_idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf

ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ
(yxrwG)J

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh
wef;wla&;wdkufyGJumvtwGif;
jynfaxmifpwk ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf.
ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

qvdkif;vsefrSKef;qmacgif; (Lian H. Sakhong) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

_idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ
(yxrwG)J

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh
wef;wla&;wdkufyGJumvtwGif;
jynfaxmifpwk ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf.
ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

qvd k i f ; vsef r S K ef ; qmacgif ; (Lian H. Sakhong) pk a qmif ; wif j yonf

 yxrt}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;
tkyfa& = 3000
1999 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv
Zif;r,f_rdKŒ/ xdkif;EdkifiH

xkwfa0ol

qvdkif;vsefr+ef;qmacgif;

Funded By The Burma Fund

 rmwdum
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Ð jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;!$efŒaygif;tpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;. trSmpm

Ð FOWARD
By Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe
Advisor-Consultant, National Reconciliation Program

Ð xkwfa0olxHrS trSmpm

tcef;(1) 1
jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlrsdK;pkjy\em
( jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf
zGŒJ pnf;&ef}udK;yrf;r+umvv+y&f mS ;r+rsm; )

tcef;(2) 10
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(tusOf;csKyf)

tcef;(3) 25
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tcef;(4) 32
vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk-unfESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ

tcef;(5) 52
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(wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf)
tcef;(6) 61
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EdkifiHawmftm%mudk t-urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh jyefvnf&,la&;vrf;pOf

tcef;(7) 82
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('kw,
d t}udrf wdik ;f &ifom;nDvmcHraS wmif;qdck surf sm;)

tcef;(8) 105
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tcef;(9) 110
ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkqDodkŒ
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t
H rsKd ;om;!$eŒf aygif;tpd;k &
0ef}uD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;.
trSmpm
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ekdifiHa&;jy\emyJ jzpfygw,f? ekdfifiHa&; jy\emukd ekdifiHa&;enf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;ekdifzkd@qdk&if æ

1? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJ+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzkd@/

2? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;ukd ajz&Sif;zkd@/
3? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; xGef;um;zkd@ vkdygw,f?

usaemfw@dk jrefrmekid if t
H wGi;f rSw
D if;aexkid =f uwJh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;[m 1824 +Adwed -f
jrefrm yxrppfyJGup+yD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lwJhtxd e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ zwfqpfawmfvSefa&;
wkdufyJGpOfwav#mufvkH;rSm yg0ifwkdfufckdufcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f?

1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&; &,l+yD;aemufykdif;rSmvnf; tm%m&tpdk;&toD;oD;[m

wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&JŒ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd vpfvsL±_ rsufuG,fðyxm;cJh+yD;
wjynfaxmifpepf/ A[kcd sKyfuikd af &;0g'eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfuydk J usio hf ;Hk vkyaf qmifcw
hJ ,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; 'Duae@txd jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D }uD;[m qufvufawmufavmif aeqJyJ jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh
1962 ppftyk pf k tm%modr;f +yD; tkycf sKyfp;dk rk;d cJw
h t
hJ csed u
f p+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&JΠw&m;r#wwJh
awmif;qkdr_awGudk cJGxGufa&;orm;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒaemufvkdufrsm; pojzifh vdrfnm0g'jzef@ r_dkif;wdkuf
cJhw,f?

1988 ck orkdif;0if &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;t+yD;rSmawmh jynfolvlxk[m ekdifiHa&;

tm;jzifh ykdrkdekd;=um;vmcJh=uw,f? ArmvlrsKd;pkeJ@ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;[m ykdrkdem;vnfr_
awG &SdvmcJh=uw,f? vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; t+rJwrf;tav;xm;aqmif±GufcJhw,f? 1988 =o*kwfv(26) a±$wd*kHapwD taemuf
bufrk'frSmuwnf;u tckvdkajymcJhygw,f?

“ vlrsKd;pktmvkH;[m nD!Gwfzkd@vkdygw,f? tck vlrsKd;pk vlrsm;pkuawmh

ArmvlrsKd;awG jzpfaeygw,f? vlrsm;pkArmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh
wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ@ pnf;pnf;±kH;±kH;jzpfzkd@ tvGefóud;pm;zkd@ vkdygw,f? ukd,fu
tm;&SdaewJhvl/ ukd,fu tm;rsm;aewJhvlrkd@vdk@ ykd+yD;awmh óud;pm;zkd@vkdygw,f?
tm;enf;aewJhvlawGukd tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh !‡may;zkd@vdkygw,f?”

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; tem*gwfrSm az:aqmifrJh jynfaxmifpkykHpHeJ@ ywfoufvkd@vnf;

a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfeJ@ txdef;odrf;rcH&cif Zlvdkif (15)&uf 1989 jynfaxmifpk
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyf awG@qkHyJGrSm ckvkd
!$efjycJhygw,f?

“ckuwnf;up+yD; em;vnfr_,lzkd@oifhawmf+yDvdk@ usrxifygw,f? zuf'&,f

vkd@yJac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpkvkd@yJac:ac: bmrSrac:vnf;&ygw,f? usrwdk@[m
bmyJac:ac: ta&;}uD;wmu usrwk@d =um;xJrmS tm;vk;H oabmwlneD idk rf ,fh
ykHpH&SdwJh ekdifiHwckudk az:xkwfzdk@yJ?”

a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@wuG trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm; tjcm;

'Drkdua&pD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ wkdfif;&if;om;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;[m
zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh=u&w,f? 'gayr,fh usef&SdaecJh=uwJh acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;[m ay;tyfvmwJh
tajctaet&yf&yfay:rSm wkdif;&if;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk vufawG@az:aqmifae=uygw,f?
jynfwGif;uvnf; jynfwGif;tavsmuf/ e,fpyfuvnf; e,fpyftavsmuf? jynfyuvnf; jynfy
tavsmuf óud;yrf;wkdufyJG0ifae=uygw,f?

tck “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwJGaexkdifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDokd@”

pmtkyfrSmawmh vlrsKd;aygif;pkHwkd@. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfouf+yD; pkpnf;azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ orkdif;
jzpf&yfreS rf sm;twGuf wpkw H &m taxmuftulðyr,fh pmtkyw f tkyf jzpfaoma=umifh óudqydk gw,f?

a'gufwmpdef0if;
0ef}uD;csKyf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

                                         FORWARD

This collection is immensely invaluable for all interested in Burma

and its politics, and useful for political activists, leaders, and more so, for
researchers.  It is a collection of historic, and forgotten -- until now --
documents that shed much light on the thoughts and strategies of crucial
actors in the making of Burma, Burma as we now know it. 
 
There are so many ways a nation or a nation-state is born, or
becomes a reality on the international stage.  Some are reincarnations, in
modern form, of ancient kingdoms, that evolved across time. However,
many post-colonial nations and nation-states of Latin America, Africa, the
Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia, have been created (and
bequeathed) by colonial powers.  The modern nation-state, defined as a
sovereign entity, bounded by more or less fixed political borders, is relatively
new -- not older than 300 years, even in Europe. 
 
In the past, there did not exist in the area now known as "Burma",
national states or kingdoms (i.e., centered on or defined by ethnicity).  Like
in Thailand, for example, and in the rest of mainland Southeast Asia,
kingdoms that existed were personal estates of rulers (kings, princes, lords,
fief-holders, so on), and the inhabitants of these kingdoms (personal and
medieval systems of domination) were either servants and retinues of rulers
and princes,  or their serfs and slaves. The people, whatever their ethnic
affiliation, were not citizens. The notion that there existed a golden and
rigorous Burman (Burmese) kingdom since time immemorial is a later
reconstruction, ironically, British scholar-historians, and this notion was
picked up by Burman nationalists.  Later, this "history" was made into "real"
history by successive governments and power-holders.    
 
Colonial powers -- administrators, bureaucrats -- were responsible
for the reorganization and political modernization of what is now known as
Burma, or more accurately, the Union of Burma.  They first imposed legal-
rational administration, in order that the market and market forces function
smoothly, and trade could be carried out in peace and unhindered by
lawlessness or arbitrary power. Thus was created by colonial powers -- the
British in Burma's case -- modern proto-states in areas they planted their
flags.   
 

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

The British first modernized the easily accessible lowlands, Burma

Proper, but left the highland and border regions, the Frontier Areas, quite
alone -- these being unprofitable or costly to administer and/or modernize.
Influenced by the European notion of "nation-state", the British did have a
plan to establish in Burma, a modern nation, albeit as a self-governing
dominion like Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and so on. What shape this
new, modern nation of Burma would have taken is a question that cannot
be answered since the British were defeated by the Japanese. 
 
The documents in this collection are from the years immediately
after the war, on the eve of independence (gained in 1948). For both the
Burman leaders in Burma Proper, and non-Burman leaders of the Frontier
Areas, the hot issue was independence.
 
One important debate that raged within the Burman leadership
circles was the question of whether to take independence alone, without
the Frontier Areas, or to obtain independence jointly with the non-Burmans.
At the same time, non-Burman leaders discussed the feasibility and
otherwise of taking independence together and jointly with Burma Proper.
The notion that Burma was a single cloth, one unified country since historical
time (divided only by colonial design), which was about to be re-unified
once again, did not enter the heads of either Burman or non-Burman leaders.
It is clear that leaders then were thinking in terms of establishing a country,
a new and modern country made up of many states and nations, a union of
different countries. 
 
The idea of a union of equal states and nations has however been
distorted or twisted out of shape, especially by military rulers who usurped
power in 1962. It is important therefore that both the Burman and non-
Burman population and leaders get re-accquainted with the real politicks
and political thoughts in the years that led to the founding of the Union of
Burma and the gaining of independence.  This collection of documents
will be of great help in this regard, and will expand the minds of current
and future leaders of the Union of Burma.  This valuable collection of
political documents is important and timely since it will contribute to a real
understanding what is meant by the term Pyidaungzu (Union). 
 
Dr.Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe
Advisor-Consultant
National Reconciliation Program
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

xkwfa0olxHrS trSmpm
“+idrf;csrf;pGm twlvufwJGaexkdifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk
pepfqDokd@ ” trnf&Sd pmtkyfukd “trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;” (National Reconciliation
Program) tpDtpOfatmufwGif twJGokH;wJGjzifh xkwfa0&ef jyifqifxm; ygonf?

wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexkdifaom wkdif;jynfwGif “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl

vufwaGJ exkid af &;0g'”onf tc&m jzpfI/ ‚if;ukd tawG@tóuH&ifu h suI f awG;ac:ar#mjf rifa&;w&m;
jrifjh rwfaom ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;/ ppfAv
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vlom;csif;pmemw&m;ESifh arwWmw&m;wkd@ukd yGm;rsm;vufcHapwwfaom omref awmol
awmifom;/ jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;uyg jiif;qefypfy,fvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

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“+idr;f csr;f pGmtwlvufwGJ aexkid af &;'g'”udk rnfo@kd rnfyHk taumiftxnfaz:usio hf ;Hk rnf [laom
tajccHtcsufwGif tjrifcsif;rwlr_a=umifh jzpfyGm;aom jy\emjzpfonf[kqkdygu rSm;,Gif;rnf
rxifay?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pkH “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl vufwJGaexkdifa&;” [laom 0g'vrf;pOfudk

ekdfifiHa&;ZmwfckHwGif wifjyaqG;aEG;=uaomtcg “ekdifiHawmfzJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'”[laom
ekdifiHa&;pum;vkH;jzifh tpm;xkd;okH;pJGae=uonfukd awG@&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh wcsKdŒu vGwfvyfcGifh/
wef;wlciG hf ESihf ud,
k yf idk jf yXmef;cGihf po!fh tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk trSðD yI “ppfreS af om zuf'&,f
jhynfaxmifpkpepf” jzifh ekdifiHawmfzJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd a&;qJGjyÏmef;rSom +idrf;csrf;pGm twl
vufwaJG exdik af &;udk usio hf ;kH taumiftxnfazmfeidk rf nf[k cH,x
l m;=uygonf? wcsK@d url vlx.k
tajccHvGwfvyfcGifh/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. ekdifiHa&;wef;wlcGifhESifh ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhrsm;udk
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jzifh ekdifiHawmfudk zJG@pnf;xlaxmifrSom wkdif;jynf+idrf;csrf;rnf[k ,lqae=uygonf? xkdŒtjrifonf
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qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

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ygonf?

xkd@a=umifh “+idrf;csrf;pGm twlvufwJGaexkdifa&;0g'” jzifh T jynfaxmifpk}uD;ukd

xlaxmifeidk af &;twGuf acwftqufqufrS wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pkw
H @dk . óud;yrf;r_ rSww
f rf;rsm;ukd
“trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;” (NRP) . t"duvkyfief;pOfw&yftjzpf jyefvnf ykHESdyf
xkwfa0oGm;&ef jyifqifxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

xkdtpDtpOf. yxrajcvSrf;tjzpf “jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD

tzGJŒcsKyf (UNLD) . 1988 rS 1990 ckESpfumvt=um; 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&;twGuf
v_y&f mS ;r_ rSww
f rf;rsm;ukd ,ckuo
hJ @dk jyefvnfyEHk ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif; jzpfygonf? tcuftcJ trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh
UNLD . orkdif;0ifv_yf&Sm;r_rSwfwrf;rsm; (txl;ojzifh wef;wla&;pmapmifwGif az: jya&;om;
cJah om aqmif;yg;rsm;ESihf nDvmcHrsm;wGif wifoiG ;f cJah om pmwrf;rsm;) udk tjynftpkH azmfjyekid jf cif;
r&Sda=umif; ±kd;om;pGm 0efcHtyfygonf?

T pmtkyfxkwfa0ekdfifa&;twGuf tzufzufrS tultnDrsKd;pkHukd ay;tyfcJh=uaom

rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;udk txl;aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
txl;ojzifh UNLD rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ulnD±SmazGay;cJhaom OD;cGefrm;ukd&fbef (NCGUB
zuf'&,fa&;&m0ef}uD;ESihf UNLD obmywdtzJ@G 0if) udk vnf;aumif;/ pmtkyt f m; yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0
Edkifa&;udk ulnDaqmif±Gufay;cJhaom udkaZmfaZmfxGef; (vl@abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD/
A[kdaumfrwD0if) udkvnf;aumif;/ pmrlrsm;ukd uGef¹ylwmjzifh pmpD±kdufESdyfay;aom vl@abmifopf
'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD csif;rdkif±Hk;tzGJŒom;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ TpmtkyfykHESdyfxkwfa0ekdifa&;twGuf
&HykHaiGrsm;ukd &SmazGulnDay;aom OD;pkd;ykdif (Burma Fund) udkvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&; (NRP) vkyfief;pOfwckvkH; atmifjrifekdifa&;twGuf tppt&m&m ulnDpGrf;aqmif
ay;aom Harn Yawnghwe (Euro-Burma Office) ESifh Dr Jack Sterkan wkdukd@
vnf;aumif; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf? xkd@tjyif trSmpmrsm;ukd
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!Gef@aygif;tpkd;&) ESifh Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe (Advisor-Consultant, National
Reconciliation Program) wkdŒtay:rSmvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wif
tyfygonf?

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(Lian H. Sakhong)
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qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

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4 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

'D r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'u b,fol@udk xdcdkufepfemapovJ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGyJvm;

r[kwfbl;? wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk xdcdkufepfemapw,f? wdkif;jynfudk acsmufxJ wGef;ydk@vdkufw,f? 'gudk
1988 ckEpS t f wGi;f jzpfymG ;wJh ta&;tcif;awGu oufaoxlaeygw,f? 1988 ckEpS f ta&;tcif;[m
1974 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u arG;zGm;ay;wJh qdk;usKd;w&yfomv#if jzpfygw,f? wygwD tm%m&Sif
pepf&J@ EdkifiHa&;jynfwnfem}uD; aygufuJGr_yJjzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh 'Dae&muae usaemf jywfjywfom;om; owday;vdu k cf siwf ,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS
r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk qufvufusifhoHk;vdk@&dS&if wdkif;jynftajctaeudk 'Dxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
qd k ; &G m ;oG m ;Ed k i f y gw,f ? jynf w G i f ; ppf yd k + yD ; &S n f = umEd k i f y gw,f ? wd k i f ; jynf b Àmawmf x J u
ppftoHk;p&dwf[m vuf&dS (60)&mcdkifE_ef;uae &mcdkifE_ef;trsm;}uD; wufoGm;OD;r,f? 'Dawmh
wdkif;jynf 'Dxuftqaygif;rsm;pGm qif;&JrJGawoGm;OD;r,f? ppfudk ta=umif;jyK+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;
tcsKd ; ES d r f c H & OD ; r,f ? 'D r d k u a&pD q d w f o k O f ; aysmuf u G , f o G m ;OD ; r,f ? b,f o l j rwf r vJ æ
ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufqdk;&SnfoGm;wmyJ tjrwfxGufr,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ 'Duae@&ifqdkifwdkufcdkuf&rnfh t"du&efoluawmh r[mvlrsKd;
}uD;0g'eJ@ usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'ygyJ? 'Dvdk ao;odrfusOf;ajrmif;wJh 0g'ESpfcku usaemfwdk@
wdkif;jynfudk 'kuQay;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ 'kwd,t}udrf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
qifEJGwJhtcgrSm t"du&efoljzpfwJh 'D0g'ESpfckudk rsufajcrjywf wdkufcdkufoGm;zdk@ vdkygw,f? 'D 0g'
ESpfckudk tjywfwdkufxkwf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh jynfolvlxktm;vHk; vlom;
yDopGm touf&SifaexdkifcGifhudk tmrcHcsufay;Edkif+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tumtuG,fay;wJh
'Drdkua&pDzGH@òzd;&SifoefapwJh EdkifiHawmfudk usaemfwdk@ xlaxmif=u&r,f? 'D EdkifiHawmf[m vlrsKd;
aygif;pHk wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;wJh/ ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkpepf jzpfa=umif;udk zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'u tmrcHcsuf tjynfht0ay;&r,f? 'g[m usaemfwdk@&J@yef;wdkifyJ?
usaemfwdk@[m wmxGufuwnf;u yef;wdkifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifwwfzdk@ vdkygw,f?
yef;wdkifudk raocsmra&&m&if t"dujy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;EdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? omrn
jy\emawGeJ@ vHk;axG;+yD; usaemfwdk@&J@ awmfvSefa&; a&pkefarsmoGm;Edkifw,f?
usaemfwdk@&J@t"dujy\em[m jynfaxmifpkjy\emyJjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk
topfwzef b,fvdk wnfaqmufrvJqdkwJh jy\emyg? jynfaxmifpkxJrSm&SdwJh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ u¾ESifh jynfru¾udk b,fvdk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;rvJ æ 'gu t"duyg? wenf;
ajym&&if jynfaxmifpktwGif;rSm rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; vlrdsK;tm;vHk;&J@
vlrsdK;pkjy\emyJ jzpfygw,f? vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;Edkif&if jynfwGif;
+idrf;csrf;a&;udkvnf; tjrefqHk;&&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifr,fvdk@ wqufwnf; ajymvdkygw,f?
'gayr,fh æ usaemfwdk@[m t"dujy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;zdk@ a=umufae=uw,f?
jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;rvJqdkwm rajym&J=uzl;? txl;ojzifh jynfrygwDrsm;[m
'DudpPudk a=umufae=uw,f? “ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk” qdkwJh pum;udk olwdk@ yg;pyfxJu xGufvm
rSmudkawmif a=umufae=uw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fu OD;a±$tHk; ajymzl;ovdk “z,f'&,fvf” qdkwJh
pum;vHk;=um;vdkufwmeJ@ wDaumifudk qm;eJ@xdovdk wGef@vdrfukef=uw,f? jynfrygwD}uD;xJu
xdyfqHk;rSm emrnf&aewJh ygwD oHk;/av;ckudk usaemfwdk@oGm;+yD; aqG;aEG;=unfhw,f? 0rf;enf;zG,f

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 5

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

aumif;wmu wcdsK@ ygwD}uD;rsm;[m olwdk@&J@ 0g'oabmxm;ausnmcsufxJrSm wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;pkrsm;u¾udk x!fhawmifrx!fh&J=uzl;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkudpPrygbJ jynfaxmifpk
ta=umif;udk b,fvkd pOf;pm;ae=uovJrodb;l ? wdik ;f &if;om;awGrygbJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS bmrSvyk v f @kd
r&zl;qdkwm olwdk@ rod=ubl; xifw,f? 'gawGa=umifhyJ wdkif;jynf ig;yg;arSmufukefwmaygh?
wcsKd @u pum;vS±kH “wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf csp=f unf&if;ES;D pGmaeygr,f” vd@k ajymqdk a&;om;
=uw,f? b,fvdk tajccH0g'ay:rSm cspf=unf+yD;/ b,fvdk ta=umif;w&m;awGa=umifh &if;ESD;=u
rvJ æ jywfom;wJh0g' wckckawmh csrSwf&rSmaygh?
ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfudkbmjzpfvdk@a=umufae=uwmvJ æ
tajz ESpfckxGufygw,f? wpfu æ rodem;rvnfvdk@ a=umufwm/ ESpfu æ r±dk;om;vdk@
a=umufwm? 'DEpS cf yk gy?J rodem;rvnfv@kd a=umufwv hJ [l m tarSmifxrJ mS wpfa,mufxJ aewJv h el @J
wlygw,f? tarSmifxJrSmqdkawmh rjrifEdkif/ rodEdkif/ em;rvnfEdkifwJh t&mtm;vHk;udk a=umufae
&w,f? tvif;a&mifom&Sdvdkuf&if/ 'grSr[kwf tazmfaumif;aumif;wa,mufom &Sdvdkuf&if
ola=umufawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'DvdkyJ jynfrArmtrsm;pk[m ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfvdk@
usaemfwdk@ajymaewJh z,f'&,fpepf[m b,fvdkpepfrsdK;vJ/ b,fvdktESpfom&&SdovJ qdkwm
rodem;rvnfwJhtwGuf a=umufae=uw,f? z,f'&,fqdk&if cGJxGufa&;vdk@yJ jrifae=uw,f?
olw@kd ojd rifem;vnfatmif &Si;f vif;jyEdik rf nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDa&mifjcnfvnf; jrefrmEdik if rH mS rxGe;f awmuf
Edkifao;bl;? 'Drdkua&pDwHcg; ryGifhao;bl;/ ta&;awmfyHkjywif;aygufav;xJu&wJh 'Drdkua&pD
a&mifjcnfavmufe@J olw@kd ta=umufrajyEdik af o;bl;? +yD;awmh æ olw@kd u usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk &Jabmf&Jbufvdk rjrifbJ jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh &efolvdkŒyJ jrifae=uao;w,f?
'ga=umifh a=umufw,f? 'Dvdk txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfatmif vkyfwJh vluvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHxJrSm
trsm;}uD;&Sdaeygw,f? Armvlxkuom tjrif=unf=unfvifvifeJ@ usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;ukd aoaz:&Sifzuf&Jabmfrsm;tjzpf oabmxm;Edkifvdk@&Sd&if olwdk@ ta=umufw&m;awG
ajy+yD; usaemfwdk@ vdkvm;csuf bmvJqdkwm tjrif&Sif;&Sif;eJ@ em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg?
'kwd,a=umufaewJhvlawGuawmh olwdk@&J@ r±dk;om;pdwfa=umifh a=umufae=uwmyJ
jzpfw,f? ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHudk zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfoGm;&if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
wef;wltcGifhta&; &&SdrSmudk pdk;&drfylyef a=umuf±GH@ae=uw,f? 'Dvdk r±dk;om;wJhpdwfeJ@ a=umufaewJh
vlawGuawmh r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'orm;awGygyJ? olwdk@udkawmh acsmhzdk@rvdkygbl;? jynfaxmifpk&J@
eHygwfwpf&efolrsm;tjzpf jywfjywfom;om; wdkufcdkufoGm;zdk@yJ &Sdw,f?
usaemfwdk@ &ifqdkif&rnfh 'kwd,&efoluawmh usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'yJ jzpfyg
w,f? 'D&efol[m usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;xJuaygufzGm;vmrSm jzpfw,f?
usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'&J@armif;ESiftm;uawmh vlrsdK;pkjy\emygyJ? vlrsdK;pk
jy\em[m urBmŒEdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;wJhEdkifiHrSm vlrsdK;pk
jy\em wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;+yD;/ aemufqHk; aysmufuG,f oGm;wwfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDr&SdwJh
EdkifiHrSmusawmh vlrsdK;pkjy\em wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;+yD; aemufqHk;usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;
a&;0g'tjzpfeJ@ wdkif;jynfudk 'kuQay;wwfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@vlrsdK;pkrsm;zufuvnf; usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'a=umifh

6 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

wdkif;jynf'kuQra&mufapzdk@ owdxm;=u&ygr,f? tjrifus,f&r,f? jynfe,fvlrsdK;pkrsm; nD!GwfwJh

tiftm;eJ@ ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepf wnfaqmufa&;udk wGef;tm;ay;zdk@ vdkygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD
xGef;um;wJh ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkpepfudk wnfaqmufEdkif&if vlrsdK;pkjy\em ajyvnf+yD;
usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsdK;om;a&;0g' qdwfokOf;oGm;rSm aocsmygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@jynfe,fvlrsdK;pkrsm; nDEdkifrvm;? jynfe,ftoD;oD;u ygwDaygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm xGufay:aewm rnD!GwfwJhoabmudk jyae+yDvm;? apmapmu rGef'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfu udk,fpm;vS,fwifjyovdk 1961 awmif}uD;rSm zGJ@pnf; cJhwJh “jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;
tzG@J ” tqifu h akd wmif a&mufEikd yf grh vm;vd@k oHo,&Spd &m &Syd gw,f?Ð [dw k ek ;f u jynfe,ftoD;oD;
rSm ygwD wck ESpfckavmufyJ&Sdw,f? ckawmh t&rf;rsm;aew,f? nDEdkifyghrvm;? nDzdk@aum
vG,fyghrvm;?
'Dupd rP mS usaemfawmh taumif;zufu jrifygw,f? 'Dvkd rvdv k m;tyfyJ ygwaD wG rsm;ae
jcif;[m jzpfay:cJhwJhta&;tcif;u zefwD;oGm;wmygyJ? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh æ 'D ta&;tcif;[m
pepfwus pkpnf; zGJ@pnf;+yD;rS qifE$JwJhta&;tcif;r[kwfbJ/ pepfwus pkpnf;r_r&SdbJ tvdk
tavsmuf ayguu f rJG }_ uD; Spontaneous Uprising jzpfaewJt h wGuf vlwikd ;f [m ol@ae&meJ@o/l
ol@a'oeJ@ol/ ol@tkyfpkeJ@ol/ tpkvdkuf tpkvdkuf qENjywdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u&mu ygwDtoGifudk
ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDwHcg;r}uD; yGifhoGm;vdk@ vGwfvyfpGm a[majym
pnf;±Hk;Edkifvdk@&Sd&if/ tm;vHk; wpkwnf; aygif;pnf;oGm;=ur,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhrdygw,f?
'kw, d tcsuu f awmh jrefrmEdifk if rH mS 'Dru
kd a&pD vH;k 0qdwo
f Ok ;f cJw
h hJ twGuaf =umifyh J jzpfyg
w,f? apmapmuwifjyovdk 'Drdkua&pDr&Sdawmh vlrsdK;pkjy\em }uD;xGm;aeygw,f? tcsif;csif;
=um;rSm em;rvnfr_/ txifv$Jr_/ emusnf;rkef;wD;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;aew,f? usaemfwdk@udk,fwdkif
}uHKawG@cw hJ hJ Oyrmwckukd wifjy&&if - r=umao;cifu usaemf csi;f jynfe,f yvuf0udk oGm;ygw,f?
tJ'D òrd@cHvlxkawGu bmajymovJqdkawmh (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; ajrmufydkif;om;awG cs,fvS,fpdk;rdk;
cJhwm rauseyfbl;wJh? rwlyDrSmusawmh rif;wyfom;awG pdk;rdk;cJhwmudk rauseyf=ubl;? [m;cg;eJ@
zvef;rSmusawmh wD;wdefawGu (26)ESpfvHk;vHk; tkyfpdk;vdk@wJh/ wD;wdefrSmusjyefawmh ol@wdk@òrd@e,f
xJu vlrsKd;EG,fpkav;wckjzpfwJh qD;,if;awGu pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fvdk@ qdk+yD; rauseyfcsufawGudk
[kdvla=umifhEdk;Edk;/ 'Dvla=umifhEdk;Edk; eD;&mvludkyJ pGyfpJG=uawmhw,f? csif;pum;yHkwck&dSw,f?
“opfyifwyifuG,fvdk@ awmtkyf}uD;udk rjrifEdkifbl;wJh” teD;qHk;opfyifuG,fvdk@ awmtkyfudk
rjrifEdkifovdk teD;qHk;vludkyJ w&m;cHvkyf=uawmhw,f? w&m;cHtppftrSefudk rjrifEdkif=ubl;?
'Dvw kd &m;cHtppfukd rjrifEikd b f /J jy\emt&if;tjrpfukd rodbJ cHjyif;pdwf em;usn;f pdwf oufouf
eJ@ EdkifiHa&;vkkyf&if trSm;awG@Edkifw,f?
wcsK@d vlrsKd;EG,fpk ygwDav;awGudk usaemfar;=u!fhw,f æ olwdkŒ&J@ &nf&G,fcsufawGudk?
wcsdKŒygwD&JŒ &nf±G,fcsuf[m EdkifiHa&;r[kwfbJ/ oma&; / ema&;/ vlr_a&; oGm;jzpfaew,f?
vlra_ &;abmiftwGi;f rSm vky&f rJh trsK;d om;csi;f =unf&h a_ pmifah &Smufa&;/ bmompum; xde;f odr;f a&;/
pmayjr‡iw hf ifa&; pwJu h pd aP wG oGm;jzpfaew,f? Edik if aH &;jy\emr[kwb f ;l ? Edik if aH &;qdw
k m tm%m
jy\emyJ? ckawmh tm%mjy\emr[kwfbl;? vlr_a&;oufouf? jynfxJa&;eJ@ omoema&;
Ð rSwfcsuf? ? rGeftrsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS OD;EdkifaiGodrf;udk&nf!Gef;jcif;jzpfygonf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 7
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

