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d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics
CCNA Basics
Category Archives: d. INTRODUCTION TO

ROUTERS
August 11, 2012
4.1 Network devices

Network devices are the components required to divide a big network into smaller networks or to
expand a network. If we want to expand a network, we cannot do so by simply adding new computers
and cables. This is the least efficient way to expand a network. Instead, we divide a large LAN to form
smaller LANs and then connect the LANs. Network devices are required to connect LANs.
Hubs, repeaters, bridges, routers, brouters, switches, gateways- all are network devices.
Modems are also network devices used to
remotely access the networks.
HUBS: Hubs are the dumb devices. They are called so
because they dont know where a packet to be
transmitted is coming from and where it has to
be delivered i.e., they have no information of source address and destination address of the packet and
they broadcast the packet to all devices on the network. Hubs are the most economic way of expanding
network.
Repeaters or hubs work at the OSI physical layer, which is why they do not deal with addressing or
data filtering. Hubs are of 3 types:Active hubs-also called primitive hubs. They regenerate signals and broadcast them to all devices.
They can be viewed as multiport repeaters.
Passive hubs- they do not regenerate or amplify the signals and forward them as they are.
Intelligent hubs- we can monitor the activities inside such hubs using console cable.
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Hub works on half duplex mode i.e., at same time one device can either receive data or transmit data
otherwise collision occurs. Hubs use star topology. They join
network segments with same access method (e.g. CSMA/CD
and token passing). Use of hubs involves high security risks
as they broadcast signals to all devices on the network.
Example: if 6 PCs are connected to a hub and PC 125 sends a
packet for PC 123, hub will broadcast the packet to all the
PCs.
If a packet is sent through a hub, it gets broadcasted to all the devices attached to hub (1 broadcast
domain) and if collision occurs in the network, it affects the whole network (1 collision domain).
Key features of a hub are:Amplifies signals.
Does not filter data packets based on destination.
Broadcasts a signal, hence security risks.
Works on half duplex mode and on layer 1 of OSI.
Hubs have 1 broadcast domain and 1 collision domain.
BRIDGES:Hubs work in a half duplex mode. But if 2 devices connected to a hub start sending data at same time,
the network gets choked. To avoid network choking, bridges are used.
Bridges connect segments of same LAN. Bridges work at the data link layer of the OSI model. Bridges
have one input and one output. Unlike hubs, bridges have the intelligence to examine incoming packet
source and destination addresses. Bridges have a Content addressable memory (CAM) table in which
bridges store the MAC addresses of all the connected devices and the port number info i.e., to which
port number a device is connected. But bridges cannot interpret higher-level information. Hence cannot
filter packet according to its protocol.
How bridges work?
Consider the
above
scenario in
which a LAN
with 6 PCs is connected by a bridge, making 2 LAN segments of same LAN as SEGMENT 1 and
SEGMENT 2. If PC 1 sends a packet to bridge for PC 3, the bridge will not transmit it because the
source address and destination address are in same LAN segment. When the bridge compares source
and destination address of the packet, it finds out that the source and destination both are connected to
same port and discards the packet. But if the packet is sent from PC 1 to bridge for PC 5, the bridge
finds that source and destination address of the packet are on different ports and will forward the
packet. This process of deciding whether or not to forward a packet is termed filtering packets.
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KEY FEATURES OF A BRIDGE ARE: Bridge works on a full duplex mode.

It filters packet.
It works on data link layer of OSI.
It does not broadcast a packet like a hub.
Bridges have 1 broadcast domain and N collision domain. N is the number of interfaces or used
ports.
A bridge is used to isolate network traffic and computers.
Differences between Bridges and Hubs: HUBS
BRIDGES
OSI layer
Physical layer
Data link layer
Data regeneration
Regenerate data at the signal level
Regenerate data at the packet level
Reduce network traffic
No
yes
SWITCHES: Switches resemble bridges and can be considered as multiport

