HVAC

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HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR-CONDITIONING

1. GENERAL
1.1. AIRCONDITIONING STANDARDS
A. Cooling & Dehumidifying

76-80 deg. F

50%
B. Heating & Humidifying

70-75 deg. F

30-35%
C. Air Motion

15-25 ft/min

36 above floor
D. Air Supply

Non-smoking
5-7.5 ft3/min/person

Smoking
25-40 ft3/min/person
2. REFRIGERATION CYCLE
2.1. COMPRESSOR
i
Freon subjected to high pressure

Freon12 Dichlorodiflouromethane or

Freon11 Trichloromonoflouromethane
ii
Temperature & Boiling point increases
iii
In gas state Condenser
2.2. CONDENSER
i
Gaseous Freon enters condenser coils
ii
Freon cooled by water/ air
iii
Freon becomes liquid
iv
Still under high pressure evaporator
2.3. EVAPORATOR
i
Pressure is relieved by the compressor
ii
Boiling point of refrigerant drops
iii
Liquid Refrigerant Vapor (cold)
iv
Water or air surrounding the evaporator coils gives up heat
v
Water or Air becomes cold
vi
Cold air (direct expansion) free blown to room OR passed through
ducts
vii
Cold water (indirect expansion) piped and sprayed to the cool
passing air
viii
Refrigerant goes back to compressor
2.4. REPEAT CYCLE
3. TYPES OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
3.1. CENTRAL SYSTEM (components)
A. Cooling- Refrigeration Plant, Cooling Tower
B. Heating- Boiler, Furnace
C. AHU w/ filters, pre-heater, spray, cooling coils & re-heater
D. Air distributing equipment
E. Manual / automatic controls
3.2. SPLIT TYPE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A. Air-Cooled Condensing Unit
i
Condenser
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ii

Compressor
B. Evaporator
C. AHU
D. OR (FCU w/ evaporator)
3.3. WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A. Compressor
B. Condenser
C. Evaporator
4. AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
4.1. THE REFRIGERATION PLANT
A. Compressors
i
Piston Type/ Reciprocating Compressors

100 tons
ii
Centrifugal Compressors

Quieter

Few vibrations

Less maintenance

Better operating control

iii
Screw-type Compressors

2 screws to compress refrigerant

B. Condensers
i
Air-cooled

Unit

Packaged type air-conditioners

ii
Water-cooled

Double-piped

Shell & Tube

Evaporative
C. Evaporators
i
Shell & Tube Heat Exchange
ii
Direct Expansion Coils
4.2. COOLING & DEHUMIDIFYING EQUIPMENT
A. Water Sprays
B. Cooling Coils
4.3. HEATING & HUMIDIFYING EQUIPMENT
A. Tempering Coils
i
Contains steam
ii
Pre-heaters & reheaters
B. Water Heaters
i
Used for heating the water
4.4. AIR CLEANING EQUIPMENT
A. Filters
i
Dry Filters

Wire frames

Felt, cotton or sponge

ii
Viscous Filters

Metal deflecting plates or

Screens coated w/ viscous oil

iii
Water Sprays
iv
Eliminator Plates

Corrugated galvanized iron sheets

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1 1/8 apart
4.5. AIR DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT
A. Ducts
i
Galvanized sheet metal or aluminum sheets
ii
Usually rectangular , depending on aspect ratio

Long: side

5:1, 4 or 3:1 preferred

B. Fans
i
Centrifugal fans (radial)

At high pressures

In duct systems
ii
Propeller or axial fans

For wall exhausts

C. Air Outlets
i
Wall Outlets

Vaned Outlets

Perforated Grills
ii
Ceiling Outlets

Perforated Panels

Perforated Ceilings
D. Control Equipment
i
Sensing Devices

Humidistat
Or Hygrostat
Amount of air humidity

Thermostat
Change in Temperature

Pressure Regulators
Change in Pressure
ii
Actuating/ Operating Devices

Dampers
Control air flow
w/ louvers

Control Valves
w/ variable orifices
orifices moved by motors w/c are directed by the
thermostat

Relays
Amplify or convert the power of thermostat/ other
controllers
Resultant force use to operate valve/ damper
5. HEATING SYSTEMS
5.1. TYPES OF HEATING SYSTEMS
5.2. MECHANICAL WARM AIR HEATING SYSTEM
5.3. STEAM HEATING SYSTEM
A. Air-Vent System
i
1-Pipe Gravity System
B. Vacuum System
i
2-Pipe Steam heating System
5.4. HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEM
A. 1-Pipe Hot Water Heating System
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B. 2-Pipe Hot Water Heating System

5.5. RADIANT PANEL HEATING SYSTEM
6. PROVISIONS from NBC
6.1. DEFINITIONS

Accidental Contact
Inadvertent physical contact w/ power equipment

Air Conditioning
Process of treating air
Control temperature, humidity, cleanliness & distribution

Boiler
Closed vessel for heating water

Capacity of Works, Project or Plant

Total horsepower of all engines
Whether in operation or not

Compressor
Increase pressure of refrigerant

Condenser
Condenser or arrangement of pipes
Vaporized refrigerant liquid refrigerant
By removal of heat

Condemned Boiler/ Unfired Pressure Vessel

Inspected by BO
Declared Unsafe/ disqualified
Rejected

Crane

Duct

Enclosed
Moving parts of machine are so guarded
No physical contact w/ human body

Evaporation
Liquid refrigerant vaporized

External Inspection

Guarded
Shielded, fenced

Internal inspection
Boiler is shut down

Liquid Receiver
Storage of liquid refrigerant

Locomotive Boiler
Mounted on self-propelled track locomotive

Low Pressure heating Boiler

Pressure 1.05kgs/sqm
Temp 250 deg F.