0ef}uD;XmerSm rSwfyHkwif&rJh toif;tzJG@awGu ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;ya&;

aumfr&Sif&Hk;rSm oGm;+yD; rSwfyHkwif=uw,f? 'Dvdk wvJGwacsmfjzpfaewJh udpPawGu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
'Drdkua&pD b,favmufqdwfokOf;ae+yDvJqdkwm ay:vGifxif&Sm;apygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSmom
'Drukd a&pD tjynft h 0 &vmvd@k &&Sd if vlrsK;d EG,pf ek @J a'oi,fav;awGukd tajccHwhJ ygwiD ,fav;awG
tvdkvdk vrf;rSefa&mufoGm;=urSmyg?
'DvdkrS tjrifrSefr&bJ a'opJG/ rsKd;EG,fpkpJG/ yk*~dKvfpJG pwJh usOf;ajrmif;wJh t,l0g'ay:rSm
tajccH+yD; xlaxmifwyhJ gwaD wGu usaemfw@kd jynfe,ftwGi;f pkpnf;nD!w G rf t
_ iftm;/ jynfaxmifpk
twGif; pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_tiftm;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfapw,f? +zdKcJGzdk@ }udK;pm;aew,fqdk&if
'gudkawmh usaemfwdk@vnf; jywfjywfom;om; udkifwG,f&rSmyJ? olwdk@&J@ vkyf&yfeJ@ apwem rSefuefr_
&dSr&dSqdkwmudk jynfolŒa&S@rSm tppfcHoGm;=u&r,f? ol@wdk@ vkyf&yfeJ@ apwem rrSefuefblk;qdk&if
EdkifiHa&; tnpfta=u;rsm;tjzpf ordkif;a&pD;a=umif;u ab;udk wGef;ydk@jcif; cH=u&rSm aocsmw,f?
'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkudk [ef@wm;zdk@ }udK;pm;aewJholawG[m ordkif;bD;&JΠeif;}udwf
jcif;udk tvl;tvJ cHoGm;zdk@yJ&dSygw,f? ordkif;bD;udk b,folrS [eff@wm;EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;?
'ga=umifh vlrsKd;EG,fpkeJ@ a'oi,fav;awGudk tajccH+yD; xlaxmifwJh ygwDi,fav;awG
tjrefqHk;pkpnf;+yD; jynfe,fygwD}uD;rsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;=uyg? usOf;ajrmif;wJhrsKd;EG,fpk/ a'opJGrsm;udk
&J0HhpGm awmfvSefausmfv$m;+yD; trsKd;om;a&;tqifhudk wufvSrf;=uyg?
tck usaemfwdk@jynfe,fawGrSm &ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emuawmh trsKd;om;a&;jy\em
tqifrh a&mufao;bl; Nationalism tqifrh [kwb f ;l / Tribalism tqifo h m jzpfaeao;w,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ wdk;wufwJhtjrifeJ@ tawG;tac:awmfvSefa&;w&yf tjrefqHk; qifEJGzdk@ vdkae
ygw,f? 'grS Tribalism tqifhuae Nationalismtqifhudk wufvSrf;Edkif+yD; jynfe,ftwGif;
nD!Gwfr_udk &EdkifrSmjzpfw,f? jynfe,ftwGif; nD!Gwfr_&&dSrS jynfaxmifpktwdkif;twmeJ@vnf;
nD!GwfEdkifrSm jzpfw,f?
[dkae@ tpnf;ta0;wkef;u usaemfajymovdk usaemfwdk@ ajcvSrf;ru|Hzdk@eJ@ ajcvSrf;
raES;zdk@ vdkygw,f? qENapm+yD; ajcvSrf;u|H&if trSm;awG@Edkifw,f? ordkif;wauG@rSm wcgrSm;&if
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm cHoGm;Edkifw,f? rsKd;qufeJ@csD+yD; cHoGm;Edkifw,f? ajcvSrf;aES;vGef;&ifvJ tcsdeftcgeJ@
tajctaeay;wJhtwdkif; tvkyfrvkyfEdkifjzpfoGm;+yD;/ tcGifhta&;qHk;&H_;oGm;Edkifw,f? usaemfwdk@
jynfe,fom;awG tcGifhta&;qHk;&_H;aygif;rsm;vS+yD? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;
udk qifEw GJ t
hJ cgrmS }udK;0dik ;f xJu vufa0S@orm;vdk usio fh ;kH &ygr,f? b,fbufvufe@J tumtuG,f
,l+yD; nmbufvufeJ@ csufaumif;udkapmifh+yD; xdk;&ygr,f? b,fbufvuf[m wcsdefvHk;
tumtuG,f,laevdk@ rjzpfbl;? wzuf&efol [efcsufysufoGm;atmif b,fbufvufeJ@
wdkufuGufqifay;&r,f? wzwf&efol [efcsufysuf+yD; csufaumif;ay:wmeJ@ nmbufvufeJ@
tvJxdk;&ygr,f?
usaemfhaqG;aEG;csufudk csKyf+yD; ajymvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@ qifEJGaewJh awmfvSefa&;&JŒ
yef;wdkifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifwuf+yD;/ xdkyef;wdkifudk csDwufwJhtcg &ifqdkif&rJh t"dujy\em
rsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef udkifwG,fajz&Sif;oGm;zdk@ tvGefta&;}uD;ygw,f? yef;wdkifr&dS&if t"du
jy\emudk udkifwG,fEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? omrnjy\emawGeJ@ vHk;axG;+yD; usaemfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;

8 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

a&pkefarsmoGm;Edkifw,f? yef;wdkifudk csDwufwJhtcgjzpfjzpf/ t"dujy\emudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;wJh

tcgrSmjzpfjzpf nD!Gwfr_tiftm;vdkygw,f? txl;ojzifh usaemfwdk@ jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkrsm; nD!Gwfzdk@
vdkygw,f? usaemfwdk@&J@ wdkufyJG[m ESpfqifh&dSw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;em;vnf+yD;om;yg? nD!GwfwJh
tiftm;eJ@ usaemfwdk@ordkif;udk tvSyqHk; a&;om;zefwD;=uygpdk@vdk@ wdkufwGef;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 9

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcef; (2)
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (UNLD)
.
v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; (tusOf;)

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf. pwifzJG@pnf;onfhtcsdefrS
yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0; usif;yo!fh (21 - 11 -89) umvtxd
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (tusOf;csKyf)udk xdknDvmcHwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@. &Hk;vkyfief;
wm0efcHrsm; jzpf=uaom a'gufwm atmifwifOD; (u&if)ESifh Edkifatmifjrifh (rGef) wdk@.
tpD&ifcHpmtwdkif; wifjytyfygonf?

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd &f if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzJŒG csKyf
&efukef_rdKŒ

vkyfief;tzJG@tpD&ifcHpm
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudk ,cktcg tzJG@0ifwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkygwDaygif; (20)jzifh yll;aygif;zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,if;tzJG@0ifygwDrsm;rSm -
1? &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
2? rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@/
3? watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@/
4? u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzJG@csKyf/
5? csif;trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
6? u,m;jynfe,f vlrsKd;aygif;pHk 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
7? &Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
8? &cdkiftrsKd;om; vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@/
9? ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf/
10? awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;ESifh &Srf;trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
11? jynfaxmifpk "EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/

10 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

12? jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0f trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/

13? awmifydkif;csif;'Drdkua&pDygwD/
14? ucsiftrsKd;om;vHk;qdkif&m uGef*&uf/
15? +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om; nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@/
16? awmifwef;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/
17? u,ef;trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@/
18? ucsiftrsKd;om; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/
19? tif;trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf/
20? &cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa&;tzJG@ (r&rm}uD; ) wdk@jzpf=uygonf?

tzJG@csKyfudk obmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@/ vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;

tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm; ('Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wl&nfwla&;udk tajccHI)
udk aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSygonf?

obmywdtzJ@G

obmywdtzJG@udk tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;rS ay;ydk@aom obmywdtzJG@0if (1)OD;pDESifh

zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,ckvuf&dS tzJG@csKyf0ifygwD (20) &dSvm+yDjzpfI obmywdtzJG@0if (20)OD;jzifh
zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?

tzJ@G csKyf. obmywdtzJ@G 0ifrsm;

1? OD;at;az (&'z)
2? EdkifaiGodef; ( rGef'Drdkua&pDtzJG@)
3? OD;tkef;cdkif (watmif; - yavmif)
4? OD;oef;&dSef (u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf)
5? OD;pDauwkdufuJGvf (csif;tzJG@csKyf)
6? OD;ppfaiGaomif; (u,m;tzJG@csKyf)
7? OD;vSrif; (&w'z)
8? OD;omvl ( &cdkiftrsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;)
9? OD;wmefxefvsefaygif (ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf)
10? OD;omarmif (awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;)
11? OD;jrifhOD; (jynfaxmifpk"Ek)
12? cGefxGef;vGif (jynfaxmifpkytdk@yf)
13? qvdkif;atmifxGef; (awmifydkif;csif;)
14? 'l;0g; aZmfarmf (ucsiftrsKd;om;uGef*&uf)

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 11

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

15? OD;pHomatmif (+rdK (c) crD)

16? a'gufwmqef;crRm (awmifwef;om;rsm;)
17? OD;tm&fyDaomif; (u,ef;)
18? OD;'def&wef (ucsifjynfe,f trsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpf)
19? OD;a&$vS ( &cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa&;tzJG@)
20? tif;trsKd;om; tzJG@csKyfrS pm&if;r&ao;?

rSwfcsuf? ? yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0;wGif tzJG@csKyfobmywd

tzJG@0ifrsm;xJrS t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJG@udk jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI
atmufygtwdkif; zJG@pnf;cJhygonf?

t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJ@G

ucsifjynfe,f æææ qrm;ausmfzm;aemf

u,m;jynfe,f æææ ppfaiGaomif;
u&ifjynfe,f æææ apmoef;&dSef
csif;jynfe,f æææ OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
rGefjynfe,f æææ EdkifaiGodrf;
&cdkifjynfe,f æææ OD;at;az
&Srf;jynfe,f æææ OD;jrifhOD; (aemufydkif; OD;a&$tHk;) wdk@jzpfygonf?

twGi;f a&;rSL;tzJ@G

twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@udk jynfe,f (7)cktm; ukd,fpm;ðytaejzifh zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?

ucsifjynfe,f æææ OD;qdkif;vd

u,m;jynfe,f æææ OD;cifarmifcsKd
u&ifjynfe,f æææ a'gufwmatmifwifOD;
csif;jynfe,f æææ qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
rGefjynfe,f æææ Edkifatmifjrifh
&cdkifjynfe,f æææ OD;at;omatmif
&Srf;jynfe,f æææ cGefwifa&$

12 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

vkyif ef;aumfrwD

vkyfief;aumfrwD (5) ckjzifh tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&Guf

v#uf&dSygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ

(1) rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD
(2) pnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwD
(3) jyef=um;qufoG,fa&;aumfrwD
(4) b¾ma&;aumfrwD
(5) &Hk;vkyfief;tzJG@ wdk@jzpfygonf?

vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm vkyfief;aumfrwDtvdkuf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) OD;at;az &'z

(2) OD;at;omatmif &'z
(3) Edkifcifarmif rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(4) Edkifwifaz rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(5) EdkifaiG& rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(6) OD;vmvfbd csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(7) qvdkif;vsefr_ef; csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(8) cGefwifa&$ jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf

pnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) EdkifaiGodef; rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@

(2) cGefwifa&$ jynfaxmifpkytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
(3) OD;armifcdkif watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(4) OD;bausmf &'z

jyef=um;a&;ESihf qufo,
G af &;aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) OD;ombef; &'z

(2) OD;at;omatmif &'z
(3) ODarmifqm watmif (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 13
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(4) rif;udkom rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒ

(5) qvdkif; idkifqmh'f csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

b¾ma&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

(2) Edkifatmifjrifh rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(3) OD;ausmf&yf csif;tzJG@csKyf

&H;k vkyif ef;tzJ@G

(1) OD;at;az &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

(2) EdkifaiG& rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(3) a'gufwmatmifwifOD; u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
(4) rdkifeDeDatmif csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

tzJG@csKyftaejzihf tzJG@csKyf.vkyfief;rsm;udk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;

tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf wdkifyifnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;aqmif&Gufv#uf&dS&mwGif wywfwcg
aom=umae@wdkif; yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ vdktyfovdk ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;rsm;/
txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ tjcm; EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
tzJ@G csKyf&;kH cef;Y awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;/ xdyk gwt
D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;xH ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; apv$waf qG;aEG;jcif;
rsm;udk wm0efus tvSnfhus obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;
aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSygonf?

xdkodk@aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;&mwGif æ

• tzJG@. ta&;t&mudpPrsm;
• tzJG@csKyf0if tzJG@tpnf; ygwDwckcsif; ta&;t&mudpPrsm;
• tjcm;EdkifiHta&;t&mudpP&yfrsm;udk pGrf;tm;&dSor# ausyGefpGm nd‡E_dif;aqmif&Guf
v#uf&dSa=umif; wifjytyfygonf?

14 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

vkyif ef;aumfrwDtvku
d t
f pD&ifcpH m

1? rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD

rl0g'a&;&maumfrwDudk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;rS

yk*~dKvfrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;/ tzJG@csKyf. rl0g'ydkif;qdkif&m
udpP&yfrsm;udk nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSygonf? rl0g'a&;&maumfrwDtaejzihf tzJG@csKyftwGuf
ta&;}uD;aom rl0g'a&;&m vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh æ

(u) jynfaxmifpkrla&;qJGjcif;/
(c) tzJG@csKyf. zJG@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; jyifqifa&;qJGjcif;/
(*) rsufarSmufumv pnf;±Hk;a&;rl0g' xkwfjyefjcif;/
(C) tzJG@csKyf. &yfwnfcsufoabmxm; xkwfjyefjcif;/

ponfwdk@tjyif tzJG@csKyf. tvSnfhusobmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@wdk@rS tcg

tm;avsmfpGm xkwfjyefaom oabmxm;ausnmcsufrsm;/ t}uHðycsufrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwD
tzJG@pnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@aom pmwrf;rsm;tay: tzJG@csKyf.rl0g'ESifh udkufnD rnD pDppf+yD; xkwfjyefay;
ygonf?

(u) jynfaxmifprk al &;qJjG cif;

tzJ@G csKyf. rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwDtaejzifh aemif tem*gwjf ynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf

udk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwck wnfaqmufEdkif&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpkrlwck a&;qJGcJhygonf?
Todk@a&;qJG&mwGif atmufygtajccHrl (15)csufudk tajccHxm;I a&;qJGcJhygonf?

tajccHrl 15 csuf æ

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf
tem*gwjf ynfaxmifp. k tajccHrrl sm;

(1) tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGifom

wnf&rnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpktcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;
jzpf a om ucsif / u,m;/ u&if / csif ; / rG e f / Arm/ &S r f ; / &cd k i f tp&d S o nf h
wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;rS qif;ouf&rnf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 15

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf&,ljcif;rðy&/ wygwD

tm%m&SifpepfESifh rnfo!fhtm%m&SifpepfrsKd;xHwGifrS tcsKyftjcmtm%m
rwnfap&/
(4) jynfaxmifpk. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf }uD;/ i,f/ enf;/ rsm; r[l
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk w&m;r#wpGm pDrHcef@cJGaom
u&d,mwefqmyvmom jzpf&rnf?
(5) vl@b0wefbdk;&dSa&;ESifh vl@oduQmjrifhrm;a&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
tm;vHk;twGif;wGif w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom
avmuygvw&m;rsm; xGef;um;&rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_/
pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;nDr#r/_ vlra_ &;wef;wlnrD #r/_ vl@tcGit hf a&;wef;wlnrD #rE_ iS hf
'Drdkua&pDa&;wef;wlnDr#r_ &dS&rnf?
(7) wef;wlnDr#r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;onf olawmif;pm;. cGufxJodk@ ypfcscH&o!fh
tojyma=u;jym;uJo h @kd usa&mufvmr!fh pGe@f }uJrr_ sK;d rjzpfap&/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
tcsi;f csi;f tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f I cHpm;tyfaom t&mom
jzpf&rnf?
(8) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. e,fajr
a'oudk aygif;pyfzJG@pnf;xm;aom e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;&dSo!fh EdkifiHtjzpf
todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(9) EdkifiHwuma&;&me,fy,fwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ukd,fpm;ðy&rnf?
(10) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wlnDr#aom wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;. jynfaxmifpkjynfe,frsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;onf[k cH,lonf?
(11) xdo k @kd pkpnf;aygi;f pyf zJ@G pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpu k kd jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u
pDrHcef@cJG&rnf?
(12) jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &ESihf tpd;k &tm%mcJaG 0a&;udk tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm
ESifh ,xmblwusus nd‡Ed_if;oufrSwf&rnf?
(13) jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; / jynf e ,f t pd k ; &wG i f a omf
vnf ; aumif ; / tjcm; tm%myd k i f t zJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; /
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; oifhwifhr#waom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifh
tajctae jynfhpHkpGm zefwD;ay;&rnf? TudpPtwGuf jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyXmef;ay;&rnf?
(14) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,ftpdk;&taejzifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfcsKyf&mwGif Oya'utkyfcsKyfaompepf (Rule of Law)
jzpfapI vly*k Kd~ vf.qENoabmt& tkycf sKyfaompepf (Rule of Men) rjzpfap&?

16 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(15) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif w&m;

r#wI +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifhom wnfaqmufEdkifrnf[kcH,lonf? vuf&dS
urBmhjzpfay:wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;t&vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom enf;vrf;
rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufr_rSm atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[k r,Hk=unfyg? T enf;vrf;om
toifhavsmfqHk;[k ,Hk=unfonf?

rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwDtaejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm; (5)}udrfwdkifac:,lusif;y+yD; aqmif&Guf

cJh=uygonf?
xdkodk@ usif;yaqG;aEG;&mwGif tem*gwfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'twGuf æ
(1) ucsiftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD XmecsKyfrSay;ydk@aom zJG@pnf;yHka&;qJG&mwGif tajccH&r!fh
rl0g'rsm;udk‚if;?
(2) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(3) 'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyf
(4) &Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
wdkŒrS wifjyaom wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfodk@ pmwrf;rsm;udk rl0g'a&;&mtzJG@. tjrifESifh
aygif;pyf+yD;a&;qJGxm;ygonf?

xdkodk@a&;qJG&mwGif udk;um;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm æ

(1) zqyv tzJG@csKyf. y%mrjyifqifr_ nDvmcHrSwfwrf;?
(2) 1947 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
(3) 1974 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
(4) OD;xGef;jrifh. wef;wlaom&Srf;jynf
(5) tar&duefEdkifiH. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
paom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk rSDjirf;+yD; a&;om;ðypkwifjyxm;ygonf?

a&;qJG+yD;aomrl=urf;udk yxrtqifhtaejzifh tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk

ay;yd@k t}uHOm%fawmif;cH&ef/ 'kw, d æ tzJ@G csKyf0ifr[kwaf om tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwrD sm;
xHrS t}uHOm%f&,l&ef/ wwd, æ tjcm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzJG@tpnf;/ tzJG@csKyf/ wyfaygif;pkrsm;ESifh
nd‡Ed_if;&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfxm;ygonf? +yD;aemuf Edk0ifbmvwGif usif;yr!fh obmywd pHknD
tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy+yD; twnfjyKcsuf &,lygrnf? xdk@aemuf twnfjyK+yD;aom rl=urf;udk
azaz:0g&DvavmufwGif usif;yr!fh vlrsKd;pknDvmcHESifh EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;om;nDvmcHwdk@wGif
wifjy&ef pDpOfxm;ygonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 17

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(c) tzJ@G csKyf. zJ@G pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f jyifqifa&;qJjG cif;

rSwfcsuf? ? tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;csufudk tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOfwGif

xnfhoGif; xm;ygonf?

(*) rsuaf rSmufumv pnf;±H;k a&;rl0g'xkwjf yefjcif; (twdck sKyf&iS ;f vif;csu)f

rsuf a rS m uf u mvtajctaeonf “trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &;umv”

jzpfayonf? Tumvonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf 'kwd,yifvHkumv jzpfonf? yXr
yifvu kH mvonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;I wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk wnfaqmufaom
umv/ 'k w d , yifv Hk u mvonf wd k if ;&if ;om;vl rsd K ;rsm;pk aygif ;I pnf ;vH k ;r_ nD ! G w f r_ u dk
wnfaqmufaomumv/ ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkazmfxkwfa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh tcsKyftjcm
tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&; wdk@twGuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;óud;yrf;aomumvjzpfayonf?
Todk@óud;yrf;&mY 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;udk w®yifwnf; azmfxkwf&if;/ &[ef;
&S i f v l j ynf o l r sm;/ tod y nm&S i f / twwf y nm&S i f / tvk y f o rm;rsm;/ v,f o rm;rsm;ES i f h
ausmif;om;vli,frsm; po!fh vlwef;pm;aygi;f pHk tv$m aygi;f pHu k kd pnf;±H;k I pnf;±H;k rdaomtm;jzifh
trsdK;om;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk azmfxkwfwdkufyGJ0if=u&ayrnf?
rdrt
d iftm;udk pkpnf;Edifk &f ef wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfEiS hf tjcm;tm%m&Sipf epftrsKd ;rsKd ;od@k
ODD;wnfaom tajctaersm;udk wdkufcdkuf&if; rdrdtiftm;udk ®yuGJapr!fh twGif;yËdyuQrsm;
tpGef;a&mufr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;=u&ayrnf?
rdrdtiftm;udk pkpnf;&mwGif vlwef;pm;udk tajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a&;yHko¾mefrjzpfapbJ
trsdK;om;a&;udktajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a&;yHko¾mefjzpf&ygrnf?

(C) tzG@J csKyf.&yfwnfcsuo

f abmxm;xkwjf yefjcif; (twdck sKyf&iS ;f vif;csu)f

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;
EdkifiHa&; wef;wl&nfwla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh tjy!fht0&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk aygif;pyfvsuf
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;Edkifa&; r[mAsL[m&yfwnfcsufonfum; “'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJwGif
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwludk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh&&Sd&eftwGuf w®yifwnf; qufpyf
wdkufyGJ0ifa&;” yif jzpfonf?
u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;rsm; jzpf=uaom ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;
ponfwdk@onf ArmvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodk@yif wcsdefu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfvsuf
xD;®yifeef;®yif ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrsm; xlaxmifI aexdkifcJh=uonf? e,fcsJ@wdk@vufatmufodk@
usa&mufoGm;aomtcg e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;

18 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJh=u&jcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfa&;ESifh udk,fh=urRm

udk,fzefwD;cGifhudk jrwfEdk;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
odk@aomf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aomtcg wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onf
arS;rSdefoGm;cJhayonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_®yysufum/ vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;r_rsm;
ay:aygufvmcJhygonf? 1961 ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;a&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef
jynfaxmifpkrlw&yfudk udk,fpm;ðyudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif xdkrludk ta=umif;jyvsuf
tm%modrf;vdkufjcif;a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpktESpfom&
onfvnf; aysmufuG,fcJh&ayonf? TuJhodk@ wpfygwDtm%m&SifpepfESifh wjynfaxmif
tkyfpdk;r_pepfqdk;udk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uovdk awmfvSefqJvnf; jzpfayonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifr_jzifh (8-8-88) ae@wGif &[ef;&Sifvl wdkif;&if;om;
jynfoltaygif; tHkºuGawmfvSefcJhojzifh wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfðywf=ucJhaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD
yGifhvef;&Sifoefr_rSm tvSrf;uGmaeayao;onf? 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; tjynfht0r&Sdv#if w&m;
r#waom a±G;aumufyGJ[lonf &SdEkdifygrnfavm? w&m;r#waom a±G;aumufyGJr[kwfygu
jynfolESifh wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfo!fhtudsK;oufa&mufr_&SdEkdifrnfenf;?
xd@k a=umifh u|Eykf w
f @kd onf vufiif;óuHawG@ae&aom tcuftcJrsm;ESihf aemifóuHawG@&r!fh
jy\emt00udkoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tjynfht0&&Sda&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&efrSwyg; tjcm;r&Sday? trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@csKyf. r[mAsL[m&yfwnfcsufjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJESifh
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&; &&Sd&eftwGuf qufpyfwdkufyGJ0ifa&;onf trdsK;om;nD!Gwfr_udk
wnfaxmifa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtjy!fht0&&Sda&; wdkufyGJudk wdkufa&;yif jzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif wdkufyGJ.enf;AsL[mudk rlvvuf&SdEdkifiHa&;tajctae tcsdeftcgESifh
tvSnfhtajymif;udktajccHI csrSwf&efESifh rdrd.tiftm;udkvnf; cdkifrmatmif pnf;±Hk;oGm;&ef
vdktyfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@0ifygwDtoD;oD;onf rlay:wGiftajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a&;udk
wnfaqmuf+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh ygwDtcsif;csif;onfvnf; tzGJ@csKyf. rlESifh&yfwnfcsufudkyif
wom;wnf; &yfwnfvsuf/ wzGJ@wygwDuJhodk@ uspfvpfcdkifrmvma&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;wnfaqmuf
&rnf? xd@k aemuf tjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiv
hf nf; cdik +f rJaom r[mrdwjf zpfa&;udk
aqmif±GufI 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wl&nfwla&; wdkufyGJudk qufvuf qifE$J=u
&ayrnf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 19

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

3? tzG@J csKyf.jyef=um;a&;ESihf qufo,

G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;

(u) ausnmcsurf sm;xkwjf yefjcif;

tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;jcif;rðyrD wkdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;

pwifawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJrsm;udk (4)}udrfwdkifwdkif ðyvkyfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (11)&uf
ae@wGif usif;yaom yÌrt}udrfawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; zGJ@pnf;
xlaxmifco hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfz@JG pnf;+yD;aemuf oabmxm;a=ujimcsut f rSwf (1)udk xkwjf yef+yD; tzG@J csKyf
wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Sdao;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;udk yg0ifvm&ef
zd w f a c:urf ; vS r f ; cJ h o nf ? 1989 ck E S p f / rwf v (5)&uf w G i f ausnmcsuf t rS w f ( 2) tjzpf
&nf±G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ rwfv(24)&ufae@wGif EdkifiHa&;t&
zrf;qD;xm;olrsm; v$wfay;a&; awmif;qdkcsufudk ausnmcsuftrSwf (3) tjzpf xkwfjyefcJhonf?
1989 ck / rwf v (27)&uf w G i f (44)}ud r f a jrmuf zuf q pf q ef @ usif a &;ae@ txd r f ; trS w f
ausnmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&ufwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@.
tpD&ifcHpmudk xkwfjyef+yD;/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fESifh rE Wav; pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;wGif wifjy
Edkif&ef pDpOfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(8)&ufae@wGif trdsK;om;EdkifiHa&;odk@OD;wnfa&;twGuf
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&;tzGJ@ OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifxH obmywdtzGJ@u pmwapmif
ay;ydk@cJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19)&ufae@wGif (42)ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@ txdrf;trSwf
ausnmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? tmZmenfae@aemufydkif; wjynfvHk;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;
wif;rm+yD; tzrf;tqD;rsm;xlajymvmcJh&m tzGJ@csKyfrS e-0-w tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;t=um;
!SdE_dif;ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf txl;ausnmcsuf wapmifudk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvfdkif (22)&ufae@wGif
xkwfjyefcJhonf?

(c) owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ ESihf owif;v$mxkwjf yefjcif;

tzGJ@csKyfjzpfay:vmyHk/ tzGJ@csKyf.&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh &yfwnfcsufrsm; txl;ojzifh

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;wdk@twGuf wdkif;&if;om;
arG;csif;om;csif; nDaemif&if; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; arG;zGm;jcif;/ ,if;wdkŒ. nD!Gwfr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk jynfyowif;Xmersm;rS
owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh jrefrmhowif;pOfrS owif;axmufrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (24)&uf
wGif zdwfac:&Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; owif;pmq&mrsm;. ar;jref;csufrsm;udk ajz=um;cJhonf?
tzGJ@csKyf. v_yf&Sm;r_owif;rsm;udk tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;odk@ yHkrSefay;ydk@Edkifa&;twGuf
“wef;wla&;”trnfjzifh owif;v$mxkwfjyefa&;udk qHk;jzwf+yD;/ trSwfpOf (1) owif;v$mudk 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbm (5)&ufae@u xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? “wef;wla&;”owif;v$mudk yHkrSef xkwfjyef
Edkifa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdaeonf? t,f'DwmtzGJ@udk wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
OD;ombef;(&cdik )f / Edik cf ifarmif(rGe)f / qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f (csi;f ) / OD;at;az(&cdik )f wd@k jzifh zG@J pnf;oGm;onf?
20 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(*) qdik ;f bkww

f ifyGJ tcef;tem;ESihf yl;wJv
G ufrw
S x
f ;kd yJG

tzJ@G csKyfukd zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif+yD;aemuf ,m,D &H;k cef;udk A[ef;ðrd@e,f trSwf (*§1) vrf;&dS
rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@ &efukefXmecsKyfcJG±Hk;Y zGifhvSpfxm;cJhonf? xdkrSwqifh &cdkif 'Drdkua&pD
tzJG@csKyf&Hk;wnf&m ausmufwHwm;òrd@e,f trSwf 393 (yxrxyf) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;odk@
ajymif;a&$@zGifhvSpfcJhygonf? tzJG@csKyfqdkif;bkwfwifyJGtcef;tem;ESifh tzJG@csKyf0if wdkif;&if;om;
EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;ygwDrsm; yl;wGJvufrSwfa&;xdk;yJGudk 1989 ckESpf/ {+yDv (29) &ufae@ eHeuf
(9;00)em&DwGif ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdktcef;tem;odk@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrS OuUX ol&OD;wifOD;/
trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk OuUX 0d"l& ocifcspfarmif/ 'Drdkua&pD
r[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyfrS 'kwd,OuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
'Drukd a&pDwyfaygi;f pkrS ygarmuQa[mif; OD;vSatmifw@kd wufa&mufred @f ceG ;f ajym=um;+yD;/ 'Drukd a&pDe@J
+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@csKyfrS OD;0rf;udka[m wufa&mufo0%fv$mzwf=um;onf?