bridges. The advantages of having multiport areMore cost-effective than bridge.
Better use of limited bandwidth.
Switches divide a network into several isolated channels (or collision domains). This reduces the
possibility of collision. Collision occurs when two devices try to get access to one channel. Concept of
isolated channels makes the usage of switch secure as the data will go to the destination only and not
others. Switches work on full duplex mode i.e., sending and receiving can take place at same time.
Provide full dedicated data transmission rate between two stations that are directly connected to the
switch ports.
KEY FEATURES OF A SWITCH ARE: A switch works on a full duplex mode.
Switches build and maintain MAC address tables called content-addressable memory (CAM) with
which it compares destination and source address of packet and then sends it.
A switch uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e. maintains address tables, and can filter)
Switches operate at the Data Link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Layer 3 switches have IP
routing capabilities.
CSMA/CD scheme will not work since the data channels are isolated.
Some higher level protocols do not detect error. E.g. UDP
It is used in both local-area and in wide-area networking.
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Switches have 1 broadcast domain and N collision domain. N is the number of interfaces or used
ports.
LAYER-3 SWITCHES: Layer-3 switches operate in both layer 2 (data link layer) and 3 (network
layer). They can perform both MAC switching and IP routing. They are a combination of switch and
router but much faster and easier to configure than routers.
ROUTERS: Computers can only communicate directly with the computers on same network. The only way for a
computer to communicate with a computer on another network is through a router. This is called
internetworking. A router is a computing device with more than 1 NIC so that it can connect various
networks. IP address of router is needed if a device wants to communicate outside its network. This IP
address of router is represented by DEFAULT GATEWAY.
EXAMPLE: In above
diagram,
there are 2
networksNETWORK 1 and NETWORK 2 each having 6 computers. The two networks can communicate with
each other through a router. G1 is the IP address of NETWORK1 and G2 is the IP address of
NETWORK2. In other words, G1 Is the default gateway for network1 devices and G2 is the default
gateway for network2 devices.
Routers work at the OSI layer 3 (network layer). They use the logical address (IP address) of packets
and routing tables to determine the best path for data delivery. Only packets with known network
addresses will be passed hence routers reduce traffic. Routers can listen to a network and identify its
busiest part, thus they select the most cost effective path for transmitting packets.
KEY FEATURES OF ROUTERS:Routers work on network layer.
Routers have the capability to interconnect network segments or entire networks (WANS/MANS).
These devices examine incoming packets to determine the destination address of the data. It then
examines its internal routing table to choose the best path for the packet through the network, and
switches them to the proper outgoing port.
Routers have N broadcast domain and N collision domain. N is the number of networks connected
directly to a router.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROUTER AND BRIDGE
ROUTER
Routers select the best path to forward a packet and
dont forward a packet without network address.
BRIDGE
Bridges forward everything they dont
recognize.
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Routers are layer 3 devices which recognize network

address.
Bridges are layer 2 devices which look at

the MAC sub layer node address
SUMMARY
Hubs/Repeaters are the least expensive way to expand a network, but they are limited to connecting
two segments.
Bridges function similar to repeaters, but can understand the node addresses.
Switches can be considered as multiport bridges; can divide a network into some logical channels.
Routers interconnect networks and provide filtering functions. They can determine the best route.
Posted in d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS
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August 11, 2012
4.2 PACKET TRACER INTRODUCTION

CISCO packet tracer is software which provides actual networking conditions. The functions and
working of router can easily be understood through packet tracer. This software can be downloaded
from internet.
At the bottom
left of packet
tracer, various
devices such
as routers,
switches,
hubs, wireless
devices,
connections,
end devices
etc are given.
When you
place cursor
over these
devices, you
will get to
know which
device it is.
If you want to select a device, click on it. Routers are
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If you want to select a device, click on it. Routers are

selected by default but if you want a switch, click on
switch icon. The tracer will show types of switches
available for use in next box. Generic means that the
device does not exist practically and is made for
experimental purpose only. Select the type of switch you
want to use and place/drop it on white screen.
Example: if I want to use 2950T switch
Click on 2950T switch in the box where
types of switches are displayed.
Place the switch on white screen of
packet tracer.
Similarly, you can select various devices.
Connections are different cables used to
connect devices.
End devices are PCs, laptops, TV, phone etc.
Further working of packet tracer will be explained
as we proceed.
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4.3 ROUTER ARCHITECTURE

Various components of a router: -
(http://ccnabasics.com/2012/12/21/router-architecture/11-8/)
RAM- When you configure a router, the configured files are stored temporarily in RAM. All the
data stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off.
FLASH- the operating system of router is called IOS(Internet Operating System). The IOS files are
stored in FLASH. Flash is EEPROM i.e., electronically erasable programmable read only memory.
The data stored in it can be retained on power loss. Flash memory of router can be in the form of
chip or compact disk.
NVRAM- NVRAM is the non volatile RAM, content is not lost on power failure. It has primary
backup files. The startup configuration of router is stored in NVRAM.
ROM- it is read only memory. It stores POST(Power On Self Test) and bootstrap program that calls
IOS.
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Routers have 3 ports:Console port

