Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
For this lab, the initial velocity was determined by 5 methods and the results compared to determine if
there was a statistically significant difference between them. This is a test of whether or not the
difference in horizontal motion effects on the vertical motion. We use d_x= v0_x*t and h=
v0_y+1/2*a_y*t2 formulas to find the initial velocity. We also check experiments result by using
photogate.
Calculation:
Vertical motion:
h= v0_y+1/2gt2
h=1/2gt2 ( because v0_y=0)
t=
(1)
Horizontal motion:
D= v0_xt
D= v0t ( because v0= v0_x)
v0=D/t (2)
From (1) and (2) we have:
v0=D/
Sample:
v0=1.928m/
1
1.928
0.0036
2
1.914
0.0036
3
1.93
0.0035
4
1.918
0.0036
5
1.916
0.0035
average
1.9212
0.00356
Stnd. Dev.
0.007294
0.00005
4.33
4.33
4.45
4.33
4.45
4.378
0.0657
4.28931
4.258164
4.29376
4.267063
4.262613
4.274182
0.016227
Calculation:
Consider horizontal motion:
R=v0_xt
R= v0cos(30deg)t
t=R/(v0cos(30deg)) (1)
Consider vertical motion
vs_y=v0_y-gt
-v0_y=v0_y-gt
-v0sin(30deg)=v0sin(30deg)-9.8(m/s2)t (2)
Combine equation (1) and (2):
v0=9.8(m/s2)R/(2sin30cos30)
Sample:
v0=(9.8 m/s2)1.457m/(
=4.06m/s
1
1.457
0.0038
2
1.458
0.0038
3
1.453
0.0037
4
1.463
0.0038
5
1.461
0.0037
average
1.4584
0.00376
Stand dev
0.003847
0.000054
4.105
4.105
4.216
4.105
4.216
4.149
0.061
4.060481
4.061874
4.054904
4.068833
4.066051
4.062429
0.005359
Method C 45
Procedure: Repeat all of method B using a launch angle of 45.
Calculations:
Consider horizontal motion:
R=v0_xt
R=v0cos(45deg)t
t=R/(v0cos(45deg)) (1)
Consider vertical motion
v_y=v0_y-gt
-v0_y=v0_y-gt
-v0sin(45deg)=v0sin(45deg)-9.8(m/s2)t (2)
Combine equation (1) and (2):
v0=9.8(m/s2)R/(2sin45cos45)
1
1.693
0.0037
2
1.678
0.0036
3
1.686
0.0037
4
1.692
0.0036
5
1.686
0.0036
average
1.687
0.00364
Stand dev
0.006
0.000055
4.22
4.33
4.22
4.33
4.33
4.28
0.006
4.073254
4.05517
4.064825
4.072051
4.064825
4.066025
0.007234
Method D 60:
Procedure: Repeat all of method B using a launch angle of 60.
Calculations:
Consider horizontal motion:
R=v0_xt
R=v0cos(60deg)t
t=R/(v0cos(60deg)) (1)
Consider vertical motion
v_y=v0_y-gt
-v0_y=v0_y-gt
-v0sin(60deg)=v0sin(60deg)-9.8(m/s2)t (2)
Combine equation (1) and (2):
v0=9.8(m/s2)R/(2sin60cos60)
1
1.495
0.0036
2
1.497
0.0036
3
1.501
0.0036
4
1.505
0.0035
5
1.507
0.0036
Average
1.501
0.00358
Stand dev
0.0051
0.000044
4.33
4.33
4.33
4.46
4.33
4.356
0.058
4.113091
4.115841
4.121336
4.126824
4.129565
4.121332
0.007
Calculations:
Because this vertical motion, we dont consider horizontal motion:
Vtop2 v02=-2gh
0 v02=-2gh (vtop=0m/s)
v0=
Sample:
v0=
=3.999m/s
1
0.816
2
0.818
3
0.818
4
0.823
5
0.827
Average
0.8292
Stand dev
0.0176
0.817
0.820
0.820
0.825
0.830
0.8224
0.005128
3.9992
4.004098
4.004098
4.016317
4.026065
4.009956
0.011003
4.00165
4.00899
4.00899
4.021194
4.033361
4.014837
0.012508
0.0039
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.00382
0.000045
4.000
4.105
4.105
4.105
4.105
4.084
0.047
Analysis
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
A
Question
E1
E2
Ap
Bp
Cp
Dp
Ep
E2
Ap
Bp
Cp
Dp
Ep
E1
C
D
E1
E2
Ap
Bp
Cp
Dp
Ep
[1] Calculated launched velocity differs significantly from the velocities determined from photogate
data. Each graphs of calculated velocities and photogate velocities has one velocity lies outside error
bars.