(C) tjcm;Edik if aH &; tzJ@G tpnf; ygwrD sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifcsuf

tzJ G @ csKyf o nf jynf e ,f c k E S p f c k E S i f h w uG jynf a xmif p k t wG i f ; &d S usef w d k i f ; tcsKd @ rS

wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;ud k tajccH u m 'D r d k u a&pD a &;ES i f h wd k i f ; &if ; om;rsm;wef ; wl & nf w l
tcGifhta&;rsm;&&dSa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&ef zJG@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHa&;
tzJG@tpnf;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;ydwfyifr_rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm; &kwfodrf;cHae&olrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if tjcm; EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;
ygwDrsm;ESifh yl;wJGawmif;qdkr_rsm;/ qef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;udk ðyvkyfcJhonf?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGaumfr&SifrS xkwfjyefcJhaom jynfol@v$wfawmf
Oya'rl=urf;udk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifhwuG tjcm; EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf; ygwDrsm;ESifh
yl;wJGum jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyJGOya'=urf;twGuf vdktyfo!fh t}uHðycsufrsm;udk
ay;ydk@cJhonf? tzJG@csKyftaejzifhvnf; oD;jcm;t}uHðycsufw&yfudk ay;ydk@cJhonf? tzJG@csKyf.
t}uHðycsufwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. t"duvdktyfcsufjzpfo!fh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'a&;qJG&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&dSa&;udk OD;wnfum
“jynfe,fckESpfckudk tajccHI oifhawmfaom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh Arm
wdkif;&if;om;rsm; trsm;pkaexdkif&ma'orS oifhawmfnDr#aom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; tcsdK;usjzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfopf. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJydkifcGifh
tm%m&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;w&yfudk zGJŒpnf;&rnf? xdktzGJŒrS a&;qGJaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk yifvHknDvmcHuJhodkŒaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH}uD;jzifh twnfjyK&rnf” [lI
t}uHjyKcJhonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 21

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

'D§+idr;f tzGŒJ ESihf !‡Ed KdS if;jcif;

Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek em,utjzpfaqmif&u G af om 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;

tzJ@G csKyfrS zdw=f um;csut f & tzJ@G csKyf. &efuek w
f iG f &daS eaom tzJ@G 0if Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;ygwrD sm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf 1989 ckESpf/ {+yDv(10)&ufae@wGif OD;Ekaetdrfodk@ oGm;a&muf+yD; nd‡Ed_if;
aqG;aEG;=uonf? 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf 'Drdkua&pDESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@csKyf&Hk;odk@ oGm;a&muf+yD; 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbmv(1)&ufae@wGif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;cJhonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif OD;Eku cJGxGufcGifh
rygaom z,f'&,frludk rdrdaxmufcHa=umif;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;u Armudk jynfe,fwck owfrSwfrnf
qdkuvnf; oufrSwfEdkifa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhonf? tzJG@csKyfrSvnf; rdrdwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;
ESihf twl wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&; &&daS &;udk w+ydKifwnf;vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef
qHk;jzwfoH"dXmefcsoGm;a=umif; wifjycJhonf?

trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS !
hf EdS id_ ;f jcif;

tzGJ@csKyfobmywdtzGJ@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm; ESifh

trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;wdk@tay: tajccHum aqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk
tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;wnf&m ausmufwHwm;®r@e,f/ trSwf (393) (yxrxyf) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGif
1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae@/ ae@vnf (2) em&DwGif usif;ycJhonf?
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf ,ck'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJESifhtwl
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;ESifh udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;onf w®yifwnf;
vkyf&r!fhvkyfief;jzpfonf[k wifjycJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wifjy&mwGif rdrdwdk@ESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. vdktyfo!fhqENrsm;rSm tjiif;yGm;p&m wpHkw&mr#r&Sd/ vkyfief;t&
taumiftxnfazmf&efomvdkonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfESifh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfwkd@ yl;aygif;+yD;/ tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tygt0ifjzifh vkyfief;aumfrwDw&yfzGJ@pnf;um
tem*gwfjynfaxmifpktwGuf ,ckuyif pwiftaumiftxnfazmf&ef vdktyfonf? tu,fI
w&m;r#wwJha±G;aumufyGJjzpfvmcJhv#if tjcm;trwfudpPrsm;udk em;vnfr_,lEdkif&ef aemifwGif
zGJ@pnf;r!fh tpdk;&tzGJ@ tiftm;&Sdzdk@ tvGefta&;}uD;onf? odk@rSom jy\emtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;
Edkifrnf pojzifhwifjyonf? odk@aomf a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfcHae&+yD;aemuf rnfo!fh
aqG;aEG;csufudkr# taumiftxnfrazmfEdkifaom tajctaersdK;jzpfaeonf?

'Dru
kd a&pDr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyfEiS !
hf EdS id_ ;f jcif;

tzG@J csKyfEiS hf 'Dru

kd a&pDr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyfw@kd . 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
wef;wla&; udpP&yfrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (31)&ufwGif tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;cef;Y usif;ycJhonf?
xdkodk@aqG;aEG;&mwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfa&;qGJ&mwGif xm;oifhaom rl0g'oabmxm;

22 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tajccHrsm;ESifh wlnDaomvkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;ESifhywfouf+yD; &if;EDS;pGm tjrifcsif;

zvS,fcJh=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.xm0&aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk a&S@±SkI udk,fydkif
qHk;jzwfcGifhudk tjy!fht0usifhoHk;&efESifh wef;wla&;udka&S@±_I jynfe,fopfwdk@jzifh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfopfudk xlaxmif&ef oabmwl=uonf ponfjzifhyl;wGJazmfjyonf?

jynfaxmifpt
k rsKd ;om;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDygwED iS hf !SEd id_ ;f jcif;

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif}uD; em,utjzpf OD;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpk trsdK;om;

rsm;'Drdkua&pDygwDESifh tzGJ@csKyfwdk@.!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk 1989 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (23)
&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhonf? EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifh/ pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfcGifh/ vlrsdK;a&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk
rdrw
d @kd vdv
k m;a=umif; ODatmif}uD;rS tus,w f 0ifh wifjyonf? tzG@J csKyfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; uvnf;
rdrdwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifhtwl wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhtygt0if wef;wl
&nfwla&;udk w+ydKifeufwnf; az:aqmif=u&ef }udK;yrf;ae=ua=umif; xdkodk@wifjyonf?

4? ±H;k vkyif ef;tzG@J

(1) 0ifpmxGufpmrsm;vufcHjcif;/ zdkifwGJodrf;qnf;jcif;/ rSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif pm&if;oGif;

rSwfwrf;xm;jcif;?
(2) ay;pm jyefpmrsm;ydk@jcif;? tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;. 0ifpmrsm;udk vkdtyfovdk jyefpmay;ydk@jcif;?
tjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS 0ifpmrsm;udk vdktyfovdk jyefpmay;ydk@jcif;? tzGJ@csKyfrS
tzGJ@0ifygwDrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ydk@pmrsm;ay;ydk@jcif;?
(3) tzGJ@csKyf. (obmywdtzGJ@ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;) rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwD/
jyef=um;a&;ESihf qufo, G af &; aumfrwDw@kd rS !$e=f um;csurf sm;/ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/ oabmxm;
ausnmcsufrsm; ±dkufESdyfjzef@a0jcif;?
(4) rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;?

ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udkaqmif±Gufvsuf&Sdygonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 23

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

taumiftxnfazmfvsu&f adS om a&S@vkyif ef;pOfrsm;

(1) &Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ rE Wav;pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOfrS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnf

az:&ef -

(u) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS vrf;!$efrl0g'tjzpf udkifpGJr!fh

“jynfaxmifpkrlwpfck” udk a&;qGJ&ef tm;vHk;oabmwlqHk;jzwfygonf?

(c) xdkvrf;!$efrl0g'udk a&;qGJ&ef obmywdtzGJ@ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@u !SdE_dif;+yD;

oifhawmfaomyk*~dvfrsm;/ todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifrsm;udk zdwfac:+yD; a&;qGJap&rnf?

(*) jynfe,fa&;&mESifhywfoufaom rl0g'rsm;udka&;qGJ&mY oufqdkif&mjynfe,ftoD;oD;rS

tzGJ@csKyf0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;qGJap&rnf?

(2) tzGJ@csKyfydkifpmapmifwpfckxkwf&ef?

‚if;twGuf t,f'DwmtzGJ@/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;+yD; aqmif±Guf&ef

}udK;yrf;aeygonf? tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@qEN&Sd&m'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;
ta&;rsm;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;/ uAsmponfrsm;ESifh t}uHOm%frsm;ay;=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;
tyfygonf?

24 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tcef; (2)
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (UNLD)
.
v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; (tusOf;)

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf. pwifzJG@pnf;onfhtcsdefrS
yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0; usif;yo!fh (21 - 11 -89) umvtxd
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (tusOf;csKyf)udk xdknDvmcHwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@. &Hk;vkyfief;
wm0efcHrsm; jzpf=uaom a'gufwm atmifwifOD; (u&if)ESifh Edkifatmifjrifh (rGef) wdk@.
tpD&ifcHpmtwdkif; wifjytyfygonf?

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd &f if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzJŒG csKyf
&efukef_rdKŒ

vkyfief;tzJG@tpD&ifcHpm
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudk ,cktcg tzJG@0ifwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkygwDaygif; (20)jzifh yll;aygif;zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,if;tzJG@0ifygwDrsm;rSm -
1? &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
2? rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@/
3? watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@/
4? u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzJG@csKyf/
5? csif;trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
6? u,m;jynfe,f vlrsKd;aygif;pHk 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
7? &Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
8? &cdkiftrsKd;om; vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@/
9? ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf/
10? awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;ESifh &Srf;trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/
11? jynfaxmifpk "EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 1

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

12? jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0f trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/

13? awmifydkif;csif;'Drdkua&pDygwD/
14? ucsiftrsKd;om;vHk;qdkif&m uGef*&uf/
15? +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om; nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@/
16? awmifwef;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/
17? u,ef;trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@/
18? ucsiftrsKd;om; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/
19? tif;trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf/
20? &cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa&;tzJG@ (r&rm}uD; ) wdk@jzpf=uygonf?

tzJG@csKyfudk obmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@/ vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;

tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm; ('Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wl&nfwla&;udk tajccHI)
udk aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSygonf?

obmywdtzJ@G

obmywdtzJG@udk tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;rS ay;ydk@aom obmywdtzJG@0if (1)OD;pDESifh

zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,ckvuf&dS tzJG@csKyf0ifygwD (20) &dSvm+yDjzpfI obmywdtzJG@0if (20)OD;jzifh
zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?

tzJ@G csKyf. obmywdtzJ@G 0ifrsm;

1? OD;at;az (&'z)
2? EdkifaiGodef; ( rGef'Drdkua&pDtzJG@)
3? OD;tkef;cdkif (watmif; - yavmif)
4? OD;oef;&dSef (u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf)
5? OD;pDauwkdufuJGvf (csif;tzJG@csKyf)
6? OD;ppfaiGaomif; (u,m;tzJG@csKyf)
7? OD;vSrif; (&w'z)
8? OD;omvl ( &cdkiftrsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;)
9? OD;wmefxefvsefaygif (ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf)
10? OD;omarmif (awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;)
11? OD;jrifhOD; (jynfaxmifpk"Ek)
12? cGefxGef;vGif (jynfaxmifpkytdk@yf)
13? qvdkif;atmifxGef; (awmifydkif;csif;)
14? 'l;0g; aZmfarmf (ucsiftrsKd;om;uGef*&uf)
2 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

15? OD;pHomatmif (+rdK (c) crD)

16? a'gufwmqef;crRm (awmifwef;om;rsm;)
17? OD;tm&fyDaomif; (u,ef;)
18? OD;'def&wef (ucsifjynfe,f trsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpf)
19? OD;a&$vS ( &cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa&;tzJG@)
20? tif;trsKd;om; tzJG@csKyfrS pm&if;r&ao;?

rSwfcsuf? ? yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0;wGif tzJG@csKyfobmywd

tzJG@0ifrsm;xJrS t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJG@udk jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI
atmufygtwdkif; zJG@pnf;cJhygonf?

t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJ@G

ucsifjynfe,f æææ qrm;ausmfzm;aemf

u,m;jynfe,f æææ ppfaiGaomif;
u&ifjynfe,f æææ apmoef;&dSef
csif;jynfe,f æææ OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
rGefjynfe,f æææ EdkifaiGodrf;
&cdkifjynfe,f æææ OD;at;az
&Srf;jynfe,f æææ OD;jrifhOD; (aemufydkif; OD;a&$tHk;) wdk@jzpfygonf?

twGi;f a&;rSL;tzJ@G

twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@udk jynfe,f (7)cktm; ukd,fpm;ðytaejzifh zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?

ucsifjynfe,f æææ OD;qdkif;vd

u,m;jynfe,f æææ OD;cifarmifcsKd
u&ifjynfe,f æææ a'gufwmatmifwifOD;
csif;jynfe,f æææ qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
rGefjynfe,f æææ Edkifatmifjrifh
&cdkifjynfe,f æææ OD;at;omatmif
&Srf;jynfe,f æææ cGefwifa&$

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 3

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

vkyif ef;aumfrwD

vkyfief;aumfrwD (5) ckjzifh tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&Guf

v#uf&dSygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ

(1) rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD
(2) pnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwD
(3) jyef=um;qufoG,fa&;aumfrwD
(4) b¾ma&;aumfrwD
(5) &Hk;vkyfief;tzJG@ wdk@jzpfygonf?

vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm vkyfief;aumfrwDtvdkuf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) OD;at;az &'z

(2) OD;at;omatmif &'z
(3) Edkifcifarmif rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(4) Edkifwifaz rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(5) EdkifaiG& rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(6) OD;vmvfbd csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(7) qvdkif;vsefr_ef; csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(8) cGefwifa&$ jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf

pnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) EdkifaiGodef; rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@

(2) cGefwifa&$ jynfaxmifpkytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
(3) OD;armifcdkif watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(4) OD;bausmf &'z

jyef=um;a&;ESihf qufo,
G af &;aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) OD;ombef; &'z

(2) OD;at;omatmif &'z
(3) ODarmifqm watmif (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
4 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(4) rif;udkom rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒ

(5) qvdkif; idkifqmh'f csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

b¾ma&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;

(1) OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

(2) Edkifatmifjrifh rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(3) OD;ausmf&yf csif;tzJG@csKyf

&H;k vkyif ef;tzJ@G

(1) OD;at;az &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

(2) EdkifaiG& rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(3) a'gufwmatmifwifOD; u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
(4) rdkifeDeDatmif csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

tzJG@csKyftaejzihf tzJG@csKyf.vkyfief;rsm;udk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;

tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf wdkifyifnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;aqmif&Gufv#uf&dS&mwGif wywfwcg
aom=umae@wdkif; yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ vdktyfovdk ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;rsm;/
txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ tjcm; EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
tzJ@G csKyf&;kH cef;Y awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;/ xdyk gwt
D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;xH ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; apv$waf qG;aEG;jcif;
rsm;udk wm0efus tvSnfhus obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;
aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSygonf?

xdkodk@aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;&mwGif æ

• tzJG@. ta&;t&mudpPrsm;
• tzJG@csKyf0if tzJG@tpnf; ygwDwckcsif; ta&;t&mudpPrsm;
• tjcm;EdkifiHta&;t&mudpP&yfrsm;udk pGrf;tm;&dSor# ausyGefpGm nd‡E_dif;aqmif&Guf
v#uf&dSa=umif; wifjytyfygonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 5

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

vkyif ef;aumfrwDtvku
d t
f pD&ifcpH m

1? rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD

rl0g'a&;&maumfrwDudk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;rS

yk*~dKvfrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;/ tzJG@csKyf. rl0g'ydkif;qdkif&m
udpP&yfrsm;udk nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSygonf? rl0g'a&;&maumfrwDtaejzihf tzJG@csKyftwGuf
ta&;}uD;aom rl0g'a&;&m vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh æ

(u) jynfaxmifpkrla&;qJGjcif;/
(c) tzJG@csKyf. zJG@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; jyifqifa&;qJGjcif;/
(*) rsufarSmufumv pnf;±Hk;a&;rl0g' xkwfjyefjcif;/
(C) tzJG@csKyf. &yfwnfcsufoabmxm; xkwfjyefjcif;/

ponfwdk@tjyif tzJG@csKyf. tvSnfhusobmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@wdk@rS tcg

tm;avsmfpGm xkwfjyefaom oabmxm;ausnmcsufrsm;/ t}uHðycsufrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwD
tzJG@pnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@aom pmwrf;rsm;tay: tzJG@csKyf.rl0g'ESifh udkufnD rnD pDppf+yD; xkwfjyefay;
ygonf?

(u) jynfaxmifprk al &;qJjG cif;

tzJ@G csKyf. rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwDtaejzifh aemif tem*gwjf ynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf

udk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwck wnfaqmufEdkif&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpkrlwck a&;qJGcJhygonf?
Todk@a&;qJG&mwGif atmufygtajccHrl (15)csufudk tajccHxm;I a&;qJGcJhygonf?

tajccHrl 15 csuf æ

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf
tem*gwjf ynfaxmifp. k tajccHrrl sm;

(1) tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGifom

wnf&rnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpktcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;
jzpf a om ucsif / u,m;/ u&if / csif ; / rG e f / Arm/ &S r f ; / &cd k i f tp&d S o nf h
wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;rS qif;ouf&rnf?

6 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf&,ljcif;rðy&/ wygwD

tm%m&SifpepfESifh rnfo!fhtm%m&SifpepfrsKd;xHwGifrS tcsKyftjcmtm%m
rwnfap&/
(4) jynfaxmifpk. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf }uD;/ i,f/ enf;/ rsm; r[l
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk w&m;r#wpGm pDrHcef@cJGaom
u&d,mwefqmyvmom jzpf&rnf?
(5) vl@b0wefbdk;&dSa&;ESifh vl@oduQmjrifhrm;a&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
tm;vHk;twGif;wGif w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom
avmuygvw&m;rsm; xGef;um;&rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_/
pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;nDr#r/_ vlra_ &;wef;wlnrD #r/_ vl@tcGit hf a&;wef;wlnrD #rE_ iS hf
'Drdkua&pDa&;wef;wlnDr#r_ &dS&rnf?
(7) wef;wlnDr#r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;onf olawmif;pm;. cGufxJodk@ ypfcscH&o!fh
tojyma=u;jym;uJo h @kd usa&mufvmr!fh pGe@f }uJrr_ sK;d rjzpfap&/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
tcsi;f csi;f tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f I cHpm;tyfaom t&mom
jzpf&rnf?
(8) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. e,fajr
a'oudk aygif;pyfzJG@pnf;xm;aom e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;&dSo!fh EdkifiHtjzpf
todtrSwfðy&rnf?
(9) EdkifiHwuma&;&me,fy,fwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ukd,fpm;ðy&rnf?
(10) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wlnDr#aom wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;. jynfaxmifpkjynfe,frsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;onf[k cH,lonf?
(11) xdo k @kd pkpnf;aygi;f pyf zJ@G pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpu k kd jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u
pDrHcef@cJG&rnf?
(12) jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &ESihf tpd;k &tm%mcJaG 0a&;udk tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm
ESifh ,xmblwusus nd‡Ed_if;oufrSwf&rnf?
(13) jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; / jynf e ,f t pd k ; &wG i f a omf
vnf ; aumif ; / tjcm; tm%myd k i f t zJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; /
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; oifhwifhr#waom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifh
tajctae jynfhpHkpGm zefwD;ay;&rnf? TudpPtwGuf jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyXmef;ay;&rnf?
(14) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,ftpdk;&taejzifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfcsKyf&mwGif Oya'utkyfcsKyfaompepf (Rule of Law)
jzpfapI vly*k Kd~ vf.qENoabmt& tkycf sKyfaompepf (Rule of Men) rjzpfap&?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 7

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(15) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif w&m;

r#wI +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifhom wnfaqmufEdkifrnf[kcH,lonf? vuf&dS
urBmhjzpfay:wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;t&vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom enf;vrf;
rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufr_rSm atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[k r,Hk=unfyg? T enf;vrf;om
toifhavsmfqHk;[k ,Hk=unfonf?

rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwDtaejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm; (5)}udrfwdkifac:,lusif;y+yD; aqmif&Guf

cJh=uygonf?
xdkodk@ usif;yaqG;aEG;&mwGif tem*gwfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'twGuf æ
(1) ucsiftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD XmecsKyfrSay;ydk@aom zJG@pnf;yHka&;qJG&mwGif tajccH&r!fh
rl0g'rsm;udk‚if;?
(2) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(3) 'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyf
(4) &Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
wdkŒrS wifjyaom wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfodk@ pmwrf;rsm;udk rl0g'a&;&mtzJG@. tjrifESifh
aygif;pyf+yD;a&;qJGxm;ygonf?

xdkodk@a&;qJG&mwGif udk;um;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm æ

(1) zqyv tzJG@csKyf. y%mrjyifqifr_ nDvmcHrSwfwrf;?
(2) 1947 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
(3) 1974 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
(4) OD;xGef;jrifh. wef;wlaom&Srf;jynf
(5) tar&duefEdkifiH. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
paom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk rSDjirf;+yD; a&;om;ðypkwifjyxm;ygonf?

a&;qJG+yD;aomrl=urf;udk yxrtqifhtaejzifh tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk

ay;yd@k t}uHOm%fawmif;cH&ef/ 'kw, d æ tzJ@G csKyf0ifr[kwaf om tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwrD sm;
xHrS t}uHOm%f&,l&ef/ wwd, æ tjcm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzJG@tpnf;/ tzJG@csKyf/ wyfaygif;pkrsm;ESifh
nd‡Ed_if;&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfxm;ygonf? +yD;aemuf Edk0ifbmvwGif usif;yr!fh obmywd pHknD
tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy+yD; twnfjyKcsuf &,lygrnf? xdk@aemuf twnfjyK+yD;aom rl=urf;udk
azaz:0g&DvavmufwGif usif;yr!fh vlrsKd;pknDvmcHESifh EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;om;nDvmcHwdk@wGif
wifjy&ef pDpOfxm;ygonf?

8 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(c) tzJ@G csKyf. zJ@G pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f jyifqifa&;qJjG cif;

rSwfcsuf? ? tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;csufudk tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOfwGif

xnfhoGif; xm;ygonf?

(*) rsuaf rSmufumv pnf;±H;k a&;rl0g'xkwjf yefjcif; (twdck sKyf&iS ;f vif;csu)f

rsuf a rS m uf u mvtajctaeonf “trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &;umv”

jzpfayonf? Tumvonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf 'kwd,yifvHkumv jzpfonf? yXr
yifvu kH mvonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;I wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk wnfaqmufaom
umv/ 'k w d , yifv Hk u mvonf wd k if ;&if ;om;vl rsd K ;rsm;pk aygif ;I pnf ;vH k ;r_ nD ! G w f r_ u dk
wnfaqmufaomumv/ ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkazmfxkwfa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh tcsKyftjcm
tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&; wdk@twGuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;óud;yrf;aomumvjzpfayonf?
Todk@óud;yrf;&mY 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;udk w®yifwnf; azmfxkwf&if;/ &[ef;
&S i f v l j ynf o l r sm;/ tod y nm&S i f / twwf y nm&S i f / tvk y f o rm;rsm;/ v,f o rm;rsm;ES i f h
ausmif;om;vli,frsm; po!fh vlwef;pm;aygi;f pHk tv$m aygi;f pHu k kd pnf;±H;k I pnf;±H;k rdaomtm;jzifh
trsdK;om;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk azmfxkwfwdkufyGJ0if=u&ayrnf?
rdrt
d iftm;udk pkpnf;Edifk &f ef wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfEiS hf tjcm;tm%m&Sipf epftrsKd ;rsKd ;od@k
ODD;wnfaom tajctaersm;udk wdkufcdkuf&if; rdrdtiftm;udk ®yuGJapr!fh twGif;yËdyuQrsm;
tpGef;a&mufr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;=u&ayrnf?
rdrdtiftm;udk pkpnf;&mwGif vlwef;pm;udk tajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a&;yHko¾mefrjzpfapbJ
trsdK;om;a&;udktajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a&;yHko¾mefjzpf&ygrnf?

(C) tzG@J csKyf.&yfwnfcsuo

f abmxm;xkwjf yefjcif; (twdck sKyf&iS ;f vif;csu)f

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;
EdkifiHa&; wef;wl&nfwla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh tjy!fht0&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk aygif;pyfvsuf
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;Edkifa&; r[mAsL[m&yfwnfcsufonfum; “'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJwGif
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwludk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh&&Sd&eftwGuf w®yifwnf; qufpyf
wdkufyGJ0ifa&;” yif jzpfonf?
u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;rsm; jzpf=uaom ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;
ponfwdk@onf ArmvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodk@yif wcsdefu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfvsuf
xD;®yifeef;®yif ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrsm; xlaxmifI aexdkifcJh=uonf? e,fcsJ@wdk@vufatmufodk@
usa&mufoGm;aomtcg e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 9

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJh=u&jcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfa&;ESifh udk,fh=urRm

udk,fzefwD;cGifhudk jrwfEdk;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
odk@aomf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aomtcg wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onf
arS;rSdefoGm;cJhayonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_®yysufum/ vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;r_rsm;
ay:aygufvmcJhygonf? 1961 ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;a&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef
jynfaxmifpkrlw&yfudk udk,fpm;ðyudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif xdkrludk ta=umif;jyvsuf
tm%modrf;vdkufjcif;a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpktESpfom&
onfvnf; aysmufuG,fcJh&ayonf? TuJhodk@ wpfygwDtm%m&SifpepfESifh wjynfaxmif
tkyfpdk;r_pepfqdk;udk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uovdk awmfvSefqJvnf; jzpfayonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifr_jzifh (8-8-88) ae@wGif &[ef;&Sifvl wdkif;&if;om;
jynfoltaygif; tHkºuGawmfvSefcJhojzifh wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfðywf=ucJhaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD
yGifhvef;&Sifoefr_rSm tvSrf;uGmaeayao;onf? 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; tjynfht0r&Sdv#if w&m;
r#waom a±G;aumufyGJ[lonf &SdEkdifygrnfavm? w&m;r#waom a±G;aumufyGJr[kwfygu
jynfolESifh wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfo!fhtudsK;oufa&mufr_&SdEkdifrnfenf;?
xd@k a=umifh u|Eykf w
f @kd onf vufiif;óuHawG@ae&aom tcuftcJrsm;ESihf aemifóuHawG@&r!fh
jy\emt00udkoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tjynfht0&&Sda&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&efrSwyg; tjcm;r&Sday? trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@csKyf. r[mAsL[m&yfwnfcsufjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJESifh
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&; &&Sd&eftwGuf qufpyfwdkufyGJ0ifa&;onf trdsK;om;nD!Gwfr_udk
wnfaxmifa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtjy!fht0&&Sda&; wdkufyGJudk wdkufa&;yif jzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif wdkufyGJ.enf;AsL[mudk rlvvuf&SdEdkifiHa&;tajctae tcsdeftcgESifh
tvSnfhtajymif;udktajccHI csrSwf&efESifh rdrd.tiftm;udkvnf; cdkifrmatmif pnf;±Hk;oGm;&ef
vdktyfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@0ifygwDtoD;oD;onf rlay:wGiftajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a&;udk
wnfaqmuf+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh ygwDtcsif;csif;onfvnf; tzGJ@csKyf. rlESifh&yfwnfcsufudkyif
wom;wnf; &yfwnfvsuf/ wzGJ@wygwDuJhodk@ uspfvpfcdkifrmvma&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;wnfaqmuf
&rnf? xd@k aemuf tjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiv
hf nf; cdik +f rJaom r[mrdwjf zpfa&;udk
aqmif±GufI 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wl&nfwla&; wdkufyGJudk qufvuf qifE$J=u
&ayrnf?

10 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

3? tzG@J csKyf.jyef=um;a&;ESihf qufo,

G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;

(u) ausnmcsurf sm;xkwjf yefjcif;

tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;jcif;rðyrD wkdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;

pwifawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJrsm;udk (4)}udrfwdkifwdkif ðyvkyfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (11)&uf
ae@wGif usif;yaom yÌrt}udrfawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; zGJ@pnf;
xlaxmifco hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfz@JG pnf;+yD;aemuf oabmxm;a=ujimcsut f rSwf (1)udk xkwjf yef+yD; tzG@J csKyf
wGif yg0ifjcif;r&Sdao;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;udk yg0ifvm&ef
zd w f a c:urf ; vS r f ; cJ h o nf ? 1989 ck E S p f / rwf v (5)&uf w G i f ausnmcsuf t rS w f ( 2) tjzpf
&nf±G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ rwfv(24)&ufae@wGif EdkifiHa&;t&
zrf;qD;xm;olrsm; v$wfay;a&; awmif;qdkcsufudk ausnmcsuftrSwf (3) tjzpf xkwfjyefcJhonf?
1989 ck / rwf v (27)&uf w G i f (44)}ud r f a jrmuf zuf q pf q ef @ usif a &;ae@ txd r f ; trS w f
ausnmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&ufwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@.
tpD&ifcHpmudk xkwfjyef+yD;/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fESifh rE Wav; pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;wGif wifjy
Edkif&ef pDpOfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(8)&ufae@wGif trdsK;om;EdkifiHa&;odk@OD;wnfa&;twGuf
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&;tzGJ@ OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifxH obmywdtzGJ@u pmwapmif
ay;ydk@cJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19)&ufae@wGif (42)ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@ txdrf;trSwf
ausnmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? tmZmenfae@aemufydkif; wjynfvHk;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;
wif;rm+yD; tzrf;tqD;rsm;xlajymvmcJh&m tzGJ@csKyfrS e-0-w tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;t=um;
!SdE_dif;ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf txl;ausnmcsuf wapmifudk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvfdkif (22)&ufae@wGif
xkwfjyefcJhonf?

(c) owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ ESihf owif;v$mxkwjf yefjcif;

tzGJ@csKyfjzpfay:vmyHk/ tzGJ@csKyf.&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh &yfwnfcsufrsm; txl;ojzifh

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;wdk@twGuf wdkif;&if;om;
arG;csif;om;csif; nDaemif&if; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; arG;zGm;jcif;/ ,if;wdkŒ. nD!Gwfr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk jynfyowif;Xmersm;rS
owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh jrefrmhowif;pOfrS owif;axmufrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (24)&uf
wGif zdwfac:&Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; owif;pmq&mrsm;. ar;jref;csufrsm;udk ajz=um;cJhonf?
tzGJ@csKyf. v_yf&Sm;r_owif;rsm;udk tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;odk@ yHkrSefay;ydk@Edkifa&;twGuf
“wef;wla&;”trnfjzifh owif;v$mxkwfjyefa&;udk qHk;jzwf+yD;/ trSwfpOf (1) owif;v$mudk 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbm (5)&ufae@u xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? “wef;wla&;”owif;v$mudk yHkrSef xkwfjyef
Edkifa&;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdaeonf? t,f'DwmtzGJ@udk wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
OD;ombef;(&cdik )f / Edik cf ifarmif(rGe)f / qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f (csi;f ) / OD;at;az(&cdik )f wd@k jzifh zG@J pnf;oGm;onf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 11
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(*) qdik ;f bkww

f ifyGJ tcef;tem;ESihf yl;wJv
G ufrw
S x
f ;kd yJG

tzJ@G csKyfukd zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif+yD;aemuf ,m,D &H;k cef;udk A[ef;ðrd@e,f trSwf (*§1) vrf;&dS
rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@ &efukefXmecsKyfcJG±Hk;Y zGifhvSpfxm;cJhonf? xdkrSwqifh &cdkif 'Drdkua&pD
tzJG@csKyf&Hk;wnf&m ausmufwHwm;òrd@e,f trSwf 393 (yxrxyf) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;odk@
ajymif;a&$@zGifhvSpfcJhygonf? tzJG@csKyfqdkif;bkwfwifyJGtcef;tem;ESifh tzJG@csKyf0if wdkif;&if;om;
EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;ygwDrsm; yl;wGJvufrSwfa&;xdk;yJGudk 1989 ckESpf/ {+yDv (29) &ufae@ eHeuf
(9;00)em&DwGif ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdktcef;tem;odk@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrS OuUX ol&OD;wifOD;/
trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk OuUX 0d"l& ocifcspfarmif/ 'Drdkua&pD
r[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyfrS 'kwd,OuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
'Drukd a&pDwyfaygi;f pkrS ygarmuQa[mif; OD;vSatmifw@kd wufa&mufred @f ceG ;f ajym=um;+yD;/ 'Drukd a&pDe@J
+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@csKyfrS OD;0rf;udka[m wufa&mufo0%fv$mzwf=um;onf?