Machine
Driven unit of equipment

Machine House
Enclosure for housing

Machine Parts
All moving parts

Mechanical Works, Plant

Point of Operation
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Part of machine which performs on operation

Portable Boiler
Internally fired boiler
Temporary location

Prime Mover
Drive or operate mechanical equipments

Process Machine
For a specific purpose

Refrigerant

Ton of Refrigeration
Useful refrigerating effect
12000BTU/ hour

Unfired Pressured Vessel

Pressure obtained from an external source
Indirect application of heat

Ventilation
6.2. BOILERS & PRESSURE VESSELS
A. LOCATION
i
Inside,

Reinforced concrete or masonry

No other purpose
ii
Outside

When bldg. is not fire resistive,

To be located outside, 3.00m
Boiler house shall be fire resistive
iii
Distance of boiler machine from any wall 1.00m
iv
Fire Tube Boilers

Sufficient room for removal & replacement of tubes either at

front/ rear
B. SMOKESTACKS
i
Sufficient capacity
ii
Withstand wind Load = 175 km/hr
iii
Height 5.00 above eaves of any building w/n 50.00m
C. STAMP
i
Name of Manufacturer
ii
Serial No.
iii
Max. allowable working pressure
iv
Heating surface (sq.m)
v
Year manufactured
D. HEATING SURFACE > 46.00 sq.m
i
Components

2 means of feeding water

Steam driven
Electrically driven

1 pump

1 ejector
E. CHECKVALVES
i
2 between feed pump & boiler
ii
1 shut-off valve
F.
BOILDERS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL
i
Steam outlet
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1 Return Valve

1 Shut-off Valve
G. BOILER ROOMS
i
2 Exits
H. OLD VS. NEW BOILER
I.
SAFETY VALVE
i
1
ii
46.00 sq.m/ 907 kg/hr

2 safety valves
J.
STEAM GAUGE
i
w/ Dial range 1.5- 2x max. allowed working pressure
K. REPAIR/ REPLACEMENT
i
Comply
ii
New installation

Phil. Mech. Engineering Code

L.
PERMIT GRANTED INSTALLATION
i
BO Periodic inspection
M. COMPLETION OF INSTALLATION
i
BO inspect & test
ii
Certificate of operation = 1yr
N. ANNUAL INSPECTION
i
BO notify 15 days in advance
ii
Poseponement

Write to BO and fix date 30 days from original DATE

O. PREAPARATION OF INSPECTION
i
By owner or user of boiler
ii
Provide labour, equipments, etc.
6.3. REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING
A. TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY
i
68-74 deg. F (20-24 deg. C)
ii
4.60-7.60 m/min
B. WATER & DRAINAGE SYSTEM
i
Water collected from

Evaporator

Condenser
C. DUCTS
i
Non-combustible materials

Steel

Iron

Aluminum
ii
Fire retardant lining inside ducts
D. ACCESS DOORS
i
Provide with:

Automatic dampers

Fire dampers

Thermostats
E. DUCTS
i
Thru walls, partitions, floors

Seal w/ fire resistant material

ii
Thru fire walls

Provide w/:
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Automatic fire dampers

Both sides of walls
F.
FIRE DOORS & FIRE DAMPERS
i
Close automatically
ii
Remain tightly closed
G. METAL SIGN
i
Accessible
H. REFRIGERATION PLANTS > 45.00KG REFRIGERANT
i
Use mask, helmet
ii
Keep in storage closet

Outside machine room

I.
USE OF AMMONIA
i
Discharge to a water tank

1ga of water : 0.4536 kg of ammonia

J.
AMOUNT OF REFRIGERANT STORED ANYTIME
i
140.00kg refrigerant
K. REFRIGERATION PIPING CROSSING A PASSAGEWAY
i
2.30m Above Floor
L.
REFRIGERATING SYSTEM > 9kg
i
Install stop valves:

inlets & outlet of compressors

outlets of liquid receivers

liquid & suction branch header

M. WINDOW TYPE AC
i
w/ drain pipe & water tubing suitable container
ii
at G/F 2.10m from ground
iii
w/ exhaust ducts if discharged into corridors/ hallways/ arcades
iv
along corridors/ hallways above 1st floor 2.10m above FFL
6.4. PIPING
A. PARALLEL TO BUILDING WALLS
B. GROUPED PIPING
i
Supported on Racks

Horizontal or

Vertical
C. PIPING ON RACKS
i
Sufficient space for repair
D. PIPING 100mm dia.
i
Flanged
ii
Smaller pipes are screwed
E. PIPES SUBJECT TO VARYING TEMPERATURE
i
w/ expansion joints
F.
FOR STEAM
i
Do not use Galvanized pipe
G. PIPE w/ HOT WATER / HOT LIQUIDS
i
Not embedded in conc. Walls or floors
ii
Insulated
H. COLOR CODING
i
See NBC. Page 470

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