LAN Ethernet ports
WAN Serial ports
THE CONSOLE PORTAt the back of your router, you will find a
port called CONSOLE PORT. This is also
called as MANAGEMENT PORT. This
port is used if you wish to configure your
router from PC. Console port is used in
conjunction with console cable. A console
cable is blue in colour having an RJ45
connector on one side and a serial port
connector on other side. The serial port
end plugs into your PC and RJ45 is
plugged into the console port of the
router.
LAN ETHERNET PORT-
CISCO has various series of routers. Each series router has different number of ports. e.g., CISCO 2800
series has 2 Ethernet ports. These ports are used to connect to PCs. On some routers these ports are
labelled as Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Computers(E0) and on some routers these ports are labelled as
LAN FE0, FE1 etc.
WAN SERIAL PORTSerial ports are used for WAN connectivity. These are the ports where you will plug in your broadband
device (DSL modem or cable modem). These ports are named as interface e1 or interface fa1.
There are 3 types of routers:FIXED ROUTER
MODULAR ROUTER
CHASSIE BASED ROUTER
They are sealed routers. You

cannot add more ports and
amendments cannot be made.
They are not sealed. User can

add more ports or interfaces
according to the requirement.
They are used at company

level. (HP uses them)
ROUTER BOOT UP SEQUENCE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Perform power-on self test (POST) stored in ROM.

Load and run bootstrap code.
Find the Cisco IOS software.
Load the Cisco IOS software.
Find the startup configuration stored in NVRAM.
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6. Load the startup configuration.

Run the configured Cisco IOS software.
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August 11, 2012
4.4 CONFIGURING INTERFACES

A router, by default, has limited number of ports.
IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW THE IMPORTANCE OF FAST ETHERNET AND SERIAL PORTS.
FAST ETHERNET PORT: REQUIRED FOR LAN CONNECTIONS (ROUTER TO PC
CONNECTION).
SERIAL PORT: REQUIRED FOR WAN CONNECTIONS (ROUTER TO ROUTER
CONNECTION).
A WAN INTERFACE CARD, OR WIC, IS A SPECIALIZED NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
(NIC (http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/network-interface-card)) THAT
ALLOWS DEVICES TO CONNECT TO A WIDE AREA NETWORK
(http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/WAN).
A NIC PROVIDES THE INTERFACE BETWEEN A DEVICE AND A LOCAL AREA
NETWORK.
For example, the physical look of router 2620XM in physical device view of packet tracer is shown
below:
It has only 1
Fast Ethernet
port and no
serial port.
ports and few serial ports? I can add more interfaces to the router.
But what if I
need more
fast Ethernet
As shown in figure above there are 3 slots. More interfaces can be added to these slots.
How to add more ports?
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In physical device view window, a column of modules is shown to the left. This modules column has
different interface cards.
When you choose a module, its description is given at the bottom of the same window.
(http://ccnabasics.com/2012/12/21/configuring-interfaces/11-9/)
And the physical view of selected router is also shown:
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And the physical view of selected router is also shown:
The last 5 interface cards in modules column are WIC cards for WAN connections.
If I want a WIC card in router slot, i will:
Select the suitable WIC card ,say WIC-1T, from modules column
the card to the slot, an error message will be displayed.
Drag the
selected
module
from
bottom, as
shown, to
the slot
where i
want to fit
it.
On
dragging
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To add a module, first switch off the power. Click on the power button so that it does not show
green light anymore.
Now, the power is off. You can
drag the selected card to the
preferred slot.
Similarly, you can add more
interface cards to the router.
And after adding the
interfaces, switch on the power
by clicking on the power
button so that it shows green
again.
This is how you
can add more
interfaces in a
router.
present in it as shown in figure below.
After adding
interfaces, when
you place
the cursor
on the
router, it
will show
various
interfaces
This figure above shows that after adding WIC card to the router, the interfaces present in
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This figure above shows that after adding WIC card to the router, the interfaces present in
router are- fast Ethernet and serial. Each port has a name- Fast Ethernet0/0 and serial0/0.
CONNECTING 2 ROUTERS
If you want to connect two routers, you need a serial port and a Serial
DCE cable. This cable has a clock. The clock tells the rate at which the data is being transferred by the
router. To connect two routers: Routers can connect only through serial port, so make sure both routers have a serial port, or else
add a serial interface to the routers.
Select serial DCE connection. Cursor changes to a cable-looking cursor.
Click on the router from where you want to start the connection. On clicking on the router, various
ports available in that router will be displayed.
Select the serial port from the list of available ports. Now, to insert the end of serial DCE cable in
other router, click on second router. Again list of available ports will be displayed and choose the
serial port.
When you click on serial port of second router, the serial DCE cable between 2 routers is connected.
The connection looks as shown in figure below: When the connection is made, you can see 2 dots on serial DCE cable as shown in figure above.
When you place the cursor on these dots, they will show the port to which the cable is connected
and which router has the clock.
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CONNECTING PC TO A ROUTER
Let us connect a PC to each of the 2 routers.
Click on END DEVICES in the block where devices are shown.
Select a PC from list of end devices shown and place the PC on white screen.
Select a copper cross-over cable from connections.
Connect the copper cross-over cable to the fast ethernet port of both router and PC.
The connection is made.
Similarly connect a PC to second router.
Configuring the interface: Configuring the interface includes:
1. Assigning an IP address and subnet mask to the interface.
2. Assigning the clock rate to the interface. (in case of WAN connection i.e., serial DCE cable only).
3. Turning on the interface.
An interface is configured in global configuration mode only.
Commands to configure fast ethernet interface:1. Router (config) # int fast Ethernet interface name
2. Router (config-if) # ip address ip address subnet mask
3. Router (config-if) # no shut
Example: consider the given scenario
If I want to configure fast Ethernet port of the router0 to which PC is connected,
1. I need to know the name of the Ethernet port.
2. Place the cursor on the red dots of copper cross-over cable, it will tell the name of the port.
1. I will configure Fa0/0 in CLI.
When i have configured the Ethernet port, the red dots on the port will turn green signifying that an IP
address has been assigned.
TO CONFIGURE A SERIAL INTERFACE: 1.