(C) tjcm;Edik if aH &; tzJ@G tpnf; ygwrD sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifcsuf

tzJ G @ csKyf o nf jynf e ,f c k E S p f c k E S i f h w uG jynf a xmif p k t wG i f ; &d S usef w d k i f ; tcsKd @ rS

wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;ud k tajccH u m 'D r d k u a&pD a &;ES i f h wd k i f ; &if ; om;rsm;wef ; wl & nf w l
tcGifhta&;rsm;&&dSa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&ef zJG@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHa&;
tzJG@tpnf;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;ydwfyifr_rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm; &kwfodrf;cHae&olrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if tjcm; EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;
ygwDrsm;ESifh yl;wJGawmif;qdkr_rsm;/ qef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;udk ðyvkyfcJhonf?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGaumfr&SifrS xkwfjyefcJhaom jynfol@v$wfawmf
Oya'rl=urf;udk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifhwuG tjcm; EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf; ygwDrsm;ESifh
yl;wJGum jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyJGOya'=urf;twGuf vdktyfo!fh t}uHðycsufrsm;udk
ay;ydk@cJhonf? tzJG@csKyftaejzifhvnf; oD;jcm;t}uHðycsufw&yfudk ay;ydk@cJhonf? tzJG@csKyf.
t}uHðycsufwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. t"duvdktyfcsufjzpfo!fh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'a&;qJG&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&dSa&;udk OD;wnfum
“jynfe,fckESpfckudk tajccHI oifhawmfaom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh Arm
wdkif;&if;om;rsm; trsm;pkaexdkif&ma'orS oifhawmfnDr#aom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; tcsdK;usjzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfopf. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJydkifcGifh
tm%m&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;w&yfudk zGJŒpnf;&rnf? xdktzGJŒrS a&;qGJaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk yifvHknDvmcHuJhodkŒaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH}uD;jzifh twnfjyK&rnf” [lI
t}uHjyKcJhonf?

12 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

'D§+idr;f tzGŒJ ESihf !‡Ed KdS if;jcif;

Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek em,utjzpfaqmif&u G af om 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;

tzJ@G csKyfrS zdw=f um;csut f & tzJ@G csKyf. &efuek w
f iG f &daS eaom tzJ@G 0if Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;ygwrD sm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf 1989 ckESpf/ {+yDv(10)&ufae@wGif OD;Ekaetdrfodk@ oGm;a&muf+yD; nd‡Ed_if;
aqG;aEG;=uonf? 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf 'Drdkua&pDESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@csKyf&Hk;odk@ oGm;a&muf+yD; 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbmv(1)&ufae@wGif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;cJhonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif OD;Eku cJGxGufcGifh
rygaom z,f'&,frludk rdrdaxmufcHa=umif;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;u Armudk jynfe,fwck owfrSwfrnf
qdkuvnf; oufrSwfEdkifa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhonf? tzJG@csKyfrSvnf; rdrdwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;
ESihf twl wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&; &&daS &;udk w+ydKifwnf;vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef
qHk;jzwfoH"dXmefcsoGm;a=umif; wifjycJhonf?

trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS !
hf EdS id_ ;f jcif;

tzGJ@csKyfobmywdtzGJ@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm; ESifh

trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;wdk@tay: tajccHum aqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk
tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;wnf&m ausmufwHwm;®r@e,f/ trSwf (393) (yxrxyf) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGif
1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae@/ ae@vnf (2) em&DwGif usif;ycJhonf?
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf ,ck'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJESifhtwl
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;ESifh udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;onf w®yifwnf;
vkyf&r!fhvkyfief;jzpfonf[k wifjycJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wifjy&mwGif rdrdwdk@ESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. vdktyfo!fhqENrsm;rSm tjiif;yGm;p&m wpHkw&mr#r&Sd/ vkyfief;t&
taumiftxnfazmf&efomvdkonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfESifh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfwkd@ yl;aygif;+yD;/ tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tygt0ifjzifh vkyfief;aumfrwDw&yfzGJ@pnf;um
tem*gwfjynfaxmifpktwGuf ,ckuyif pwiftaumiftxnfazmf&ef vdktyfonf? tu,fI
w&m;r#wwJha±G;aumufyGJjzpfvmcJhv#if tjcm;trwfudpPrsm;udk em;vnfr_,lEdkif&ef aemifwGif
zGJ@pnf;r!fh tpdk;&tzGJ@ tiftm;&Sdzdk@ tvGefta&;}uD;onf? odk@rSom jy\emtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;
Edkifrnf pojzifhwifjyonf? odk@aomf a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfcHae&+yD;aemuf rnfo!fh
aqG;aEG;csufudkr# taumiftxnfrazmfEdkifaom tajctaersdK;jzpfaeonf?

'Dru
kd a&pDr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyfEiS !
hf EdS id_ ;f jcif;

tzG@J csKyfEiS hf 'Dru

kd a&pDr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyfw@kd . 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
wef;wla&; udpP&yfrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (31)&ufwGif tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;cef;Y usif;ycJhonf?
xdkodk@aqG;aEG;&mwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfa&;qGJ&mwGif xm;oifhaom rl0g'oabmxm;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 13

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tajccHrsm;ESifh wlnDaomvkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;ESifhywfouf+yD; &if;EDS;pGm tjrifcsif;

zvS,fcJh=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.xm0&aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk a&S@±SkI udk,fydkif
qHk;jzwfcGifhudk tjy!fht0usifhoHk;&efESifh wef;wla&;udka&S@±_I jynfe,fopfwdk@jzifh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfopfudk xlaxmif&ef oabmwl=uonf ponfjzifhyl;wGJazmfjyonf?

jynfaxmifpt
k rsKd ;om;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDygwED iS hf !SEd id_ ;f jcif;

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif}uD; em,utjzpf OD;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpk trsdK;om;

rsm;'Drdkua&pDygwDESifh tzGJ@csKyfwdk@.!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk 1989 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (23)
&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhonf? EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifh/ pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfcGifh/ vlrsdK;a&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk
rdrw
d @kd vdv
k m;a=umif; ODatmif}uD;rS tus,w f 0ifh wifjyonf? tzG@J csKyfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; uvnf;
rdrdwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifhtwl wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhtygt0if wef;wl
&nfwla&;udk w+ydKifeufwnf; az:aqmif=u&ef }udK;yrf;ae=ua=umif; xdkodk@wifjyonf?

4? ±H;k vkyif ef;tzG@J

(1) 0ifpmxGufpmrsm;vufcHjcif;/ zdkifwGJodrf;qnf;jcif;/ rSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif pm&if;oGif;

rSwfwrf;xm;jcif;?
(2) ay;pm jyefpmrsm;ydk@jcif;? tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;. 0ifpmrsm;udk vkdtyfovdk jyefpmay;ydk@jcif;?
tjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS 0ifpmrsm;udk vdktyfovdk jyefpmay;ydk@jcif;? tzGJ@csKyfrS
tzGJ@0ifygwDrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ydk@pmrsm;ay;ydk@jcif;?
(3) tzGJ@csKyf. (obmywdtzGJ@ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;) rl0g'a&;&m aumfrwD/
jyef=um;a&;ESihf qufo, G af &; aumfrwDw@kd rS !$e=f um;csurf sm;/ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/ oabmxm;
ausnmcsufrsm; ±dkufESdyfjzef@a0jcif;?
(4) rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;?

ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udkaqmif±Gufvsuf&Sdygonf?

14 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

taumiftxnfazmfvsu&f adS om a&S@vkyif ef;pOfrsm;

(1) &Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ rE Wav;pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOfrS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnf

az:&ef -

(u) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS vrf;!$efrl0g'tjzpf udkifpGJr!fh

“jynfaxmifpkrlwpfck” udk a&;qGJ&ef tm;vHk;oabmwlqHk;jzwfygonf?

(c) xdkvrf;!$efrl0g'udk a&;qGJ&ef obmywdtzGJ@ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@u !SdE_dif;+yD;

oifhawmfaomyk*~dvfrsm;/ todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifrsm;udk zdwfac:+yD; a&;qGJap&rnf?

(*) jynfe,fa&;&mESifhywfoufaom rl0g'rsm;udka&;qGJ&mY oufqdkif&mjynfe,ftoD;oD;rS

tzGJ@csKyf0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;qGJap&rnf?

(2) tzGJ@csKyfydkifpmapmifwpfckxkwf&ef?

‚if;twGuf t,f'DwmtzGJ@/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;+yD; aqmif±Guf&ef

}udK;yrf;aeygonf? tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@qEN&Sd&m'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;
ta&;rsm;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;/ uAsmponfrsm;ESifh t}uHOm%frsm;ay;=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;
tyfygonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 15

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcef;(1)
jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhvlrsKd;pkjy\em

jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru

kd a&pDtzJ‹G csKyf (UNLD)
.
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1988 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uukefaom ausmif;om;

vli,f &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxkESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwdk@onf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
toGifajymif;cJhaom rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf. zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_'%fudk rcHr&yfEdkif=uukef
aoma=umifh 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk tHºk uGqifEcJG =hJ u&ygonf? xd'k rD u
kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
a=umifh wdkif;jynfudk (26)ESpfwdkifwdkif tm%m&Sifb0jzifh tkyfcsKyfrif;rlcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
wjzpfvJ OD;ae0if;onf wygwDtm%m&Sif rqvOuUX&mxl;rS ElwfxGufoGm;cJh&ygonf?
OD;ae0if;onf EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rS w&m;0if qif;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; uefŒvefŒum aemufuG,frS
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk EdSyfuGyfòzdcJG&ef qufvuf}udK;yrf;oGm;cJhygonf? odk@&mwGif ol@udk
qufcHcJhaom a'gufwmarmifarmiftpdk;&onf jynfwGif;jynfyrS EdkifiHa&;zdtm;'%frsm;udk
rcHEikd af oma=umifh rvJr$ a&SmifomyJ “ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyu GJ si;f ya&;aumfr&Si”f
w&yfudk zJG@pnf;I EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; xlaxmifcGifhudk w&m;0ifay;tyfcJhygonf?

ygwDpHk taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;ya&;aumfr&SifwGif w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcJh=uaom

jynfe,f (7)ckrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tusKd;wlvkyfief;rsm;udk
twlwuG aqmif&GufEdkif&ef 1988 Edk0ifbmv (21)&ufae@wGif y%mr rdwfqHkaqG;aEG;yJGudk
vnf;aumif;/ 1988 'DZifbmv(10)&ufae@ESifh 1989 ZEM0g&Dv(7)&ufae@rsm;wGif 'kwd,ESifh
wwd,t}udrf aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udkvnf;aumif; usif;yðyvkyfcJh=uygonf? xdk!d‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS-
(u) tem*gwfjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;
EdkifiHa&; wef;wlnDwl pepfjzifh ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;/
(c) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif;. a&cHajrcHay:rlwnfI pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;
twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; pkaygif;0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;I }udK;yrf; aqmif&Guf=ua&;/
(*) jynfaxmifpkzGm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; vufwJGrjzKwfpwrf; aqG;aEG;
nD!w G rf j_ zifh Edik if aH wmf. vGwv
f yfa&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnf+rJa&;/ wd;k wuf
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k yf
onf[k cH,lcJh=uygonf?
16 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

xkd&nfrSef;csuf/ cH,lcsufrsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf vufwJGaqmif&GufEdkif&ef “wdkif;&if;

om; vlrsK;d pkrsm; qENoabmxm; avhvmaz:xkwaf &;tzGŒJ (y%mr)” udv k nf; zJ@G pnf;cJ=h u ygonf?

xdkumvwkef;u EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rSwf wrf;rsm; jynfwGif;wGifusef&pfcJhI

Tpmtkyw f iG f tao;pdwf jyefvnfaz: jy&ef tcuftcJ &daS eygonf? od@k &mwGif xdt k zJ@G . OD;aqmifr_
jzifh 1989 ZEM0g&Dv (7)&ufae@wGif trSwf(135) 0if'grD,m&dS &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf OuUX}uD;
a'gufwmapmr&atmif. aetdrfwGifusif;ycJhaom “wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
aqG;aEG;yJG”wGif csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf 'kOuUXjzpfcJhol qvdkif;vsefr_ef;. aqG;aEG;csufudk
jyefvnfwifjytyfygonf? xdak qG;aEG;csuu f kd csi;f trsKk ;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfu 1989 - ZEM0g&v D
(10)&ufae@pJGjzifh xkwfa0 jzefcsdcJhygonf?

jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf vlrsK;d pkjy\em

usaemfqvdkif;vsefr_ef;yg? csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfu 'k-OuUXjzpfygw,f? ckvdk

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk ygwaD ygi;f pHk wwd,t}udrpf nf;a0;yJrG mS csi;f tzJ@G csKyfu, kd pf m; aqG;aEG;wifjycGihf
&wJhtwGuf *k%f,l0rf;omygw,f?
u,m;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudk,fpm;vS,fwifjyoGm;ovdk usaemfwdk@[m jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if H 'kw,
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rsm;pGm&dSygw,f? enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&dSwJhtwGuf usaemfwdk@[m EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@
ajz&Sif;wJhenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,f=uwm jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@ajz&Sif;zdk@ ygwDawG
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wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGudk qifEJGwJhtcgrSm rvJGraoG &ifqdkif&rJh
jy\em ESpfck &dSygw,f? 'Djy\emESpfck[m ,ae@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JΠyuwdtajctaeudk xif[yf
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ESpfck ay:rSm tajccHaeygw,f? 'Djy\emESpfck[m 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ cJGr&atmif qufpyfaejyefw,f?
bmjy\emvJqdkawmh “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ vlrsKd;pkjy\em”yJ jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDusus
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlrsKd;pkjy\em udkifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;[m usaemfwdk@ rvJGraoG&ifqdkif&rJh
jy\emjzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh usaemfwdk@ vlrsKd;pkrsm; &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&rJhjy\em jzpfygw,f?
b,fvdkudkifwG,fajz&Sif;=urvJ æ
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vGwfvyfa&;&&dS+yD;aemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;a=umif;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unfhygu
usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynf[m ta&;t}uD;qHk;wm0efw&yfudk aus¹yGefpGm rxrf;aqmifEdkifao;bl; qdkwm
awG@&ygw,f? 'D t}uD;av;qHk; wm0ef[m bmvJ?
Ð rSwfcsuf? ? u,m;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfOuUX OD;ppfaiGaomif; udk &nf!$ef;jcif; jzpfygonf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 17
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh vlom;wa,mufpD&J@ vGwfvyfpGm touf&Sif

aexdkifcGifhudk tmrcHcsufay;EdkifwJh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qJGjyXmef;Edkifjcif; r&dSao;
wmygyJ? vljzpfygv#ufeJ@ 'DurBmavmu}uD;rSm vlom;yDopGm touf&SifaexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf
usaemfw@kd Eikd if o H m;awG[m bmtmrcHcsurf S r&daS o;ygb;l ? vlom;wa,mufp&D @J b0tmrcHcsuu f kd
ay;EdkifwJh/ +yD;awmh vlrsKd;wrsKd;pD&J@ b0tmrcHcsufudkay;EdkifwJh Oya'w&yfudk usaemfwdk@ ra&;qJGEdkif
ao;ygb;l ? vlom;tcsi;f csi;f wef;wlnrD #ru _ akd y;Edik +f yD;/ vlrsK;d wrsK;d eJ@wrsK;d wef;wl&nfwt l cGithf a&;
ay;EdkifwJh zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yf usaemfwdk@ rjyXmef;Edkifao;ygbl;?
wenf;tm;jzifh ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk usaemfwdk@ rwnfaqmufEdkifao;ygbl;?
emrnftm;jzifh “jynfaxmifpk”qdkwJh a0g[m&udk usaemfwdk@oHk;pJGae=uayrJh wu,fhvufawG@rSm
jynfaxmifppk epfxuf wjynfaxmifpepf tav;omaewJh zm;wydik ;f ig;wydik ;f Edik if aH wmf}uD;xJrmS
usaemfwdk@ b0pcJh&ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@ usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkpepfudk yDyDjyifjyif
az:aqmifEdkifwJh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'w&yfudk ra&;qJG rjyXmef;EdkifcJhwmvJ æ
ordkif;a=umif;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unfhygu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 1947 ckESpfrSm w}udrf/ 1974
ckESpfrSm w}udrf EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' a&;qJGjyXmef;cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
yxrzJG@pnf;yHkudk ra&;qJGrSD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGumv 1947 ck/ azaz:0g&Dv (12)&uf
ae@wiG f &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f yifvðkH rd@rmS awmifwef;a'oacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
awG@qHk+yD; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;wJhjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwckudk xlaxmif&ef oabmwl
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uygw,f? 'D oabmwlnDcsuftwdkif; topfxlaxmifrJhEdkifiHawmf&J@ zJG@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qJGjyXmef;&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqeff;u wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
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atmifqef; aemufydkif; xGufay:vmwJh Armacgif;aqmifrsm;[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vdk ±dk;om;
wnf=unfr_ r&dS=ubl;? oabmxm; r}uD;=ubl;? tawG;tac: rjrifhjrwf=ubl;? vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk
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rSmawmh wjynfaxmifpepfygyJ? 'gudk zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJGwJh OD;csefxGef;udk,fwdkifu
“usaemfwdk@&J@ zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpkpepfeJh wjynfaxmifpepf a&maESmaew,f”
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avxJrSmom&dSae+yD; vufawG@rSm r&dSygbl;?

18 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

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tjzpf tjrpfwG,fvmcJhygw,f?
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raumif;bl;? EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;eJ@ rajz&Sif;yJ ppfa&;eJ@ ajz&Sif;wm[m vl@ordkif;
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vdkuf=uw,f?
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zefwD;w,f? jynfwGif;ppfudk &Snf=umapw,f? jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh vlrsKd;pkjy\em waeŒwjcm;
}uD;xGm;vmw,f? vlrsKd;a&; trkef;yGGm;r_ }uD;xGm;vmw,f? wzufrSm jynfwGif;ppfudk trSDðy+yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepf &Sifoefaeygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf
cdik cf ef@f omG ;w,f? ppftm%m&Sirf sm;udk wefc;kd }uD;xGm;apygw,f? aemufq;kH usawmh ppftm%m&Sif
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tm%m&SifwcsKd@om wefcdk;xGm;aew,f? wdkif;jynfuawmh zGwfzGwfa=uae+yD? jynfol
vlxk ukef;aumufp&m r&dSatmif rJGawae+yD? w&m;cH bmvJ æ
&Sif;aeygw,f? r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'yJ? r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tyDjyifqHk;
taumiftxnfaz:wJah eŒ[m 1974 ckEpS u f a&;qJcG w hJ hJ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'udk twnfjyK
jyXmef;wJhaeŒygyJ? trnfa0g[m&tm;jzifh “jynfaxmifpk” qdkwmudk qufvufoHk;pJGaeayrJh
jynfaxmifpkpepf vHk;0r[kwfyJ “wjynfaxmifpepf” ppfppfeJ@ wdkif;jynfudk zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyf oGm;yg
w,f? jynfe,f vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J@ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh vHk;0csKyf+idrf;oGm;ygw,f? vlom;wa,muf&J@
tajccHtusqHk; vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfwJh udk,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhqdkwm vHk;0r&dSygbl;?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 19

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

'D r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'u b,fol@udk xdcdkufepfemapovJ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGyJvm;

r[kwfbl;? wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk xdcdkufepfemapw,f? wdkif;jynfudk acsmufxJ wGef;ydk@vdkufw,f? 'gudk
1988 ckEpS t f wGi;f jzpfymG ;wJh ta&;tcif;awGu oufaoxlaeygw,f? 1988 ckEpS f ta&;tcif;[m
1974 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u arG;zGm;ay;wJh qdk;usKd;w&yfomv#if jzpfygw,f? wygwD tm%m&Sif
pepf&J@ EdkifiHa&;jynfwnfem}uD; aygufuJGr_yJjzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh 'Dae&muae usaemf jywfjywfom;om; owday;vdu k cf siwf ,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS
r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk qufvufusifhoHk;vdk@&dS&if wdkif;jynftajctaeudk 'Dxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
qd k ; &G m ;oG m ;Ed k i f y gw,f ? jynf w G i f ; ppf yd k + yD ; &S n f = umEd k i f y gw,f ? wd k i f ; jynf b Àmawmf x J u
ppftoHk;p&dwf[m vuf&dS (60)&mcdkifE_ef;uae &mcdkifE_ef;trsm;}uD; wufoGm;OD;r,f? 'Dawmh
wdkif;jynf 'Dxuftqaygif;rsm;pGm qif;&JrJGawoGm;OD;r,f? ppfudk ta=umif;jyK+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;
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ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufqdk;&SnfoGm;wmyJ tjrwfxGufr,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ 'Duae@&ifqdkifwdkufcdkuf&rnfh t"du&efoluawmh r[mvlrsKd;
}uD;0g'eJ@ usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'ygyJ? 'Dvdk ao;odrfusOf;ajrmif;wJh 0g'ESpfcku usaemfwdk@
wdkif;jynfudk 'kuQay;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ 'kwd,t}udrf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
qifEJGwJhtcgrSm t"du&efoljzpfwJh 'D0g'ESpfckudk rsufajcrjywf wdkufcdkufoGm;zdk@ vdkygw,f? 'D 0g'
ESpfckudk tjywfwdkufxkwf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh jynfolvlxktm;vHk; vlom;
yDopGm touf&SifaexdkifcGifhudk tmrcHcsufay;Edkif+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tumtuG,fay;wJh
'Drdkua&pDzGH@òzd;&SifoefapwJh EdkifiHawmfudk usaemfwdk@ xlaxmif=u&r,f? 'D EdkifiHawmf[m vlrsKd;
aygif;pHk wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;wJh/ ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkpepf jzpfa=umif;udk zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'u tmrcHcsuf tjynfht0ay;&r,f? 'g[m usaemfwdk@&J@yef;wdkifyJ?
usaemfwdk@[m wmxGufuwnf;u yef;wdkifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifwwfzdk@ vdkygw,f?
yef;wdkifudk raocsmra&&m&if t"dujy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;EdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? omrn
jy\emawGeJ@ vHk;axG;+yD; usaemfwdk@&J@ awmfvSefa&; a&pkefarsmoGm;Edkifw,f?
usaemfwdk@&J@t"dujy\em[m jynfaxmifpkjy\emyJjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk
topfwzef b,fvdk wnfaqmufrvJqdkwJh jy\emyg? jynfaxmifpkxJrSm&SdwJh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ u¾ESifh jynfru¾udk b,fvdk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;rvJ æ 'gu t"duyg? wenf;
ajym&&if jynfaxmifpktwGif;rSm rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; vlrdsK;tm;vHk;&J@
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+idrf;csrf;a&;udkvnf; tjrefqHk;&&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifr,fvdk@ wqufwnf; ajymvdkygw,f?
'gayr,fh æ usaemfwdk@[m t"dujy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;zdk@ a=umufae=uw,f?
jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;rvJqdkwm rajym&J=uzl;? txl;ojzifh jynfrygwDrsm;[m
'DudpPudk a=umufae=uw,f? “ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk” qdkwJh pum;udk olwdk@ yg;pyfxJu xGufvm
rSmudkawmif a=umufae=uw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fu OD;a±$tHk; ajymzl;ovdk “z,f'&,fvf” qdkwJh
pum;vHk;=um;vdkufwmeJ@ wDaumifudk qm;eJ@xdovdk wGef@vdrfukef=uw,f? jynfrygwD}uD;xJu
xdyfqHk;rSm emrnf&aewJh ygwD oHk;/av;ckudk usaemfwdk@oGm;+yD; aqG;aEG;=unfhw,f? 0rf;enf;zG,f

20 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

aumif;wmu wcdsK@ ygwD}uD;rsm;[m olwdk@&J@ 0g'oabmxm;ausnmcsufxJrSm wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;pkrsm;u¾udk x!fhawmifrx!fh&J=uzl;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkudpPrygbJ jynfaxmifpk
ta=umif;udk b,fvkd pOf;pm;ae=uovJrodb;l ? wdik ;f &if;om;awGrygbJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS bmrSvyk v f @kd
r&zl;qdkwm olwdk@ rod=ubl; xifw,f? 'gawGa=umifhyJ wdkif;jynf ig;yg;arSmufukefwmaygh?
wcsKd @u pum;vS±kH “wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf csp=f unf&if;ES;D pGmaeygr,f” vd@k ajymqdk a&;om;
=uw,f? b,fvdk tajccH0g'ay:rSm cspf=unf+yD;/ b,fvdk ta=umif;w&m;awGa=umifh &if;ESD;=u
rvJ æ jywfom;wJh0g' wckckawmh csrSwf&rSmaygh?
ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfudkbmjzpfvdk@a=umufae=uwmvJ æ
tajz ESpfckxGufygw,f? wpfu æ rodem;rvnfvdk@ a=umufwm/ ESpfu æ r±dk;om;vdk@
a=umufwm? 'DEpS cf yk gy?J rodem;rvnfv@kd a=umufwv hJ [l m tarSmifxrJ mS wpfa,mufxJ aewJv h el @J
wlygw,f? tarSmifxJrSmqdkawmh rjrifEdkif/ rodEdkif/ em;rvnfEdkifwJh t&mtm;vHk;udk a=umufae
&w,f? tvif;a&mifom&Sdvdkuf&if/ 'grSr[kwf tazmfaumif;aumif;wa,mufom &Sdvdkuf&if
ola=umufawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'DvdkyJ jynfrArmtrsm;pk[m ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfvdk@
usaemfwdk@ajymaewJh z,f'&,fpepf[m b,fvdkpepfrsdK;vJ/ b,fvdktESpfom&&SdovJ qdkwm
rodem;rvnfwJhtwGuf a=umufae=uw,f? z,f'&,fqdk&if cGJxGufa&;vdk@yJ jrifae=uw,f?
olw@kd ojd rifem;vnfatmif &Si;f vif;jyEdik rf nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDa&mifjcnfvnf; jrefrmEdik if rH mS rxGe;f awmuf
Edkifao;bl;? 'Drdkua&pDwHcg; ryGifhao;bl;/ ta&;awmfyHkjywif;aygufav;xJu&wJh 'Drdkua&pD
a&mifjcnfavmufe@J olw@kd ta=umufrajyEdik af o;bl;? +yD;awmh æ olw@kd u usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk &Jabmf&Jbufvdk rjrifbJ jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh &efolvdkŒyJ jrifae=uao;w,f?
'ga=umifh a=umufw,f? 'Dvdk txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfatmif vkyfwJh vluvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHxJrSm
trsm;}uD;&Sdaeygw,f? Armvlxkuom tjrif=unf=unfvifvifeJ@ usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;ukd aoaz:&Sifzuf&Jabmfrsm;tjzpf oabmxm;Edkifvdk@&Sd&if olwdk@ ta=umufw&m;awG
ajy+yD; usaemfwdk@ vdkvm;csuf bmvJqdkwm tjrif&Sif;&Sif;eJ@ em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg?
'kwd,a=umufaewJhvlawGuawmh olwdk@&J@ r±dk;om;pdwfa=umifh a=umufae=uwmyJ
jzpfw,f? ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHudk zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfoGm;&if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
wef;wltcGifhta&; &&SdrSmudk pdk;&drfylyef a=umuf±GH@ae=uw,f? 'Dvdk r±dk;om;wJhpdwfeJ@ a=umufaewJh
vlawGuawmh r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'orm;awGygyJ? olwdk@udkawmh acsmhzdk@rvdkygbl;? jynfaxmifpk&J@
eHygwfwpf&efolrsm;tjzpf jywfjywfom;om; wdkufcdkufoGm;zdk@yJ &Sdw,f?
usaemfwdk@ &ifqdkif&rnfh 'kwd,&efoluawmh usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'yJ jzpfyg
w,f? 'D&efol[m usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;xJuaygufzGm;vmrSm jzpfw,f?
usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'&J@armif;ESiftm;uawmh vlrsdK;pkjy\emygyJ? vlrsdK;pk
jy\em[m urBmŒEdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;wJhEdkifiHrSm vlrsdK;pk
jy\em wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;+yD;/ aemufqHk; aysmufuG,f oGm;wwfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDr&SdwJh
EdkifiHrSmusawmh vlrsdK;pkjy\em wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;+yD; aemufqHk;usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;
a&;0g'tjzpfeJ@ wdkif;jynfudk 'kuQay;wwfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@vlrsdK;pkrsm;zufuvnf; usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'a=umifh

