Classical Mechanics

Nguyen Thi Hong Van

INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, HANOI

December 23, 2014

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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Contents
1

Chapter 1:
Introduction
Motion in one dimension
Motion in three dimensions

Chapter 2: Forces and Newtons laws of motion

Chapter 3: Work and energy

Chapter 4: Potential energy and energy conservation

Chapter 5: Momentum

Chapter 6: Circular motion

Chapter 7: Oscillatory motion

Chapter 8: Law of gravity

Chapter 9: Fluids mechanics

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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Evaluation

Attendance/Attitude: 5 %
Class exercise(s): 10 %
Mid-term test: 25 %
Final exam: 60 %

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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Major sources

Major sources
1

Classical Mechanics : an introductory course, Richard Fitzpatrick

(professor of Physics, the University of Texas at Austin)

R. Resnick, D. Halliday, and K.S. Krane, Fourth edition, Vol. 1

(John Wiley & Sons, New York NY, 1992)

G.R. Fowles, Third edition (Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York
NY, 1977).

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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 1: Overview of Classical Mechanics (CM)

CM is the study of the motion of bodies in accordance with the general

principals first enunciated by Issac Newton (1687)
CM has many applications in different areas of science such as
astronomy, Chemistry, Geology, and Engineering
Types of motion studied in CM:
Translational motion: a body shifts from one point in space to
another
Rotational motion: an extended body changes orientation, with
respect to other bodies in space, without changing position
Oscillatory motion: continually repeats in time with a fixed period
Circular motion: a body executes a circular orbit about another
fixed body.

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Chapter 1: Measurements in physics (1)

Units of measurements
Three fundamental quantities which are subject to measurement used in
CM:
Interval in space length
Quantities of inertia, or mass, processed by various bodies
Interval in time
SI system (Systemme International) mks units
SI system is a standard units for basis quantities. It was established
in 1960 by an international committee
mks system is for length (meter), mass (kilogram) and time (second)
Length: the meter (m) is redefined as the distance traveled by light in
vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second.
Mass: the kilogram (kg), is defined as the mass of a specific platinum
iridium alloy cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures at Sevres, France.
Time: the second (s), is defined as 9 192631 770 times the period of
vibration of radiation from the cesium-133 atom.
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Chapter 1: Length, mass and time (1)

Approximated value of some measured lengths (m)

Distance from the Earth to most remote known normal galaxies: 9 1025
One light-year: 9.46 1015
Mean orbit radius of the Earth about the Sun: 1.50 1011
Mean distance from the Earth to the Moon: 3.84 108
Distance from the equator to the North Pole: 1.00 107
Mean radius of the Earth: 6.37 106
Size of smallest dust particles: 104
Diameter of a hydrogen atom: 1010
Diameter of an atomic nucleus: 1014
Diameter of a proton: 1015

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Length, mass and time (2)

Mass of various bodies (kg)
Visible universe 1052

Horse: 103

Sun: 1.99 1030

Human: 102

Earth: 5.98 10

Mosquito: 105

Moon: 7.36 1022

Hydrogen atom: 1.67 1027

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Value of some time interval (s)

Age of the Universe: 5 1017
Age of the Earth: 1.3 1017
One year: 3.16 107
One day: 8.64 104
Period of audible sound waves: 103
Period of typical radio waves: 106
Duration of a nuclear collision: 1022
Time for light to cross a proton: 1024
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 1: Units of measurements

Units of derived quantities
Velocity: [v ] = ms 1
Acceleration: [a] = ms 2
Angular momentum: [p] = kgms 1

Standard prefixes
A set of standard prefixes is a modification of the mks units of length, mass
and time which is devised to deal more easily with very small and very large
quantities (the motion of molecules and the motion of stars in the Galaxy).

