the business sector, entrepreneurs, SMEs, etc.) are sought during the design process by various means such as interviews and surveys. Research carried out by the state
universitiesiseitherfundedfromtheirownbudgetsorprojectsupportsaresoughtfromtheMinistryofDevelopmentorTUBITAK.
Fundingflows
2008
GERD(million)
2012
2011
EU27
3,761.40
2010
3,627.90
2009
4,657.08
4,535.5
5,534.5
246,580.248e
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GERDpercapita
51.1
R&Dintensity(GERDas%ofGDP)
GERDfinancedbyabroadas%oftotalGERD
2.06
9.2*e
1,916.5
1.27
54.9*e
0.6
1,875.4
1.22
152,493.135e
46.8
0.7
1,604.2
1.28
2,496.3
45.8
0.8
1,530.5
1.02
GBAORDas%ofgeneralgovernmentexpenditure
525.8
0.92
1,958.8
45.1
1.1
1,028.4
GBAORD(million)
1,981.4
41
1.3
0.86
47.3
73.2
1,497.8
GERDfinancedbybusinessenterpriseas%oftotalGERD
0.84
1,596.1
61.1
0.85
BERD(million)
63.2
0.72
52.4
86,309.5
1.11
1.42e
Source:EurostatandTurkStat.
e:estimated
*2011
Total GERD of Turkey has increased more than 10 times from 2000 to 2012 on TL basis reaching 5,534.5m (TL13,062.3m) in 2012 according to the Turkish Statistical Institute
(TURKSTAT).In2012,46.8%ofR&Dexpenditureswerefinancedbybusinessenterprises,28.2%bygovernmentsector,21.1%byhighereducationsector,3.4%byothernationalsources
and0.6%byforeignfunds.
In 2012, 45.1% of R&D activity was performed by business enterprise sector, 43.9% by higher education sector and 11.0% by government sector. These figures were 45.5% by higher
educationsector,43.2%bybusinessenterprisessectorand11.3%bygovernmentsectorin2011.
Public funding for research and innovation is provided through the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (MoSIT), the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK), the Ministry of Development, the Ministry of Economy, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organisation (KOSGEB) and the Technology Development Foundation of
Turkey(TTGV).Thedecisionsforfundingarecentralforalltheseorganisations.Directfundingisprovidedtotheuniversitiesfortheirscientificresearchprojects.Universitiesfundresearch
projectsfromtheiryearlybudgets.ThelargestshareofresourcesisusedbyTUBITAKtofinanceR&Dprojects
Governmentsector
Overview
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ThegrossexpenditureonR&Dincreasedby61.5between2009and2012inrealterms(in2011constantprices).Between20092012,theBusinessExpenditureonR&D(BERD)undertaken
inTurkeyincreasedby82.1%inrealterms.Therewas41.4%increaseinGovernmentExpenditureonR&Dand49.5%increaseintheHigherEducationR&Dinrealtermsbetween2009
20012. The amounts allocated for R&D in the state budget have not been cut but increased during the global financial crisis: funds allocated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 were 702.14m,
881.39mand905.32m,respectively.In2011,773.73mwasallocated(BTYK23,2011).
BothinstitutionalandprojectbasedfundingisavailableforuniversitiesandpublicR&Dcentres.TheMinistryofDevelopmentapprovesaspartoftheiryearlybudgetthepersonnelandlarge
infrastructure needs of universities and public R&D centres. For projectbased funding, they apply to the programmes carried out by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey(TUBITAK).Theseprogrammesfinancebottomup/freefundingprojects.Nearlyhalfofthestatefundingisallocatedforcompetitiveprogrammes:In2011,nearly37%ofthestate
budgetforR&Dwasallocatedtoprojectbasedsubsidies,while25%wasearmarkedforpublicresearchinstitutesand38%wasallocatedforuniversities(BTYK23,2011).
Theonlymodeoffundingavailablefortheprivatesectorisprojectbasedfundingwhichfinancesbottomup/freefundingprojects.Defence,spaceandnucleartechnologiesarethethree
fields supported through thematic programmes of TUBITAK. In addition TTGV has recently launched a thematic programme in 2010 for supporting projects in selected technology fields
(theseincludetechnologiesfortheproductionofhighvalueaddedbioproductsfromagriculturalwasteadvancedmaterialtechnologiesandsensitiveproductiontechniquestechnologiesfor
theproduction,storageanddistributionofrenewableenergyfoodtechnologiesbiomedicaltechnologiesandtechnologiesforadaptationtoclimatechange).
InstitutionalFunding
In2010,41.2m(1=1.99TL)wasallocatedfortheresearchinstitutesoftheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)(informationontheresearchinstitutesof
TUBITAK can be found at http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sid/993/pid/547/index.htm). These funds were mainly used for the research activities of these institutes. 2,650 projects which are
financedbyTUBITAKproceedswith205.34m(TL484.6m)budget.
ResearchcarriedoutbystateuniversitiesismainlyfundedfromtheirownbudgetsasallocatedbytheMinistryofFinance
Competitivefunding
ThebasicresearchfundingisallocatedtotheresearchbudgetfortheprogrammesimplementedbytheResearchSupportProgrammesDirectorate(ARDEB)oftheScientificandTechnological
Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). The major programmes managed by ARDEB are the Support Programme for Scientific and Technological Research Projects, the ShortTerm R&D
Funding Programme the National Young Researcher Career Development Programme, Global Researcher Programme (EVRENA) and the Support Programme for the Initiative to Build
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Networks and Platforms (ISBAP). These programmes finance bottomup/ free funding projects. The competition calls are opened based on the
intervalsagreedbytheScienceBoardofTUBITAKeachyear,andtheprojectsarepeerreviewedbynationalevaluatorsbasedonthecriteriaprovidedbyTUBITAK(theselectioncriteriamainly
includes the quality of the research proposed and of the research teams involved). The funds allocated for the programmes of ARDEB in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 were 53.7m,
56.7m,58.3m,76m(TL161.6m)and73.11m(TL179.8m),respectively.In2012,itisexpectedtobe136m(TL320m).
