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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The blood circulation is a system that functions in the transport and
distribution of enzymes, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, antibodies
(immune) and compound N, from place of origin to all parts of the body so that
the required pressure is sufficient to ensure the flow of blood to part body
tissues (Afrianto, 2012). Circulation of blood in the cardiovascular system aids
by. In which, the heart is very important in relation to pumping blood
throughout the body through the circulatory system.
The heart is an organ in the body that serves to pump blood in and out of
the body. The effectiveness of the heart is controlled by factors intrinsic and
extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factor is a system of nodes, which deliver
depolarization and propagation of pacemaker (sinus venosus to the parts of the
heart. Though the contraction of the heart muscle does not depend on nerve
impulses but the rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nerves.
Besides cardiac activity was also influenced by a variety of chemicals,
hormones, ions, and metabolites.
The cardiovascular system consists of a pumping heart and blood vessels
as a channel. Blood is pumped by the heart into the blood vessels and will be
distributed throughout the body and then back again to the heart as a circulation
In this experiment, we will observe the process of cardiac muscle
contraction that occurs in frogs. Frogs and other amphibians have a threechambered heart, with two atria and one ventricle. The septum not complete
separate.

Based on the above description, it is necessary to experiment on the


contraction of the cardiac muscle, especially cardiac muscle contraction in
frogs.
B. Purpose
1. To observe the automatic characteristic and rhytmic of each parts of
cardiac/heart.
2. To recognize the role of sinus venosus in the cardiac muscle contraction.
3. To observe the effect of some extrinsic factors to cardiac activity.
C. Benefit
1. We can know the automatic characteristic and rhytmic of each parts of
cardiac/heart.
2. We can know recognize the role of sinus venosus in the cardiac muscle
contraction.
3. We can know the effect of some extrinsic factors to cardiac activity.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cardiac muscle is composed of three types, namely: the atrial muscle,
ventricular muscle, and specialized excitatory and conductive. Atrial and ventricular
muscle has the same as skeletal muscle contractions, but no difference in the duration
of the contractions. While the specialized excitatory and conductive muscle to
contract just because it has a little bit of contractile fibrils, however, this type of
automatic rhythmical muscle electrical discharge in the form of an action potential.
The heart muscle has intercalated discs, which is to separate the cell membrane of a
cell with the other heart cells. Some cell membrane intercalated discs diffuses with
others to form permeable communicating junctions (gap junctions). This makes the
diffusion of ions can move freely and smooth action potential also. Merupaka heart
muscle syncytium or functional unity, so that if a muscle cell is excited the other
cardiac muscle cells also (Barret, 2010).
Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in terms of structure and function. to
contract the heart muscle does not require a stimulus for the heart muscle has an automatic
nature. In cardiac muscle cells depolarization events can occur spontaneously without
any stimulus. Besides the heart muscle
repolarization

events

run by a

also has a rhythmic nature, depolarization and

specific rhythm.

Effective

ness of

the

heart is

controlled by factors intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factor is the lymph system,
which deliver the propagation of depolarization of the pacemaker (sinus venosus) to the
another part of the heart. Despite the contraction ofthe heart muscle does not depend on the
nerves but the pace of contraction implus controlled by the nervous otonom. besides the
heart activity is

also

influenced by a

wide

range of

chemicals,

hormones, ions, and metabolites (Munisa, 2012).

The heart muscle is remarkable. At an average heart rate of 70 beats min1,


the heart needs to contract and relax more than 100 000 times a day without stopping
or tiring. The rate and strength of these contractions must vary to meet physiological
and pathological challenges. This article provides an overview of cardiac muscle