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Chapter 1: Density
Density is a property of substance
Density () is defined as the amount of mass contained in a unit volume:
=

m
V

Units of density: kg /m3

Density of various substances (103 kg /m3 )

Gold: 19.3

Aluminum: 2.70

Uranium: 18.7

Magnesium: 1.75

Lead: 11.3

Water: 1.00

Copper: 8.92

Air: 0.12 102

Iron: 7.86

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Chapter 1: Dimensional analysis

Dimension denotes a physical nature of a quantity
Dimensions of three fundamental quantities length, mass and time are L,
M, T, respectively.
We use brackets [ ] to denote the dimension of a quantity.
Dimension of speed: [v ] = L/T
Dimension of volume: [V ] = L3
Acceleration: [a] = L/T 2
Dimensions can be treated as algebraic quantities.
All laws of physics are dimensionally consistent:
A = B [A] = [B]

Application of dimensional analysis is to check the forms of simple laws

of physics.
Exercise:
Find dimensions of density = m/V , momentum p = mv ; x = at 2 /2
Show that the expression v = at is dimensionally correct.
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Chapter 1: Uncertainty and significant figures (1)

Uncertainties of measurements
When physical quantities are measured, the measured values are known
only to within the limits of the experimental uncertainty.
The value of uncertainty depends on:
quality of apparatus
the skill of the experimenter
the number of measurements performed

Significant figures
Example:
5.5 2 significant figures
0.1 1 significant figures
Multiplicity rule: when multiplying several quantities, the number of
significant figures in the final answer is the same as the number of
significant figures in the least accurate (having the lowest number of
significant figures) of the quantities being multiplied. The same rule
applies to division.
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Chapter 1: Uncertainty and significant figures (2)

Significant figures
Zero may NOT be significant figures: those used to position the decimal
point such as: 0.03 (1 significant figure) and 0.0075 (2 significant figures).
Zero may be significant figures: when zeros come after other digits.
However there is the possibility of mis-interpretation should use
scientific notation to indicate the number of significant figures:
1500 1.5 103 if there are 2 SFs
1500 1.50 103 if there are 3 SFs
1500 1.500 103 if there are 4 SFs
0.00023 2.30 104 if there are 3 SFs.
When numbers are added or subtracted, the number of decimal places in
the result should equal the smallest number of decimal places of any term
in the sum:
123 + 5.35 = 128
1.002 - 0.998 = 0.004

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Chapter 1: Motion in one dimension (1)

Displacement

Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement with time
Average velocity:
v =

x
t

Instantaneous velocity:
x
t
Average speed: the ratio of the total distance it travels to the total time it
takes to travel that distance.
v = limt0

Instantaneous speed = |v |
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Chapter 1: Motion in one dimension (2)

Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of the change of velocity with time
Average value:

a=

v
t

Instantaneous value:
a = limt0

v
dv
d 2x
=
=
t
dt
dt 2

Equation of kinematics (for motion with a constant acceleration):

v (t) = v0 + a.t
x(t) = x0 + v0 .t + a.t 2 /2
v (t)2 v02 = 2.a.(x(t) x0 )

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Chapter 1: Motion in one dimension (3)

Motion with constant velocity
Problem: given v = const, find displacement x with time t?
Answer:
v = dx/dt dx = v .dt x = v .t + C
C =? : t = 0 x = x0 (displacement of the object at t = 0 or initial
displacement).
x(t) = x0 + v .t
Problem: Plot the graph of displacement versus time for a body moving
with constant velocity?
Conclusion with motion with constant velocity:
The graph of x versus t is a straight line.
v = x/t gradient of the graph/straight line.
a = d 2 x/dt 2 = 0 v = const: consistent with the definition!
x increases v > 0 OR object moving to the right,
x decreases v < 0 OR object moving to the left,
x = const v = 0 OR object remains at rest.
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 1: Motion in one dimension (4)

Motion with constant acceleration
Prob.: a = const v =?; x =?
a = dv /dt dv = a.dt v (t) = v0 + a.t straight line
dx = v .dt x = x0 + v0 .t + a.t 2 /2 parabola.
Conclusion:
S = x x0 = v0 .t + a.t 2 /2 the net distance traveled after t
seconds
v = v0 + a.t
v 2 = v02 + 2.a.S

Free-fall under gravity

Galileo: all bodies in free-fall close to the Earth surface accelerate
vertically downward with the same acceleration: g = 9.81m/s 2
???

s
t=

2h
g
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 1: Motion in three dimensions (1)

To deal with 3-dimensional motion, it is necessary to set up a suitable
coordinate system.
Vectors
Cartesian coordinates

Cartesian coordinate system consists

of three mutually perpendicular axes.