The Ministry of Development finances R&D investments of universities and public research institutes. According to TUBITAK data, funding provided by the Ministry for R&D investments at
universities,TUBITAKandotherpublicorganisationswere246min2010(1=1.99TL),174min2009(1=2.15TL)and141min2008(1=1.90TL).Totalamountoffundsbetween
2005and2010was1.04b.
The Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology implements the Industrial Thesis Projects Support Programme (SanTez) where bottomup/ free funding projects are supported to
promoteuniversityindustryinteractionsbycofinancingresearchactivitiesconductedbyuniversitiesunderthesisstudiesforprivatesectorcompanies.Themaincriteriaincludethequality
oftheprojectandtheresearchteam.In2011,19mwasprovidedtotheSanTezprojects.(1=2.46)Thisamountwas11min2010(1=1.99TL).Sincethestartoftheprogrammein
2006,theMinistryprovided58m(TL136.m).
The R&D projects of the industry are funded by the Technology and Innovation Support Programmes Directorate (TEYDEB) of TUBITAK, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development
Organisation(KOSGEB)andtheTechnologyDevelopmentFoundationofTurkey(TTGV).
ThemainprogrammeimplementedbyTEYDEBistheIndustrialR&DFundingProgrammewherebottomup/freefundingprojectsaresupported.Theprogrammeisopenforapplications
throughouttheyear.FortheassessmentoftheprojectsTUBITAKusesexternalexperts.Themainselectioncriteriaincludethequalityofthescientific,technologicalandeconomicaspectsof
theprojectqualityoftheprojectplanning,andqualityoftheapplicant.Externalnationalexpertsareappointedfortheassessmentoftheprojects.In2011,TEYDEBprovidedapproximately
121.21m(1=2.46TL)forthesupportedprojects.In2010,itwas160.08m(1=1.99TL).In2012,itisexpectedtobe138.13m(1=2.35TL).Thetotalamountofsupportprovided
between2005and2011was0.97b.
KOSGEB finances the measure aims to support research and development activities of SMEs through its Technology Research and Development Support programme. Bottomup/ free
funding projects are financed. Quality of the technological and economic aspects of the project quality of the project planning, and that of the applicant include the key selection criteria.
Project applications are assessed by external experts together with experts from KOSGEB. The funds earmarked to support the R&D projects of SMEs by the KOSGEB in 2009 were
approximately3.07m.(1=2.15TL)In2008,KOSGEBprovided3.89munderthisprogramme.(1=1.90TL)Thetotalamountoffundsprovidedbetween2005and2009was15.53m.
ThisprogrammewasreplacedwiththeR&D,InnovationandIndustrialApplicationSupportProgrammeinmid2010.In2010,theamountprovidedunderthisprogrammewas4.87m(1=
1.99TL).
TTGVfinancesindustrialR&Dprojects(bottomup/freefundingprojects)throughsoftloansundertheR&DProjectsSupport(loanbyTTGV).
Othermodesoffunding
TUBITAKimplementstheprizeschemestopromotescienceandscientificresearchunderdifferentcategories.TheSciencePrizeisawardedtotheoutstandingTurkishscientistsbothinthe
fields of natural sciences, and social sciences and humanities. In 2010, The Science Prize prize was awarded in the field of medical sciences. The other category of prize (socalled the
Special Prize) is awarded to Turkish scientists who contributed to science with the studies carried out abroad. In 2010, two prizes were awarded in the fields of engineering and social
sciences.Eachwinningscientistwasprovidedwitharound12,500forbothprizecategories.ThethirdcategoryoftheprizeiscalledthePromotionPrizesorganisedforscientistsbelow40
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yearsofage.In2010,14promotionprizeswereawardedwith5,000perscientist.
TUBITAKalsoorganisesaprizecalledtheThirdWorldAcademyofScience(TWAS)PromotionPrize.TheTWASPromotionPrizeisawardedtoyoungscientistswhoprovedtheirpotentialto
contributetoscienceinthefuture.Theprizeisawardedinoneofthefieldsofmathematic,physics,chemistryandbiologyineachyear.Theprizeamountisaround$2,000.
BusinessEnterpriseSector
Overview
Intramural
Accordingtotheresultsofthe2012R&DsurveyconductedbytheTurkishStatisticalInstitute(TURKSTAT),theR&Dexpendituresofthebusinesssectoramounttoapproximately2,496.3m.
Thebusinesssectorfunded89.6%ofitsR&Dexpendituresfromitsownresources,9.4%isfinancedbythegovernmentsresources,therestisfromothernationalsourcesandinternational
resources.For2012,totalexpendituresofthebusinesssectoronR&Dwascalculatedas45.1%ofGERD.ThesubsectorswiththehighestpercentageofBERDareComputerProgramming,
ConsultancyandRelatedActivities(475.4m),"ArchitecturalandEngineeringActivities,TechnicalTestingandAnalysis,ScientificResearchandDevelopment(363.4m)andManufacture
ofMotorVehicles,TrailersandSemiTrailers(334.2m)witharound47%oftotalexpenditures(TURKSTAT,2013).