physiology. We describe the structure of the cardiac myocyte, the generation and
spread of the cardiac action potential, the process of excitation-contraction coupling,
and the metabolism and energetics of the heart. Finally, we discuss the mechanics of
muscle fibre contraction (Williams, 2001).
Each cardiac myocyte is surrounded by a cell membrane called the
sarcolemma and contains one nucleus. The cells are packed with mitochondria to
provide the steady supply of ATP required to sustain cardiac contraction. As with
skeletal muscle, cardiac myocytes contain the contractile proteins actin (thin
filaments) and myosin (thick filaments) together with the regulatory proteins troponin
and tropomyosin. Cardiac muscle is striated, although the pattern is not as ordered as
in skeletal muscle (Williams, 2001).
Frog heart differs from the human heart. Heart frogs and mammals possessed
its own centrum automation means keep pulsing though it has been decided to do
with the nervous system or remove it from the body. Frog heart anatomically divided
into three chambers, namely the sinus venosus, two atria and one ventricle. Broadly
speaking frog circulatory same as the human circulatory blood but when the blood
flows through the veins back to first fill the venous sinuses. Frog heart have more or
less the same response to the human heart, for example, the heart rate will increase
when the heat and slow down when cold, it works can be affected by hormones, and
have the moderator band (Supripto, 1998).
According
muscle
use

to Sharif (2006), kimograf is

contraction

and

shortening in bring

muscle

tool for learning and research

gastroknemus

experiencing constant

frog.

load (no

Muscle

usually

change in pressure) is

called an isotonic contraction. Whereas when muscle produce pressure but does
not alter the length of the muscle called isometric contraction.
Muscles can contract either isometric, isotonic, or mix

of

both.

Isometric muscle contraction at a long may the contraction gastronekmus have about
1/30 sec. Long contraction
Gastroknemus

muscles must

adapted

to their function each

contract with sufficient

muscle.

speed to move the

legs to run or jump.


adapted to

very rapid

Has

gastroknemus muscle quickly

muscle contractions

and

strong like running and

jumping.These fibers appear large. It sarcoplasm reticulum wider so that it can


quickly release the calsium ions to initiate muscle contraction (Guyton, 1995).
Mechanism of muscle contraction can be explained by the model filament
movement (thick filaments and thin inter-shifted when contraction process), shifting
the model filament (filament sliding). This model states that the force of muscle
contraction produced by a process that makes a set of thick and thin filaments can
be shifted between each other. According Guyton

(1995), stated at the time

of contraction of the act in filaments are not interested into myosin filaments over
lap one another so widely. Discus to pull by actin filaments to the ends of myosin
filaments.

So muscle

contraction happened since the shift mechanism strong

mecanism filaments caused by chemical or electro static interactions caused by the


bridge

crossing of the myosin filaments and actin filaments. Including the heart

muscle that are involuntary muscle latitude, which means it works is not influence
by brain.

The

heart

muscle is

found only in the heart and have features such

as the striped voluntary muscles. The difference is that fibers are branched and
hold anastomase continuous with each other, arranged length wise asin striped
muscle, characterized by a distinctive red and cant controle. Heart muscle has the
ability to make
connected

automatic and rhythmic contractions without

in nerve.

The

working

of this

kind is

relying on any didnt

called miogenic. Muscle

contraction will be more powerful when it is loose and when the temperature is hot
enough to weaken the contraction and cool exhaustion (Pearce, 2004).

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place


Day/ date : Friday / May, 22th 2014
Time

: 15.00 p.m until 17.00 p.m

Place

: Third stair on Botanys Laboratory of Biology department, State


University of Makassar

B. Tools and Material


a.) Tools
1. Tools and surgery board
2. Petri dish
3. Pipette
4. Needle
5. Thermometer
b.) Materials
1. Frog (Rana cancarivora)
2. Ringer solution
3. 5% Atropin solution
4. 5% KCl solution
5. 2% CaCl2 solution
6. 0,7% NaCl
C. Work procedure

1.

The automatic and Rhytmic Characteristic of Heart


a) Double-pith a frog, rapidly open the chest cavity.
b) Separated heart from body and put ii into the petri dish that contain
Ringer solution. Calculate the pulse per minute.
c) Separated sinus venosus from heart, observe and calculated the pulse per
minute. If not throb, touch slowly by using the cast of the glass.

2.

The influence of themperature and chemicals


a) Increased the drum rotation speed so that the interval from ventricle
contraction 45 mm.
b) Wet the with 5oC ringer solution, observed and recorded until any
change and calculated the throb of heart per minute.
c) Stop recorded, throw (by using pipette) cold ringer solution and replace
with bormal ringer solution. Recorded again until visible the normal
throbs of heart.
d) Wet the heart with ringer solution 30oC, observed and recorde until any
change occur calculated the throbs per minute.
e) Stopped the record. Throw ringer solution and replace with ringer
solution in room temperature wait until a view minute until the throbs
back the normal.
f)

Used some drops of atropin into the heart. If in two minute there is no
changes, added more atropin. If there is change, calculated the throbs
per minute.

g) Throw atropin and replace with normal ringer solution. After a view
minute, gave some drops of epinefrin to the heart. After there is any
change, calculated the throbs per minute.
h) With the same way, gave heart treatment by using CaCl2, NaCl and KCl.