Vector and scalar quantities

Scalar quantity is specified by a single value with an appropriate unit
and has no direction such as temperature, volume, mass, time
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Examples:
displacement,velocity, accelerator, force.
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Chapter 1: Motion in three dimensions (2)

Some properties of vector
Equality of two vectors:
~ =B
~ |A|
~ = |B|
~ & A
~ and B
~ point in the same direction.
A
Vector addition
Sum of two vectors is the vector down from the tail of the first
vector to the tip of the last vector.
~ +B
~ =B
~ +A
~
Parallelogram rule of addition A
~ + (B
~ +C
~ ) = (A
~ + B)
~ +C
~
Associative law of addition: A
~ + (A)
~ = 0 have the same magnitude but
Negative of a vector: A
point in opposite direction.
~ B
~ =A
~ + (B)
~
Subtracting vector: A

Components of a vector and unit vectors

Components of a vector are the projections of that vector along
~ = (Ax , Ay , Az ).
coordinate axes: A
?? Can the components of a vector ever be greater than the magnitude of
the vector?
~
~
~
hint: Ax = |A|.sin.cos
; Ay = |A|.sin
sin ; Az = |A|.cos
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 1: Motion in three dimensions (3)

Components of a vector and unit vectors
Unit vectors
a unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly
1. It is used to specify a given direction and have no other physical
significance:
~i x ; ~j y ; ~k z.
|~i| = |~j| = |~k| = 1
~i.~j = ~i.~k = ~j.~k = 0
~ = Ax .~i + Ay .~j + Az .~k.
A
p
Vector magnitude: A = A2x + A2y + A2z
Scalar multiplication:
~
S = .~r , is a number/scalar
~
S = (x, y , z) = (x, y , z): multiplying all the components of
the original.
Scalar product of two vectors:
~ B
~ = Ax .Bx + Ay .By + Az .Bz
A.
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 1: Motion in three dimensions (4)

Vector displacement, vector velocity and vector acceleration
Vector displacement: ~r (t) = [x(t), y (t), z(t)]
Vector velocity:
~v (t) = limt0
vx =

~r (t + t) ~r (t)
d~r
=
t
dt

dx
dy
dz
; vy =
; vz =
dt
dt
dt

Vector acceleration:
~a(t) = limt0

~v (t + t) ~v (t)
d~v
d 2~r
=
= 2
t
dt
dt

dvx
d 2x
=
dt
dt 2
dvy
d 2y
ay =
=
dt
dt 2
dvz
d 2z
az =
= 2
dt
dt
ax =

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Chapter 1: Motion in three dimensions (5)

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Chapter 1: Motion in three dimensions (6)

Relative velocity
~v12 velocity of object (1) with respect to frame (2)
~v23 velocity of frame (2) with respect to frame (3)
~v13 velocity of object (1) with respect to frame (3)
~v13 = ~v12 + ~v23

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Chapter 2: Forces and Newtons laws of motion

Newtons first law of motion
If the motion of a given body is not disturbed by external influences then
that body moves with constant velocity
~r = ~r0 + ~v .t
~r0 , ~v ; constant vectors
~v = 0 the body simply remains at rest.

Newtons second law of motion

Momentum: ~p = m.~v
p
Second law: d~
= ~f net influence/force
dt
m = const ~f = m.~a

Newtons third law of motion

~fab : force exerted on (a) by (b)
~fab : force exerted on (b) by (a)
Newtons third law: ~fab = ~fba
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Chapter 2: Hookes law

The force exerted on an object by a coiled spring:

~f = k.~l
~l = ~l ~
l0 extension of the spring
~l actual length; ~
l0 natural length.
Application of Hookes law: to quantify the magnitude and direction of
the force exerted on a given body by means of a spring
F0 = 1N = 1kg .m/s 2 = k.l0 , l0 critical extension
F l = .l0 is the value of the force we want to quantify.
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Chapter 2: Everyday forces