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 21

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

wdkif;jynf'kuQra&mufapzdk@ owdxm;=u&ygr,f? tjrifus,f&r,f? jynfe,fvlrsdK;pkrsm; nD!GwfwJh

tiftm;eJ@ ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepf wnfaqmufa&;udk wGef;tm;ay;zdk@ vdkygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD
xGef;um;wJh ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkpepfudk wnfaqmufEdkif&if vlrsdK;pkjy\em ajyvnf+yD;
usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsdK;om;a&;0g' qdwfokOf;oGm;rSm aocsmygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@jynfe,fvlrsdK;pkrsm; nDEdkifrvm;? jynfe,ftoD;oD;u ygwDaygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm xGufay:aewm rnD!GwfwJhoabmudk jyae+yDvm;? apmapmu rGef'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfu udk,fpm;vS,fwifjyovdk 1961 awmif}uD;rSm zGJ@pnf; cJhwJh “jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;
tzG@J ” tqifu h akd wmif a&mufEikd yf grh vm;vd@k oHo,&Spd &m &Syd gw,f?Ð [dw k ek ;f u jynfe,ftoD;oD;
rSm ygwD wck ESpfckavmufyJ&Sdw,f? ckawmh t&rf;rsm;aew,f? nDEdkifyghrvm;? nDzdk@aum
vG,fyghrvm;?
'Dupd rP mS usaemfawmh taumif;zufu jrifygw,f? 'Dvkd rvdv k m;tyfyJ ygwaD wG rsm;ae
jcif;[m jzpfay:cJhwJhta&;tcif;u zefwD;oGm;wmygyJ? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh æ 'D ta&;tcif;[m
pepfwus pkpnf; zGJ@pnf;+yD;rS qifE$JwJhta&;tcif;r[kwfbJ/ pepfwus pkpnf;r_r&SdbJ tvdk
tavsmuf ayguu f rJG }_ uD; Spontaneous Uprising jzpfaewJt h wGuf vlwikd ;f [m ol@ae&meJ@o/l
ol@a'oeJ@ol/ ol@tkyfpkeJ@ol/ tpkvdkuf tpkvdkuf qENjywdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u&mu ygwDtoGifudk
ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDwHcg;r}uD; yGifhoGm;vdk@ vGwfvyfpGm a[majym
pnf;±Hk;Edkifvdk@&Sd&if/ tm;vHk; wpkwnf; aygif;pnf;oGm;=ur,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhrdygw,f?
'kw, d tcsuu f awmh jrefrmEdifk if rH mS 'Dru
kd a&pD vH;k 0qdwo
f Ok ;f cJwh hJ twGuaf =umifyh J jzpfyg
w,f? apmapmuwifjyovdk 'Drdkua&pDr&Sdawmh vlrsdK;pkjy\em }uD;xGm;aeygw,f? tcsif;csif;
=um;rSm em;rvnfr_/ txifv$Jr_/ emusnf;rkef;wD;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;aew,f? usaemfwdk@udk,fwdkif
}uHKawG@cw hJ hJ Oyrmwckukd wifjy&&if - r=umao;cifu usaemf csi;f jynfe,f yvuf0udk oGm;ygw,f?
tJ'D òrd@cHvlxkawGu bmajymovJqdkawmh (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; ajrmufydkif;om;awG cs,fvS,fpdk;rdk;
cJhwm rauseyfbl;wJh? rwlyDrSmusawmh rif;wyfom;awG pdk;rdk;cJhwmudk rauseyf=ubl;? [m;cg;eJ@
zvef;rSmusawmh wD;wdefawGu (26)ESpfvHk;vHk; tkyfpdk;vdk@wJh/ wD;wdefrSmusjyefawmh ol@wdk@òrd@e,f
xJu vlrsKd;EG,fpkav;wckjzpfwJh qD;,if;awGu pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fvdk@ qdk+yD; rauseyfcsufawGudk
[kdvla=umifhEdk;Edk;/ 'Dvla=umifhEdk;Edk; eD;&mvludkyJ pGyfpJG=uawmhw,f? csif;pum;yHkwck&dSw,f?
“opfyifwyifuG,fvdk@ awmtkyf}uD;udk rjrifEdkifbl;wJh” teD;qHk;opfyifuG,fvdk@ awmtkyfudk
rjrifEdkifovdk teD;qHk;vludkyJ w&m;cHvkyf=uawmhw,f? w&m;cHtppftrSefudk rjrifEdkif=ubl;?
'Dvw kd &m;cHtppfukd rjrifEikd b f /J jy\emt&if;tjrpfukd rodbJ cHjyif;pdwf em;usn;f pdwf oufouf
eJ@ EdkifiHa&;vkkyf&if trSm;awG@Edkifw,f?
wcsK@d vlrsKd;EG,fpk ygwDav;awGudk usaemfar;=u!fhw,f æ olwdkŒ&J@ &nf&G,fcsufawGudk?
wcsdKŒygwD&JŒ &nf±G,fcsuf[m EdkifiHa&;r[kwfbJ/ oma&; / ema&;/ vlr_a&; oGm;jzpfaew,f?
vlra_ &;abmiftwGi;f rSm vky&f rJh trsK;d om;csi;f =unf&h a_ pmifah &Smufa&;/ bmompum; xde;f odr;f a&;/
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k m tm%m
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Ð rSwfcsuf? ? rGeftrsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS OD;EdkifaiGodrf;udk&nf!Gef;jcif;jzpfygonf?
22 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

0ef}uD;XmerSm rSwfyHkwif&rJh toif;tzJG@awGu ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;ya&;

aumfr&Sif&Hk;rSm oGm;+yD; rSwfyHkwif=uw,f? 'Dvdk wvJGwacsmfjzpfaewJh udpPawGu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
'Drdkua&pD b,favmufqdwfokOf;ae+yDvJqdkwm ay:vGifxif&Sm;apygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSmom
'Drukd a&pD tjynft h 0 &vmvd@k &&Sd if vlrsK;d EG,pf ek @J a'oi,fav;awGukd tajccHwhJ ygwiD ,fav;awG
tvdkvdk vrf;rSefa&mufoGm;=urSmyg?
'DvdkrS tjrifrSefr&bJ a'opJG/ rsKd;EG,fpkpJG/ yk*~dKvfpJG pwJh usOf;ajrmif;wJh t,l0g'ay:rSm
tajccH+yD; xlaxmifwyhJ gwaD wGu usaemfw@kd jynfe,ftwGi;f pkpnf;nD!w G rf t
_ iftm;/ jynfaxmifpk
twGif; pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_tiftm;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfapw,f? +zdKcJGzdk@ }udK;pm;aew,fqdk&if
'gudkawmh usaemfwdk@vnf; jywfjywfom;om; udkifwG,f&rSmyJ? olwdk@&J@ vkyf&yfeJ@ apwem rSefuefr_
&dSr&dSqdkwmudk jynfolŒa&S@rSm tppfcHoGm;=u&r,f? ol@wdk@ vkyf&yfeJ@ apwem rrSefuefblk;qdk&if
EdkifiHa&; tnpfta=u;rsm;tjzpf ordkif;a&pD;a=umif;u ab;udk wGef;ydk@jcif; cH=u&rSm aocsmw,f?
'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkudk [ef@wm;zdk@ }udK;pm;aewJholawG[m ordkif;bD;&JΠeif;}udwf
jcif;udk tvl;tvJ cHoGm;zdk@yJ&dSygw,f? ordkif;bD;udk b,folrS [eff@wm;EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;?
'ga=umifh vlrsKd;EG,fpkeJ@ a'oi,fav;awGudk tajccH+yD; xlaxmifwJh ygwDi,fav;awG
tjrefqHk;pkpnf;+yD; jynfe,fygwD}uD;rsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;=uyg? usOf;ajrmif;wJhrsKd;EG,fpk/ a'opJGrsm;udk
&J0HhpGm awmfvSefausmfv$m;+yD; trsKd;om;a&;tqifhudk wufvSrf;=uyg?
tck usaemfwdk@jynfe,fawGrSm &ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emuawmh trsKd;om;a&;jy\em
tqifrh a&mufao;bl; Nationalism tqifrh [kwb f ;l / Tribalism tqifo h m jzpfaeao;w,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ wdk;wufwJhtjrifeJ@ tawG;tac:awmfvSefa&;w&yf tjrefqHk; qifEJGzdk@ vdkae
ygw,f? 'grS Tribalism tqifhuae Nationalismtqifhudk wufvSrf;Edkif+yD; jynfe,ftwGif;
nD!Gwfr_udk &EdkifrSmjzpfw,f? jynfe,ftwGif; nD!Gwfr_&&dSrS jynfaxmifpktwdkif;twmeJ@vnf;
nD!GwfEdkifrSm jzpfw,f?
[dkae@ tpnf;ta0;wkef;u usaemfajymovdk usaemfwdk@ ajcvSrf;ru|Hzdk@eJ@ ajcvSrf;
raES;zdk@ vdkygw,f? qENapm+yD; ajcvSrf;u|H&if trSm;awG@Edkifw,f? ordkif;wauG@rSm wcgrSm;&if
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm cHoGm;Edkifw,f? rsKd;qufeJ@csD+yD; cHoGm;Edkifw,f? ajcvSrf;aES;vGef;&ifvJ tcsdeftcgeJ@
tajctaeay;wJhtwdkif; tvkyfrvkyfEdkifjzpfoGm;+yD;/ tcGifhta&;qHk;&H_;oGm;Edkifw,f? usaemfwdk@
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udk qifEw GJ t
hJ cgrmS }udK;0dik ;f xJu vufa0S@orm;vdk usio fh ;kH &ygr,f? b,fbufvufe@J tumtuG,f
,l+yD; nmbufvufeJ@ csufaumif;udkapmifh+yD; xdk;&ygr,f? b,fbufvuf[m wcsdefvHk;
tumtuG,f,laevdk@ rjzpfbl;? wzuf&efol [efcsufysufoGm;atmif b,fbufvufeJ@
wdkufuGufqifay;&r,f? wzwf&efol [efcsufysuf+yD; csufaumif;ay:wmeJ@ nmbufvufeJ@
tvJxdk;&ygr,f?
usaemfhaqG;aEG;csufudk csKyf+yD; ajymvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@ qifEJGaewJh awmfvSefa&;&JŒ
yef;wdkifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifwuf+yD;/ xdkyef;wdkifudk csDwufwJhtcg &ifqdkif&rJh t"dujy\em
rsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef udkifwG,fajz&Sif;oGm;zdk@ tvGefta&;}uD;ygw,f? yef;wdkifr&dS&if t"du
jy\emudk udkifwG,fEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? omrnjy\emawGeJ@ vHk;axG;+yD; usaemfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 23

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

a&pkefarsmoGm;Edkifw,f? yef;wdkifudk csDwufwJhtcgjzpfjzpf/ t"dujy\emudk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;wJh

tcgrSmjzpfjzpf nD!Gwfr_tiftm;vdkygw,f? txl;ojzifh usaemfwdk@ jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkrsm; nD!Gwfzdk@
vdkygw,f? usaemfwdk@&J@ wdkufyJG[m ESpfqifh&dSw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;em;vnf+yD;om;yg? nD!GwfwJh
tiftm;eJ@ usaemfwdk@ordkif;udk tvSyqHk; a&;om;zefwD;=uygpdk@vdk@ wdkufwGef;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

24 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tcef; (3)
cJGxGufa&;ESifhwef;wla&;jy\em

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknD

tpnf;ta0; (21-11-89) rS (23-11-89) wGif/ txufyg tcef; (2) wGif azmfjyaom a'gufwm
atmifwifOD;ESifh Edkifatmifjrifh wdk@ wifoGif;onfh “tzGJ@.vkyfief;tpD&ifcHpm”/ OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
wifoGif;aom “&efyHkaiG&SmazGa&; ” pmwrf;ESifh OD;at;az wifoGif;aom “tzGJ@csKyfwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;
ESifh zGJ@pnf;yHkjyifqifa&;” pmwrf;tygt0if/ atmufygEdkifiHa&;pmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; wifoGif;I
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ

1? rl0g'a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm; qvdkif;vsefr_ef; wifoGif;aom “wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;a&;&m

ESifh ywfoufaom tajccHrlrsm;” pmwrf;udk vufcHtwnfjyKygonf/?

2? rl0g'a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm; Edkifwifaz wifoGif;aom “jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk

tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&r!fhrlrsm;(rl=urf;)” udk jyifqifcsufjzifh vufcHtwnfjyK
ygonf? ‚if;rl=urf;tay:tajccHI tzG@J csKyf. tzG@J 0ifEikd if aH &;ygwt D oD;oD;rS aqG;aEG;csurf sm;/
t}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk jz!fhpGufI jynfhpHkpGm jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef rl0g'a&;&mtzGJ@udk wm0efay;tyf
ygonf? rl0g'a&;qGaJ &;tzG@J u jyifqifa&;qGI J wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHwiG f wifoiG ;f &ef/
!dSE_dif;aqG;aEG;&ef qHk;jzwfygonf?
jynfaxmifpkrljyifqifa&;qGJaomtcg -
(u) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; Edik if aH &;t& wef;wl&nfwt l cGit
hf a&;&&Sad &;ESihf ud,
k yf ikd f jyXmef;cGihf
tjy!fht0&&dSa&;/
(c) jynfe,f(8) jynfe,fukd tajccHaom jynfaxmifppk pfppfrjl zpfa&; - wd@k tay: tajccH&ef/

3? obmywdtzG@J u, kd pf m; OD;tke;f cdik f wifoiG ;f aom “wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;”

pmwrf;udk vufcHtwnfjyK+yD; atmufygtwdkif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(u) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHkyg0ifwufa&mufr!fh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHukd jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS uruxjyKI
usif;y&ef/
(c) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcHudk 1990 jynfh azazmf0g&Dv yxrywfwGif &efukef+rdK@Y
usif;y&ef/
(*) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;udpt P 00udk qufvufaqmif±u G &f ef t+rJwrf;
obmywdaumifpD/ twGif;a&;rª;tzGJ@ESifh vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;udk wm0efay;onf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 25

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

4? obmywdtzGJ@udk,fpm; EdkfifaiGodrf; wifoGif;aom “trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;”pmwrf;udk

vufcHtwnfjyK+yD; atmufyg twdkif;qHk;jzwfonf?
(u) Armwdkif;&if;om;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkyg0ifwufa&mufaom trsdK;om;
nDvmcHw&yfudk usif;y&ef/
(c) trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaomudpPt00udk qufvuf aqmif±Guf
&ef t+rJwrf;obmywdaumifpDESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@udk wm0efay;tyfonf?

5? rl0g'a&;qGaJ &;tzG@J u, kd pf m; Edik cf ifarmif wifoiG ;f aom “a±G;aumufyw JG iG yf g0if,OS +f ydKifa&;rl”

pmwrf;udk vufcHtwnfjyK+yD; atmufygtwdkif; qHk;jzwfonf?
(u) UNLD ESifh UNLD tzGJ@csKyf0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDtm;vHk; 1990 ck/ arvwGif usif;yr!fh
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJ}uD;wGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif&ef qHk;jzwfonf?
(c) &efukefwdkif;tygt0if tjcm;wdkif;rsm;wGif UNLD taejzifh yg0if,SOf+ydKif&ef?
(wdkif;rsm;wGif tajcpdkufaom UNLD tzGJ@0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsm;rS pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;&ma'owGifrl tcsif;csif;!d‡E_dif;aqmif±Guf&ef?)
(*) jynfe,frsm;wGif UNLD taejzifh yg0if,OS +f ydKif&ef vdt k yfygu vdtk yfovdk jynfe,frsm;
tcsif;csif; !d‡E_dif;aqmif±Guf&ef?
(C) ‚if;udpt P 00udk vdt k yfovdk qufvufaqmif±u G Ef ikd &f ef t+rJwrf;obmywd aumifpu D kd
tm%mukef wm0efay;tyfonf?
(i) 1990 arvwGif usif;yr!fh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif UNLD
tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; trsm;pk tEdkif&&SdEdkif&ef jynfe,fygwDrsm;u rdrdwdk@ jynfe,f
tvdkuf vdktyfv#if vdktyfovdk tcsif;csif;!d‡E_dif;aqmif±Guf&ef? tcsif;csif; !d‡E_dif;
aqmif±Gufaomtcg tcuftcJ&Sdvmygu t+rJwrf;obmywdaumifpDu ulnD !d‡E_dif;
ay;&ef?
(p) jynfrygwDrsm;ESifh !d‡E_dif;&ef vdktyfygu æ
1? ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkrltay:tajccHI !‡dE_dif;aqmif±Guf&ef/
2? xdkodk@!d‡E_dif;aqmif±Gufa&;udpPudk vdktyfv#ifvdktyfovdk aqmif±GufEdkif&ef
t+rJwrf;obmywdaumifpDudk tm%mukefv$Jtyfvdkufonf?

odk@&mwGif txufazmfjyygpmwrf;rsm;onf ,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif &SmazGwifjy&ef

tcuftcJ&Sdaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh xdktpnf;ta0;wGif wufa&mufaom yk*~dKvfrsm;avhvmEdkif&ef/
oD;jcm;wifjycJho!fh “cGJxGufa&;ESifhwef;wla&;” pmwrf;udk Tae&mwGif tpm;xdk;wifjytyf
ygonf? ,if;pmwrf;onf twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@. rl0g'a&;&mwm0efcHESifh wef;wla&; pmapmif
t,f'DwmtzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpfol qvdkif;vsefr_ef;u a&;om;jyKpkjcif;jzpfygonf?

26 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

“cGx
J u
G af &;ESihf wef;wla&;jy\em”

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom

jynfaxmifpk}uD; jzpfygonf? xdkŒa=umifh jynfaxmifpkt"Gef@&SnfwnfwhHcdkif+rJa&;/ +idrf;csrf;
om,ma&;ESifh wdk;wufzGH@®z;a&;wdk@onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdk@. ta&;yif jzpfygonf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.ta&;ESifhuif;uGmaom jynfaxmifpkta&; r&SdEdkifay? jynfaxmifpk}uD;.
ta&;udpPESifh taxGaxGjy\emonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkjy\emay:wGif rsm;pGm wnfrSD
tajcjyKaeygonf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpk. tajccHjy\emonf vlrsdK;pkjy\em[k
ac:qdk&ayrnf?
jynfaxmifpk}uD;. uH=urRmtaumif;tqdk;udkzefwD;aeaom vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. t"duEdkifiHa&;aomhcsuf jzpfaeonf? odk@&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
. aoa&;&Sifa&;wr#ta&;}uD;aom vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk vGwfvyfa&;&o!fhtcsdefrS ,ae@wdkif
ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;acs? vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t& ajyvnfpGmajz&Sif;Edkfifjcif;
r&Sdaoma=umifh ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;trsm;pkonf vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;udk qifE$Jae=uygonf? vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk EdkfifiHa&;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; r&Sd
aoma=umifh ppfa&;jzifhajz&Sif;&ef }udK;yrf;ae=ujcif;jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;a&;a=umifh jzpfyGg;aom
jynfwGif;ppfonf vGwfvyfa&;oufwrf;ESifhtr# =um&Snfaeyg+yD?
jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh yxrqHk;usqHk;oGm;avolrSm - trSefw&m;ESifh vGwfvyfjcif;yif
jzpfonf? jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh &Sifoefwefcdk;}uD;xGm;&olum; -tm%m&Sifpepfjzpf.? tm%m&Sif
pepfa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; qdwfokOf;oGm;onf? xdk@a=umifh ,ae@qifE$Jaeaom
'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;. &if;jrpfjy\emonf vlrsdK;pkjy\emay:rSm rsm;pGmtajccHygonf?
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;. atmifyGJyef;wdkifonfvnf; vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t&
+idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;ay;r!fh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
a&;qGJjyXmef;a&;odk@ OD;wnfaeayonf?
jref r mEd k i f i H . vl r sd K ;pk j y\em&if ; jrpf u d k wl ; qG = u!f h a omtcg awG @ &S d & o!f h
t}uD;us,fqHk;jy\emrSm - “jynfe,frsm; jynfaxmifpkxJrS cJGxGufcGifh qdkaom cJGxGufa&;
jy\emyif jzpfygonf? Tr#}uD;rm;aomjy\emudk zefwD;ay;o!fh cJGxGufcGifhudk rnfo!fh
ta=umif;a=umifh 1947 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJjyXmef;aom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif
x!fhoGif;jyXmef;cJhoenf;? av;eufaom ta=umif;w&m;&dSayrnf? xdk@a=umifh jy\em.
t&if;tjrpfudk El;!HhodrfarG@pGm csOf;uyf&ef vdkayonf? cJGxGufa&;jy\emudk tudkiftwG,f
rSm;,Gif;r_a=umifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;eJ@vnf; &ifqdkifcJh&+yD? wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk aygufzGm;apo!fh
tm%modrf;r_ESifhvnf; }uHKcJh&+yD? xdk@a=umifh Tjy\emudk tudkiftwG,f wcsufrSm;,Gif;ygu
ausmif;om;vli,f/ &[ef;&Sifvl jynfoltaygif; toufaygif;rsm;pGm paw;I qifEJGaeaom
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;udkyif a&pkefarsmoGm;apEdkifonf? odk@aomf Tjy\emudk a&SmifvJ$I
&rnfr[kwfay? ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;ESifhtwl oaE<wnfaygufzGm;vmaom

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 27

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jy\emjzpfI vGwv f yfa&;toD;tyGiu hf kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k jy!f0h pGmcHpm;Edik jf cif; r&doS I
Tjy\em&daS eOD;rnfyifjzpfonf? ,ae@qifEaGJ eaom 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH uD; atmifjrifaom
tcgrSom Tjy\em ajyvnfoGm;rnf[k ,Hk=unfar#mfvifh&ayonf?
cJGxGufa&;jy\emudk ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf ordkif;a=umif;udk qef;ppf&ef
vdak yonf? Tjy\emonf 1947 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (6) &ufae@rS (12) &ufae@txd usi;f yaom
yifvHknDvmcHrS oaE<wnfcJhygonf? 1947/ azazmf0g&Dv(6)&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom &Srf;
apmfbGm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ &Srf;vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifaom
tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf(5) wGif “vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;o!fhaemuf jrefrmjynfaxmifpkrS
u|Efkyfwdk@ cGJxGufvdkv#if u|Efkyfwkd@oabmuso!fhtcdsefwGif cGJxGufEdkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf” [k
tm;vHk;oabmwlqHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf? yifvHknDvmcHodk@ (7-2-47)wGif a&muf&Sdvm=uaom
csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tygt0if &Srf;/ ucsifESifh csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; pHknDwufa&mufo!fh
e,f p yf a 'oud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;tpnf ; ta0; (7-2-47 naeyd k i f ; wG i f usif ; yonf ) wG i f
xdkqHk;jzwfcsufudk xyfrHI twnfðyEdkifcJhygonf?
csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; vdkvm;awmif;qdkaom cGJxGufcGifhudk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;uvnf; uef@uGufjcif;r&Sd axmufcHcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; udk,fwdkif
OD;pD;a&;qGJI *sLAvDcef;r}uD;Y 1947 ckESpf/ arvwGif usif;ycJhaom zqyv y%mrjyifqifr_
nDvmcH}uD;wGif twnfðyjyXmef;aom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' tcef;(12)wGif
cGx
J u G Ef idk af omtcGit hf a&; udk twdtvif;jyXmef;cJyh gonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; uG,v f eG cf +hJ yD;aemuf/
OD;csefxGef;OD;pD;a&;qGJI 1947 pufwifbmvwGif usif;yaom wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu
vufcHtwnfðyaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' tcef;(10)wGif cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk twdtvif;jyXmef;cJhygonf?
tb,fa=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk
awmif;qdck =hJ uoenf;? tb,fa=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;u vdu k af vsmI
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'=urf;wGif twdtvif;jyXmef;ay;cJhoenf;? tvGefav;euf
odrfarG@ygayonf?
cGJxGufcGifhonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk yl;aygif;I zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifaom jynfaxmifpk
}uD;aygufzGm;&Sifoefa&;twGuf xl;jcm;I av;eufjy!fh0aom tESpfom&rsm;pGmudk az:aqmif
cJhygonf? t"dutusqHk;/ tav;eufqHk;aom tESpfom&rSm - topfzGJ@pnf; xlaxmifr!fh
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;onf vlrsdK;a&;t& vnf;aumif;/
EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif; wef;wlnDr#=u+yD;/ xdk wef;wlnDr#aom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;onf
udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhESifh udk,fhuH=urRmudk vGwfvyfpGm zefwD;cGifh tjy!fht0 &Sd=uonf[laom
tESpfom&yif jzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf cGJxGufcGifhonf ordkif;tpOftquf oD;jcm;
vGwfvyfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; rdrdwdk@qENtavsmuf wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I EdkifiHawmf
wckudk twlwuG xlaxmif=uonfqdkaom EdkifiHa&; t"dy`g,fyif jzpfygonf?
,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; TEdkifiHe,ferdwf
twGif;wGif pkaygif;aexdkifae=ujcif;rSm rdrdwdk@qENtavsmuf bdk;bGm;ydkife,fajrtoD;oD;udk

28 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkwck zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ef yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;a=umifhom

jzpfygonf? vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;u vufeufjzifh wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkufu|efðyI jrefrmEdkifiH e,fedrdwftwGif;
aexdkif=ujcif; r[kwfay? xdkenf;wl yifvHkpmcsKyfonfvnf; csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm; t!HhcH
vufeufcsI csKyfqakd om pmcsKyfr[kwaf y? oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom vlrsKd ;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f I
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwpfckudk twlwuG xlaxmif&ef csKyfqdkxm;aom yËdnmOfpmcsKyfomv#if
jzpfayonf? Ttcsufudk ay:vGifapaomt&mrSm æ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif
“cGJxGufvdkygu vGwfvyfpGmjzifh cGJxGufydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf” qdkaom tcsufyifjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh
1947 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJjyÏmef;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;wGif cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;udk oD;jcm;tcef;/ oD;jcm;yk'frjzifh twdtvif; jyÏmef;cJhjcif;rSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
wef;wl&nfwyl ;l aygi;f I jynfaxmifp}k uD;udx k al xmif&ef yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ=h uonf
[laom t"dy`g,fESifh tESpfom&udk ay:vGifxif&Sm;apo!fh jyÏmef;csufyif jzpfygonf?
odk@&mwGif txl;0rf;enf;zG,faumif;aomtcsufrSm cGJxGufcGifhudk oD;jcm;yk'frjzifh
txift&Sm; jyÏmef;cJhaomfvn;f/ cGJxGufcGifh. tESpfom&jzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&SdcHpm;a&;udkrl/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHHktajccHOya'jzifh jyÏmef;umuG,f
ay;Edik jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; - vlrsKd ;a&;t&vnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;t& vnf;aumif;/
wef;wlnDr#a&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh/ udk,fhuH=urRmudk vGwfvyfpGm zefwD;cGifhwdk@udk EdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'u tmrcHcsuf ray;EkdifcJhay? xdkodk@ tajccHusaom wef;wla&;
tESpfom&rsm;udk yDjyifatmif az:aqmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh/ wef;wla&;jy,k*ftjzpf EdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif x!fhoGif;jyÏmef;xm;aom “cGJxGufa&;” onf ordkif;pOf
wav#muf tudsK;xuf tjypfudkom jzpfay:apcJhygonf?
,if;onf vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpf.?
vlrsdK;pkjy\em. t&if;tjrpfonf wef;wla&;rSm tajccHayonf? wef;wla&;jy\emudk
ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;vdkygu jrefrmEdkifiHudk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ay
rnf? ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;onf
vlrsdK;pkjy\em ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf acgiftcsKyfjzpfygonf?
1947 ESifh 1974 wdk@wGif a&;qGJjyÏmef;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
wdk@onf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfudk zGJ@pnf;azmfaqmifEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhay? xdk@a=umifh vlrsdK;pk
jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t& ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;r&Sday? vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;
Edkifjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh jynfwGif;+idrf ;csrf;a&;vnf; r&&SdEdkifay? jynfwGif;ppfudktrSDðyI ppf
tm%m&Sifpepfay:aygufvm+yD;/ ppftm%m&SifpepfrS toGiful;ajymif;oGm;aom rqv wygwD
tm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; qdwfokOf;oGm;cJh& ygonf?
1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. t"dutm;enf;csufrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
. trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh EdkifiHa&;tm%m ray;tyfjcif;yif jzpfonf?
jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'ðyydik cf iG t hf m%m/ tkycf sKyfciG t hf m%mESihf w&m;pD&ifo!ft h m%m tjy!ft h 0
tyfESif;xm;jcif; r&Sday? jynfaxmifpkpepft& A[dktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;udk EdkifiHawmf
tm%m oifhawmfovdk cGJa0ay;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ 1947 - zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 29

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jynfaxmifpkpepfrS aoGzDI A[dktpdk;&wGif EdkifiHawmftm%mudk tm;vHk; pk+yHKxm;aom

wjynfaxmifpkpepf toGifudk aqmifaecJhygonf?
xd@k jyif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;jzpfaom Armudk jynfe,fz@JG pnf;jcif; r&Sad pyJ/ jynfaxmifpk
(A[dk) tm%mtm;vHk;udk yHktyf+yD; ay;xm;cJhygonf? ,if;onf yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif oabmwl
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaom wef;wla&;rludk ajymifajymifwif;wif; ±dkufcsdK;jcif;yifjzpfonf? Arm
vlrsdK;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpk(A[dk) tm%mtm;vHk; yHktyfay;xm;jcif;a=umifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't&/ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@. udkvdkeDb0odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;
=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh wef;wla&;rljzifh yËdnmOfðycJhaom yifvHkpmcsKyfonf rSifyifrajcmufao;cif
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jzifh apmpD;pGm opPmazmufjcif; cHcJh&av+yD?
xdkxufqdk;0g;aomtcsufrSm jynfaxmifpkOya'ðytzGJ@}uD;jzpfo!fh jynfaxmifpk
v$wfawmf(2)&yfpvHk;wGif vlOD;a&ydkrsm;aom ArmvlrsdK;rsm; v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkif&ef zefwD;
xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvkduf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
apv$wf=u&rnf rSefaomfvnf;/ jynfaxmifpkpepft& vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif jynfe,frsm;u
v$ w f a wmft rwfO D; a& tnD t r# apv$ w f o if h ayonf ? od k @ aomf 1947 zG J @ pnf ;tk yf csKyf y Hk
tajccHOya'wGif vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmftwGuf jynfe,frsm;u v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&
tnDtr#apv$wfjcif;r&SdyJ jynfol@v$wfawmfuJhodk@ vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf=uojzifh vlOD;a&ydkrsm;aom ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u jynfol@v$wfawmf
wGifa&m vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGifyg v$rf;rdk;I cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif;cs,fvS,fI &ygonf? xdk@jyif
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jynfol@v$wfawmfudkom wm0efcHjcif;jzpfI vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfonf
ta,mifaqmifr#om jzpfygawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsdK;rsm;
wef;wlnDr#jcif;qdkaom tESpfom&aysmufuG,f+yD; Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkrsm;onf
tjyÏmef;cHb0odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;=uygavawmhonf?
1974 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJjyÏmef;aom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tajccHtm;jzifh
wef;wla&;udk qef@usifaom Oya'jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm 1974 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'onf rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk usm;uefay;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'omjzpf.?
rqv wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[laom ppftm%m&SifpepfrS toGif
ajymif;vJjcif;r#om jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGJa&;udk rvdkvm;bJ
jynfe,frsm;cGJxGufa&;rla=umifh jynfaxmifpkròyduGJa&;[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh 1962 wGif
jynfolvlxkxHrS EdkifiHawmftm%mudk vufeuftm;udk; t=urf;zufI odrf;,laom ppfwyftkyfpk
omv#if jzpf=u.? xd@k a=umifh rlvtajccHtm;jzifh wef;wla&;udk qef@usiaf om tiftm;pku a&;qGJ
jyÏmef;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfI vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;r&Sday? A[dkOD;pD;pepfudk
wif;=uyfpGm usifhoHk;I jynfe,fwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t& ydwfyif
cJhygonf? trSefpifppf 1974 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf emrnfa0g[m&tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk[k
ac:aomfvnf; tESpfom&rSm wjynfaxmifpepfomv#ifjzpfygonf?

