CGSociety - Phil Straub Composition Tutorial

CGSociety - Phil Straub Composition Tutorial
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Phil Straub Composition Tutorial

This article was written by Phil Straub back in 2005, and it is as fresh and vital today as it was then. Phils tips and trick are timeless, and can help
you make your images pop!
Composition is everything! No amount of detail in an illustration or Concept Painting will be successful without a strong composition foundation.
Composition in Environment Concept painting can be quite difficult since your focal point usually isnt as obvious as in a character piece. In this
introduction to Composition we will explore the fundamentals used to create exciting and functional compositions along with a variety of composition
techniques. Initially I will show some successful examples of iconic composition, formal composition, the rule of 3rds, the golden rule, etc. There will
be a discussion on what makes each piece successful and an explanation on why the artist chose to describe the scene using a particular form of
composition.
DIVINE PROPORTIONS: The Golden Rule and Rule of Thirds
When you take the canvas area and divide it into thirds Horizontally and Vertically, where the lines cross in the picture area is a Golden Mean, or
the best spot in which to place your Main Subject or Object of Interest as it is the Focal Point of your picture. The golden rule originates from the
Ancient Greeks, since they were great mathematicians as well as artisans, they came to the conclusion that there needed to be a certain balance in
composition for it to be pleasing to the eye. They further developed this theory and defined what they called power points, Power points are located
at the point where the lines used in the golden rule intersect. By placing a main subject on a power point, it further defined that subject as the focal
point.
The golden rule can and usually is applied to a paintings canvas proportions. As you read through the following text youll notice that most of the
imagery presented utilizes similar dimensions and almost all of them fall into the golden rectangle. Today you can find the Golden Rectangle almost
everywhere: from credit cards to phone cards to book covers, all are shaped with its proportions. The Golden Ratio (the ratio of the longer and shorter
sides of the Golden Rectangle) also appears in many natural phenomena. The ratio between the length of your nose and the distance from the
bottom of the chin to the bottom of the nose is the golden ratio. The spiral growth of crustaceans follows the golden spiral. The divine proportions are
an in-built (or in-grained) aesthetic parameter we judge beauty by.
The imagery below represents the division of space when the golden rule is applied to a blank canvas. Basically it is the division of a line in two
sections, where the ratio between the smallest section and the largest section is identical to the ratio between the largest section and the entire length
of the line. In other words A/B = B/(A+B). The ratio is about 1/1.618. Honestly, Im still not exactly sure what that all means? but, I do know that I used
this grid layout a-lot when I first started painting and found it helpful. I still do.
In the beginning you may find it useful to use this as an overlay for every concept piece you do. Having this grid float over your imagery as a reminder
of where to place the objects of importance in the scene may help you as your develop your composition.
The Rule of Thirds

From the golden rule came the rule of thirds which is virtually the same concept but
slightly altered to fit photographic proportions.I find it a bit easier to follow since it's very
simple in its origin.Here we have a look at the rule of thirds in action.
Notice that the main focal point sits right almost directly over one of the golden means.
Additionally, other objects are placed near the other converging lines (the bird, for
example) but, not directly on them, since that would create competition for the focal point.
There are Four Spots where these lines cross the Upper Left the Lower Left, the Upper
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Right and the Lower Right. Please note that all the hotspots are away from the center
position in the picture frame.
The two best power points are the Upper Right and the Lower Right because the eye enters the picture frame at the lower left hand corner of the
picture frame, travels to the center of the picture area and then reaches the right hand Golden Mean position where it stops to look at the Center Of
Interest.
The reason the eye enters a picture at the lower left side is because we are taught to read from Left to Right. This is a psychological fact that has
been proven over the years. Next time youre in an art gallery or art museum that shows the Old Masters paintings, notice how many have the Center
Of Interest in the Golden Rule positions.
Above is an example of the rule of thirds, this time utilizing a vertical canvas. As you can see regardless of your canvas proportions the rule of thirds
can be applied. Notice the hotspot falls near the center of the converging lines.
Be very careful that you do not place two centers of interest of equal importance and weight directly in 2 Golden Mean positions, especially on
opposite sides of the picture frame.
This will cause the eye a lot of trouble as it will keep going back and forth from one Center of Interest to the other and will get confused and tired and
want to leave the picture area.
Implied Forms
Implied Forms are a combination of Implied Lines and they help to hold a painting together. The eye enjoys these interesting forms and will stay in
the picture area to examine each one of them, if they are present. The following text and sample imagery will demonstrate a variety of implied forms
and composition approaches.
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The Circle
The Circle is made up of a continuous Curve and its circular movement keeps the eye
in the picture frame. There are many circles in nature and man made objects. You can
use the circle in a very obvious way in your composition or simply suggest it.
The image on the left is a very obvious and deliberate usage of circular composition.
Notice how the circular shapes created by the dragons also follow a path that leads
your eye towards the focal point.
Another example of circular composition! Again, I chose this type of composition to enhance the feeling of motion in the piece. You can see how the
eye follows the circular shapes across the picture plane to the focal point. Something interesting to note with this image, it actually uses two
composition approaches at one time; circular composition and iconic composition.
The Triangle or Pyramid