Gravitational force: ~fg = m.~g
The normal force/normal reaction and weight:
Weight: the weight W of a body is the magnitude of the downward
force it exerts on any object which supports it.
Normal force: under the influence of the weight of the object,
obeying the Newtons third law, the surface of the supporting object
will act back on the surface of the object this called normal
reaction or normal force
Normal force is a force exerted by one surface on another i a
direction perpendicular to the surface of contact.
The magnitude of the weight = the normal force.
Exercise:
Find weight of an object resting on a table?
Find weight of an object of mass m resting on the floor of an
elevator moving with acceleration ~a?
Relation between mass and weight: W = m.g in case of accelerator of
the frame = 0 and ~fg = m~g is perpendicular to the surface.
Friction: f = .Rn , where : coefficient of friction and Rn is normal
reaction of the surface.
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Chapter 3: Work and energy

Energy
Potential energy; kinetic energy; electrical energy; thermal energy;
chemical energy; nuclear energy.
An example of energy conservation: energy conservation during free-fall
v22 v12 = 2~a.~
S; ~a = ~g ; ~
S = h2 h1
2
2
v2 v1 2~g .~
S

mv22
mv12

= mgh2 + mgh1
2
2

1
1
mv22 + mgh2 = mv12 + mgh1
2
2
Total energy E of the mass m is conserved: E = mv 2 /2 + mgh
K = mv 2 /2 kinetic energy
U = mgh potential energy
E conserved K = U

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Chapter 3: Work and energy

Work
W = ~f .~
S = |~f |.|~
S|.cos: assuming that the force doesnt vary with
position.
Work-Energy theorem: ?? prove:
K = W
using v 2 = v02 + 2.~a.~
S
Find back the energy conservation during free-fall using work-energy
theorem?

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Chapter 3: Work
Work of the force varies with position ~f = ~f (~r )
W =

N
N
RB
P
~fi .~ri = limN P ~fi .~ri = ~f (~r ).d~r line-integral
i=1

i=1

Work performed by a 1-dimensional force: From W =

RxB

f (x)dx,

xA

prove: W = K ?
d 2x
f =m 2 W =
dt

ZxB

d 2x
m 2 .dx =
dt

xA

ZtB

d 2 x dx
m 2 . .dt =
dt dt

tA

ZtB

d
dt

"

m
2

dx
dt

2 #

tA



dx 
dx 
x(tA ) = xA , x(tB ) = xB , vA =
, vB =
dt t=tA
dt t=tB
1
1
W = m.vB2 mvA2 = K
2
2
RB
The object is acted by many forces: Wi = ~fi (~r ).d~r
A

W =


RB
RB P
P RB ~
~fi (~r ) .d~r = ~f (~r ).d~r ;
Wi =
fi (~r ).d~r =

~f (~r ) = P ~fi (~r )

i

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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 4: Potential energy

potential energy is the energy associated with a system of objects
(consists of two or more objects that exert forces on one another).
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy is the potential energy of the
object - Earth system.
gravitational potential energy is defined as the product of the
magnitude of the gravitational force mg acting on an object and the
height y of the object
Ug = mgh
The work done on any object by the gravitational force is equal to
the negative of the change in the systems gravitational potential
energy:
Wg = Ui Uf = Ug
only the difference in the gravitational potential energy at the initial
and final locations that matters
Horizontal motion does not affect the value of Wg
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 4: Conservative and non-conservative force-field

A non-uniform force-field ~f (~r )
acts upon an object which moves
along curved trajectory (from
point A to point B) labeled by
path 1 and path 2.

Work W1 performed by ~f (~r ) along path 1: W1 =

path1
R

~f .d~r

AB

Work W1 performed by ~f (~r ) along path 2: W2 =

path2
R

~f .d~r

AB

If W1 = W2 ~f (~r ) is a conservative force-field: the line-integral doesnt

depend on the path taken between the end points; Ex: gravitational force.
If W1 6= W2 ~f (~r ) is a non-conservative force-field: the line-integral
depends both on the end points A, B and the path taken between them;
Ex: frictional force.
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Chapter 4: Conservative and non-conservative force-field

Consequences of conservative and non-conservative force-field

Work done around a close loop for:
Conservative force-field:
Z
Z
~f .d~r +
~f .d~r = W1 W2 = 0
W =
AB

BA

Non-conservative force-field:
W = W1 W2 6= 0

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Chapter 4: Conservative force and potential energy