30 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'

a&;qGJjyÏmef;Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;
tmrcHcsufay;Ekdifrnf r[kwfay? wef;wla&; tmrcHcsufr&Sdygu vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm
ajz&Sif;Edkifrnf r[kwfay? vlrsdK;pkjy\em rajz&Sif;Ekdifu jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;jzifh
ajz&Sif;I &Edkifrnf r[kwfay? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;r&&Sdygu 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;
&Siof efyiG v
hf ef;Edik rf nf r[kwaf y? jynfwiG ;f ppfukd trSðD yI ppftm%m&Sipf epfomv#if wefc;kd }uD;xGm;
vmayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@onf }uHKcJhzl;aom ordkif;oifcef;pmudk tav;teufcH,l+yD;/
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wlnDr#a&;udk tmrcHcsufay;Edkifaom ppfrSefaom
jynfaxmifpkpepfudk xlaxmif=u&ayrnf? ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;EkdifrSomv#if vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;Ekdifayvdrfhrnf?
vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;EdkifygrS jynfe,frsm;cGJxGufa&;a=umihf jynfaxmifpk
r®yuGJa&;[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh rw&m;wefcdk;}uD;xGm;aeaom ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;
Ekdifayvdrfhrnf? wef;wla&;awmif;qdkcsufjzifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;qifE$J&mrS awmufavmif
aeaom jynfwGif;ppfudkvnf; +idrf;owfEdkifayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ
jyÏmef;a&;onf cGJxGufa&;ESifh wef;wla&;jy\emajz&Sif;&ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;ESifh ,ae@
qifE$Jaeaom 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;. atmifyGJyef;wdkifjzpfa=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ayonf?

rSwfcsuf? ? Tpmwrf;onf wef;wla&;pmapmifwGif azmfjy&ef a&;om;

aom pmwrf;jzpfonf? wef;wla&;pmapmifrxGufEdkifao;aoma=umifh
nDvmcHwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udpP aqG;aEG;aomtcg taxmuftul
jzpfap&ef jyef=um;a&;aumfrwDrS xkwfa0jcif;jzpfygonf?

--------------------------------------
EdkifiHa&;pmayuif;vGwfcGifhtrSwf/ eo§039
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf?
--------------------------------------

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 31

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcef; (4)
vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk-unfESifh aqG;aEG;yJG

'Drukd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH uD;. Edik if aH &;a&&deS }f uD;onf 1989 ZGev f rS pwifjrifw h ufvm+yD;
1989 Zlvdkifv(19)&ufae@wGif txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&dSoGm;cJhygonf? ,if;umvonf
vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “tm%mzDqefa&; ” vrf;pOfudk csrSwfI e0w
ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifum OD;ae0if;udkyg trnfjzifhaz:I wdkufcdkufaomumv
jzpfcJhygonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfudk pwifcsrSwfcJhpOfu UNLD .
t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,frsm;odk@
pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;qif;+yD; tjyefwGif rE Wav;òrd@Y UNLD tzJG@0ifygwDaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;
usif;yaeaom umvESifh óuHóudufcJhygonf? xdkrE Wav;tpnf;ta0;rS UNLD tzJG@0if EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsm;u a':pk. “tm%mzDqefa&;” vrf;pOfudk axmufcHa=umif; ausnmcsuf csufjcif;
xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygonf?
tm%mzDqefa&; a&&dSef}uD;ESifhtwl EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHkwdk@u e0w ppftpdk;&ESifh
aqG;aEG;yJG Dialogue rsm; ðyvkyf&efvnf; zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? odk@&mwGif xdkpOfu
e0w OuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu “ygwDESpf&mausmf&dSwm
b,fvdkvkyf+yD; tm;vHk;eJ@ awGŒqHkaqGaEG;EdkifrvJ” [laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk jiif;qdkcJhygonf?
xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHku a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf e0w ppftpdk;&u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef
awmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhtnD EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHkwdkŒ. tpnf;ta0;w&yf
udk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf&Hk;wGif usif;yðyvkyfI wufa&mufvmaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD
(130)ausmfu a':pkudk wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fa=umif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;
cJh=uygonf?
xdtk pnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufcahJ om UNLD ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDtm;vHk;. wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fapv$wf&ef
tvGwfoabmjzifh oabmwlaxmufcHaqG;aEG;cJh=uaomfvnf; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;.
oD;jcm;vuQ%mudk aqmif,laom vlrsKd;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; ausvnfpGm aqG;aEG;
oabmwlxm;jcif; r&daS o;bJ rnfo!fyh *k K~ v d u f rkd # wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pH.
k ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf
wm0efay; tyfESif;&ef oifhawmfjcif;r&dS[k ,lqxm;aoma=umifh xdkae@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;
rðybJ jyefvmcJh=uygonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkygu 'Drdkua&pDa&;wGif a':pkudk tjy!fht0 axmufcH
cJah omfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. ud,
k u hf =H urRmudk vGwv f yfpmG zefw;D cGiEhf iS hf ud,
fk yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf

32 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

paom EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;wef;wla&;udpP/ ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepf wnfaqmufa&;udpPwdk@

wGif “vl” udk r[kwfbJ “rl” udkom axmufcH&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf?
UNLD udk,fpm;vS,frsm; xdkuJhodk@ vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;rðyyJ jyefvmcJhcsdefwGif NLD
acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh aqG;aEG;vmcJh=uaom tcsufrSm “EdkifiHa&;ygwD b,favmufyJ
axmufcHaxmufcH UNLD axmufcHr_r&ygu 'g[m vlrsKd;wrsKd;xJ&J@ axmufcHr_yJ jzpfoGm;r,f?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk&J@ axmufcHr_ r[kwfEdkifao;bl;? 'ga=umifh UNLD taejzifh a':pkudk
wOD;wnf;aom uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf vufrw
S af &;xd;k axmufco
H ifah =umif; aqG;aEG;vmcJ=h uygonf?f
xdk@a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpfomru vlxkacgif;aqmifESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwdkŒ. acgif;aqmiftjzpf cdkifrmaom
“rl” w&yftay: tajccHI axmufcHtm;ay;Edkif&ef UNLD u olrudk zdwfac:I (15-7-89)
wGif UNLD tzJG@csKyf&Hk; wnf&dS&m trSwf (394) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGif aqG;aEG;yJGw&yf
atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhygonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yJGusif;y+yD;aemuf (4)&uft=umwGif a':pkudk
ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u rw&m;zrf;qD;I tus,fcsKyfjzifh (6) ESpfwm zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifoGm;cJhygonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKdk ;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (UNLD)ESihf
trdsK;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf(NLD)rS
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd
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(1) EdkifaiGodrf;/
(2) OD;pDauwdkufuGJ/
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tcef;tem;rSL;
OD;ombef;/

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 33

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcrf;tem;rSL;u tcrf;tem;tpDtpOfrsm;udkzwf=um;onf?

tcrf;tem; tpDtpOf(1)t&
tcrf;tem;rSL;rS tcrf;tem; zGifhvSpfa=umif; ausnmonf?

tcrf;tem; tpDtpOf(2)t&
tcrf;tem;rSL;u UNLD wGifyg0ifo!fh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yg0if&ef urf;vSrf;
xm;aom ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pm&if;udk zwf=um;+yD; tcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&muf vmolrsm;tm;
wOD;csif; rdwfqufay;onf?

tcrf;tem; tpDtpOf(3)t&
tvS!fhusobmywd EdkifaiGodrf; (rGef) u tzGGifhtrSmpum;ajym=um;onf?

Edik af iGord ;f . tzGit

hf rSmpum;

u|efawmfwdkΠ'Dae@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;

'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@&J@ aqG;aEG;yGJ[m tvGefta&;}uD;wJh ordkif;rSwfwdkifwckudk twnfjyKrJh
aqG;aEG;yGJvdk@ u|efawmfcH,lygw,f? 'DDaqG;aEG;yGJ[m tem*gwfrSm jzpfay:vmrJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk
b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@ azmfaqmif=urvJqdkwm tav;ay; aqG;aEG;&r,fvdk@ xifygw,f? u|efawmfuawmh
'DumvrSm tzGJ@csKyf&J@ tvS!fhusobmywdjzpfwJhtwGuf tzGJ@csKyf&J@ wm0efay;csuft& wifjy
p&m&Sdwmudk wifjyrSmjzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyf&J@ &nf±G,fcsuf/ vkyfief;pOf t=urf;udk yxrqHk;wifjyygr,f?
tJh'Dvkyfief;pOfrSm ta&;t}uD;qHk;u bmvJqdkawmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&;udk 'Dru
kd a&pDwu kd yf rJG mS wygwnf; azmfaqmifomG ;zd@k vw
kd ,fv@kd
cH,lygw,f? 'D cH,lcsufuawmh xl;jcm;wJh cH,lcsufawmh r[kwfygbl;? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh 'D[m
[m aiG'*F g;wjym;&J@ acgif;eJ@yef;vdkygyJvdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f? trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[mvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ wdkufwJhtcgrSmvnf; 'DvdkyJ wkdif;&if;om;wef;wla&;eJ@
wef;wla&;tay:tajccHwJh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;r&rD 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(12)&ufae@
yifvHknDvmcH rSm twnfjyKcJhygw,f?
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hJ abm r[kwyf gb;l ?
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&J@ wef;wla&;udk vkyfaewm xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; tygt0if
jynfolw&yfvHk;[m acgif;aqmif}uD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk txl;ojzifh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;[m rdrdwdk@&J@ uH=urRmudk zefwD;Edkifw,fvdk@ yHktyfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

34 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

usqHk;oGm;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ uH=urRm[m oleJ@twl usqHk;oGm;w,fvdk@ 'DvdkyJ

,Hk=unf=uygw,f?
bmjzpfv@kd vq J &kd if 1947 ckEpS f yifvn
kH v
D mcHt& wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k r_ukd wnfaqmuf
wm[m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; &Spd Of 1947 ckEpS /f arv (10)&ufrS (31) &ufae@txd =umwJh yifv+kH rdK@rmS
usif;ywJh jynfvHk;u|wfnDvmcH/ jynfvHk;u|wfnDvmcHyJ ac:rvm;/ 1947 ckESpf Convention
wckac:+yD; oludk,fwdkifa&;qGJcJhwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk wifoGif;cJhygw,f? 'gudk zqyv
tzGJ@csKyfuvnf; vufcHw,f? Oya'=urf;taeeJ@ vufcHcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJh
aemufydkif;rSm 'DOya'=urf;[m b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@ jzpfovJqdkwm eJeJawmh &Sif;jycsifygw,f?
olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm 1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@rSm ac:,lwJh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkudk twnfjyKzdk@ wifjyvmygw,f?
tJ'D wifwJhtay:rSm a0zefcsuf&Sdw,f? t"dy`g,fuawmh Armvdka&;xm;wm &SmrawG@vdk@yg?
b,fvdka&;xm;ovJqdkawmh “Mr President, I'd like to make the constitution of the
Union of Burma as amended and to be adopted.” t"dy`g,fu - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
a&;qGJ+yD; jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm wifoGm;wJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkudk jyifvdkuf+yD;awmh Approve
vkyfay;yg? tJ'Dvdkawmif;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wnfaqmufaewJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;[m
+ydKuGJoGm;ygw,f? 'g u|efawmf ordkif;a=umif;ajymwmyg? tjypfusL;vGefwJholudk tjypfzdk@csifvdk@
ajymwm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DvdkawG@}uHKvmcJhw,f?
'Dae@qdk&if usaemfwdk@wawG[m trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfwJhae&mrSm tvGef
owdxm;+yD;awmh vky&f r,f? yk*Kd~ vfwa,mufukd csO;f uyf+yD; usaemfw@dk &@J uH=urRmudk yHt k yfvu
dk &f if
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'Dae@vkyfwJhtcgrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vufxufu vlrsKd;a&;wef;wla&;udk vkyfwJhae&mrSm
yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufudk ay;tyfwJhae&mrSm tawmfpOf;pm;wm&dSygw,f? 'Dyk*~dKvfudk r,Hkvdk@
r[kwfygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wu,fhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf &dk;&dk;om;om;
vkyfay;cJhygw,f? olr&dSawmh ysufoGm;w,f? 'Dae@vkyfvdk@&dS&ifawmh usaemfwdk@wawG[m 'D[mudk
oifcef;pm,l+yD;awmh ArmjynfrSm&dSwJh EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0ifaewJh
tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ usaemfwdk@[m 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0if&if; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&JΠwef;wl
tcGifhta&;udk b,fvdkyHko¾mef az:aqmif&rvJqdkwm nd‡Ed_if;xm;zdk@vdkr,fvdk@ xifygw,f?
xif±Hkrubl; ,Hkvnf; ,Hk=unfw,f? tJ'DawmhrS qufvkyf&rJh[mudk b,folu raz:ovJqdkwm
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ordkif;u oufaocHvdrfhr,fvdk@ cH,lygw,f?
'kwd,tcsufudk usaemf wdkwdkyJ ajymyghr,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;wef;wla&;eJ@
ywfouf+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@cH,lcsuf b,fvdk&dSovJvdk@qdk&if ArmjynfrSm&dSwJh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
Oya'[m vlrsKd;rsm;wef;wla&;udk jiif;y,fygw,f? 'gudk usaemf wdwdvif;vif;ajymygw,f?
bma=umifhvJqdk&if 1947 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfudk wifwJhtcgrSm
0ef}uD;csKyfuvnf; Amend vkyfwJh[mudk ajymif;cGifh+yKygvdk@ wifcJhw,f? jyifqifxm;wmudk
twnfjyKay;ygvdk@vnf; jyifw,f? ol@&J@ Oya't}uHay; OD;csefxGef;uvnf; ra&r&mwJh
tajzawGay;ygw,f? wdwu d sus axmufjy&ifawmh &ygw,f? 'gayrJh oabmavmufyJ ajymygr,f?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 35

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;a&;qGJoGm;wJhyHkpHeJ@ oGm;vdk@&Sd &if ydkufqHawGtrsm;}uD;ukefr,f/

vlawGtrsm;}uD;oHk;&r,f? tJ'ga=umifh Armjynfrudk jynfe,frzGJ@bJ A[dkeJ@aygif;vdkuf&if
p&dwv f nf;oufomr,f/ aiGvnf;oufomr,f? 'g taumif;qH;k yJq+kd yD; olu tJ'yD pkH eH @J omG ;ygw,f?
'DOpPm oluajymawmh uae'geJ@ qifqifwlygw,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? 'gayrJh aemuf(10) ESpfavmuf
=umwJhtcgusawmh Hugh Tanker eJ@awG@wJhtcg Hugh Tanker u ar;w,f? Armjynfu
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk cifAsm;a&;qGJcJhwm b,fvdkvJqdkawmh yHkpHuawmh Union ygyJ? jynfaxmifpk
pepf y gyJ ? 'gayr,f h tES p f o m&tm;jzif h wjynf a xmif y gyJ v d k @ ajAmif 0 ef c H y gw,f ? 'g[m
bmac:rvJqdk&if yxrajymwmwrsdK;/ aemufajymwmwrdsK;/ jzpfwJhyHkpHu [dkwkef;u olvkyfrdwm
0efcHwmvm;/ wrifoufoufvkyfwmvm; rodbl;?
tJ'DvdkjzpfwJhtcgusawmh 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& ay:vmwJh
jynfaxmifpk}uD;[m jynfru A[dktm%mudk ,lxm;w,f? usefwJhjynfe,fawG[m ol@
vufatmufcHe,fawG jzpfvmw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; pum;eJ@ajym&&if Vassal State
jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk +yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm jynfe,fawGeJ@ trsm;}uD;
rajyrvnfjzpfvmw,f? tJ'Dvdk rajyrvnf jzpfvmwmudk awG@&awmh aemifvmrJh tem*gwf&J@
jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef[m wef;wla&;udk rDwJh yHko¾mefudk oGm;apcsifygw,f?
b,f v d k o G m ;&rvJ qd k v d k @ &S d & if jynf e ,f t aetxm;t& (7) jynf e ,f & S d w ,f ?
Armjynfrudkvnf; As a unit 'g &Sif;&Sif;ajymvdk@&Sd&if olvnf; jynfe,fwck jzpfxdkufw,fvdk@
u|efawmfwdk@ cH,lygw,f? 'gu|efawmfwdk@ qENudk ajymwm? 'DawmhrSom jynfe,f(8)ckrSm&SdwJh
[mawGu olwdk@&J@ Sovereignty udk Central Government udk !d‡+yD;awmh tcsKd;us
bmawGtyfrvJqdkwm qHk;jzwfzdk@ vdkygvdrfhr,f? Residual Power qdkwJh ºuGif;usefwJh
tm%mawGudkvnf; udk,fh&J@jynfe,fawGrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmifvdk@&zdk@ vdkr,fvdk@
xifygw,f? 'grS wef;wlwJhoabmudk oufa&mufygw,f? odk@r[kwfvdk@ &Sd&if olwdk@u 1947 ckESpf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt&qdk&if Armjynf[m bmac:rvJ Supranationalism usifhoHk;wJhoabmudk
oufa&mufw,fvdk@ 'DvdkyJ cH,lygw,f?
'Dvdk cH,lwm[mvnf; rqef;ygbl;? 'Dae@txd ArmvlrsdK;awGrSm &SdwJhtpGJawG[m
trsm;}uD ; &S d y gao;w,f ? ord k i f ; ud k jyef = u!f h & if taemf & xmacwf / bk & if h a emif a cwf /
tavmif;bk&m;acwf vufeufeJ@xlaxmif+yD;awmh wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;a&;udk vkyfygw,fvdk@
ordkif;udkjyKpk+yD; jrefrmhordkif;rSm a&;xm;ygw,f? 'g[m ArmawGtwGuf azmfjycsuf rSefcsif
rS e f y gvd r fh r ,f ? u|efa wmfw dk @ wdk i f ; &if ;om;awG twG u f u awmh vuf rcH w J h o abm&S d w ,f?
bma=umifhvJqdkawmh t&ifwkef;uqdk&if txufArmjynf&J@ o&uf+rdK@txufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
&Sdygw,f? o&uf+rdK@atmufu &mrnwdkif;rGefEdkifiH &Sdygw,f? taemufbufjcrf;rSmqdk&if &cdkifjynf
&cdkifEdkifiH &Sdygw,f? tJ'g olwdk@pnf;±Hk;w,fqdkwmu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyfwJh awG@qHk!‡dE_dif;+yD;
awmh pnf;±H;k wJyh pkH rH sKd ; r[kwb f eJ @J Unity by Annexation wdu k cf u
kd o
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vkyfw,f? vufeufEdkifiHxlaxmifwJhtwGuf 'D[mawG[m r+rJygbl;? aemufqHk;usawmh t*Fvdyf
0ifvmwJhaemufydkif;usawmh ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh vlrsdK;awG Armbk&ifudk awmfvSefr_[m &yfoGm;yg
w,f? r&yfomG ;&ifvnf; qufjzpft;kH rSmyJ? taemf&xmacwf[mvnf; usq;kH oGm;w,f/ bk&ifah emif

36 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

acwf[mvnf; usqHk;oGm;ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ rGefawG/ &cdkifawG/ &Srf;awG tif;0bufudk

wdkufw,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if ArmawGu ajymw,f rGefawG/ &cdkifawG/ &Srf;awGu usL;ausmf vmw,f?
,ckvdkayghAsm? ajym&vdk@&Sd&if olwdk@u w&m;wJhppf wdkufw,fayghAsm? u|efawmfwdkŒu udk,fh
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufwmudk rw&m;wJhppfvdk@ owfrSwfw,f? u|efawmfwdk@uvnf; udk,fh
vlrsdK; wnfwHha&;/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@ Kingdom jzpfwJh ya'o&mZftifyg,mudk cdkif+rJzdk@twGuf
u|efawmfwdk@ bk&ifawGu wdkuf=uwmvnf; w&m;aomppfygyJ? 'gayrJh ordkif;rSma&;xm;wmu
olwdk@u w&m;wJhppf/ u|efawmfwdk@u rw&m;wJhppf/ tJh'DvdkyJ owfrSwfxm;w,f?
tJ'Dtcg b,fvdkjzpfvmovJqdkawmh ,ae@txd ya'o&mZfacwfu tpGJawG
tvrf;awG rukefao;wJhtwGuf Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfu wdkufodrf;awmh tukefvHk; u|efjzpfw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;&w,f? vGwfvyfa&;ay;wJhtcgusawmh [dk ya'o&mZfacwfuvdkyJ usefwJh vlrsdK;
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,Hk=unf=uw,f?
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Sovereign State awGuakd ygi;f rS zG@J v@kd &w,fqw kd m ajymvmao;w,f? 'g rSew f ,fv@kd ajymw,f/
'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@u ajymwmaygh/ 'gjzifh&if vGwfvyfa&;&wm u|efawmfwdk@ rGefawG/ &cdkifawG/
tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;awG rygbl;vm;vdk@/ cifAsm;wdk@yJ vGwfvyfa&;&w,f/ cifAsm;wdk@ atmufrSm
usKyfwdk@ ckxd u|eftjzpfeJ@ qufae&w,fvdk@ ,lqovm;vdk@ w!fhw!fhyJ ar;r,f? 'g u|efawmfu
&Sif;&Sif;yJ ar;ygr,f? cifAsm;wdk@ tJ'DtpGJawGudk wenf;tm;jzifh vlrdsK;}uD;tpGJ/ vlrsdK;a&;tpGJawGudk
razsmufvdk@&Sd&if wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;a&;[m cufygw,f? Oyrm jynfe,f (8)ckvdk@ajym&if
Armjynfe,fzGJ@wm olwkd@u }udKufcsifrS}udKufr,f? u|efawmfwdk@uawmh }udKufonfjzpfap/
r}udKufonfjzpfap/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@ ,Hk=unfcsuf/ cH,lcsufudk wifjyw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@awG[m wef;wla&;udk awmif;wdkif; awmif;wdkif; tcuftcJ trsm;}uD;
&Syd gw,f? 1961 ckEpS f awmif}uD;nDvmcHrmS jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J u awmif;wJh awmif;qdck suf
qdkwm cGJxGufzdk@ rygygbl;? Federal rl qdkwmu ±dk;±dk;av;yg? pmtkyfpmwrf;awGrSm &Sdygw,f?
jyaevd@k &&dS if Adv
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jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk[m csdK@,Gif;aew,f? oHk;pGJzdk@ roifhawmfawmhvdk@
jyifqifzdk@ vdkw,fqdk+yD; tqdkudk wifygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk axmufcHwm u|efawmf udk,fwdkifygyJ?
'gayr,fh tm%mudk vdck siw f ohJ al wGu 'D[mudk awmif;wm cGx J u
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olwdk@u atmf=uw,f? u|efawmfu ajymygw,f Federal qdkwm aygif;pyfa&;yJ ac:ygw,fvdk@?
tJ'Dvdkaygh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;u Federal awmif;wm cGJxGufzdk@ awmif;w,f/
ArmawGudk qef@usifzdk@ vkyfw,fqdkwJh t"dy`g,faygufygw,f? ckeuvdk aºuG;a=umfwJhtwGuf
tifrwef 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;wJh tjzpftysuf ay:vmw,f? vlrsdK;a&; rkef;wD;r_awG rjzpfoifh
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'Drdkua&pDppfppft& rumuG,fEdkifwJhtwGuf vufeufudkifb0 a&mufoGm;&ygw,f? 'gvuf&Sdyg?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 37

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

'ga=umifhrdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,ae@ &ifqdkifae&wJh 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJrSm wdkif&if;om;

pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufzdk@twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyfoGm;wJhtwdk if; vkyfzdk@
vdkw,fvdk@ jrifygw,f? tJ'DvdkvkyfrSvnf; nD!$wfvmr,f? wkdif;&if;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf
vmvdk@&Sd&if ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifEdkifr,f? wqufwnf;rSmyJ nD!GwfonfESifh tr#
+idr;f csr;f a&;[mvnf; &vmEdik rf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;&vmwJt h wGuf jynfaxmifp}k uD;&J@
tcsKyftjcmtm%m[mvnf; wnf+rJaer,f?
,ae@ u|efawmfwdk@ udkifpGJaewJh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyff&J@
trdsK;om;wm0ef[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ wygwnf; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wla&;udkyg wqufwnf;
vkyf&r,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ouf0if,Hk=unfygw,f? 'DvdkyJ qufvkyfaeygw,f? 'DvdkvkyfwJhae&mrSm
'Drukd a&pDwu kd yf rJG mS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;wef;wla&;[m ta&S@u roGm;oifb h ;l qdw k m em;vnfyg
w,f? u|efawmfwdk@ ajymwm[m wqufwnf; oGm;&r,fvdk@ ajymwmyg? u|efawmfwdk@ EGm;a&S@
xGefrusL;ygbl;? udk,faqmif±Guf&r,fh tcef;udk em;vnfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ wdkufwJh
umvrSm u|efawmfwdk@wawG[m wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk&atmif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;&J@ wef;wla&;udyk g Adv k cf sKyfcsrwS cf w
hJ hJ yHpk t
H wdik ;f qufvyk zf @kd vdrk ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,H=k unfv@kd
'Dwm0efudk csrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;awG[m vGecf w hJ v hJ u rE aW v;rSm
tzG@J (13)zG@J awG@q! kH EdS id_ ;f r_awG vkycf yhJ gw,f? &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f eJ@ ucsijf ynfe,fu tzG@J awGvnf;
ygygw,f? tJ'DrSm t=urf;tm;jzifh oabmwlnDcsuf (3)csufudk csrSwf EdkifcJhygw,f? yxruawmh
u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk cdik cf ahH tmif vky&f r,f? 'Dvv kd yk +f yD;wJh wqufwnf;
rSmyJ aemiftem*gwzf @JG pnf;rJh jynfaxmifp&k @J Framework aygah v/ yHo k ¾meft=urf; a&;qGrJ ,f/
+yD;vdk@&Sd&if atmufwdkbmvavmufrSm jzpfEkdif&if u|efawmfwdk@qDrSmygwJh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;omruyJ rygao;wJh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkyg
!SEd id_ ;f r,f? !SEd id_ ;f vd@k oabmwlncD su&f +yDq&kd if Ed0k ifbmv/ 'DZifbmvavmufrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd u
ArmjynfrmS &Sw d hJ Ekid if aH &;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm; tm;vH;k udk zdwaf c:+yD;awmh 'gukd wifjyr,f? !SEd id_ ;f r,f?
!SdE_dif;+yD;awmh oabmwlnDcsufudk,lr,f? 'Dvdk u|efawmfwdk@u qHk;jzwfxm;w,f?
'DyHko¾mefeJ@oGm;vdk@&Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@wawG[m aemifvmrJh tem*gwf jynfaxmifpk
}uD;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymovdkayghav æ “wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; (135) avmuf &Sdyg
w,f/ 'gudk cifAsm;wdk@ b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ” 'g[m ol@wm0efr[kwfygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@&J@ wm0efyg?
u|efawmfwdk@u pk+yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@ vkyf&rJh wm0efawGudk vkyfaeygw,f? 'Dwm0efudk
xrf;aqmif+yD;awmh pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_udk &,l+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJudk t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;pGmeJ@
yDyDjyifjyif atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfEdkifr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'guawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&J@ cH,cl suv f rf;pOfoabmxm;jzpfygw,f?
'g t=urf;tm;jzifh wifjyjcif;yg? ajym&r,fqdk&ifawmh t&Snf}uD;yg? rl0g'oabmt& wifjyjcif;
jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk u|efawmfwdk@&J@ oabmxm;/ cH,lcsuf/ ,lqcsufawGudk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfrS vmwJh yk*d~Kvfrsm;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu rSm;w,f/ rSefw,f axmufjy+yD;awmh

38 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

'Dru
kd a&pD bufawmfom;yDyaD ygah v jyKjyifp&m&S&d if jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd zf @kd / qufvufvyk af qmifr,f
qkd&ifvnf; qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;zdk@twGuf aqG;aEG;apvdkygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jy\emwck jzpfcb hJ ;l ygw,f? 'Drukd a&pDa&;twGuf Joint Action vkyw f hJ
tcg trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@vkyfovdk tjcm;wyfaygif;pkawG/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@vnf;
vkyfygw,f? 'DvdkvkyfwJhae&mrSm ausnmcsufwckrSm bmjzpfovJqdkawmh tJ'DrSm jynfaxmifpk
ta&;eJ@ wdik ;f &if;om;wef;wla&; qdw k hJ tcsuw f csuf ygygw,f? tJ't D csut f wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd u
ay;xm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,fudk ajymygw,f? 'g u|efawmfwdk@rSm wm0ef&Sdw,f/ wm0ef&Sdvdk@
b,fvdkajymovJqdkawmh tJ'DtcsufygwJhtwGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk u|efawmfwdk@u
b,fvdkoabmeJ@rS ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ra±G;cJhwm r[kwfygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDeJ@ ygwfoufvdk@uawmh vkyfydkifcGifhqdkwm ay;xm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wla&;udk oufqdkif&m um,uH&Sif jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ aqG;aEG;&vdk@&Sd&if 'D[meJ@ ygwfouf+yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@ tm%mtjy!fht0
ay;vdkufvdk@ rawmfwqrsm; cH,lcsufjcif;rwlvdk@&Sd&if e0w u rac:vdk@aygh ac:vdk@ &Sd&ifayghav/
aqG;aEG;csufvGJrSm;oGm;&if u|efawmfwdk@rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? wm0ef&SdwJhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@u
vufrSwfrxdk; c|if;csefxm;cJhygw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSm aqG;aEG;=u+yD; trsKd ;om;'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyftaeeJ@ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
wef;wla&;udk b,fvdk oabmxm;&SdovJqdkwm !SdE_dif;zdk@ vdkr,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf+yD;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;
udk }udK;yrf;cJhygw,f? u|efawmfajymcsifwmuawmh 'DavmufygyJcifAsm;?

trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS

taxGaxGtwGiaf &;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqG;aEG;csuf

apmapmu wifjyoGm;wJt h csuaf wGe@J ywfoufv@kd u|erf bmrS tjiif;yGm;p&m r&Syd gb;l ?
u|efrwdk@ pdwfaeoabmxm;vnf; 'Dtwdkif; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD eJ@ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHh
ckdkif+rJa&;[m wqufwnf;yJ jzpfygw,f? u|efruvnf; wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;qdkwJh
toH;k tE_e;f udk roH;k csiv
f @kd jynfaxmifpw k nfwchH ikd +f rJa&;qdw
k hJ toH;k tE_e;f udk oH;k wmyg? jynfaxmifpk
wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf u|erf wd@k wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;uvnf; tm;vH;k vdv k m;w,f? u|erf wk@d
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@wuG tjcm;'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGuvnf; vdkvm;w,fqdkwm
tm;vHk; ,Hk=unf+yD;om;jzpfw,fvdk@ u|efrxifygw,f?
tck u|efr 'DrSmjrifwmu u|efrwdk@ bmrS rl0g'oabmxm;awGeJ@ygwfoufvdk@
xyf + yD ; awmif r S aqG ; aEG ; zd k @ rvd k a wmh b l ; vd k @ u|ef r xif y gw,f ? u|ef r wd k @ tm;vH k ; [m
woabmxm;wnf;ygyJ? jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk r+ydKuGJapcsifbl;? wnfwef@cdkif+rJapcsifw,f?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;&J@ wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm;udk az:xkwfcsifw,f? aemufqHk;
u|efrwdk@[m tckqdkvdk@&Sd&if vkyfief;t& tvkyfvkyf&awmhr,fvdk@ xifygw,f? rl0g'oabmxm;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 39