[2] The velocities determined from the photogate date depend on the projection angle, because the Vo
(photogate) are different in different angles. The calculated velocity from the vertical launch is different
than the velocity calculated from the horizontal launch because Ffinal=Flaucher-Wsin. When the angle
increases, the Ffinal decreases, so the velocity decreases.
[3] The velocities calculated from motion data are consistently smaller than the photogate data. I think
the reason is the air resistance reduces the velocity of the ball when it in the air. The air resistance is
reasonable because when the ball is just launched from the launcher, we record the time, when there is
not much air resistance acts on the ball, it passes. But during the time the ball moves in the air, the air
resistance reduces the velocity of the ball, so the actual Vo is less than theoretical Vo.
[4] The average launch velocity calculated from method A is greater than from that calculated by
method E1 and E2. Evidence from the graph is average velocity of method A is higher than that of
method E1 and E2. Evidence from t-test table is the t-test scores of method A vs method E1 and method
A vs method E2 are positive numbers, which means average V of method A is greater than that of
method E1 and E2.
The reason is Ffinal=Flaucher-Wsin. When the angle increases, the Ffinal decreases, so the launch velocity
decreases. Therefore, the average launch velocity from method A is greater than that from method E.
[5] The average launch velocities calculated are different between method E1 and E2. Evidence from
graph is the points are different between method E1 and E2. Evidence from is t-test table is that t-test
score of method E1 and E2 is not 1.
It implies that each observers has different record for data. Therefore, the more observers, the more
variability of the method is.
[6]
pool=
=0.001176
[7] The t-test score between method E1 and method E2 is -0.6551932. By comparing to t-test table, the
average launch velocities from method E1 and method E2 are not statistically different with 95%
confidence.
[8] According to the appendix table, the average launch velocities calculated from two methods are
significantly different in 95% confidence if t-test score is greater than 1.86. Therefore, there are only A
vs Cp, B vs C, B vs Ep, C vs Ep, D vs Bp, D vs Ep, E1 vs E2, and Ap vs Dp.
[9] According to the appendix table, the average launch velocities calculated from two methods are
significantly different in 95% confidence (degree of freedom is 8) if t-test score is greater than 1.86. The
t-test score between A and E1 is 30.134. The t-test score between A and E2 is 28.3. Therefore, the
average launch velocity calculated from method A statistically different from that calculated by method
E1 and E2. The reason is as I answered in question [4]
Other questions:
[10] 30 degrees of projection angle gave me the maximum horizontal range: 1.921 m
[11] Let consider angle 30 degrees and 60 degrees. Because I dont have 90% confidence level in
appendix table, I will do solve this question in 95% confidence.
The t-test score of average launch velocities of these methods is -0.89 which is within -1.89 and 1.89.
Therefore, average velocities of these method is not statistically different. By calculation, the t-test score
of horizontal ranges between method B and C is 1.019 which is less than 1.86, so the horizontal ranges
between method B and C is not statistically different. Therefore, data from 30 degrees and 60 degrees
agree with this statement.
But data from 0 degree and 90 degree dont agree with this statement.