Welcome to Calculus.

I'm Professor Greist.

We're about to begin, lecture 19, on more
ODEs.
In this lesson, we'll consider some new
families of ordinary differential
equations, their solutions, and what
they're good for.
Along the way we'll learn some new
methods.
Some new applications.
Among the many differential equations
that you may encounter, a few families
are worthy of note.
Some ODEs are autonomous, meaning that
the right hand side depends on x alone,
and does not depend on t.
Those equations that do depend on t are
called nonautonomous equations.
They can be very difficult to solve.
Some, however, are solvable by the
following separation method.
If dx dt is of the form of a function of
x, alone, times a function of t, alone,
then following the pattern of what we did
for the linear differential equation, we
can separate out all of the x terms on
the left.
All of the t terms on the right, then it
makes sense to integrate both sides if
these integrals are computable, and if
you can solve for x.
Then you're in good shape.
Let's look at another example, if you
consider a body that is falling under the
action of gravity you'll notice different
behavior depending on its shape.
This is due to drag force.
If we assume a drag force model where
that force is proportional to the
velocity of the body, then what do we
have?
Well our body is being acted on by a
gravitational force of magnitude m of
[UNKNOWN].
Times G gravitation constant, pointed
down.
Pointed upwards, is the drag force that
is assumed proportional to velocity V, by
some constant of proportionality, kappa,
the drag coefficient.
Newtons' law says that the mass times the
acceleration dv dt is equal to mg minus
kappa times v.
And here we have an autonomous and
separable ordinary differential equation.
By doing a little bit of factoring and
algebra we can move to the left hand
side.

The quantity v minus mg over kappa all in

the denominator.
On the right hand side, what is left over
is negative kappa divided by m d t.
Integrating both sides, what do we do?
Well on the left, you have to, think a
moment to see, that the anti-derivative
of dv, over v minus a constant is in
fact, the log of quantity v minus that
constant.
On the right hand side the integral is
very easy, it is negative kappa over m
times t.
We'll put our constant at the integration
on the right side.
Now, to solve for v, what do we do?
We exponentiate both sides.
On the left, we have v minus mg over
kappa.
On the right we have e to the negative
kappa over m times t.
That's times e to the constant of
integration.
We're just going to call that a new
constant with the same name, c.
Now, solving for v.
What do we have?
V is constant e to the negative kappa
over mt plus mg over kappa.
Let's think about this for a moment, if
we take a limit as t goes to infinity,
what happens?
Will the exponent, in the exponential is
negative, that means that term goes to
zero, and goes to zero rapidly.
What remains is a constant a velocity
equal to m times g over Kappa.
This is called the terminal velocity.
Depending on the value of Kappa it may be
very fast or rather slow.
Separable ODEs also arise in analysis of
a fluid leaking from a tank.
This is regulated by Toricelli's Law,
which relates h, the height of the
liquid, with A, the cross-sectional area
at the top.
The Law states that the rate of change of
h with respect to t is proportional to
the square root of h, and inversely
proportional to A.
If we consider say a cone, or anything
where the cross sectional area is
quadratic in h by some constant.
Maybe pie, maybe not then we obtain h
prime is proportional to h to the
negative three halves.
This is separable removing the h to the
three halves over to the left side.
And then integrating both sides yields h
to the 5/2 times 2/5 and on the right a

constant times t plus and integration

constant.
Solving for h, gives a linear function of
t raised to the 2/5ths power where the
constants will depend on the physics and
your initial condition.
What this implies is that h approaches
zero very rapidly at the end.
How rapidly?
It is in big O, of the final time, minus
t, raised to the 2 fifths power.
That comes into zero very, very sharply,
when you're looking at something to a
power of 2/5.
Let's move on to a different class, of,
nonautonomous ODEs.
These are the, linear, nonautonomous
ODEs.
They're of the form, dx dt, equals a of
t, times x, plus b of t, where a and b
are functions, of t.
For example, dx dt equals tx plus one
half t squared is of this form.
We say that it's a linear equation
because if you suppress the t dependents,
you get something of the frm dx dt equals
ax plus B.
And that right hand side should remind
you of the equation, the line.
Well, how do we solve such a problem?
The method that we will introduce is that
of the integrating factor, its a little
tricky so hang on.
Let us denote that integrating factor by
I.
We're going to multiply both sides of
this equation by an as yet unknown
function I.
Rearranging terms a little bit and
multiplying through gives us I times dx
dt minus A I times x.
And on the right I times B.
Now what is this good for?
Well if you look at that left hand side
and keep in mind the product rule.
Then you see something that should remind
you a little bit of the product rule, if,
if we had something that looked like I
times dx dt.
Plus the di dt times x.
Well then, we would recognize that that's
just the derivative of I times x, and
that's something that's going to be
helpful to us.
So what would we need to be true, in
order to have this?
We would need to have the di dt.
Equal to negative A times I.
Now, focus on that.
Because what we're doing is deriving a