This has a solid base and will show Stability. It also has Height and Strength. The Pyramids of Egypt have survived for thousands of years while
other types of solid buildings have crumbled in to dust in less time. With the image below I was very deliberate with my arrangement of shapes so the
triangle or pyramid composition is obvious. When I began this piece I simply started with a triangle shape as my starting point...nothing more than an
abstract composition. I just let everything flow from there....and very quickly the painting began to take shape.
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The Radii
Is a connection of Lines meeting in the Center and an expansion of Lines leaving the Center. The Radii is usually found in Nature Subjects. The
best example of the man made Radii is the spokes of a wheel.
The eye has two ways to go when it comes upon the Radii. It can either be drawn in to the picture area or it can be led out of the picture area. You
must be careful how you used the Radii and try to have the eye led into the picture.
The Cross
A showing of Opposing Force that will give the picture a feeling of Cohesion and Relationship. The horizontal bar of the Cross will act as a stopper
while the vertical pole can act as a leading line. The windows in a large skyscraper will form crosses and will keep your interest in the building. The
Cross also has religious meaning and the subtle use of the Cross can give hidden significance to an image.
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In the painting below Hong Kuang uses the cross composition subtly. One could argue this piece is also using an L Composition. The strong line
across the horizontal center thats being formed by the characters body suggests The Cross. The somber facial expression and subject matter
demonstrate an experienced artists ability to use symbolic composition to help tell a narrative.
To the right of that is Daryl Mandryk's work which successfully combines a Cross composition with iconic composition. This is common composition
choice for themes of heroism or comics. Fantasy artists like Brom and Frazetta use this type of composition in their work regularly.
The 'L' or Rectangle

This makes an attractive frame. It can be used to accentuate important subjects. Many times it is a frame within a frame.
A tree with an overhanging branch at the right side of the picture area will form a Rectangle and help frame the Main Subject in the picture. By
doing this you will make the Center of Interest stand out and be noticed clearly.
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Iconic
Some Art theorists contend that the most important information in the image should be placed near
the center of the picture plane. This may seem confusing to some students since this contradicts
many of the major principles of the golden rule. In general iconic composition should and can be
used to describe a subject in a certain way. Iconic Composition or Formal Subdivision applies best to
subjects of a dignified or religious nature. This style of composition was the approach of choice in
earlier times and many excellent compositions have been made with it. Usually Iconic composition is
used to describe symbolic subjects, heroic subjects, or religious subjects.
Ive taken the liberty of drawing over this imagery to demonstrate the division of space in iconic
composition. This is a technique used by many illustrators to help define the division of space and
focal point when creating an iconic illustration. Well know and renowned illustrator Andrew Loomis
used this technique extremely well and his book Creative Illustration to demonstrate this further.
Notice, that while the focal point is slightly off center, all the converging lines lead to the center point of
interest. Additionally, notice how the figures head sits directly in the diamond shape of the overlay
lines Ive created. It should also be noted that I chose this composition to further enhance the regal
and heroic appearance of the character.
Tong Wu uses Iconic composition perfectly here! Notice how the character again falls nearly at center of the canvas. Ive taken the division of space a
bit further on this imagery and have broken down the image into smaller segments so you can so how the artist balances everything in the piece.
Notice how the top right corner is almost a mirror image of the top left corner. In fact, look at almost any opposing segment in the painting, they are
very similar! When creating iconic composition, its not necessary to duplicate each side exactly, but there should be a feeling of complete
equalization of the units or masses, the line and spaces of one side with the other.
Tricks & Tips

So, there you have it, a variety of ways to deal with division of space when you first begin visualizing a painting or drawing. At the end of the day,
theses approaches to composition are guides and simply a place to start. Once you become more comfortable with composing a scene you can
begin to push the boundaries of formal composition.
Since most Environment Concept Artists work in the entertainment industries, its expected you will be asked to create cinematic moments or
memorable moments utilizing the environment as a stage.
Youll want to use your mastery of composition to lead the viewers eye and really make the viewer feel like theyre in the scene. The single most
important thing you simply must have in any Environment Concept Painting is a clear and dynamic focal point.
Without a place for the viewers eye to rest, the painting will lack impact and wont hold the attention of your audience. Its the job of the Concept
Artist to visualize what cant be visualized in reality. Concept Artists are the first step in every production and therefore must create dynamic imagery
that the rest of the team will be excited to build. There are a few cinematic tricks that you can use as a Concept Artist to make things appear more
dynamic.
Dynamic Composition
Sometimes all it takes to add an extra bit of drama to your composition is a simple tilt of the camera. In the image to the right the viewer really feels
like they are part of the action, simply by slanting the camera a bit. This approach is especially useful when you are trying to depict action in your
environment.
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Some of the best Concept Artists in the industry use this technique. Check out any of the images Ryan Church has created for Episode 1, 2, and 3.
www.ryanchurch.com
Lead the Eye

Many Concept Artists today, myself included, use perspective as a tool to create dynamic compositions that appear to have motion and lead the eye
to the focal point clearly and concisely.
In the painting below you will notice Ive used many of the objects that appear in the painting as opportunities to further guide the viewer to the
payoff. Additionally, I tilted the camera a bit to add to the action.
Related links
Philip Straub
dArtiste Digital Painting
Utherworlds
Hong Kuang
Daryl Mandrake
Philippe Rojas
Linda Bergkvist
Discuss this on CGTalk
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DIVINE PROPORTIONS: The Golden Rule and Rule of Thirds

The Rule of Thirds