2.
3.
4.
Router(config)#int interface name

Router(config-if)#ip address ip address subnet mask
Router(config-if)#clock rate ? ( ? tells the range of clock rate that you can select)
Router(config-if)#clock rate clock rate
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5. Router(config-if)#no shut
Example- in the same scenario given above, if I want to configure serial port of router0:
1. I will place the cursor on the dot of serial DCE cable to know the name of serial port.
1. Now I will follow the steps to configure the port in CLI.
When you configure the serial port of router1 also, the red dots of serial DCE cable turn green
as shown:
You can assign any clock rate to router1 irrespective of the fact that router0 has been assigned
clock rate 64000.
Tip: The clock rate command is used only on a serial interface that has a DCE cable plugged into it.
There must be a clock rate set on every serial link between routers. It does not matter which router has
the DCE cable plugged into it, or which interface the cable is plugged into. Serial 0 on one router can
be plugged into Serial 1 on another router.
SUMMARY: CONFIGURING INTERFACES
Configuring an Ethernet/Fast Ethernet Interface
Moves to interface mode
Router(config-if)#ip address IP address subnet

mask
Assigns address and subnet mask to

interface
Router(config-if)#no shut
Turns interface on
Configuring a Serial Interface

Moves to interface mode
Router(config-if)#ip address IP address subnet

mask
Assigns address and subnet mask to

interface
Router(config-if)#clock rate ?
Displays clock rate list
Router(config-if)#clock rate clock rate
Assigns clock rate
Router(config-if)#no shut
Turns interface on
INTERPRETING THE INTERFACE STATUS
1. To check the status of all interfaces of a router, the command used is: show ip interface
brief. This command is used in privileged exec mode.
If I use this command on router0, following will be displayed.
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1. To check the status of a particular interface only, command used is: show int interface
name. This command is used in privileged exec mode.
If i want to interpret interface se0/0 of router0, i will use this command as show int se0/0 and following
will be displayed
The line: serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) signifies that interface is working properly.
There may be many cases when following lines will be displayed: Serial0 is up, line protocol is down. It is displayed when: clock frequency is detected but not able
to communicate due to some other error.
Serial0 is down, line protocol is down. This is displayed when: When clock frequency is not
detected on router interface.
Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is down. This line is displayed when: shutdown
command is present on interface.
WE SHALL LEARN ABOUT CONFIGURING ROUTING PROTOCOLS LATER, WHEN WE
LEARN WHAT BASICALLY ROUTING PROTOCOLS ARE.
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4.5 INTER NETWORKING