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
1. Table of Automatic and Rhythmic Characteristic of Heart

Treatment

Normal

With Ringer

Without sinus

solution

venosus

One minute

55

49

72

Two minute

128

2. Table of Influence the Temperature and Chemical Substance


No

Kinds of solution

Pulse / minutes

Normal ringer

61

Cold ringer

56

Hot ringer

48

Atropin 5%

46

CaCl2 2%

36

NaCl2 0,7%

40

KCl 5%

17

B. Discussion
1. Automatic and rhytmic characteristic of heart
Based on observation, we used the Rana cancarivoras heart at
automatic and rhythmic. We was did the treatment that was normal (without
another treatment) with ringer and separated the sinus venosus, from heart of
frog. We counted in two times, first in one minute and second also one minute
at normal counted, in one minute that has 55 times beat and the second minute

is 128 times beat. Treatment with ringer solution. First minute has 49 times in
one minute and the second minute, we stopped to count the beat of heart. The
next treatment without sinus venosus. We counted the beat of heart without
sinus venosus and we got 72 times beat. At normal condition and with ringer,
the beat of heart of frog is rhythmic. But after separated sinus venosus of the
heart, the beat fastly but not rhythmic. The sinus venosus function to given the
rhytmmic beat of the heart. Actually, the result of data was not much different
between normal and used ringer, also maybe caused separated of atrium and
ventricle blood flow, the beating being slow more than before. The sinus
venosus has not load to pump of blood its work to self.
2. Influence the temperature and chemical substance
Based on observation, at influence the temperature and chemical
substance at rana cancarivora. We counted the beat of heart in one minute for
some treatment. After separated the heart from body, the heart wetting with
normalringer solution, and the beat is 61 times in one minute. Next treatment
is with cold ringer the beat is 56 times in one minute after wetting it. Then
treatment is used normal ringer and 47 times beat, cold ringer is 48 times beat
in one minute. The placed again normal ringer is 45 times beat. Then placed
in atropine has 46 times beat. The placed again at normal ringer, the best is 47
times. Next place is CaCl 2% is 36 times beat. Then placed again at normal
ringer the beat is 40 times the next is NaCl 0,7% is 40 times beat in one
minute after it placed in normal ringer again and has 39 times. He last
treatment is 17 times beat on KCl 5% and died. The data if ringer normal is
nor much different with another solution caused the normal ringer is
physiological solution.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
1. Given treatment at heart influence the beat of heart, sinus venosus of heart
separated from heart with quickly of heart beat because sinus venosus as
quickly the beat of heart.
2. Sinus venosus to quickly the beat of heart so, if sinus venosus self work the
beat more quickly.
3. Several factors is the beat of hear like atrophin CaCl2, KCl is shower beat bur
the ringer and NaCl is physiological solution.
B. Suggestion
Suggestion for laboratory please provide necessary materials for the
observation, and for the apprentice when did the observation please did it in relax
condition

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Afrianto, Panji. Otot Jantung. Blog Panji. http://panjiarfianto09.student.ipb.ac.id(15
Juni 2012).
Barret, Kim etc. 2010. Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology 23rd edition.USA :
Mc. Graw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.
Munisa. 2012. Penuntun Fisiologi Hewan. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM :
Makassar.
Pearce, E. C. 2004. Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Paramedis.
P T G r a m e d i a Pustaka Utama: Jakarta.
Supripto. 1998. Fisiologi Hewan. Penerbit Institut Teknologi Bandung: Bandung.

Syarif, Utara. 2006. Kimoinstrumentation : Alat Pengukuran Karakteristik Otot


Gastroknemos Katak Berbasis Komputer. Departemen Fisika ITB, Bandung.
Williams and Wilkins. 2001. Katz AM.Physiology of the Heart. 3rd Edn.
Philadelphia: Lippencott.

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