Consider a body moving in a conservative force-field ~f (~r ). Pick arbitrarily
some point O in this field.
Define:
ZR
U(R) =

~f .d~r

(3.1)

(3.1) U(O) = 0
U(R) defined by (3.1) is unique in conservative force-field since in
this field, the work of the field depends only on the fix points but
NOT the path taken between them.
(3.1) makes no sense in non-conservative force field since there will
be an infinite number of different values corresponding to the infinite
number of different paths the body coild take between O and R.
Consider the object move between A and B
From the work-energy theorem:
RB
RB
RB
RA
K = ~f .d~r = ~f .d~r = ~f .d~r ~f .d~r = U
A

E = K (A) + U(A) = K (B) + U(B) = K + U = constant

U represents some form of potential energy
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Chapter 4: Some conclusions about potential energy

Possible to associate a potential energy with any conservative
force-field.
Any force-field for which we can define a potential energy must
necessary be conservative.
The concept of potential energy is meaning-less in a
non-conservative force-field.
Potential energy define to within an arbitrary additive constant so
we can choose an arbitrary point at which U = 0.
Potential energy is not a property of the body BUT a property of
the force-field within which the body moves.
The potential energy function U can be defined such that the work
done by a conservative force equals the decrease in the potential
energy of the system:
Z f
~ .d ~S = Ui Uf
W =
F
i
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 4: Elastic Potential Energy

Consider a system consisting of a block plus a spring
Force: f = kx
RxB
RxB
Work: W = f (x)dx = k x.dx = [kxB2 /2 kxA2 /2]
xA

xA

Potential energy: U(xB ) U(xA ) =

RxB

f (x).dx = kxB2 /2 kxA2 /2

xA

U(x) = kx 2 /2
f =

dU
dx

In three-dimensional;
~f =

U U U
,
,
x y z

Example in gravitational force-field: U = mgz

~f = (0, 0, mg )
Total energy of the mass: E = K + U
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Chapter 4: Conservation of mechanical energy

The total mechanical energy of a system remains constant in any

isolated system of objects that interact only through conservative
forces.
Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
If there are more than one conservative force acting on an object
within a system (sum over all conservative forces present):
X
X
Ki +
Ui = Kf +
Uf

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Chapter 4: Work done by non-conservative force

If there are some of the forces acting on objects within the system
are not conservative, the total mechanical energy of the system
does not remain constant. The change in mechanical energy is equal
the total work done by non-conservative forces present.
Work done by an applied force
Work-kinetic energy theorem: Wapp + Wg = K
Gravitational force is conservative Wg = U
Wapp = K + U
an applied force can transfer energy into or out of the system.
Work done by kinetic friction
Kinetic friction makes total mechanical energy of the system
dissipated (as heat, e.g):
E = K + U = F~f .~S
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 5: Momentum:

Two component systems

Consider a system of two

objects
~ 1 , ~f12
m1 : F
~ 2 , ~f21
m2 : F
Newtons second law for:
m1 : m1 x1 = F1 + f12
m2 : m2 x2 = F2 f21
m1 x1 + m2 x2 = F1 + F2 (1)
Center of mass
m1 x1 + m2 x2
xcm =
m1 + m2
(1) & (2) (m1 + m2 )
xcm = F1 + F2
dP/dt = F where P = M x cm , M = m1 + m2 , F = F1 + F2
If F1 = 0 = F2 xcm = 0
vcm = x cm =

(2)

m1 x 1 + m2 x 2
= const m1 x 1 + m2 x 2 = const
m1 + m2
P = P1 + P2 = const

If there is no net external force acting on the system, total momentum of

the system is conserved.
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 5: Momentum:

Multi-component systems

Consider a system of N mutually interacting point mass objects

which move in 3-dimensions
Internal force: ~fij = ~fji ; i, j = 1, N, i 6= j
~i
External force: F
j6P
=i
~fij + F
~i
Second law of Newton for object i : mi~ri =
j=1,N

Summing over all objects:

X

mi~ri =

i=1,N

j6=i
X
i,j=1,N

~fij +

~i =
F

i=1,N

~i
F

i=1,N
N
P

~; M =
M~rcm = F

~ =
mi , F

i=1,N

~ i ; ~rcm =
F

i=1,N

mi~ri

i=1
N
P

mi

i=1
N
N
N
~ = P mi~ri = const
~ = ~0 ~rcm = P mi~ri / P mi = const OR P
If F
i=1

i=1

i=1

~
~
In general case: d P/dt
=F
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 5: Collisions in 1-dimension

m1 and m2 collide in
1-dimension
ignore zero net external force
in the direction of moving
Momentum conservation gives
m1~vi1 + m2~vi2 = m1~v1f + m2~vf 2

(1)

In 1-dimention: m1 vi1 + m2 vi2 = m1 vf 1 + m2 vf 2

There are many types of collision
Elastic collision: Total kinetic energy of the two colliding objects is
conserved
1
1
1
1
2
2
m1 vi1
+ m2 vi2
= m1 vf21 + m2 vf22
2
2
2
2
Inelastic collision: some fraction of the initial kinetic energy of the
colliding objects is usually converted into some other form of energy.
Totally inelastic collision: two objects stick together after the
collision vf 1 = vf 2
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Chapter 5: Collisions in 1-dimension: Elastic collision

In the laboratory frame:
m1~vi1 + m2~vi2
m1~vf 1 + m2~vf 2
=
(3)
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
In the center of mass frame: v~0 = ~v ~vcm
m2
m1
vi10 =
(vi2 vi1 ); vi20 =
(vi2 vi1 )
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
m1
m2
(vf 2 vf 1 ); vf02 =
(vf 2 vf 1 )
(4)
vf01 =
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
m1 m2
0
0
pi1
= pi2
= (vi2 vi1 ); pf0 1 = pf0 2 = (vf 2 vf 1 ); =
(5)
m1 + m2
m1 m2
=
reduced mass
m1 + m2
0
0
pi1
+ pi2
= pf0 1 + pf0 2 = 0 trivial !
This result is valid also for inelastic collision!
The center of mass kinetic energy conservation equation:
~vcm =

(1)&(7) vf 1

0 2
(pi1
)
(p 0 )2
(p 0 )2
(p 0 )2
+ i2 = f 1 + f 2
(6)
2m1
2m2
2m1
2m2
(5)&(6) vi2 vi1 = (vf 2 vf 1 )
(7)
m1 m2
2m2
2m1
m1 m2
=
vi1 +
vi2 ; vf 2 =
vi1
vi2
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
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Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 5: Totally inelastic collisions

We have: vf = vf 1 = vf 2
m1 vi1 + m2 vi2 = m1 vf 1 + m2 vf 2 = (m1 + m2 )vf
vf =

m1 vi1 + m2 vi2
= vcm
m1 + m2

two objects remain stationary in the center of mass velocity frame.

Suppose that vi2 = 0
vf =

m1
vi1
m1 + m2

The fractional loss in kinetic energy of the system due to the

collision is
f =

2
m2
Ki Kf
m1 vi1
(m1 + m2 )vf2
=
=
2
Ki
m1 + m2
m1 vi1

If m2  m1 the loss in energy is small

If m2  m1 the loss is almost 100 %
42
Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 5: Collision in 2-dimensions

Suppose vi2 = 0; m1 , m2 , vi1 known

Collision is NOT head-on
Unknown: vf 1 , vf 2 , 1 , 2
m1~vi1 = m1~vf 1 + m2~vf 2 (1)
(1)/ox:
m1 vi1 = m1 vf 1 cos 1 + m2 vf 2 cos 2
(1)/oy: m1 vf 1 sin 1 = m2 vf 2 sin 2
Elastic collision:
2
m1 vi1
/2 = m1 vf21 /2 + m2 vf22 /2 need
one more condition!

43
Nguyen Thi Hong Van

Chapter 5: Collision in 2-dimensions

Totally inelastic colliding:
Unknown: f , vf
m1~vi1 + m2~vi2 = (m1 + m2 )~vf (2)
(2)/ox: m1 vi1 + m2 vi2 cos i = (m1 + m2 )vf cos f
(2)/oy: m2 vi2 sin i = (m1 + m2 )vf sin f

44
Nguyen Thi Hong Van