OPERATING SYSTEM
Understanding LED indicators on the router:(http://ccnabasics.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/1.jpg)
This green light (at OK) means that the system is on and has initialized properly.
An interface LED indicates the activity of the corresponding interface.
A problem may be indicated if an LED is off
Basic router configurations
Router is configured using ports. There are 3 ways to configure a router:http://ccnabasics.com/category/d-introduction-to-routers/
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Either use CONSOLE PORT connecting router and PC using console cable.
Or use AUXILLARY PORT to manage router remotely.
Or use VIRTUAL TERMINAL (VTY) to configure router using TELNET.
A router is configured in CLI (Command Line Interface).
How to Select CLI:
Select a router and place it on white screen.
(http://ccnabasics.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/2.jpg)
Single click the router on white screen, a window will open.
Physical: it gives the physical view of router that is how a router looks in reality.
Config: it has all the configuration settings.
CLI: it is the Command Line Interface where a router will be configured.
Click on CLI. A window will open.
Pound sign # tells that IOS is being loaded into the RAM. After it is decompressed into the RAM, the
IOS is loaded and starts running the router as shown in figure below(http://ccnabasics.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/5.jpg)
To start with configuring the router, type no and enter, when CLI asks whether to continue with
configuration dialog?
On pressing enter again, we get router>.
CLI COMMAND MODES:Though there are various CLI command modes, but 3 modes used the most are:
User EXEC mode
Privileged EXEC mode
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Global configuration mode

IOS command mode
Role of command mode
Command prompt
User EXEC mode
It has limited command set.

E.g., ping, telnet, traceroute
Router>
No change of system
parameters
Privileged EXEC mode
Manages configuration files,

examine state of router
Router#
It can be accessed by
passwords.
Global configuration mode
Changes system wide

configuration parameters
Router(config)#
USER EXEC MODE:- The user EXEC mode is sometimes referred to as useless mode because very
few commands work in this mode. User mode lets you view interface statistics. To get into user mode,
you can connect in one of three ways:
Console: An RJ-45 connection on all Cisco routers allows full access to the router if no passwords are set.
Aux: An RJ-45 connection on most routers allows you to connect a modem to the port, dial in to the
router, and make a console connection.
VTY: Virtual Teletype is used to allow a Telnet connection to the router, which will then work like a
console port. You must have an active interface on the router for Telnet to connect to the router.
The console, aux, and VTY ports are used to get into user mode only and have nothing to do with how
the router is configured.
To view and change the configuration, you need to be in privileged mode.
PRIVILEGED MODE CLI: The privileged EXEC mode allows full access to a Cisco router by
default, and the configuration can be both viewed and changed in this EXEC mode. You can enter
privileged mode by first entering user mode and then typing the command enable.
To change the router configuration, you must be in privileged EXEC mode.
The prompt at user mode is the greater-than sign (>). When you are in privileged mode, the
prompt changes to a pound sign (#).
GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE:- Once you are in privileged mode, you enter global
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GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE:- Once you are in privileged mode, you enter global
configuration mode to change the configuration. You make changes by typing the command
configure terminal. However, the shortcut command config t can also be used. This mode allows you
to change the running-configuration i.e., the configuration router is currently using. You can save the
running-configuration from DRAM to Non-Violate RAM (NVRAM). The file that is copied into
NVRAM is called startup-configuration.
Once you type configure terminal or config t from privileged mode, you enter global configuration
mode. And prompt changes to Router (config) #.
From global config mode, you can make changes to the router configuration that affects the router in
whole, hence the name global configuration mode. Global configuration mode is the location where
you set the router passwords.
Basic Steps to Configure a Router:1. Configure hostname

2. Configure passwordsEnable / enable secret
Console
Virtual terminal (VTY)
1. Configure interfaces
2. Configure routing protocol
CONFIGURING THE ROUTER HOSTNAME:A router is given a name in global configuration mode.
To configure the router hostname, follow these steps:1. Router(config)#hostname the new name for router, say ABC (in global configuration mode, give
the new name for router)
2. ABC(config)#exit (this command is used to exit from global configuration mode to privileged mode)
3. ABC# (this is the privileged EXEC mode)
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Router(config)#hostname hostname
hostname can be any name you choose
PASSWORD CONFIGURATION:The passwords you can set on a Cisco router:

1.
2.
3.
4.
ENABLE PASSWORD
ENABLE SECRET
CONSOLE
VTY
Enable password:
The Enable password is used to allow security on a Cisco router when an administrator is trying to go
from user mode to privileged mode. The Enable password is an old, unencrypted password. You set the
Enable password from global configuration EXEC mode and use the command
enable password. To set enable password, follow this step:1.
Router(config)#enable password password
Example: if I give password as my password,

as shown in figure below, i set password as enable password. Now i will need a password to enter into
privileged mode from user exec mode.
When you know the password required for privileged exec mode, you can enter into privileged exec
mode. As you type the password, you cannot see it but as you enter after typing the password, you
enter into privileged mode.
Enable secret password:The Enable Secret password accomplishes the same thing as Enable. However, it is encrypted by
default. CISCO prefers the use of enable secret password because these passwords are stored in
encrypted form whereas enable password is stored in text form. Thus, enable secret passwords offer
more security than enable passwords. If you set the Enable password and then set the Enable Secret
password, you always mention the Enable secret password, this means that enable secret has higher
priority than enable password.
You set the Enable Secret password from global configuration mode by using the command:
1.
Router(config)#enable secret password
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Example: if I set pass as my enable secret password. On entering privileged mode again from user
exec mode, I will need enable secret password as shown in figure below:(http://ccnabasics.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/14.jpg)
The above 2 passwordsenable and enable secret are set for privileged exec mode. By default, the router
does not ask for any password. But once a password has been set, the user cannot enter the privileged
mode from user exec mode without entering the password.
CONSOLE:This is the basic connection into every router. To initially set up a router, you need to connect to the
console port and enable, at least, one interface and set the VTY password. After one interface is enabled
and the VTY lines are configured, an administrator can then Telnet into the router and do the final
configurations from that connection. However, the console port can be used to configure the complete
configuration at any time. This makes it very important to protect the console port with a password.
To configure a console user-mode password, use the Line command from global configuration mode.
There is only one console port on all routers, so the command is-line console 0 is used.
Router(config)#line console 0. (the prompt: Router(config-line)# tells you that you are configuring
the console, aux or vty lines).
To configure the console port, you can use two more commands: LOGIN and PASSWORD.
Password: This sets the console user-mode password. It is case sensitive. Command used is:
Router(config-line)#password password
Login: This tells the router to look under the console line configuration for the password. If you do not
use this command, you will not be prompted for a password when you connect to the routers console
port. The command used for LOGIN is:
Router(config-line)#login
Steps to set console password are:1. Router(config)#line console 0
2. Router(config-line)#password password.
3. Router(config-line)#login
example: if i want to set console password to todd.
VTY:http://ccnabasics.com/category/d-introduction-to-routers/
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The Virtual Teletype (VTY) lines are used to configure Telnet access to a Cisco router. TENET is used to
configure router remotely i.e., you dont need console cable; you can configure the router on network.
The VTY lines must be configured for Telnet to be successful.
1. Router(config)#line vty 0 ?. (The question mark sign is to know how many VTY lines are present
in router).
2. Router(config)#line vty 0 <last vty line that router tells after you execute above step>.
3. Router(config-line)#password password
4. Router(config-line)#login
If no password is set for virtual terminal sessions, no one can log into the router using a virtual terminal
session.
Example: if I want to set VTY password to cisco
PASSWORD CONFIGURATION SUMMARY
Router(config)#enable password
password
Sets enable password
Router(config)#enable secret
password
Sets enable secret password
Router(config)#line con 0
Router(configline)#password password
Router(config)#line vty 0 ?
Router(config-line)#password
password
Enters console-line mode

Sets console-line mode password
Enables password checking at login
Enters VTY line mode for all VTY lines

Sets VTY password
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PASSWORD ENCRYPTION: The service password-encryption command may be used to set passwords to not display in clear
text when viewing running configuration.
Example, to encrypt console passwordRouter(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#password password
Router(config-line)#service password-encryption
Secret password is always encrypted even when the command above is not used.
Router(config)#service password-encryption
Applies a weak encryption to passwords
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Sets enable password to cisco
Router(config)#line con 0
Enter Console port
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Setting console password to cisco
Router(config)#no service password-encryption
Turns off password encryption
Caution: If you have turned on service password encryption and used it, and then turned it off, any
passwords that you have encrypted will stay encrypted. New passwords will remain unencrypted.
1 Comment
August 11, 2012
4.6 MANAGING CONFIGURATIONS