Accordingtothe2013R&Drankingofthetop2000worldcompanies,therearesixcompanies(Koc,FordOtomotiv,Tofas,VestelElektronik,IpekDogalEnerjiKaynaklariAratrmaveUretim
and KVK) from Turkey which ranked among the top 2000 world companies by level of R&D investment. Koc (general industrials) ranked the 614th with an R&D investment of 119.8m in
2012(with22%increasefromthesameperiodinthepreviousyear).Netsalesofthecompanyinthesameyearwerereportedas32,979.3mandtheR&D/Netsalesratioas0.4%.Ford
Otomotiv (automobiles and parts), which ranked the 1248rd in the list invested 45.8m in 2012 . The net sales of the company in 2012 were 4,154.7m and the R&D/Net sales ratio was
1.1%. Tofas (automobiles and parts), which ranked the 1290rd in the list invested 44.1m in 2012.The net sales of the company in 2012 were 2,852m and the R&D/Net sales ratio was
1.5%.VestelElektronik(electronicandelectricalequipment)rankedthe1360thwithanR&Dinvestmentof40.7min2012(with18.9%increasefromthesameperiodinthepreviousyear).
Net sales of the company in the same year were reported as 3,196.3m and the R&D/Net sales ratio as 1.3%. The fifth Turkish company in the scoreboard, pek Dogal Enerji Kaynaklari
ArastrmaveUretimfrommediasectorrankedthe1827thwithanR&Dinvestmentof25.8min2012(with128%increasefromthesameperiodinthepreviousyear).Thenetsalesofthe
companyin2012were503.3mandtheR&D/Netsalesratiowas5.1%.ThelastTurkishcompanyinthescoreboard,KVKTeknolojiUrunleri(technologyhardwareandequipment)rankedthe
1917thwith12%decreasefromthesameperiodinthepreviousyear.
Extramural
Ofthetotalfundingof2,143mforresearchinhighereducationinstitutionsin2010,theTurkishprivatesectorcontributed347m(16%).Thecontributionofinternationalsourcesinthe
totalR&Dspendingsisonly0.8%ofthetotalGERDand1.3%ofthetotalBERDfortheyear2010.
Fundingfromabroad
FP7participation
TurkeyparticipatedasanassociatedcountryintheFP7inJune2007.TotalcontributionofTurkeyisexpectedtobe423.5mattheendof2013.Accordingtotheinformationprovidedbythe
ScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK) in June 2011, the total amount of national funds provided for FP7 budget was 130.8m between 20072011. Within the
sameperiod,thenumberofTurkishparticipantsinFP7projectsreached737andvalueofthoseprojectsaddedupto2,5b(TurkeyinFP7,2011).
IPAFunding
Asacandidatecountry,TurkeybenefitsfromtheInstrumentforthePreAccessionAssistance(IPA)oftheEU(http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/ipa/index_en.cfm).
TheIPAisimplementedunderthefollowingprogrammes:
IPAEnvironmentOperationalProgrammeinTurkey
IPARegionalCompetitivenessOperationalProgrammeinTurkey
IPATransportOperationalProgrammeinTurkey.
It is not possible to identify the amount of funds allocated under IPA for promoting innovation activities (including universityindustry collaboration), research infrastructures and human
resources for R&D. On the other hand, IPA Regional Competitiveness Operational Programme in Turkey clearly supports projects for promoting innovation activities under the following
priorities:
Priority 1 Improvement of Business Environment: aims to create a better business environment to increase the number of enterprises, enhance the productivity and competitiveness of
existingenterprisesandcontributetotheoverallrateofemployment,byimprovingphysicalinfrastructureandcreatingasupportiveenvironmentforSMEs.TheECcontributiontothispriority
axiswas255.6mandnationalpubliccontributionwas45.1mfortheperiod20072011.
Priority2StrengtheningofEnterpriseCapacityandFosterEntrepreneurship:aimstoimprovetheefficiencyandaddedvalueproducedbyenterprises,byenhancingentrepreneurialcapacity,
as well as competitiveness and employment creation capacity of SMEs, through the provision of basic information support and consultancy services, particularly to startups, and
strengtheningclusteringandnetworkingactivities.Forthispriorityaxis,theECcontributed31.9mandtheTurkishgovernmentprovided5.6mbetween2007and2011.
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OtherEUProgrammes
EUREKA projects are financed out of the funds allocated to the Technology and Innovation Support Programmes Directorate (TEYDEB) of TUBITAK through the International Industrial R&D
ProjectsSupportProgramme.Therearenoannualbudgetaryallocationsforthispurposeandtheamountsusedaredependentontheprojectapplicationsoftherespectiveperiod.In2009,
37projectapplicationsweresubmittedtotheprogrammeand33wereaccepted.AsofOctober2010,therewereatotalof76ongoingprojectsandthreewereintheapplicationstage.The
totalamountofsupportprovidedfortheseongoingprojectswasaround3m.
Turkish SMEs participated in 12 EUROSTARS projects during the four calls for proposals, and submitted five project applications to the fifth call in 2010. For further information on the
evaluationof7th FrameworkProgrammeseehttp://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files//BTYPD/BTYK/btyk24/EK1_7CP_Raporu.pdf
International(nonEU)funding
Thereare26internationalbilateraland7multilateralagreementsonresearch.
Privatenonprofitsector
Therearenodataavailableontheresearchfundedbycharitablefoundations/notforprofitfundinginTurkey.
ImportantResearchProgrammes
IndustrialThesis(SANTEZ)ProjectsSupportProgramme
IndustrialR&DFundingProgramme(grantbyTUBITAKTEYDEB)
TheSupportProgrammeforScientificandTechnologicalResearchProjects
TechnologyDevelopmentProjectSupport
SupportProgrammeforResearchandDevelopmentProjectsofPublicInstitutions
HigherEducationInstitutions
Universitiesarethelargestresearchanddevelopment(R&D)performersinTurkey.AccordingtothedataprovidedbytheTurkishStatisticalInstitute(TURKSTAT),in2012R&Dexpenditures
performedbybythebusinesssectorwasreportedas445.1%asopposedto43.9%thehighereducationsectorand11.0%bythegovernmentsector.