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

aqG;aEG;aezd@k vnf; odyaf wmh rvdak wmhygb;l ? tcsed u f ek ±f ykH J &Syd gw,f? tck u|erf wd@k 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf JG
}uD;udk 0ifoGm;wJhtcgrSm xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfEkdifzdk@ u|efrwdk@vkyfief;t& oabmwlnDcsufawG
&zdkŒvdk+yDvdk@ xifygw,f?
'g[m bmvJqdkawmh ta&;}uD;wmuawmh u|efrwdk@[m b,fvdk jynfaxmifpk
yHko¾mef az:rvJqdkwJh udpPyJ/ tcke obmywd}uD; wifjyoGm;wJhtxJrSmvnf; ygygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwkef;u vGwfvyfa&;udk }udK;yrf;ae&wJhwcsdefwnf;yJ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;
&J@ tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ygwo
f ufv@kd vnf; aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? !_Ed id_ ;f cJw h ,f? wdik yf ifcw
hJ ,f? b,fvykd o kH ¾mef
eJ@ jynfaxmifpkudk azmfxkwfrvJqdkwmudk vGwfvyfa&;r&cif umvuwnf;u pwif+yD;awmh
}uKdwif+yD;awmh qHk;jzwfcJhw,fqdkwm wifjyoGm;ygw,f?
'DudpPeJ@ ygwfoufvdk@&Sd&if u|efrtaeeJ@ jrifwmuawmh u|efrwdk@ tzGJ@csKyf&J@ rl0g'
oabmxm;eJŒvnf; ruGJjym;ygbl;? u|efrwdkŒ rl0g'oabmxm;ausnmcsuf (9)xJrSm qdkvdk@ &Sd&if
“tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'wckudk yifvHknDvmcHwck ac:+yD;awmh qHk;jzwf&r,f” vdk@ a&;xm;ygw,f?
'D jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfxJrSmvnf; “tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'
topfwckudk yifvHknDvmcH wckuae+yD;awmh twnfjyK&r,f” vdk@ a&;xm;w,f? tJ'Dawmh
u|erf wd@k [m vkyif ef;t& p+yD;vkyzf @kd vdrk ,fv@kd xifygw,f? tck 'DrmS &Sw d hJ jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ u|efrwdk@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfxJu vl}uD;rsm;/
w&m;Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;eJ@ !SdE_dif;wdkifyif+yD;awmh b,fvdktajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'wck qGJoifhw,f
qdkwm p+yD;awmh wdkifyifzdk@ a&muf+yDvdk@ u|efrxifygw,f? 'DudpPawGajymaerJhtpm; p+yD;awmh
vkyf=uygpdk@vdk@ u|efru t}uHjyKcsifygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh Federal qdkwJhudpP/ Federal qdkwmvnf; apmapmu obmywd}uD;
&Sif;jyoGm;wJhtwdkif; Federal qdkwmuawmh t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;wckyJ jzpfygw,f? Federal
qdkwm cGJa&; r[kwfygbl;? u|efrwdk@ tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yg? cGJa&;r[kwfbl;qdkwm u|efrwdk@ vufcH
ygw,f? 'gayrJh Federal qdkwm yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; &Sdygw,f? qdkawmh Central Government eJ@
Local Government wdk@ =um;xJrSm b,fvdktm%mcGJ&r,f? 'g[m Federal &J@ t"du
jy\emyJ? 'gukd qH;k jzwf&ygr,f? aemuf+yD; jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u b,favmuf tm%m,lxm;rvJ?
b,ftm%mawG ,lxm;rvJ? jynfe,ftpd;k &u b,favmuftm%m,l+yD; b,fvt kd m%mawGukd
toHk;jyKxm;rvJ? 'D[mudk cGJ&r,f?
aemufqHk; Federal &J@ jy\em[m 'gyJ? tm%mudk b,fvdkcGJrvJ/ aemuf+yD;awmh
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&eJ@ jynfe,ftpdk;&=um;xJrSm b,fvdkajyvnfatmif vkyf&rvJ qdkwm[m
Federal &J@t"dujy\emyJ? tJ'Dawmh Federal vdk@yJ ac:ac:/ bmvdk@yJ ac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpk
}uD ; &J Πt"d u jy\em[m 'gyJ ? jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &eJ @ jynf e ,f t pd k ; &rsm; =um;xJ r S m /
jynfaxmifpktm%mydkifrsm;eJ@ jynfe,ftm%mydkifrsm;=um;xJrSm b,fvdkem;vnfr_,l+yD;awmh
b,fvdk wm0ef0wW&m;awG/ tm%mawGudk ydkif;cJGrvJ? 'geJ@ ygwfoufvdk@uawmh u|efrwdk@
tm;vHk; aqG;aEG;!SdEd_if;wdkifyif+yD;rS ay:vmrJh tajzyg?
tJ'Dawmh 'Dvdk ajymaer,fhtpm; aemufjynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef/ b,fvdkyHko¾mefrsdK;
az:xkwfcsifovJqdkwmudk jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ u|efrwdk@

40 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tzGJ@csKyfu vl}uD;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;pdwfyg0ifpm;wJh ckeu Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;eJ@ tzG@Jav;wck zGJ@+yD;awmh

vkyfvdk@&Sd&if ydk+yD;awmhxda&mufr,f/ tqifajyr,fvdk@ xifygw,f? 'grSvnf; u|efrwdk@[m
aemufwqifh wufvmr,f? 'Ddvdkajymae±HkeJ@awmh b,fvdkrS aemufwqifh wufEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;?
aemufupd w P ck[m u|erf wd@k 'Dtcsed rf mS awG@wek ;f enf;enf; yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; ajymoGm;r,f?
ajymoGm;zd@k vdrk ,fv@kd vnf; xifygw,f? jynfe,fawGrmS jy\emwck c%c%=um;w,f? u|erf wd@k
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktzGJ@rsm;/ ygwDrsm; =um;xJrSm wcgwav
em;vnfr_vGJw,fqdkwm jrifcJh&w,f? u|efrwdk@eJ@ r[mrdwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@awmifrS em;vnfr_
vGJcJhw,fqdkwm jrifcJh&w,f? u|efrwdk@ em;vnfr_vGJwJhudpPawGtm;vHk;udk +cHK+yD;awmh =u!fh
vdkufr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if 'g trSefajym&&if aemufqHk;awmh trwfudpPyJ? 'DvdkyJ u|efrjrifw,f?
a±G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfwJhtcg=uvdk@&Sd&if b,fygwDuae trwfawGudka±G;rSmvnf;/ 'D[m 'D
jy\emyJvdk@ u|efrxifw,f? 'gudkvnf; u|efrwdk@ acgif;a&Smifaevdk@ r&bl;? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh
bmyJajymajym u|efrwdk@[m 'Drdkua&pDtwGufwdkufaew,fqdkwm wae@r[kwfwae@ vGwfvyf
+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJh a±G;aumufyGJrsm; jzpfay:a&;twGuf wdkufaewmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vGwfvyf+yD;
w&m;r#wwJha±G;aumufyGJ jzpfay:vmvdk@&Sd&if b,fygwDu 'Dae&mrSm trwfudk wifrSmvnf;qdkwJh
ar;cGef;}uD;[m vlwdkif;ar;aew,f? xkwfaz:rajymaomfvnf; 'Dar;aewJh ar;cGef;}uD;a=umifhrdk@vdk@
u|efrwdk@&J@ tzGJ@awG=um;xJrSm em;vnfr_vJGwmawG jzpfcJhw,fqdkwm jrif&w,f?
tJ'Dawmh 'DudpPudk u|efrwdk@ p+yD; aqG;aEG;oifhw,f? u|efrwdk@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ a±G;aumufyGJ0ifr,f/ r0ifbl;qdkwm rqHk;jzwf&ao;ygbl;? 'DvdkrqHk;jzwf&ao;wJh
ta=umif;u u|erf wd@k [m e0w udk r,H=k unfv@kd r[kwyf gb;l ? tajctaet&udu k u|erf wk@d [m
rqHk;jzwfEdkifwJhtajctaerSm &Sdaeygw,f? u|efrwdk@ tzGJ@csKyf0ifawGudk b,favmufzrf;aew,f/
qD;aew,fqdkwm 'Du vl}uD;awGudkajymjyzdk@ rvdkawmhygbl;? 'Dxufydk+yD;awmh (19)&ufae@
aemufydkif;rSm zrf;r,f/ qD;r,fqdkwJhtoHawG[m toHawGxGufae±Hkrubl;/ }udKwifjyifqifr_awG
vkyfaew,fqdkwm u|efrwdk@ taxmuftxm; awG@&w,f? 'Dawmh u|efrwdk@ tzGJ@csKyf0ifawGudk
'Davmufzrf;aew,fqdk&if u|efrwdk@ tzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ a±G;aumufyGJ0ifcsif&ifawmifrS 0ifzdk@qdkwm
rjzpfEdkifygbl;? tJ'Dawmh 'DtcsdefrSm a±G;aumufyGJ0ifr,f/ r0ifr,fqdkwm u|efrwdk@ qHk;jzwfvdk@
r&ao;ygbl;? rlcsifvdk@ r[kwfygbl;? wu,fhudk tajctaet& qHk;jzwfvdk@ r&ao;wmyg?
'gayrJhvnf; vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJh a±G;aumufyGJ jzpfcJhvdk@&Sd&if u|efrwdk@ 0ifrSmyJ?
0ifwt hJ cgusv@kd &&dS ifvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;eJ@ em;vnfr_ ,lwm[m tqiftajyqH;k jzpfr,f?
'ga=umifrh @kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;eJ@ u|erf wd@k tzG@J csKyf[m aumfrwDav;wckz@JG +yD;awmh tpOft+rJ
em;vnfr_,l±Hkomru wu,fvkyfoifh vkyfxdkufwJh vkyfief;awGudk p+yD; vkyfoifhw,f?
yxrqHk;tm;jzifh b,fvdk tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'wckudk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;taeeJ@
a&;qGJcsifovJ? 'gudk puwnf;u wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;u !SdE_dif;wdkifyif+yD;awmh p+yD;awmh
t=urf;tm;jzifh a&;qGJoifh+yDvdk@ xifygw,f? u|efrwkd@ tzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ ,cktcsdefrSm aemifusvdk@
&Sd&if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk b,fvdktajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'eJ@ wnfaxmifcsifovJqdkwm
pwif pOf;pm;aewJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f? 'g[m tm;vHk;!SdE_dif;wdkifyif+yD;awmh qGJxm;zdk@vdkygw,f? 'g
vkyif ef;t& vdak eygw,f? a±G;aumufyrJG sm; jzpfc&hJ ifvnf; trwfjy\emudk b,fvakd jz&Si;f =urvJ

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 41

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

qdkwm u|efrwdk@[m !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;+yD;awmh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJ aqG;aEG;oGm;=u&atmif? 'Djy\em

&Sdvsufom;eJ@ acgif;a&SmifaewJhtcgusawmh b,folurSvnf; igwdk@awGxJu b,fol@udk trwf
wifrvJqdkwm 0efrcH&JwJhtcgusawmh 'g rajymyJeJ@ tjcm;udpPawGudk &r,f&Sm+yD;awmh ajymwJh
twGufa=umifh &efpaewJh oabmrsdK;jzpfaew,f?
aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; tcsdK@jynfe,fawGrSmqdk&if u|efrwdk@ tzJG@csKyfeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ tzGJ@rsm; ygwDrsm; oabmuGJvJG&jcif;ta=umif;uawmh yk*~dKvfa&;t&yJ jzpfygw,f?
'gudkvnf; u|efrwdk@ trsm;}uD;owdxm;ygw,f? wcgwavusvdk@&Sd&if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;
xJu a'ocHvl}uD;eJ@ u|efrwdk@xJu a'ocHvl}uD; pdwfoabmxm; rwdkufqdkifwJhudpPrsm;/
yk*~dKvfa&;t& rajyvnfwJh udpPrsm;/ 'DvdkudpPrsm;a=umifhrdk@vdk@ tzGJ@tpnf;wckeJ@ wck =um;xJrSm
rajyrvnfjzpfcJhw,f? 'gudkvnf; u|efrwdk@ trsm;}uD; a&SmifcJhw,f? 'gudka&Smifzdk@qdkwm[m
A[dkuae+yD;awmh/ A[dktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uae+yD;awmh xdef;odrf;oGm;zdk@ vdkvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifygw,f?
a'ocHtcsif;csif;=um;xJrSm em;vnfr_vGJaevdk@&Sd&if A[dkuae+yD; 0if+yD;ajz&Sif;ay;&r,f? tJ'Dawmh
'Da±G;aumufyGJudpP/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'udpPrsm;udk u|efrwdk@tcsif;csif; ajyvnfatmifvdk@
aqG;aEG;r,f? b,ftajccHpnf;rsO;f Oya'ud/k b,fvjkd ynfaxmifpw k ckukd u|erf wd@k xlaxmifcsio f vJ
qdw k mudk em;vnfr_ tckuwnf;u ,lEikd rf ,f vd@k q&kd if/ a±G;aumufyrJG sm;udk csw D ufomG ;wJh ae&mrSm
ydk+yD;awmh nDnD!Gwf!Gwf xdxda&mufa&muf jzpfoGm;ygr,f?
a±G;aumufyGJrsm;[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwdkif; tckawmh (10)v
=um&ifjzpfr,f? (10) v=um&ifjzpfr,fqdk&ifyJ? 'DudpP[m tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;rSm r&Sif;ao;bl;?
tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;eJ@ygwfoufvdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m u|efrwkd@udk bmrSrajymcJhao;bl;?
u|efrwdk@ em;vnfoavmufawmh e0w &J@ ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolrsm;[m EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmuf
rsm;udk ajymcJhwmrSm tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;wmrSm tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'wckudk twnfjyKzdk@
vdkw,fvdk@ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh u|efrwdk@taeeJ@ aemifudkvnf; tqifoifhjyifxm;zdk@ vdkr,fvdk@
xifygw,f? u|efrwdk@ trsm;pk}uD;[m b,fvdktajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsdK;udk oHk;rvJ? jynfaxmifpk
qkdawmh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ oabmxm;udk u|efrwdk@ t&if;cHw,f?
'g[m wcgwnf; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ qufEG,faew,f? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@
ygwfoufvdk@ u|efrwdk@ tzG@JcsKyftaeeJ@vnf; EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@ jynfwGif+idrf;csrf;a&;&Smr,fqdkwm
ausnmxm;+yD;om;yg? vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; r&Smygbl;? vufeufEkdifiHqdkwm
u|efrwdk@ vHk;vHk;rvdkvm;ygbl;? tckvufeufudkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk xdef;odrf;cJhwJh tpdk;&
atmufrSm wdkif;jynfb,favmuf epfemcJhw,fqdkwm vlwdkif;od+ydD;om;yg? 'ga=umifh vufeufudkif
enf;eJ@ tm%mxlaxmifa&;/ vufeufudkifenf;eJ@ tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;qkdwmudk u|efrwdk@
vHk;vHk;a&S@±_vdkwJh tzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@
&SmrSmyg? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;awmifrS Edik if aH &;enf;eJŒ &Smr,fq+kd yD;awmh &nf±, G xf m;wJth zG@J csKyf[m
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkrsm;eJ@ Edik if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;eJ@ ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sio f mG ;r,fqw kd m
u|efrwdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tckuwnf;u p+yD;awmh em;vnfr_,lzdk@ oifhawmf+yDvdk@
u|efrwdk@xifygw,f?

42 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

Federal vd@k yJ ac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpv

k @kd yaJ c:ac: ta&;}uD;wm[m u|erf wd@k =um;xJrmS
tm;vHk;oabmwlnDEdkifr,fh yHkpH&SdwJh EdkifiHwckudk azmfxkwfzdkŒyJ? tm;vHk;oabmwlr,fh yHkpH&SdwJh
EdkifiHwckudk azmfxkwfwJhtcgrSm/ 'DrSm jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&J@
oabmxm;awGrSm ygwJhtwdkif;yJ r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'eJ@ usOf;ajrmif;aomtrsdK;om;a&;0g'awGudk
qef@usif +yD; wdkif;&if;om; vlrdsK;rsm;tm;vHk; cspf=unfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk tpGrf;ukef yl;aygif;
aqmif±Guf=u&ef/ tJ'Dawmh vlrsdK;a&;0g'awG aemufqHk;usawmh r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'yJ ajymajym/
usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsddK;om;a&;0g'yJajymajym/ aemufqdk vlrsdK;a&;0g'awG 'gawGawmh u|efrwdk@
a&Smif&r,f? u|efrwdk@[m t"duuawmh jynfaxmifpkpdwfxm;yJ/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfudk t"du
arG;oGm;&r,f?
jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfatmufrSmom u|efrwdk@tm;vHk; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@
,Ofaus;r_rsm;/ "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;/ bmoma&;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;oGm;r,f? tm;ay;oGm;r,f?
Demonstration by Unity of Diversity 'D[mudk OD;wnf&r,f? u|efrwdk@&J@ uGJjym;r_rsm;[m
u|efrwdkŒtwGuf tiftm;wck jzpf&r,f? u|efrwdk@&J@ uGJjym;r_rsm;[m tm;enf;csuf rjzpf&bl;?
'DuGJjym;aewJh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;/ xHk;pHrsm;/ ,Hk=unfr_rsm;[m u|efrwdk@jynfaxmifpktwGuf
tm;opftm;rmefay;wJh a&pD;a=umif;awG trdsK;rsdK;jzpf&r,f? 'Da&pD;a=umif;rsm;[m acsmif;odrf
acsmif;i,faygif;rsm;pGmu jrpf}uD;wckudk tm;ay;ovdkyJ/ u|efrwdk@ jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;
tm;vHk;&J@ xHk;wrf;pOfvm,Ofaus;r_rsm;[m u|efrwkd@ jynfaxmifpk}uD;jzpfwJh jrpf}uD;udk
tm;ay;&r,f? 'DtxJu pD;qif;+yD;awmh ydk+yD;awmh t&Sdfeft[kef jrifhvmatmifvdk@ tm;ay;&r,f?
'gudk u|efrwdk@ OD;wnf&r,f? 'gudk OD;wnfzdk@twGuf vufawG@usus vkyfEdkifzdk@ qdkwm[m
tajccH p nf ; rsOf ; Oya'wck vd k a eygw,f ? 'D tajccH p nf ; rsOf ; Oya'wck t ay:rS m u|ef r wd k @
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;awGtm;vHk; oabmwlnDEkdifr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if jynfaxmifpktwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ
aumif;ygw,f?
'Dawmh obmywd}uD;ajymoGm;wJh rdef@cGef;xJrSm ygwm[m 'Dwkef;u vGwfvyfa&;
r&cifwkef;u azazh taeeJ@ ay;oGm;wJhuwdrsm;[m azazr&SdwJhaemufydkif;usawmh rwnfcJhvdk@
jynfaxmifpk}uD;[m ar#mfrSef;csufjzpfcJhw,f? tJ'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ rSefygw,f vlwOD;wa,muf&J@
uwdtay:rSm xm;+yD;awmh tm;udk;vdk@rjzpfEdkifbl;? 'g[m yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJ ajym=uygpdk@/ usru
uwday;+yD;awmh usr r&dSawmh&if b,fvdkquf+yD;awmh oGm;=ur,fqdkwm tckuwnf;u
avhvmzdk@vdkr,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DvdktajctaersKd;qdkwm rjzpfoifhygbl;? wdkif;jynfwjynfrSm
vlwa,muf yk*~dKvfwOD;&J@pum;t& tm;vHk;jzpfEdkifw,f? yk*~dKvfwOD;tay:rSm wdkif;jynfwck&J@
uH=urRm[m wnfw,fqdkwm usrwdk@rvdkvm;ygbl? 'Dawmh usrwdk@taeeJ@ ygwDrsm;[m usrudk
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJ@ emrnfoGif;w,fqdkwm[m usrwa,mufwnf;[m tzJG@tpnf;rsm;&J@
uH=urRmudk qHk;jzwfzdk@ r[kwfygbl;? tzJG@tpnf;rsm;&J@udk,fpm; ajymay;zdk@ udk,fpm;vS,fyJ?
udk,fpm;vS,fqdkwm tzJG@tpnf;rsm;&J@ oabmxm;udk wifjyzdk@ 'gyJ? 'DvdkwifjywJhae&mrSm
wa,mufcsi;f wifjywJt h cgusawmh jrefjrefqefqef+yD;w,f? ESpaf ,mufwifjyawmh ESpq f =umw,f?
oHk;a,mufwifjyvdk@&dS&if oHk;q=umw,f? av;a,mufwifjyvdk@&dS&if tpnf;ta0;yJGudku
r+yD;awmhbl;? tJ'DvdkudpPrjzpf&atmif aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyifwJhtcgus&if udk,fpm;vS,f

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 43

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

wa,mufwnf;qdk&if ydk+yD;tqifajyrvm;qdk+yD; pOf;pm;w,f?

aemuf w ck u awmh tm;vH k ; od w J h t wd k i f ; yJ e0w taeeJ @ ygwD t zJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;
rsm;vGef;tm;}uD;vdk@ b,foleJ@ awG@&r,fqdkwm rodbl;vdk@ xyfwvJvJajymaew,f? b,foleJ@
awG@&rSef; rodvdk@&dS&if odatmif tck az:xkwfajymygr,fvdk@ vkyfvdkufwJh tcsufomjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ usr[m udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muftaeeJ@ usrudk oGm;+yD;awmh tu,fI e0w
u awG@r,fqdkvdk@&dS&if awG@ygvdk@ajymwJhae&mrSm trsm;&JŒqENudk wifjyzdk@jzpfygw,f? 'gudkvnf;
usrwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,f}uD;rsm;tm;vHk; em;vnfapcsifygw,f? usr
wa,mufwnf;uaeoGm;+yD; b,fvdkb,fvdkjzpf&r,fqdkwm qHk;jzwfzdk@r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk@
tm;vHk;&JΠwlnDwJhoabmxm;awGudk wifjyzdk@jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh tzJG@tpnf;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m wlnDwJhoabmxm;awG az:xkwf
Edkifw,fqdkwm jywmyJvdk@ usrwdk@ 'Dvdk ,Hk=unfw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ usrwdk@[m 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pkawG[m nD!Gwfr_r&dSbl;qdkwm xyfwvJvJajymaew,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwdk@[m tzJG@
tpnf;aygif;w&mausmfuae+yD;awmh wlnDwJhoabmxm;awG az:xkwfEdkifzdk@vdkw,f? 'D wlnDwJh
oabmxm;awG u d k wnD w !G w f w nf ; wif j yEd k i f w J h t ajctaerS m &d S w ,f q d k & if usrwd k @
'D r d k u a&pD b uf a wmf o m;awG t wG u f wwyf w tm;yJ ? 'D [ mud k Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; apmarmif u
todtrSwfðyoGm;w,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? “wa,mufeJ@ &Spfq,fqdkvdk@&dS&if rSm;vdk@&dS&if
ol@bufu trSm;jzpfrSmaygh” vdk@ ajym&wmyg? nD!Gwfr_tiftm; b,favmuf}uD;ovJqdkwm
jywmyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh nD!Gwfr_tiftm;udk todtrSwfðyoGm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh usr[m wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J@ nD!Gwfr_tiftm;udk txl;av;pm;ygw,f?
jynfaxmifpkae@vdk usrwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;nD!Gwfr_tiftm;udk vdkw,f?
'ga=umifh 'DvdknD!Gwfr_tiftm;ydk+yDawmh wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf/ awmifhwif;
vma&;twGuf vkyfief;t& p+yD;awmh az:xkwf=uzdk@ usr t}uHðyygw,f? 'Dvdk tajccHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'wck t=urf;tm;jzifh a&;qJGa&;twGuf OD;wnfapcsifw,f? usrwdk@ tm;vHk; 'Davmuf
trsm;}uD;u a&;qJGr,fqdk&if =uef@=umEdkifygw,f? udk,fpm;vS,frsm; az:xkwf+yD;awmh w&m;
Oya'udk em;vnfwhJ yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;eJ@ aumfrwDav;wckz@GJ +yD;awmh b,fvkd tajccHpnf;rsO;f Oya'udk
qJGoifhw,fqdkwm nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyif+yD;awmh t=urf;zsOf; p+yD; qJGvdk@&dS&if rrSm;bl;vdk@ xifygw,f?
'DudpPeJ@ywfoufvdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;u oabmwlw,fqdk&if usrwdk@ trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrSm wifjyr,f? 'g[m usrwdk@em;vnfr_ &Edkifr,f? wcsdefxJrSyJ a&G;aumufyJG
0ifcJhvdk@&dS&if 'Dtrwfjy\emudk b,fvdkajz&Sif;rvJqdkwJh 'Djy\emudk &ifqdkif+yD;awmh vkyf&rSmyJ?
'g[m acgif;a&Smifaevdk@r&bl;/ a&G;aumufyJGjzpfcgeD;rS wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf xxdk;aevdk@
roifah wmfygb;l ? rjzpfcifuwnf;u óudwifpOfpm;xm;zd@k vykd gw,f? 'Djy\emudk b,fvakd jz&Si;f &if
taumif;qHk;vJqdkwm qHk;jzwfoifhygw,f? 'DESpfckudk usrwdk@ qHk;jzwfjzpfvdk@&dS&if aemif 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&wufvmwJhtcgus&if jynfaxmifpk}uD;twGuf trsm;}uD; tvm;tvmaumif;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wufvmzdk@twGufvnf; tvm;tvmaumif;w,f? trwfudpPeJ@ ywfoufvdk@
tcsif;csif;&efjzpfraebl;qdkvdk@&dS&if a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk usrwdk@ wnDw!GwfxJeJ@ 0ifoGm;Edkifr,f?
nD!Gwf+yD;aemuf awmifhwif;wJh tpdk;&zJG@Edkifyghr,f? 'gudkvnf; usrwdk@tm;vHk; 'DtcsdefrSm pOf;pm;zdk@

44 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

jzpfygw,f?
aemifwufwJhtpdk;&[m nDnD!Gwf!Gwf tiftm;&dS&dSvkyfEdkifwJhtpdk;&jzpfzdk@ trsm;}uD;
vdyk gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh aemifwufwt hJ pd;k &[m ydrk rkd sm;jym;wJjh y\emawGukd &ifqikd &f r,f?
'Djy\emawGudk &ifqdkifzdk@ ajz&Sif;zdk@qdkwm[m tpdk;&rSm tiftm;&dSzdk@vdkygw,f? tiftm;r&dSwJh
tm;aysmw h hJ tpd;k &[m 'Djy\emawGukd ajz&Si;f Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? jynfov l x
l [ k m 'Davmufawmif
aoG;ajrus+yD;awmh pGef@pm;cJh+yD;awmh pGef@v$wfcJh+yD;awmh owWd&dS&dSeJ@ &if;+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pD&atmif
,lcJh+yD;awmh tm;r&dSwJh tpdk;&udk wifajr‡mufvdkufvdk@ tvkyfrjzpfbl;qdk&if usrwdk@ tifrwefrS
&mZ0if&dkif;yghr,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ nD!Gwf+yD;awmh tiftm;awmifhwJh tpdk;&rsKd; az:xkwfzdk@twGuf
usrwd@k tm;vH;k rSm wm0ef&w Sd ,f? a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;ta=umif; pOf;pm;vd@k &&Sd if 'g[m jy\emrsm;udk
aoaocsmcsm&ifqdkifzdk@ pOf;pm;yg? a&G;aumufyJGrSm b,fvdktpdk;&rsKd;udk az:xkwfcsifovJqdkwm
pOf;pm;&r,f? awmifhwif;+yD;awmh nD!GwfwJhtpdk;& az:xkwf&r,f? 'Dvdktpdk;&wck az:xkwfEdkifrS
,ckvuf&dSjzpfay:aewJh wdkif;jynf&J@ jy\emawGudk usrwdk@ajz&Sif;Edkifr,f? aemifudkvnf;
ajz&Sif;Edkifr,f?
,ckvuf&Sd wdik ;f jynfrmS jzpfay:aewJh jy\emtawmfrsm;rsm;udk e0w tpd;k &u ajz&Si;f
oGm;rSm r[kwfbl;qdkwm/ 'Djy\emawGudkvnf; tm;vHk;=um;+yD;rSmyg? tJ'Dtjyif aemufxyf
wufvmrJh jy\emawGvnf; &drS mS yg? 'Djy\emawGtm;vH;k ajz&Si;f zd@k twGuf nD!w G af wmifw h if;wJh
tpdk;&udkzJG@pnf;zdk@taeeJ@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; vufcHEdkifwJh tajccHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'wck &dSzdk@[m 'DESpfckudk OD;wnfzdk@vdkw,f? 'g tcsdeftcgwefyg+yD? 'ga=umifh rl0g' oabmxm;
awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh usrwdk@ bmrS tjiif;yGm;aep&m bmrS r&dSygbl;? tm;vHk;[m oabmwlnD
+yD;om;yJ jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; oabmwlnDcsuf&dSwJh/ jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm; axmufcHr_&dSwJh jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefwckom wnfwH@cdkif+rJr,fqdkwm usrwdk@
tm;vHk; vufcHxm;ygw,f?
usr[m Federal qdkwJh pum;vHk;wvHk;udk roHk;csifbl;? obmywd}uD;ajymcJhwJhtwdkif;
ygyJ? 'Dpum;[m trsm;pku em;rvnf=ubl;? usru oHk;vdkufvdk@&dS&if txiftjrifvJG+yD;awmh
trsm;}uD;yJ jy\emwufEdkifw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@vnf; roHk;ygeJ@? Unitary vnf; roHk;ygeJ@?
“jynfaxmifpk” qdkwJh Armpum;oufoufyJ/ &$wf&Suf'Gwf'ufawG rygwJh Armpum; oufoufyJ
oHk;oGm;+yD;awmh b,fvdkjynfaxmifpkudk usrwdk@xlaxmifrvJ? b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@ jynfaxmifpkwckudk
az:xkwfrvJqdk+yD;awmh 'Dvdkjynfaxmifpkwckudk az:xkwfa&;twGuf tajccH pnf;rsOf;Oya'wckudk
tm;vH;k ua&;+yD;awmh/ t=urf;zsO;f tm;jzifh 0dik ;f 0ef;a&;qJzG @kd v+kd yDv@kd wifjyvdu k yf gw,f? usr taeeJ@
vkyfief;t& ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gyJ ajymcsifygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG}uD;[m b,favmufcufcJw,f? b,favmuftE W&m,frsm;w,f
qdwk muawmh xl;xl;axGaxG trsm;}uD;ajymaezd@k rvdyk gb;l ? cyfww kd ekd @J wckyJ arwWm&yfccH siyf gw,f?
tckqdkvdk@&dS&if usrwdk@trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudk t"duypfrSwftjzpf e0w u owfrSwf
xm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk@tzJG@csKyfudk xdk;ESufw,f/ xdk;ESufr,f/ aemifxyfvnf; xdk;ESufzdk@
&nf&G,fcsuf&dSw,f? 'DvdktcsdefrSm usrwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;wJh
tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;[m 0dik ;f 0ef;+yD; yHyh ;kd ay;=uyg? usrwd@k bufu &yfwnfay;=uyg? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 45

