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1. Introduction
1.1 Goals and objectives
1.2 Knowledge, attitude, skills
1.3 Methodology
1.1 GOAL
Goal of this manual is to help primary school students develop necessary
skills to maintain good hygiene practices, develop skills needed to access, use and
maintain safe drinking water. Moreover, it aims to induce behavioral change for
students and their family members.
OBJECTIVES
Develop the knowledge, attitudes and skills students need for consuming safe
drinking water
Promote good personal hygiene and maintain general cleanness
Learn simple methods for treatment and storage of drinking water, and to use
these methods on daily basis
Understand the importance of consuming safe drinking water and develop
skills needed to access, use and maintain safe water
1.2 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND SKILLS ESSENTIAL FOR STUDENTS
ATTITUDES, SKILLS
Drink 1.5- 2 liters of water per day
Treating water at home
Wash your hands regularly and right
Use soap and other cleaning product correctly when washing hands
Children should use own water bottles
Keep water bottles clean and hygienic at all times
Storing drinking water safely at home
Preventing from water contamination during transport
Influencing other members of the householder to develop proper water use
behavior
Keep water sources (river, lake, spring, well) clean and prevent from
contamination
1.3 METHODOLOGY
STEP 1. DISCUSSION AND INFORMATION SHARING
Teacher should give students information about safe drinking water using
different teaching methods e.g. explanation, discussion, visual demonstration, and
raising an issue.
2. PRACTICE
To organize exercises, field trips, conduct experiments, promote team works in order
to verify students knowledge and skills obtained.
STEP 3. CAN YOU DO THIS? /EVALUATION/
Students will do self- evaluation to check what they have understood and
what have not / if yes, if unsure, if no/- draw or put sticker.
Teacher will observe students skills and attitudes and will verbally evaluate them or
will evaluate through the appreciation corner.
STEP 4. I WILL HABITUATE THIS
This section will include behavioral change items that are important for students
everyday lives. Students need to keep in mind the saying Success comes through
hard work. They need to act in a responsible way to maintain good health through
behavioral change and skills development.
Fetus
Infant
Teenage
Old age
People can survive 72 hours without water. In fact, primary cause of aging of
humans and animals is reduction of water in the human body
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Discuss the importance of water and ask students to write a memo or may ask them
to draw a picture depending on age
Memo:
1............................................................
2.............................................................
3.............................................................
1
2
Unsure
Dont
know
If answered
yes, please
write down
Diarrhea
Disease
Cloudy or slightly off-color water may be dangerous, but perfectly clear water can
also be contaminated. Colorless, odorless, and perfectly clear water may not
necessarily be safe.
Safe water is water that is free of microorganism such as bacteria and viruses, and
not contaminated by other hazardous chemicals.
Unprotected water sources, polluted water containers and dirty hands easily
contaminate water. Perfectly clear and tasteless water can cause illness in humans.
What is intestinal infectious disease?
Infectious disease is caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites that are not visible to
human eyes.
Intestinal infectious diseases include:
Diarrhea
Dysentery
Hepatitis
Causes of intestinal infectious diseases
Fingers
Flies
Food
Wheat farm
Human waste
Drink
Give picture cards to each group. Choose picture cards that show opportunities
not to be infected and explain it to other groups. For example: This child is
washing his hand properly, therefore, he has a chance not getting infected
/Pictures below can be used/.
1
2
If unsure
Dont know
If answered yes,
please write down
3. WATER SOURCES
3.1 WHERE DO YOUR SCHOOL AND HOUSEHOLD COLLECT WATER FROM?
River
Pond
Protected well
Lake
Rain
Spring
Protected well
River, Lake
Transport water
2
3
Unsure
Dont
know
If answered
yes, please
write down
Moreover, water is often contaminated by human waste and animal dung. Also it is
affected by improper human activities, flooding, heavy rain, and wind storm.
If water is polluted by chemicals, bacteria and viruses that are not visible to human
eyes, then it is even more dangerous.
We pollute water every day by our activities starting from washing hands and
cleaning plates.
How water gets polluted?
A long ago, Mongolians traditionally prohibited to put milk and dairy products
and blood into rivers and springs. Moreover, prohibited to collect water using dippers
with milk. It was also banned to dispose of garbage and died animals nearby rivers
and streams. It was forbidden to wash clothes in the river flow and watered livestock
and animals far away from the river. Furthermore, Mongolians never cut trees and
bushes along the river watershed preventing water level reduction.
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Which one will pollute water source?
Waste
Livestock, pets
Human waste
Forest
Birds
What other pollutants exist?
Please name them, or draw them
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.......................................................................................................................................
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STEP 3. CAN YOU DO THIS /EVALUATION/
Question
If yes
1
2
If unsure
Dont
know
If answered yes,
please write
down
transport water in an
container,
water
is
pollution
from
dust,
dirty hands
storage
How to properly collect and store water for school and household use? What
kind of container do you use for water collection?
from
protected
However, plastic containers are easy to use and are not fragile; we need to be
aware of chemicals used in making these containers that may affect the water
quality. Therefore, we need to carefully check recycling signs placed on the plastic
containers.
In 1988, plastics were coded and categorized into following categories.
Symbol with the chasing arrows is used in coding, below the symbol you can see a
number from 1-7 and in the bottom there is a special note about materials used for
making the plastic.