Thereare164Turkishuniversitiesofwhich61areprivatelyowned.Universitiesemploy130,653academicstaffandthetotalnumberofstudentsisaround5m.Therewere2,263,704female
and2,672,887malestudentsattendingtouniversitiesintheperiod20122013.ThenumbersoffemaleandmalestudentsattendingPhDdegreeprogrammesinthesameperiodwere25,644
and34,667,respectively(OSYM).
Between2003and2010,totalfundingprovidedthroughtheS&TsectorinvestmentbudgetforHEIsallocatedbyStatePlanningOrganisation(DPTReplacedbytheMinistryofDevelopment in
2011)was646m.ThefundingprovidedbytheMinistryofFinance in the same period for research through the budgetary allocations was 1,403m. The Higher Education Council (YOK),
whichisaconstitutionalbodyreportingtothePresidentoftheRepublic,steerstheactivitiesofhighereducationinstitutionsinimportantareassuchasplanning,organisation,governance,
instructionandresearch.TheInteruniversitiesCouncilisresponsibleforthecoordinationandevaluationoftheresearchactivitiesofuniversitiesandforadvisingYOKonthesubject.The
listofalltheuniversitiesandlinkstotheirwebsitescanbefoundathttp://www.yok.gov.tr/en/content/view/527/222/
Everyuniversityhasabudgetforthesalariesandinvestmentstofundtheirregularactivities.Totalbudgetoftheuniversitiesfor2011wasaround5.2bwhichapproximatelycorrespondsto
3.4%ofthetotalstatebudget.AccordingtoTURKSTAT,totalR&Dspendingoftheuniversitieswasaround910min2010thatisalmost20%ofthetotalbudgetofuniversities(4.7b)inthe
sameyear.Theamountofresearchcarriedoutbyuniversitieswhichisfundedbytheprivatesectorincreasedfrom19.4%in2000to23.4%in2007.Howeverfor2010thisamountdropped
downto16.2%.
Forresearchspending,academicsneedtoprepareapplicationsfortheirownprojectstoapplyeithertoTUBITAKortheMinistryofDevelopment.Universitiesalsoallocateapercentageoftheir
revolvingfundsforR&Dprojects,whichusuallydoesnotexceed5%oftheirincomesfromtherevolvingfunds.Furthermore,universityindustryjointresearchcentreswereestablishedby
regional universities, industrialists and TUBITAK (Ceramics Research Centre in Eskisehir Anadolu University, Textile Research Centre in Ege University, Biomedical Technologies Centre in
Hacettepe University, Adana UniversityIndustry Joint Research Centre in Cukurova University, Automotive Technologies R&D Centre in Istanbul Technical University and METUOSTIM
AdvancedManufacturingSystemsandTechnologiesCentreinOSTIMOrganisedIndustrialZone).Attheendof2006,TUBITAKendedtheUSAMsupportprogrammeandstartedScientific and
TechnologicalCooperationNetworksandPlatformsProgrammewhichtargetsthecreationoftechnologyplatformsfordifferentsectors.FourofthepreviousUSAMsaresupportedthroughthis
programme.
TheprimaryoutputoftheuniversityresearchinTurkeyisthescientificpublications.Thenumberofresearchpublicationsrose,from17,438in2005to28,254in2010.Turkeysrankingin
journalscoveredbytheScienceCitationIndex(SCI)haslikewiseimproved,from41stin1990to18thin2010.IntheSCI,Turkeyismostvisibleinclinicalmedicine,followedbyengineering
andtechnology(seeUNESCOScienceReport2010).
Publicresearchorganisations
Therearemorethan100publicresearchinstitutionsinTurkeywitharound2,000researchers.Accordingtothe2012R&DsurveyresultsoftheTurkishStatisticalInstitute(TURKSTAT),itis
estimatedthat12,088FTER&Dpersonnelareemployedbythepublicsectorwhichconstitute11.5%ofalltheresearchersinTurkey.PublicresearchasashareoftotalR&Dexpenditureshas
increasedfrom8%in2005to11.0%in2012.
ThemostactivepublicresearchinstitutesarethoseestablishedbytheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK): The Marmara Research Centre (TUBITAK MAM),
theSpaceTechnologiesResearchInstitute(TUBITAKUZAY),theDefenceIndustriesResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(TUBITAKSAGE),theNationalElectronicsandCryptologyResearch
Institute(TUBITAKUEKAE)andtheBasicSciencesResearchInstitute(TUBITAKTBAE).
TUBITAKMAM is the largest public research centre. There are seven institutes in the centre, namely the Energy Institute, Environment Institute, Materials Institute, Chemistry Institute,
EnvironmentInstitute,FoodInstitute,GeneticEngineeringandBiotechnologyInstitute,andEarth&MarineSciencesResearchInstitute.MAMalsorunsatechnopark.
TheGeneralDirectorateforAgriculturalResearch(TAGEM)whichisaffiliatedtotheMinistryofFood,AgricultureandLivestock,isalsooneofthebiggestpublicresearchorganisationshaving
sevencentralandnineregionalresearchinstitutes,and34thematicresearchinstitutes.
AnotherimportantpublicorganisationassociatedwithresearchistheTurkishAtomicEnergyAuthority(TAEK).TheresearchactivitiesofTAEKarecarriedoutinSaraykoyNuclearResearch
andTrainingCentre(SANAEM)andCekmeceNuclearResearchCentre(CNAEM).Inaddition,thereareR&Dcentres(RefikSaydamHifzissihhaCentre)undertheMinistryofHealth.
Other notable research public research centres include the National Boron Research Institute, which carries out and coordinates the research on boron and related compounds and the
researchcentreslinkedtotheuniversities,suchastheNanotechnologyResearchCentreatBilkentUniversityandtheMicroelectromechanicalSystemsResearchandApplicationCentre
Other notable research public research centres include the National Boron Research Institute, which carries out and coordinates the research on boron and related compounds and the
researchcentreslinkedtotheuniversities,suchastheNanotechnologyResearchCentreatBilkentUniversityandtheMicroelectromechanicalSystemsResearchandApplicationCentre.