differential equation for this unknown

integrating factor I.
That is separable.
That is solvable by the standard
techniques that we've been using.
When we solve that equation, what are we
going to get?
I is E to the integral of negative A DT,
which we could write in shorthand as E to
the negative integral A.
If we chose such a function I multiplied,
both sides of our original equation by
this.
Than what we obtain is on the left, the
derivative of I times X.
On the right, I times B now we can
integrate both sides because
differentiation and integration undue
each other.
On the left we have I times X, on the
right, the integral of I times B.
We can solve for I and obtain, after
substituting in our formula for I, a
scary looking but very useful equation.
The solution is X is E to the integral of
A times the integral.
Of b times e to the negative integral of
a.
Let's demonstrate this formula in the
context of a mixing problem.
Assume you have a tank that holds a
thousand gallons, and is 90% full.
An additive is injected at a rate of ten
gallons per minute.
The solution is mixed well, and then
drained out at a rate of five gallons per
minute.
The question is, what is the
concentration of the additive at that
moment when the tank is full?
There are a couple of features to this
problem we're going to have to analyze.
First of all, we're talking about when
the tank is full, so we've got to be
concerned with volume.
Also, we are told that the rate of change
of the volume, that coming in and that
going out.
Lastly, what we're asked about is the
concentration.
Of the additive in the tank.
Let's set up you variables, v as a
function of t is our volume.
Next comes q of t, that's the quantity of
the additive that is put into the tank.
So, that when we talk about the
concentration, c of t, that is simply, q
of t, over v of t.
Let's derive the differential equation,
and then solve it, by considering flow

rates coming in and out.

It's easy to see that the volume Is the
initial volume, 900, plus 5 t, meaning
that the tank will be full at precisely t
equals 20.
If we consider the time rate of change of
the amount of additive q, well that
additive comes in at a rate of 10 Gallons
per minute.
But the fluid is drained out at a rate of
5 gallons per minute.
That drained out fluid is not pure
additive.
It depends on a concentration, c.
Thus, we derive a differential equation
on q as follows: dq dt plus q over 180
plus t, equals 10.
This is a linear non autonomous ODE.
Where the function A is negative 1 over
180 plus t.
That means our integrating factor is E to
the integral of dt over 180 plus t.
Of course, that integral is simply the
log of 180 plus t.
And when we exponentiate that, we obtain,
simply, 180 plus t.
If we therefore multiply the differential
equation by this integrating factor, we
obtain.
Very simply 180 plus t times dq dt equals
10 times quantity, 180 plus t.
The left hand side is the derivative of q
times quantity, 180 plus t.
Integrating both sides gives us, on the
left, 180 plus t times q.
On the right, 1800t plus 5t squared plus
a constant.
You can show, based on the initial
condition, that there's no additive at
the beginning, but that integration
constant is zero.
Now, we almost have the solution to our
problem.
What do we need to do?
We solve for q as 1800t plus 5t squared
over 180 plus t.
But we're asked about the concentration
at the time when the tank is full.
At t equals 20, we get the amount of
additive to be 190.
Therefore, the concentration at that time
is 190 divided by the volume of the tank.
That means that the additive is present
at 19%, when the tank is full.
There are many similar types of problems
for which integrating factors are
helpful.
Some of them are, like this, involving
mixing and tanks.
Others come from entirely different

applications.
Indeed this is just the beginning of the
wonderful subject of differential
equations, where there are many more
families of differential equations that
require specialized solutions.
A few of these are doable with the tools
that you now have in hand.
But many of these differential equations
require multivariable calculus.
Some can be very difficult to solve
indeed.
We now have in hand several types of
ODEs, their solutions, and their
applications.
That's the good news, the bad news is
most differential equations are hard to
solve.
Some seem impossible.
In our next lesson, we'll consider what
to do when the solution seems to slip
from our grasp.