SAVING THE CONFIGURATIONS: -
When you make any changes to the configuration of router, it is the running-configuration which is 23/29
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When you make any changes to the configuration of router, it is the running-configuration which is
lost on power lost. If you want the router to operate according to the configuration that you made, you
will have to save the configuration. You can manually save the configurations from DRAM to NVRAM.
Commands to save configuration are:You may save the configuration in one of the 2 ways given below: METHOD 1:
1. Enter Privileged exec mode.
2. Use the command copy running-config st (abbreviated as copy run start) to save your running
configuration file to your startup configuration file.
3. You will then be prompted for a destination file name. Press enter to use the default name- startupconfig
(http://ccnabasics.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/1.png)
METHOD 2:
1. Enter privileged exec mode.
2. Type wr and press enter. There is no need of specifying destination file-name. Router stores it
automatically to startup-config.
P.S. WHEN YOU SEE A QUESTION WITH AN ANSWER IN BRACKETS- [ ], IT MEANS
THAT IF YOU JUST PRESS ENTER, YOURE CHOOSING THE DEFAULT ANSWER.
If you dont wish to save the configurations in startup-config, you can use a question mark (?) to know
the other available destination folder to save the configuration as:
1.
Copy running-config<space>?
ERASING CONFIGURATIONS
To delete the startup-config file from NVRAM,
1. Enter privileged exec mode.
2. Use command erase start to delete startup-config.
3. Router will ask you to confirm erasing the startup config. Press enter to confirm.
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Running-config is still in dynamic memory. Reload the router to clear the running-config.
RELOAD THE ROUTER
There are 2 methods to reload the router.
Method 1:
1. In privileged exec mode, type the command RELOAD.
2. Router asks you to confirm if you want to proceed with reloading, press enter to confirm.
Method 2:
1. You can also reload the router by physically turning router OFF and the ON
. (http://ccnabasics.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7.png)
TIP: If you reload the router, youll be offered setup mode because there is no configuration saved in
NVRAM now. Setup mode is used to help people who dont know how to use CLI, to configure the
router. So choose NO option to continue with configuration dialog in setup mode.
no ip domain-lookup Command: Ever type in a command incorrectly and you are left waiting for a minute or two as the router tries to
translate your command to a domain server of 255.255.255.255.
Example:
The router is set by default to try to resolve any word that is not a command to a DNS server at address
255.255.255.255. If you are not going to set up DNS, turn this feature off to save time as you type,
especially if you are a poor typist.
How do you turn off this feature? Follow these commands:1. Enter global config mode.
2. Type in no ip domain-lookup and press enter.
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August 11, 2012
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4.7 ADVANCED ROUTER ADMINISTRATION

MANAGING CONFIGURATION REGISTER
Configuration register:
All CISCO routers have a 16-bit software register that is written into NVRAM. By default, IOS is loaded
from flash memory by configuration register and it also looks for and loads the startup-config file from
NVRAM. The default configuration setting on CISCO routers is 0x2102, where 2102 is the
configuration register and 0x depicts that the number following are in hexadecimal i.e., 2102 is in
hexadecimal.
A hexadecimal number has 16 bits from 0-15. it has decimal digits 0 to 9 and decimal numbers 11 to 15
are represented from A to F as shown in table below:
A hexadecimal number is converted to binary using a set of 4 bits called nibble. These 4 bits are: 23,
22, 21, 20. i.e., 8, 4, 2, 1.
Examples:
To convert hexadecimal number 1 in binary, I make bit 1 in 8, 4, 2, 1 ON.
A BIT IS SAID TO BE ON IF IT IS 1 AND OFF IF IT IS 0.
Now hexa number 1 in binary=
Similarly, hexa number 2 in binary will be: 0010 that is, turn all other bits OFF and 2 ON.
Hexa number 4 will be 0100 (turn ON bit 4 only)
Hexa number 8 will be 1000 (turn ON bit 8 only)
The bits 8,4,2,1 add up to 8+4+2+1=15. Thus to convert hexa number 15 to binary, I will turn ON all the
bits. This means, hexa number 15 in binary will be= 1111
Similarly, if I want to convert hexa digit 3 to binary, I see 2+1=3, so I turn bits: 2 and 1 ON and others
OFF. So hexa digit 3 in binary will be: 0011.
Thus, various conversions of hexa numbers to binary are shown in table below:
CONVERSION CHART
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The default register in routers is 2102.
This shows that bit 13, 8, 1 are ON.