Businessenterprisesector
According to the results of the 2012 R&D survey, the private sector employs 52,233 fulltime equivalent R&D personnel (22.3% female), 35,034 of which were classified as researchers,
12,861astechniciansand4,338assupportpersonnel.Manufacturingindustryemploys49.7%ofTurkeysprivateR&Dpersonnel.Researchintensivecompanieswithatleast50researchers
applytoMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnologytoregistertheirR&DdepartmentsasR&DcentretobenefitfromthetaxincentivesprovidedbytheLaw on Promoting Research and
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DevelopmentActivitieswhichwasenforcedin2008.
AsofJune2012,126companieswereentitledasR&Dcentretobenefitfromtaxexemptionssincetheyemployedat50R&Dpersonnelandfulfilthecriteriasetbythelaw.R&Dspending
committedbytheR&Dcentreswasabout0,759bin2009(1=2.15TL)and0.934bin2010(1=1.99TL).ThetotalnumberofR&Dpersonnelemployedbytheexisting126firmswas
14,398byJune2012.Thesefirmsaremainlyfromtheautomotiveandparts,ICT,durableconsumergoods,electronicsanddefencesectors.
Since2005,TurkishfirmshavetakenplaceintherankingofEUIndustrialR&DInvestmentScoreboard.R&Drankingoftheworldtop2000companiesin2013,thereissixcompaniesfrom
Turkey. Koc (119.8m), Ford Otomotiv (45.8m), Tofas (44.1m), Vestel Elektronik (40.7) , Ipek Dogal Enerji Kaynaklari Aratirma ve Uretim (25.8m ) and KVK Teknoloji Urunleri ve
Ticaret(24.0m)arerankedinthetop2000WorldR&Dperformerslist.
PublicprivateResearchandTechnologyOrganisations
The six UniversityIndustry Joint Research Centres (USAMs) were established as mixed funding research organisations, and were jointly created by universities, the Scientific and
Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and at least three companies or an umbrella organisation. The USAMs main activity is precompetitive research although they can
conductcontractresearchforapartnercompany(seeTrendChartreportAnnualInnovationPolicyTrendsandAppraisalReportTurkey,2006).Thesecentresincludethefollowing:
CeramicsResearchCentreinEskisehirAnadoluUniversity
TextileResearchCentreinEgeUniversity
AdanaCukurovaUniversityIndustryJointResearchCentre
AutomotiveTechnologiesR&DCentreinIstanbulTechnicalUniversity
BiomedicalTechnologiesCentreinHacettepeUniversity
AdvancedManufacturingTechnologiesCentreintheOSTIMIndustrialZonewhichwasestablishedincooperationwiththeMiddleEastTechnicalUniversity(METU)
At the end of 2006, TUBITAK ended the USAM support programme and started The Support Programme for the Initiative to Build Scientific and Technological Cooperation Networks and
Platforms
LabourMarketforResearchers
Themainactionstakenatnationalleveltoenhancetransnationalmobilityincludethefollowing:
The number of support measures to stimulate inward and outward mobility has increased in the last decade. These measures are mainly implemented by the Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). Examples of outward mobility schemes include the InternationalResearch Fellowship Programme supporting PhD students who are registered in
domesticdoctoralprogramsinbasicandappliedsciencefieldstoperformresearchabroadandtheInternationalPostdoctoralResearchScholarshipProgrammewherescientistswhoperform
researchinNaturalSciences,MedicalSciences,SocialSciencesandHumanitiesandEngineeringandTechnologicalSciencesabroadaresupported.
InwardmobilityprogrammesencouragebothforeignresearchersandTurkishscientistsworkingabroad.SomeexamplesincludethePhDFellowshipsforForeignCitizenswheregrantsare
provide to highly qualified students who intend to complete their PhD studies in Turkey the Visiting Scientists Fellowship Programme which funds scientists working at universities or
research centres abroad to attend conferences and lectures organised in Turkey, and/or shortterm R&D and innovation assignments the Global Researcher Programme (EVRENA) where
researchers(Turkishandforeign)whoresideoutsideofTurkeycanparticipateinnationalresearchprojects.Furthermore,TUBITAKlaunchedaprogramme2010toencouragethebraingain.
Underthisprogramme,TUBITAKprovidesscholarships(1,341/monthfor2years)totheTurkishresearcherswhofinalisedhis/herPhDstudiesandworked2yearsabroadatajobrelated
tohis/herareaofexpertise.
Turkeyactivelyparticipatesininternational,mainlyEU,mobilityprogrammesandnetworks(suchasMarieCurieandEURAXESS).Forexample,in2010TUBITAKstartedtoorganiseaseries
ofworkshopsonDestinationTurkey:EuropeanandNationalFundingOpportunitiesforBrainCirculation,R&DCooperationandResearchCareerincooperationwiththeEuropeanCommission
(EC), National Science Foundation (NSF) and Turkish Research and Business Organisations (TURBO) to increase awareness on national mobility schemes for researchers and Marie Curie
ActionsunderFP7aswellasresearchcollaborationbetweenEuropeandtheUSA.
Scientificexchangeprogrammesareimplementedunderbilateralagreements.
Science and Technology Human Resources Strategy and Action Plan (20112016) was prepared to make Turkey as an attractive destination and improve the climate for researchers
through.AdhoccommitteeswereestablishedbyTUBITAKtocoordinatetheseefforts.
For20102011AcademicYear,thenumberofforeignresearchersandacademicstaffholdingpermanentpositionsis1,332.AccordingtoEurostat,studentsparticipatingintertiaryeducation
inscienceandengineeringasapercentageofpopulationaged2029was4.5%(asopposedto7.3%intheEU27)andAnnualAverageGrowthRateintheperiod20032008were13.4%(as
opposedto3.3%intheEU27).Thenumberofgraduatesinscienceandtechnologyfields(totalin1000s)in2007was416.Humanresourcesinscienceandtechnology(HRST)betweenthe
age2564(economicallyactivepopulation)in2009was4,837(totalin1000s).
