Yuliana Yeni Noviyanti (081214001)

Made Desya Somasari (081214002)

Clara Belinda Charismalanni (081214013)
Sabina Thipani (081214032)

Grouping together two or more categories of the same

type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or.

Coordination of NPs
[NP the man] and [NP a child]
[NP a boy] or [NP a girl]
Coordination of VPs
[VP go to the library] and [VP read a book]
[VP go to the library] or [VP read a book]
Coordination of PPs
[PP down the stairs] and [PP out the door]
[PP in the drawer] or [PP under the desk]

Coordination of APs
[AP quite beautiful] and [AP very expensive]
[AP quite wealthy] or [AP very stingy]
Coordination of Ss
[S The man entered the building] and [S the woman
waited in the car].
[S The man entered the building] but [S the woman
waited in the car].

No limit on the number of coordinated categories

that can appear prior to the conjunction.

[NP A man, and a boy, and a cat, and a dog, and a hamster]
got into the car.

NP functions as subject that contains smaller NPs

[NP A man, a boy, a cat, a dog, and a hamster] got into the
car.

A category at any level (a head or an entire XP)

can be coordinated.

Coordination of N
The [N book] and [N magazine]
Coordination of P
[P up] and [P down] the stairs
Coordination of V
[V repair] and [V paint] the boat

Coordinated categories must be of the

same type.
NP can only be coordinated with NP.
VP can only be coordinated with VP, and so
on.

Coordination of NP and PP
*He read [NP the book] and [PP in the library]

The category type of the coordinate phrase is

identical to the category type.

VP
VP
V

VP
NP

watch a play

Con

or

NP

read a book

The category type of the coordinate phrase is

identical to the category type.

NP
NP
Det

this

NP
N

Con

man

and

Det

that child

A class of elements that encode optionally

expressible properties of heads.
English modifiers vary in terms of their
position with respect of the head.

English modifiers vary in terms of their position

with respect of the head.
Modifier

Position

Example

AP

Precedes the
head

A very beautiful girl sat on the

park bench.

PP

Follows the head The nurse proceeded with care.

He has been standing for half
an hour.

AdvP

Precedes/follow
the head

She danced amazingly.

She amazingly danced.

Attaching modifiers at the XP level of phrase

structure (phrases containing modifiers)

NP
AP
Det

NP

an

international

crisis

Attaching modifiers at the XP level of phrase

structure (phrases containing modifiers)

VP
AdvP
Qual

always

proceed

Adv

cautiously

The expanded XP rule:

XP (Specifier) (Modifier) X (Complement*) (Modifier)

Occurrence of Modifiers

VP
NP

AdvP

Det

accept

the

news

Deg
very

Adv
calmly

CP-sized modifiers that provide information

about the N head to their left.
Niyaha To visited Brandons house [which
Mr. Wong walked into ____ ].

Veronica may know [NP the man [CP

whom Alejandro criticized ___ ]] and I
know him too. (substitution test)
Relative clauses occur within the same
phrase as the head they modify.

Veronica may know the man [whom Alejandro

criticized ___ ].
Relative clauses begin with a wh word, such as
who or which.

There is an empty position within the sentence

from which the wh phrase has apparently been
moved (unfilled NP positions following the
transitive verb criticize).

CP
C

S
VP

NP
NP

CP
C

VP
NP Infl
N

Infl

Det N

Vero

may know the man Alex

Pst

NP
V

criticized who

CP
C

S
VP

NP
NP

CP
C

Det N

NP

NP

Infl

Pst V

VP

Infl

NP

Vero

may know the man whom Alex criticized e

Vero may know the man [whom Alex criticized ____].

object position
Vero may know the man [CP [IP who criticized Alex]].
Vero may know the man [CP who [IP _______ criticized
Alex]].
subject position
(specifier position within CP)