Various registers of CISCO routers and their significance:
0x2102: it is the default register of router. It starts booting from the first file of flash memory. It loads
the configuration into running mode and executes boot system command if available.
Other registers of router are:
Registers
Significance
0x2102
Default value of router on booting
0x2101
It is used to boot IOS image stored in ROM
0x2100
It is used if IOs gets corrupted and incomplete IOS (also called mini-IOS) is also not
available. It boots from ROMMON
0x2141
Router boots from incomplete IOS and bypasses the startup configuration
0x2142
In this case, router boots from the first file in flash memory and bypasses the startup
mode entering into setup mode. This register is used to reset the password as it ignores
the contents of NVRAM.
To check current configuration register use the following steps:

1. In privileged exec mode, use command: show version (or sh version)
Changing the configuration register:

You can change the configuration register value to modify how the router boots and runs.
How to change configuration register value? Follow these steps:
1. In global config mode, type in config-register <new register value> and exit the global
config mode
Example:
Again, check the register running in router using command sh version:

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The figure above shows that register will be changed to 0x2141 after the router reloads and default
register is running right now. So we reload the router by physically switching its power ON and OFF.
After reloading, again check the register value:
The figure above shows that after reloading the router, register value changes to 0x2141.
Recovering the lost password:
Once you have secured your router with password/passwords, you must remember those passwords
and not lose them. But what if you forget a password or lose it? CISCO has developed a method to
recover your routers configuration and reset the passwords.
How the process takes place:
Attach the console cable to console port of router and start the Hyper-Terminal.
Power ON-OFF the router i.e., reload the router.
When the router is booting, in between, press CTRL+BREAK. This will stop loading the IOS and
starts ROM MONITOR MODE or rommon mode. ROMMON mode bypasses the IOS and allows
you to change the settings in the routers configuration registers.
Proceeding step-wise:
1. Reset the router by using command reset or by turning router power OFF-ON.
2. While router now loads the IOS, interrupt this process by pressing CTRL+BREAK or
CTRL+C. This will skip to ROMMON mode.
3. In ROMMON mode, change the register value using command: confreg <new register
value. This will skip the startup-configuration.
4. Reset the system again.
5. Now router will ask you if you want to enter setup mode. Type NO. It will take you to
user exec mode.
6. Set a new password in global config mode.
7. Again, change the configuration register value to default value i.e., 0x2102.
8. Save the configuration using command copy run start or wr.
9. Reload the router.
10. Now, verify if register value has been changed to default by using command: sh version
in privileged exec mode.

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d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

Category Archives: d. INTRODUCTION TO

4.1 Network devices

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

KEY FEATURES OF A BRIDGE ARE: Bridge works on a full duplex mode.

Data link layer

Regenerate data at the signal level

Regenerate data at the packet level

Reduce network traffic

SWITCHES: Switches resemble bridges and can be considered as multiport

Better use of limited bandwidth.

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

Routers are layer 3 devices which recognize network

Bridges are layer 2 devices which look at

4.2 PACKET TRACER INTRODUCTION

If you want to select a device, click on it. Routers are

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

If you want to select a device, click on it. Routers are

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

4.3 ROUTER ARCHITECTURE

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

Routers have 3 ports:Console port

CHASSIE BASED ROUTER

They are sealed routers. You

They are not sealed. User can

They are used at company

ROUTER BOOT UP SEQUENCE

Perform power-on self test (POST) stored in ROM.

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

6. Load the startup configuration.

4.4 CONFIGURING INTERFACES

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

And the physical view of selected router is also shown:

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

And the physical view of selected router is also shown:

the card to the slot, an error message will be displayed.

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

present in it as shown in figure below.

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

TO CONFIGURE A SERIAL INTERFACE: 1.

Router(config)#int interface name

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

Moves to interface mode

Router(config-if)#ip address IP address subnet

Assigns address and subnet mask to

Configuring a Serial Interface

Moves to interface mode

Router(config-if)#ip address IP address subnet

Assigns address and subnet mask to

Displays clock rate list

Router(config-if)#clock rate clock rate

Assigns clock rate

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

4.5 INTER NETWORKING

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

d. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS | CCNA Basics

Global configuration mode

Role of command mode