ThepercentageofpermanentpositionsinHEIsoccupiedbyforeignersinTurkeyin20122013AcademicYearis0.95%.
The academic staff working in state universities in Turkey are civil servants. Those working for private universities are subject to legislation governing private sector employees. The
temporarycontracts/fellowshipsaresubjecttosocialandhealthtaxes.
ThereexistnoanyspecificVISAregulationsthatfacilitatethework/residencepermitofforeignresearchersinTurkey.
TheTurkishCitizenshipLawNo.5901enactedin2009,facilitatestheconditionsforagroupofpeopleincludingthescientisttoacquireTurkishcitizenship.AccordingtotheArticle12(b),
personswhohaverenderedorbelievedtorenderanoutstandingserviceinthefieldsofscience,technology,sports,cultureorartsmaybereceivedintoTurkishcitizenshipuponaproposal
bytheMinistryofInterioranddecisionoftheCouncilofMinisters.
ResearchInfrastructures
TurkeyisamemberofEuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructuresandactivelyparticipatesinthethematicworkinggroupsandintheEURoadmapWorkingGroups(inthefieldsof
Biological and Medical Sciences, Physical Sciences and Engineering, Environmental Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities). As a part of the ESFRI related activities, the Ministry of
DevelopmentisintheprocessofdevelopingtheResearchInfrastructuresRoadmapforTurkey.Intheroadmappingstudy,energy,biomedical,physics,engineeringandsocialsciencesare
given priority. In addition, Turkey is a partner in the ESFRI projects such as the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory and the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe,
and is taking steps to participate in the PanEuropean infrastructure for clinical trials and biotherapy. Turkey does not commit funds for the implementation of the ESFRI Infrastructures.
MinistryofDevelopmentmadesignificantinvestmentsforresearchinfrastructuressince2004andlargescaleresearchinfrastructuresstartedtobeestablished.Thematicresearchcenters
andcentralresearchlaboratorieswereestablishedinmajoruniversities.However,theimpactsoftheseinvestmentshavenotyetbeenassessed.Anotherproblemisthesustainabilityofthese
researchinfrastructures.TheMinistrydoesnotallocatefundsforthesustainabilityoftheselaboratoriesandresearchcenters.Inthecontextoftheseconcerns,MinistryofDevelopmenthas
started initiatives for the improvement of thematic university research centers support programme by the July 2011. The new regulation is expected to be promulgated in the first half of
2013.
Moreover, Turkey has obtained funds for research infrastructures from FP7. According to TUBITAKs report on FP7, Turkey obtained 10,784,335 Euros from research Infrastructures and
11,486,684EurosfromREGPOTprogrammesbytheendofJune2012.
ActivitiesarebeingcarriedoutbytheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)toestablishcollaborationswiththeInternationalCentreforGeneticEngineeringand
Biotechnology,EuropeanMolecularBiologyLaboratoryandtheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA).Amongtheseinstitutions,collaborationswiththeESAareattachedhigherpriority.Anagreement
wassignedin2004betweenTurkeyandtheESAoncooperationintheexplorationanduseofouterspaceforpeacefulpurposes.TurkeysignedtheEuropeanMolecularBiologyConferencein
1993.
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TheTurkishAtomicEnergyAuthority(TAEK)hasbeeninchargeofcoordinationoftheactivitiesrelatedtoCERN.
ResearchOrganisations
In Turkey, almost all universities aim to improve their quality in education and research in line with the Bologna Process. Governance reform activities in Turkey have mainly focused on
developingtheQualityManagementStandardsforHEIsissuedbytheYOK.In2005,aregulationconcerningtheQualityManagementandEvaluationPrinciplestobeappliedinUniversities
waspublishedintheOfficialGazette.Accordingtotheregulation,universitiesinTurkeyshouldestablishaqualitymanagementsystemwhereaninternalevaluationisconductedeveryyear
andanexternalevaluationiscarriedouteveryfiveyears.However,externalevaluationshavenotbeenaccomplishedyet.Universitiesarerequiredtodeveloptheirstrategicplansaccordingto
theresultsoftheseevaluations.Publicuniversities,inaccordancewithnewpublicmanagementlawissuedin2003,havepreparedthefirststrategicplansinthelastfiveyears.TheCouncil
ofHigherEducation(YOK)approvedthefieldsofeducationandprogrammesunderNationalQualificationsFrameworkinJanuary2011aspartoftheBolognaprocess.Fouruniversitieswere
selectedforthepilotimplementation.
Every university has a budget for the salaries and investments needed to fund their regular activities. Total budget of the universities for 2012 was around 5.19b which approximately
corresponds to 3.29% of the total state budget. According to TURKSTAT, total R&D spending of the universities was around 2.06b in 2011 that is almost 44% of the total budget of
universities (4.68b) in the same year. For research spending, academics are required to prepare applications for their own projects to apply either to TUBITAK or the Ministry of
Development.UniversitiesalsohavetoallocateapercentageoftheirrevolvingfundsforR&Dprojects,whichusuallydoesnotexceed5%oftheirincomesfromtherevolvingfunds.
Blockfundingtotheuniversitiesisnotlinkedtoscientificresults(i.e.bibliometricindicators,patents,etc.).
ThehumanresourcespoliciesfortheacademicstaffatuniversitiesaregovernedbytheHigherEducationPersonnelLaw(no.2914).