Coding
Name
Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Characteristics
Good
ability
to
separate
gas
and
humidity. Resistant to
heat
Use
Used to make bottles for
lemonades,
water,
beer,
peanut butter, salads, juices
and vegetable oils
High
density Very safe and do not Used for making containers
loose its form
for milk and water, also used
Polyethylene
to make plastic bags
Low
density Very heavy plastic Used to make plastic cling
Polyethylene
that tends to be both wrap, sandwich bags, carpet,
durable and flexible
films, and equipment spare
parts
Polypropylene
resistant to heat
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Observe pictures below and tick () the picture that shows right activities
Is unsure
Dont
know
If answered yes,
please write down
And
2. Filtering:
Filter water through 2 -3 layers of cloth at school and
home.
If the water is cloudy or slightly off -color due to fine sands
and
other pollution, need to use a cloth to filter waters insects, and
other small pieces of pollution.
Boiling:
be
changed
on
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Materials: Clean glass container, cloth, w ater
Divide students into 3 -4 groups and ask them to practice water tungaah
and filtering.
Before starting the exercise, ask students to write down what order to
follow
1..........................................
2..........................................
3............................................
4............ ...............................
W hat changed after water is filtered?
W hat happened to cloth used for filtering?
How do you know whether it is well filtered or not?
Ask students to write a conclusion
Explain about water boiling method and show materials needed (water,
pot for water boiling - kettle, automatic boiler)
Boil the water for about 1 minute until bubbles start to appear.
Moreover, if using an automatic boiler, explain what light appears when
the water is boiling and what color appears when it is done.
Attention:
Teacher should demonstrate and manage the water boiling process in
order to ensure safety.
At home, water should be boiled with the help and supervision of an
adult.
STEP 3. CAN YOU DO THIS? /EVALUATION/
If answered yes,
please write down
Question
If yes
1
If unsure Dont
know
Will collect
from
safe and reliable sources
:5.2
water
?
Will always boil water before consuming
Will avoid drinking raw/uncooked water
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Pour water into clean and unclean glasses and cover both glasses
Pour water into clean and unclean glasses and uncover both glasses. Will water be
contaminated?
If answered yes,
please write down
If yes
2
3
If
unsure
Dont
know
STEP 2. EXERCISE
W hich container is most suitable for cleaning? Please tick
W hy?
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
Question
If yes
1
2
3
If unsure Dont
know
After
Every
doing cleaning
time when hands get dirty
Anti- bacterial
Suitable for your skin type
Developing good hand washing practice will help reduce infections spread by dirty
hands.
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Hand washing instruction:
1.Wet your hands
2. Use soap. Put liquid soap on your
palms
3. Lather and scrub
4. Wash between your fingers and the
top of your hands
5. Use rotational rubbing with clasped
fingers
7. Use your thumb to rub your palms
8. Use your fingers to rub your palms
9. After washing your wrist thoroughly
rinse with water
10. Dry your hands using paper cloth or
towel
11. Use towel to turn off the faucet
If unsure
Dont
know
If answered yes,
please write down
When do
hands?
you
wash
your
Must be covered
Must have locks to prevent from leaking
Must be good quality, easy to carry with short straps
Must pour cold or warm water into the bottle (max
temperature 30C)
Never put boiled hot water
How to clean and disinfect your water bottles
Rinse your bottle with water on daily basis
Wash the neck of the bottle everyday
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Ask children to write down instruction for washing water bottle and use
it to wash own water bottle at home
1...........................................
2...............................................
3..............................................
4...............................................
STEP 3. CAN YOU DO THIS? /EVALUATION/
Question
If yes
1
2
If unsure Dont
know
If answered yes,
please write down
Drinking cold water when you are feeling hot can harm your body. Therefore,
keep water at room temperature before drinking.
STEP 2. EXERCISE
Monitoring sheet
How much water we have drunken. (Daily water consumption amount - 1
liter) Please mark your water consumption
Daily water consumption norm - 1liter
Month,
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
day
February
250ml
550ml
200ml
7
February
8
If answered yes,
please write down
If yes
If
unsure
Dont
know
8.4 How schools should create favorable environment for treating drinking
water?
Test water quality twice per year
For schools that collect water from lakes and rivers:
Portable water purifier clean 125 liters of water per hour
8.5 Cleaning and disinfecting water storage containers at school and
kindergarten
Water storage containers should be safe for childrens health
Water storage containers should be cleaned weekly (both outside and
inside)
Regularly clean and disinfect water containers
Clean water containers using soap or dishwashing liquid once per month.
Then thoroughly rinse the container with cold water.
8.6 Schools should build special area for maintaining good hygiene practice
including hand washing instruction and soap stand
Schools should have one hand washing stand to be shared among 40
students
Dormitory: one hand washing stand to be shared among 30 students
To provide students with opportunity to wash their hands with warm water
at kindergartens, schools and dormitories.
Keep soap/ liquid soap available at each hand washing stands
Hand washing stands should be available and accessible for young
children and disabled children
Hand towel, hand dryer and covered waste bin shall be placed near hand
washing stand
As for dormitories with toilets located outside the building, they need to
have hand washing stands inside the building
Hand washing stands should be located near toilet, canteen or dormitory
gate.
8.7 Keep hygiene facilities far from water sources
Toilets and water disposal pipes (dirty water sources) should be located at
least 30-50 meters from unprotected or open water sources (e.g. shallow
well).