KnowledgeTransfer
There exists no direct support to stimulate the creation of university spinoffs. However, the Law on Technology Development Zones indirectly promotes spinoff formation. The law
stimulatesestablishmentoftechnoparksinuniversitiesand/orresearchcentreswhereitispossibleforanacademicstafftostartupacompanyorbecomeashareholderinoneofthetenant
companiesoftechnoparksdesignatedbytheMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT).Tenantsoftechnoparksareexemptedfromincomeandcorporatetaxes,andincomeofthe
R&Dstaffworkinginthosecompaniesisexemptedfromalltaxes.Thismeasurealsostimulatesintersectoralmobilityasoneoftheobjectivesofthelawistoencouragethemobilityofhuman
resourcesforinnovationandresearchbetweentheresearchcommunityandbusinessbyprovidingincentivesforresearcherstoworkwithprivatecompanieslocatedintechnoparks.There
are34activetechnoparkswhichhosts2,138firmsemploying18,462staffasofApril2013.In2013,theMinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology(MoSIT)hasannouncedPerformance
IndexforTechnologyDevelopmentZones.Accordingthethisindex,highestscoresbelongMiddleEasttechnicalUniversityTechnopark,BilkentUniversityTechnoparkandIstanbultechnical
UniversityTechnopark.Moreover,inJuly2012,TUBITAKincollaborationwiththeCouncilofHigherEducation(YOK)announcedtheresultsoftheirstudyonEntrepreneurial and Innovative
UniversityIndexofTurkey. This study will repeated on annual basis. With this study, information is collected regarding spinoffs and mobility for each university employing 50 and more
academicstaff.
There are three schemes to support the creation of startup companies by undergraduate/graduate students and young graduates: Technopreneurship Capital Support Programme of the
MoSIT,theTechnoentrepreneurshipFundingProgrammeandSupportProgrammeforIndividualEntrepreneurs of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK).
Allthreeprogrammessupportentrepreneurswhoareabouttograduatefromafouryearprogrammeofauniversityinoneyeartime,orwhoarecurrentlyenrolledinamastersordoctorate
programme,orwhoreceivedtheirbachelors,mastersordoctoratedegreesatthemaximumfiveyearspriortotheapplication.TheMinistrystartedtheprogrammein2009andfinanced740
projectsin20092012period.UniversitystudentsandgraduatescanalsobenefitfromtheR&D,InnovationandIndustrialApplicationSupportProgrammeofKOSGEBiftheystartuptheir
companies.Underthisprogramme,KOSGEBprovidesamixtureofgrantsandloansandincubatorsupporttotheentrepreneurs.Theprogrammelaunchedin2010andreplacedtheR&Dand
TechnologicalInnovationSupportProgramme.
ThelackofprivateinvestmentforthecreationofstartupsisanissueinTurkey.Theventurecapitalindustryisunderdevelopedandbusinessangelnetworksarealmostnonexistent.The
total fund for venture capital and private equity is estimated at around 400m and annual investments at no more than 100m (See UNESCO Science Report 2010) . According to global
venturecapitalandprivateequitycountryattractivenessindexof2013,Turkeyranksas33among116countries.
Accordingtoglobalventurecapitalandprivateequitycountryattractivenessindexof2012,Turkeyranksas35among116countries.
Cooperation,coordinationsandopeningupofnationalresearchprogrammeswithinERA
ParticipationinCOST,EUREKA,FP7:
Turkey participated in 25 new COST actions in 2011, and by December 2011 the total number of COST actions in which Turkey is participating has reached 92. At the end of 2011, the
numberofprojectssupportedundertheseCOSTactionswas150(COSTTurkeyAnnualReport,2011).
Turkey is an active participant in EUREKA projects. As of November 2010, Turkey participated in 120 projects and ranked the 12th among 39 EUREKA partner countries. In 2011 Turkey
improveditsrankingonemoreandbecome11thamong42countries.TheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)fundstheTurkishpartnersinEUREKAprojects
(along with other international programmes) under the International Industrial R&D Projects Support Programme. Total amount of funds allocated to the projects supported by this
programmeisapproximately3mby2011since2008.AsofJuly2012,TurkeyistakingoverthechairmanshipofEUREKAforthenextoneyear.
AccordingtothemidtermassesmentreportoftheFrameworkProgramme7(FP7),thefollowingprojectswereparticipatedinFP6:
SMEsForFood, RURAL ETINET, CEC ANIMAL SCIENCE, IST MENTOR+, TRMONET, SMEs GO LIFE SCIENCES, START, TRACCESS, EUROMEDANET, TRAINNETFUTURE, IDEAL IST34,
INTEGRATING ACC, COOREERS, LSH ACC MENTOR, CEEC IST NET, ERAENV, EPIST, ISTWORLD, SEEINNOVATION, SAFE, TRANSMES, EASIER, ESSHRA, THINK&ACT, EUAGRI MAPPING,
FORSOCIETY,MANVIS,ETRANET,BISRTD,HAGRID,MEDAGOTOEUROPE,ERARE,URBANNETandINTERLINK.
TurkeyisparticipatedtothefollowingcoordinationProjectsofFP7:
DONQAIR,DEVELONUTRI,SMEsGOHEALTH,TRANSREGNCP,ResPotNet,ENVNCPTOGETHER,EuroRIsNet,ETNA,NET4SOCIETY,PLATONplus,EUROSIS,SEREN,COSMOS,PeopleNetwork,
TRANSCOSME, CENERGY, Idealist2011, WINSICT, NMP TeAm, TransNEW, CIA4OPM, ISEEMob, CENERGY +, RELATE, OSIRIS, CROSSTEXNET, Fit for Health, SEREN2, NET4SOCIETY2,
VISIONRD4SD,EUROSIS2.0,EuroRIsNet+,COSMOS+,Idealist2014,SiS.Net,BioNet,PeopleNetwork+andERAMIND.
ParticipationinERANETs:
In the 24th meeting of BTYK in August 2012, midterm assesment report of the FP7 is issued as an appendix. Turkey participates in the following ERANETs and common programming
projects:
SEEERA.NET PLUS, BSERA.NET, ERA.NET Rus, SEERAEI, CORNET II, WINSICT, COREACH II, EuroNanoMed, MNTERA.NET II, WoodWisdomNet 2, ICTAGRI, eInfraNet, SEAS ERA, ERA
ARDII,CIR2CLE,HIVERA,JUMPAHEAD,TRANSCAN,ERare2,HDHLCSA,CHISTERAII,MARINEBIOTECH,MATERA+andJAGE.
ParticipationinEuropeanpublicprivatepartnerships
TurkeyparticipatesinthemeetingsoftheNetworkedandElectronicMedia(NEM)andEuropeanConstructionTechnologyPlatform(ECTP).
TurkeyisalsorepresentedintheInnovativeMedicinesInitiative(IMI),NanoelectronicsTechnologies2020(ENIAC)andFuelCellsandHydrogen(FCH)JointTechnologyInitiativesoftheEU
throughtheTurkishuniversitiesandTUBITAK.
There exists no national programmes open for foreign research teams (research activity to be funded from national budget, but to be performed outside the country). On the other hand,
TUBITAKimplementstheGlobalResearcherProgramme(EVRENA).
InternationalSTcooperation
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Pleaseseesection"InternationalisationofS&Tcooperation".
Orientation
Until2011,InternationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategy(20072010)andTheImplementationPlanfortheInternationalScience,TechnologyandInnovationStrategies(2007
2010)shapedtheinternationalorientationofSTIpolicies.InDecember2010,theSupremeCouncilofScienceandTechnology(BTYK)approvedthestrategydocument:theNational Science,
Technology and Innovation Strategy 20112016. One of 6 horizontal strategic targets is Enabling international STI collaboration with regard to national interests. The strategy document
lists7strategiesconcerninginternationalS&Tcooperation:
Featuringstrongandneedorientedareas(automotive,machinery,ICT,defense,space,energy,waterandfood)thatsupporttheframeworkofNationalScience,TechnologyandInnovation
Strategy20112016ininternationalSTIcooperation
DeterminingandmonitoringprioritizedcountriesthroughananalysisofR&Dandinnovationcapacity
Realizationofactionstolearnfromtheexperiencesofprioritizedcountries
EncouragementofnationalexpertsinSTIrelatedsupranationalorganizations
IncreasedutilizationofprivatesectorfrominternationalSTIagreements
CoverageofSTIrelatedactivitiesininternationalaidsofTurkey
Startinganddisseminatingsciencediplomacyactivities
Instruments
TheInternationalCooperationDepartmentoftheScientificandTechnologicalResearchCouncilofTurkey(TUBITAK)isresponsiblefortheimplementationofinternationalresearchmeasures.
Theseprogrammesaredividedintothreegeneralcategories:
BilateralCooperation
Cooperationwithregionalandinternationalorganizations
CooperationwiththeEuropeanUnion(EU)
TUBITAK signed 24 bilateral cooperation agreements on research. The EU Member States with which Turkey have bilateral research agreements include the following: Bulgaria, Germany,
France,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Romania,SlovakiaandSlovenia.
TurkeyhasalsosignedcooperationagreementswithBelarus,India,SouthKorea,Macedonia,Mongolia,Pakistan,China,RussianFederation,Syria,TunisiaandUkraine.Inaddition,Turkey
signed a bilateral research protocol with Albania and issued a Joint Declaration on Scientific and Technological Cooperation with India. In 2010, actions were taken to sign research co
operationagreementswiththeUSA,Azerbaijan,Brazil,CzechRepublic,Georgia,PolandandTurkmenistan.
In2010,jointcallsforproposalswereopenedwiththeUkraineNationalAcademyofSciences,theKoreanNationalResearchFoundationandtheHungaryNationalResearchandTechnology
Office.20projectproposalsweresubmittedtoTUBITAKintheperiodcoveredbythecall.
AsofApril2013,totalnumberofongoingprojectssupportedunderbilateralagreementsis55in2013and396projectsstillcontinue.
TUBITAKcoordinatesthefollowingmultilateralcooperationactivities:
COST(EuropeanCooperationintheFieldofScientificandTechnicalResearch)
ESF(EuropeanScienceFoundation)
EMBO/EMBC(TheEuropeanMolecularBiologyOrganisation/Conference)
ESA(EuropeanSpaceAgency)
ICGEB(InternationalCentreforGeneticEngineeringandBiotechnology)
ICSU(InternationalCouncilforScience)
INTAS(TheInternationalAssociationforthePromotionofCoOperationwithScientistsfromtheNewIndependentStates(NIS)oftheFormerSovietUnion)
NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation)
WAITRO(WorldAssociationofIndustrialandTechnologicalResearchOrganisation)
BSEC(BlackSeaEconomicCooperation)
CooperationwiththeEUonresearchismainlycarriedoutundertheresearchframeworkprogrammesoftheEU.
SolvingtheGrandChallengesthroughTransnationalRDCooperation
DespitethegovernmentsrecenteffortsofintroducingspecificR&Dsupportmeasuresforpriorityareas,theseareasreflectnationalchallengesratherthanglobalones.Therefore,thereexists
limited specific research fields prioritized for crossborder knowledge circulation with the purpose of resolving grand challenges. Only through participation to framework programmes and
withsomebilateralresearch,thesegrandchallengesareaddressed.
Additionalrelevantindicators
CountryIndicators
Population:75.3million(2012)
GDPpercapita:8,041(2012)
R&Dintensity(GERD/GDP):0.92(2012)
ShareofprivatesectorR&D:46.8(2012)
ShareofpublicsectorR&D:49.3(2012)
Correspondentname
DilekCetin
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08.01.2015
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02/03/2014
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Percentage population aged 3034 having completed tertiary education

Scientific publications among the top 10% most cited publications

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