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

usrwdk@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudk xdk;ESufw,fqdkwm[m tzJG@wckudk xdk;ESufwmr[kwfyJ

'Dru kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_wckv;kH udk xd;k ESuw f m jzpfygw,f? usrwd@k ukd a&G;+yD;awmh xd;k ESuw f ,fqw kd m[m
'D[m tckdifceff@qHk; tiftm;t}uD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkqdk+yD;awmh xdk;ESufaewmjzpfw,f?
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyftaeeJ@ xd;k ESuw f mr[kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd usrwd@k ukd xd;k ESuw f m[m
trsm;pk&J@ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk xdk;ESufwmeJ@ twlwlyJrdk@vdk@ 0dkif;0ef;+yD; ulnD=uyg? yHhydk;=uyg/
usrwdk@bufu &yfwnfay;=uyg?
tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usrwdk@[m ajymxm;+yD;yg+yD? usrwdk@&J@ tm%mzDqefa&;vkyfief;udk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;pOfeJ@oGm;wmyg? 'DrSm&SdwJ@ vl}uD;rif;rsm;tm;vHk;[m vGwfvyfa&;ordkif;
udk aumif;aumif;}uD;od+yD;om;rdk@ usr xyfqifh+yD;awmh ajymaep&mrvdkygbl;? 1945-46 ck/
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifaewJhtcgrSm azazeJ@ zqyv tzGJ@csKyfwdk@[m tm%mzDqefa&;/ jynfol
vlxkeJΠtrsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh tm%mrsm;udk zDqefa&;qdkwJh vrf;pOfudk vdkufcJhygw,f?
tJ'v D rf;pOfukd vdu k cf w
hJ hJ w+ydKifeufwnf;rSmyJ !SEd id_ ;f yg/ aqG;aEG;yg/ wdik yf ifygq+kd yD; +Adwo d #tpd;k &udk
zd w f a c:cJ h y gw,f ? yxr +Ad w d o #tpd k ; &[mvnf ; e0w tpd k ; &twd k i f ; yJ r!S d E _ d i f ; csif b l ; /
raqG;aEG;csifbl;qdkwJh taetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh aemufydkif;=uawmh !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;
wdkifyifjcif;tm;jzifh tm;vHk;ajyvnfoGm;ygw,f?
tckacwftcg usrwdk@ wdkif;jynftwGif; tifrwef0rf;enf;p&m aumif;wmu e0w
tpdk;&[m +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&avmufrS jynfolvlxk&J@ oabmxm; Public Opinion udk
tav;rxm;bl;? 'ga=umifh Public Opinion udk tav;xm;zdk@ 0dkif;+yD; oabmwlnD=uyg/
zdtm;ay;=uyg? tpdk;&wckqdkwm[m jynfolvlxk&J@ qENoabmxm;udk tav;xm;zdk@ vdkygw,f?
'Dvdk Public Opinion udk tav;xm;+yD;awmh !SdE_dif;wdkifyifr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if tm;vHk;[m
ajyvnfr_&Edkifr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f? usrwdk@[m tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfudk vdkufwm[m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;pOfudk vdkufwmyg? Auy vrf;pOfudk vdkufaewm r[kwfygbl; qdkwmawmh
tm;vHk;odatmif ajymcsifygw,f?
usrwdkŒtaeeJ@ tm%mzDqefa&;/ rw&m;wJh trdef@tm%mrsm;/ trsm;jynfol&J@
oabmwlnDcsuf r&SdwJhtrdef@tm%mrsm; zDqefwmudk t=urf;zufwJhenf;eJ@ vufeufenf;eJ@
csKd ;azmufr,f/ ESrd ef if;r,fqv kd @kd &&dS ifawmh Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;vrf;pOfukd csKd ;azmufwmyJ/ ESrd ef if;wm
yJvdk@ usrwdk@ ,lq&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tcktaeeJ@ e0w tpdk;&[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
vrf;pOfudk oGm;rSmvm;/ OD;ae0if;&J@ rqv vrf;pOfudk quf+yD;awmhoGm;rSmvm; qdkwmudk
pOf;pm;&r,fhtcsdef a&mufae+yD? usrwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tay:rSm ,Hk=unfr_&SdcJhw,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if 0dkif;0ef;+yD;awmh e0w tpdk;& taeeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
vrf;pOf jzpfwJh !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;a&;udk OD;wnfzdk@zdtm;ay;=uygqdkwm usru arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f?

46 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

OD;at;az. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf

“æ ordkif;udk jrifwJh ae&mrSm History as a process jzpfpOfwcktaeeJ@yJ jrifzdk@

vkdygw,f? ordkif;udk w o aezdk@/ jyefvnfvGrf;qGwfaezdk@ r[kwfyJe@J ordkif;&J@ oifcef;pmawGudk
,l+yD;awmh ordik ;f [majymif;vJaewJo
h abm&Sw
d ,f? tJ'D oabmobm0udk avhvm+yD;awmh vuf&dS
rsufarSmufjzpfysufaewJh tajctaeawGe@J b,fvdknD!Gwfatmif aqmif±Guf&rvJqdkwm
oifcef;pm,lwwf&r,f æ ?”

“æ wdkif;jynfxlaxmifzdk@twGuf pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;wJhtcgrSm vufeufeJ@ odrf;oGif;jcif;

a=umifh twdkif;twmwcktxd atmifjrifaomfvnf; vufeuftm;udk;eJ@ wnfaxmifcJhwJh
EdkifiHawmf[m =um=umrcHcJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh yk*Hacwf[m ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfavmufrSm
ysufpD;cJhygw,f? wyifa±$xD;acwfusawmh ydk+yD;&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwJhenf;eJ@ xlaxmifzdk@
}udK;pm;vmwmawG@&ygw,f? 'g[m ordkif;udk jrif&rSmu b,fvdkenf;eJ@ wdkif;jynfudkxlaxmifrS
atmifjrifr,f qdkwJh t,ltqyg æ ?”

“æ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wef;wlnDr# aygif;pnf;a&;eJ@ pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;cJhygw,f?

tJ'Dvdk pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;cJhjcif;a=umifh trdsK;om;a&; wm0efudk aqmif±GufEkdifcJhygw,f æ?”

“æ olusqHk;oGm;wJhtcsdefrSm olxm;cJhwJhapwem/ oljzpfapcsifwJh tem*gwf[m

jzpfrvmyJeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;awG&J@ &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk r&&SdcJhbJ qHk;±_Hk;cJhygw,f?
qHk;±H_;onfESifhtr# AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pnf;±Hk;cJ@wJh wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;[mvnf;
wpwp +ydKuGJ ysupf ;D vmcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd &oifh &xdu k wf mudk r&wJt h wGuf wkid ;f &if;om;awG[m
wdu
k yf 0JG ifqifEv
J$ mwm tm;vH;k todygy?J tJ'v D kd wdu
k yf 0JG ifjcif;a=umifh wdik ;f jynf 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk
ajy+yD; ysufpD;um/ 'Dae@ 'Dtajctaeudk a&muf&SdcJh&ygw,f? ,ae@ tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif;
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;[m 0g;tpnf;ajyovkd ajycJhygw,f æ ?”

“æ vGwfvyfa&;r&cifu trdsK;om;a&;wm0ef[m vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ tcsKyftjcm

tm%mykdifa&;yJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'D trsdkK;om;a&;wm0efudkvnf; tm;vHk; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;
aqmif±GufEkdifojzifh atmifjrifcJhw,f? 'Dae@ trsdK;om;a&;[m 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrdsK;rsm; wef;wlnDr#a&;jzpfw,f? tJ'D trsdK;om;a&;udk aqmif±GufEdkifzdk@ twGuf wckeJ@ wck
acgif;eJ@yef;ozG,f cGJjcm;vdk@r&ovdk cGJjcm;r_rjyKrS u|efawmfwdk@ ar#mfrSef;wJh wwd, jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if aH wmfac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf topfac:ac:/ wu,fwrf; om,m0ajymwJ/h
wu,fwrf;+idrf;csrf;wJh/ wu,fwrf; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfwJh/ wu,fwrf; t"Gef@&SnfwJh/ wwd,
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf[m xGufay:vmvdrfhr,fqdkwm wifjy&if;ed*kH;csKyfygw,f æ ?”

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 47

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xyfraH qG;aEG;csurf sm;

“apmapmu usr ajymcJhygw,f? jy\emawG[m tifrwefrsm;ygw,f? aemif

tpdk;&wuf+yD;rS jy\emawG rsm;ygr,f ajymcJhygw,f? usrwdk@ oabmxm;csif; twlwlygyJ? ckeu
ajymoGm;wJt h wdik ;f ygy?J usrwd@k [m yd+k yD;awmh &if;&ifE;DS ES;D wa,mufe@J wa,muf ,H, k =kH unf=unfe@J
vkyfEdkifa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;a&;/ yHkrSefawG@EdkifwJhtzGJGŒav;wzGJ@ zGJ@Edkifa&;twGuf usrt}uHjyKygw,f?
tJ'DtzGJ@ zGJŒEdkifvdkŒ&Sd&if 'Dbufujy\em&Sdvdk@&Sd&if [dkudk wifjyr,f? [dkbufujy\em &Sd&ifvnf;
'Dbufudk wifjyEdkfifw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh tcktajctaet&qdkvdk@&Sd&if usrwdk@uae+yD;awmh
'D wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk rulnDEdkifwJhtjyif usrwdk@uawmifrS jyef+yD;awmh
tultnDawmif;ae&wJh taetxm; &Sdcsif&Sdygr,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdk&ifawmh usrwdk@[m awmfawmfyJ jy\em&ifqdkifae&ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh
wa,mufe@J wa,mufaygah v tjyeftvSef ulnED ikd af tmifv@kd / axmufyEhH ikd af tmifv@kd / em;vnfr_
,lEdkifatmifvdk@ tJ'g vkyfief;t&ay;&r,fvdk@ xifygw,f? aemufqHk;usawmh tm;vHk; +cHK+yD;
ajymvdkuf&if usrwdk@ tvkyfvkyfzdk@vdkw,fqdkwm jzpfaew,f?
odyf+yD;awmh pum;ajym&if;eJ@ em;vnfvmwmu wbufayghav? tvkyftm;jzifhvnf;
wbufu em;vnfr_&Sm&r,fvdk@ usrxifygw,f? 'gayr,fh EdkdifiHa&;qdkwmuawmh aemufqHk;
usawmh pum;ygy?J Edik if aH &;enf;eJ@ Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;ajz&Si;f w,fqw kd m wa,mufe@J wa,muf
pum;ajym+yD;awmh/ em;vnfr_,l+yD;awmh ajz&Sif;wmyJ? tJ'Dawmh wcsdefvHk;em;vnfr_,laezdk@awmh
}udK;pm;&r,f? 'guakd wmh tjrefq;kH usrtaeeJ@ zG@J csiw f ,f? tjrefq;kH p+yD;awmh yHrk eS af wG@qckH siw f ,f/
aqG;aEG;csifw,f? tjrefqHk; usrwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJyHkpHudk azmfxkwfoGm;vdkw,f?
usrjrifwmuawmh 'DwdkufyGJ[m usrwdk@[m ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ? usrwdk@bufrSm jynfol
vlxktiftm;&Sdayr,fh tm%mvnf;r&Sdbl;/ vufeufvnf;r&Sdbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk@ wdkufyGJ
yHo
k ¾mef[m wcsed v f ;kH ajymif;vJ+yD;D awmh vkyaf e&w,f? tajctaet&/ jynfov l xl t k aetxm;
t&/ tm%mydkifrsm;&J@taetxm;t&/ usrwdk@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&J@ taetxm;t&/ wdkif;jynf
taetxm;t& wcsdefvHk;wdkufyGJudk ajymif;+yD;awmh vkyfae&wJhtcgusawmh em;vnfr_ vGJroGm;zdk@
tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
wcgwav wdu k yf yJG pkH [
H m ae@csi;f ncsi;f ajymif;oif&h if ajymif;&r,f? tJ'v D kd ae@csi;f ncsi;f
ajymif;&r,fqdkvdk@&dS&if em;vnfr_&dSaerS tquftoG,f&dSaerS 'gudk atmifatmifjrifjrifeJ@
ajymif;oGm;Edkifw,f? 'ga=umifh tcktcsdef[m tefrwefrS ta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefyg? 'ga=umifh tm;vHk;
nDn! D wG !f wG ef ŒJ vkyzf @kd ukd OD;wnfwmyg? usrwd@k vufrw S x
f ;kd wm rxd;k wm/ 'gawGukd ody+f yD;awmh
t"durxm;yge@J vufrw S xf ;kd +yD;awmh wu,fn! D w G rf r_ vky&f if nDn!
D w G !
f w
G rf vkyv f @kd &d&S ifvnf;
bmrS t&ma&mufrSm r[kwfbl;/ vufrSwfrxdk;ayrJhvnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwfvkyfr,fqdk&if ydk+yD;awmh
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm vufrSwfxdk;wm rxdk;wm 'gawGudk odyfpOf;pm;aezdk@rvdkbl;?
wu,fta&;us&ifawmh tm;vHk;[m woHwnf; jzpf&r,f? tm;vHk;wnDw!Gwfwnf; v_yf&Sm;
Edkif&r,f? 'gygyJ 'gtwGuf OD;wnfzdk@ usrwdk@}udK;pm;&r,f?
48 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

OD;cGew
f ifa&$ (ytd@k 0f) . aqG;aEG;csuf

usaemfwdk@tzJG@csKyftaeeJ@ ,Hk=unfxm;wmu 'D e0w tpdk;&taeeJ@ tm%mpGef@v$wf

oGm;&HkeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; yGifhvif;vm+yDvdk@ r,Hk=unfygbl;? tpdwftydkif;wcktaeeJ@
+yD;ajrmufoGm;+yDvdk@yJ jrifygw,f? tJ'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ 'DtcsdefrSm e0w tpdk;&taeeJ@ usaemfwdk@
tcG i f h t a&;ud k trsKd ; rsKd ; csKyf c s,f a ew,f q d k w m usaemf w d k @ ,H k = unf y gw,f ? 'ga=umif h r d k @
wufEdkifwJhbufu usaemfwdk@ tultnDay;aeygw,f? Oyrm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfeJ@
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwmrsKd; wufEkdifoavmuf vkyfaeygw,f? aemufwcku usaemfwdk@udk zdESdyf
csKyfcs,faewJh t&mawGudk wGef;vSef+yD;wJhtcg usaemfwdk@ vkyfaewmawGudkvnf; 'DtcsdefrSm
wygwnf; jyifqifxm;oifhw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f? 'gudk tcsKd;ususoGm;Edkifatmif jyifqifae
ygw,f? tzJG@csKyftaetxm;[m pnf;&Hk;a&;tydkif;udk oGm;ae&wJhtydkif;rSmvnf; vHk;0 r+yD;ao;yg?
tzJG@csKyf[mvnf; b,fawmhtcgrS ray:aygufcJhbl;wJh tzJG@csKyftaetxm;rsKd;yg? wcsdefwkef;u
qdk&if jynfe,fnD!Gwfa&;qdk+yD; tay:,Hav;om &dScJhygw,f? tck tJ'D taetxm;rsKd; rvmyJeJ@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGtmvHk; yg0ifEdkifatmif zefwD;xm;wJhtwGufa=umifhrdk@ usaemfwdk@eJ@
oGm;wJhae&mrSm usaemfwdk@eJ@ oifhawmfwJhtaetxm;rsKd;udk t"duxm; aqmuf&Guf&r,fh
taetxm;rsKd; &dSygw,f?
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jy\emwufw,fqdkwmvnf; ae&mwdkif; [kwfcsifrS[kwfrSmyg? 'DtcsdefrSm wzJG@csif; wzJG@csif;
pkpnf;cdkifrmr_&dSzdk@ vdktyfr,fvdk@ jrifygw,f? 'DtrwfudpPavmufeJ@r+yD;yJ aemifjy\emawG
trsm;}uD;&dSygao;w,f? a&G;aumufyJG+yD;&if tpdk;&ay:aygufvmwJhtcg tm%mcJGa0a&;eJ@
jy\emawG &dES ikd yf gw,f? tESpEf pS t f vvu &dcS w hJ jhJ y\emawG[mvnf; 'Dtcsed rf mS ray:aygub f ;l
vdk@ ajymvdk@r&Edkifygbl;?
aemufwcku e0w udk wifwphJ mrSm usaemfw@kd tzJ@G yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJjh cif; r&dyS gb;l ?
'Dupd rP mS usaemfw@kd [m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfukd raxmufccH siv f @kd
r[kwyf gb;l ? wzufu a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd u wdu k yf 0GJ ifaeovdk usaemfw@kd uvnf; wzufu
wufEdkifoavmuf ulnDzdk@toifhygyJ? 'gayrJh usaemfwdk@ wckyJpOf;pm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@[m
trsm;eJ@aygif;pnf;xm;wJh tzJG@jzpfvdk@ tvkyfawGudk wtm;vkyf&rJhtcsdefrSm pvkyf&Hk&dSao;w,f
ruJGoGm;apcsifbl;? 'ga=umifh tcuftcJ&dSygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfwdk@[m oD;jcm;awmif;qdkcsuf
wapmifa&;+yD; wifcJhygw,f? usaemfwdkΠjzpfapcsifwmu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfeJ@
usaemfwdk@[m wu,frdwfaqGozG,f atmufarhxm;ygw,f? vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udkvnf;
wufEdkifwJhbufu 0if+yD; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufay;yghr,f? tcsKd@ae&mav;awGrSm usaemfwdk@
rvkyfEdkifwm rygEkdifwmav;awGudkvnf; usaemfwdk@taetxm;udk iJhn‡maomtm;jzifh pOf;pm;
oHk;oyfay;ygvdk@ ajym=um;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 49

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

OD;jrifOh ;D ("Ek). wifjyaqG;aEG;csuf

“ æ æ æ 'Dae@tpnf;ta0;udk oHk;oyfwJhtcgrSm usaemfwdk@&J@ oabmxm; rl0g'awGudk

wifjycJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: cH,lcsufoabmxm;udk
wifjy&mrSm t"durl0g'oabmxm;awGrSm uJGjym;jcm;em;r_r&dSwm awG@&ygw,f? aemufwcsuf
bm wifjyvmovJqdk&if 'Dtcsdef[m vufawG@vkyfief;vkyfzdk@ tcsdefjzpfygw,f? 'gudkvnf;yJ
vufcHygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh 'Dae@EdkifiHa&;[m tajymif;tvJodyfjrefw,f? a&G;aumufyJG
a&mufcsifa&mufr,f/ ra&mufcsifra&mufbl;? 'D=um;xJrSm 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGudk b,fvdk0if&r,f/
b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@oGm;&r,fqdkwm rodEdkifwJhtcsdefrsKd;rSm wdkif;&ifom;vlrsKd;awGtaeeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDygwD
tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ xdxdrdrd pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm vufwJGaqmif&Gufr_[m tifrwef ta&;}uD;aeyg
w,f? 'Dvdk vufwJGaqmif&Gufzdk@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u apmapmu wifjy&mrSm trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfudk wifjyr,fvdk@ xifygw,f? usaemfhwdk@taeeJ@uvnf; obmywdtzJG@eJ@
twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@rSm wifjy&r,fvdk@ xifygw,f?

usaemfudk,fpm;ðyxm;wJh "EktrsKd;om;ygwDtaeeJ@ wifjycsifwmu jynfaxmifpk

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfeJ@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwdk@&J@ wdkif;&if;om;u¾
yl ; wJ G v ky f i ef ; aumfr wDu dk zJ G@ csify gw,f ? trnf u awmh ay;csif w may;yg? 'D aumf rwD [m
tcsuf(4)csufudk rlwnf+yD; aqG;aEG;oifhw,f? yxrtcsufuawmh avmavmq,f 'Drdkua&pD
wdkufyJGrSm wdkif;&if;om;jynfolawGeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwdk@[m b,fvdk
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrvJ? aemufwcku tm;vHk;wifjyoGm;wJhtxJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? b,fvdk
jynfaxmifpkppfppfudk zJG@pnf;xlaxmifoifhovJ? 'gudkvnf; tm%mcJGa0zdk@u tp wifjyoGm;+yD;
jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@tzJG@csKyftaeeJ@vnf; atmufwdkbmvrSm t+yD;a&;qJGjyifqifxm;zdk@
jzpfygw,f? tJ'gawGukd wbufujyifqif&if; aumfrwDtaeeJ@ ndE‡ i_d ;f aqmif&u G rf v
_ yk zf @kd vdyk gw,f?
aemufwcku a&G;aumufyJGtwGuf wifjyzdk@jzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawGrSm usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
tzJG@awGeJ@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwdk@ jy\emav;awG &dSygw,f? 'gudkvnf; wifjyoGm;wJh
twdkif; tzJG@csKyfawGu 'gudk vkyfaqmifzdk@udpP&dSygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfaqmifzdk@udpP&J@wm0ef[m
yl;wJGvkyfief;aumfrwD ay:vmvdk@&dS&if aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;&r,f? usaemfjzpfcsifwJh tajctaeudkawmh
usaemfwdk@ tpnf;ta0;rSm wifjyygw,f? 'gygyJ?

50 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

obmywd Edik af iGord ;f . ed*;kH csKyfred @f cGe;f

'Dae@tpnf;ta0;[m awmfawmfjy!fhpHkygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ usaemfwdk@wawG[m

jynf a xmif p k w d k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf e J @ trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf r S
a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ vma&mufaqG;aEG;+yD;awmh aoG;csif;om;csif; nDtudkarmifESr
t&if;tcsmyrm 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ aemifvmr,fh jynfaxmifpk}uD;
az:aqmifa&;twGuf ckewkef;u pdwfxJrSm&dSwmudk ESpfOD;ESpfzufayghav tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;wm
aus;Zl;vnf;wifygw,f? apmapmu a':atmifqef;pk=unf wifjyovdkyJ usaemfwdk@rSmvnf;
vkyfief;aumfrwDu qufvkyfaeygw,f? jyifqif+yD;om;vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'DaumfrwDudk
qufpyf+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@u qufvkyfoGm;zdk@ &dSw,fqdkwm ajym=um;&if; aemufqHk; ed*Hk;csKyf
ygw,f? aus;Zl;vnf; wifygw,f? ?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 51

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcef; (5)
jynfaxmifpkppfppf “rl”
(yxrt}udrw
f ikd ;f &if;om;nDvmcHrS qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;)

yxrt}ud r f obmywd p H k n D t pnf ; ta0;wG i f a&S @ vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ES i f h y wf o uf I

ta&;}uD;aom qHk;jzufcsuf (2) &yfudk csrSwfEdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ

(1) wk d i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;. Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD a ygif ; pH k wuf a &muf r !f h

wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrS urux ðyI usif;y&ef/
(2) Arm (0g) jrefrm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if jynfaxmifpkzGm;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk wufa&mufr!fh trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk
usif;y&ef/
[laom tcsufrsm;yifjzpfygonf?

‚if;qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;nDvmcHudk 1990 jy!fh azaz:0g&Dv (8)

&ufae@rS (10)&ufae@txd atmifjrifpGm usif;ycJhygonf? xdknDvmcHodk@ tzJG@csKyf. tzJG@0if
EdkifiHa&;ygwD (19)ygwDESifh tzJG@csKyftzJG@0if r[kwfao;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwD
(6)ygwDdrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&muf+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&;/
ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;a&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@twGuf ta&;ygaom qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;udk csrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf?

xkdnDvmcH. xl;jcm;csufw&yfrSm UNLD tzGJ@0if+yDd;om; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh

tzGJ@0ifr[kwfao;aom wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u atmufygtajccHrl(4)csufudk ppfrSefaom
jynfaxmifpkpepf.tajccHrlrsm; (0g) jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlrsm;tjzpf vufcHtwnfðy Edkifjcif;yif
jzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ

1? (u) Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwnf;[laom EdkifiHa&;

tm%m tjy!fht0&Sdo!fh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk zGJ@pnf;
&rnf? xdk@jyif -

52 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(c) trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u jynfaxmifpktwdkif;twmjzifh aqmif±Guf&ef jynfaxmifpk

Oya'ðyt!$ef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;tygt0if aiGa=u;pepf paom udpPrsm;rSty/ ºuGif;usef
aomtm%mrsm; Residual Power rsm;udk jynfe,fv$wfawmfwGif xm;&Sd&rnf?

2? jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;udk zGJŒpnf;&mwGif yx0Dtaetxm;ay: tajccHI

zGJ@pnf;jcif; rjzpfapbJ/ vlrsdK;udk tajccHaom trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;om jzpfap&rnf?
vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;tajctaet& trsdK;om;jynfe,f (8) jynfe,fudk tajccHaom
jynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;&rnf?

3? trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk

zG J @ pnf ; aomtcg vl r sd K ;pk v $ w f a wmf (txuf v $ w f a wmf ) ES i f h jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf
(atmufv$wfawmf) [lI v$wfawmf ESpf&yfxm;&Sd&rnf?

4? vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmftrwfOD;a& tnDtr#

apv$wf=u&rnf? odk@rSom jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpk
pepf [lo!fh tESpfom& ay:vGifrnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif jynfe,frsm;rS vlOD;a&
tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmftrwfrsm;udk apv$wf=u&rnf?

xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;jzpf=uo!fh

OD;at;az/ Edkifcifarmif/ OD;vseftkyf/ EdkifwifazESifh qvdkif;vsefr_ef;wdk@u a&;om;wifjyo!fh
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (yxrrl=urf;) udkvnf; nDvmcHodk@ wifoGif;EdkifcJhygonf? ‚if;
yxrrl=urf;ay: tajccHI 'kwd,rl=urf;udka&;qGJ&ef rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDudk atmufyg
yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?

(1) OD;at;az (&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf)

(2) OD;at;omatmif (&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf)
(3) OD;Edkifcifarmif (rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@)
(4) OD;Edkifwifaz (rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@)
(5) OD;EkdifaiG& (rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@)
(6) qvdkif;vsefr_ef; (csif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf)
(7) pdkif;tdkufaygif; (&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf)
(8) apmausmfa±$ (jynfaxmifpku&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf)
(9) apm[m&DpD (u&iftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf)
(10) OD;pDZmusdK; (r&mjynfol@ygwD)
(11) OD;apmarmif (&cdkifjynfol@'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk)

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 53

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

xdkaumfrwDrS jyifqifa&;qGJ+yD;aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif

tajccH&r!fh rl=urf;tjyif tajccHOya'wGifyg0ifr!fh tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;qdkif&m tao;pdwf
tcsuftvufrsm;/ Oya'ydkif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ydkif;qdkif&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;udkyg jy!fhpHkpGm x!fhoGif;a&;qGJEdkif&ef atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;tm; wm0efay; aqmif±GufcJh=uyg
onf? xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;onf Oya'u|rf;usifolynm&SifESifh awG@qHk t}uHOm%frsm; &,lcJh=uygonf?
(1) OD;at;az
(2) OD;ombef;
(3) Edkifcifarmif
(4) qvdkif;vsefr_ef;

‚if;wdk@ðypka&;qGJxm;aom jynfaxmifpkrlpmwrf;tjy!fhtpHkudkvnf; 'kwd,t}udrf

obmywdpHknD tpnf;ta0;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;&ef pDpOfxm;ygonf?

xkn d v
D mcHwiG f “jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;jy\em” pmwrf;tygt0if tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;udk
wifoGif;aqG;aEG;cJh=uygaomfvnf; vuf&SdtajctaewGif jynfwGif;ESifh tvSrf;uGmaeaoma=umifh
‚if;nDvmcHrSwfwrf;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg? xdk@a=umifh TpmtkyfwGif xdknDvmcH
wGif wifoiG ;f aom pmwrf;rsm;udk azmfjyEdik jf cif;r&Sad =umif; 0rf;enf;pGmwifjytyfygonf? xd@k a=umifh
Tae&mwGif nDvmcHt+yD; xkwfjyefcJhaom owif;xkwfjyefcsufudkom azmfjytyfygonf?

“wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcH owif;xkwjf yefcsu”f

ae@pGJ ? 1990 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (10)&uf?

ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifwGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aom jynfawmifpk

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm; pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom “jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf” . tzGJ@tpnf;ygwD(19)ckESifhwuG tzGJ@csKyf0if
r[kwfao;aom EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwD(6)ckwufa&mufaom “wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcH”
w&yfukd ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; wef;wla&;/ jynfaxmifppk pfppf zG@J pnf;a&;/
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;wd@k twGuf &efuek ®f r@wiG f 1990 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&vD /(8) &ufrS (10) &ufae@txd
oHk;&ufwdkifwdkifusif;ycJhygonf?

1? xdknDvmcHwGif ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &cdkif/ &Srf; po!fh vlrsdK; (8)rdsK;udk
tajccHo!fh jynfe,f(8)jynfe,fjzifh zGJpnf;r!fh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh EdkifiHawmf
zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k t ajccH r l = urf ; pmwrf ; wapmif u d k !S d E _ d i f ; aqG ; aEG ; jz!f h p G u f j yif q if
twnfðycJh=uygonf?

54 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

2? vmr!fh 1990 ckESpf/ arv (27)&ufae@wGifusif;yr!fh ygwDpHktaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJY

jynfe,frsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwD0if
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tEdik &f &Sad &;twGuf tjyeftvSeyf yhH ;kd ulnaD &; pmwrf;wapmifukd
!SEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG; jz!fph u
G f jyifqif twnfðyum “a±G;aumufyJG atmifEikd af &;aumfrwD” w&yfukd
zGJ@pnf;cJh=uygonf?

4? “jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf” rS wifoGif;o!fh EdkifiHa&;

a&S@vkyfief;pOfpmwrf;udk nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm; !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG; jz!fhpGufjyifqifum/
vmr!fh 1990 ckESpf/ {+yDvtwGif; “trsdK;om;y%mr!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJ” Y 'Drdkua&pD
bufawmfom; ArmEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;.
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;jzifh usif;y&ef nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wnDw!Gwfwnf;
qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf?

5? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ &efukefwdkif;

A[ef;®r@e,f trSwf(1) rJqENe,frS a±G;aumufyGJwGifyg0if,SOf®yif&efpm&ifoGif;jcif;udk
uef@uGufolwpfOD;tjzpf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf obmywd
tzGJ@0if/ ucsifjynfe,ftrsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD em,u}uD;/ yifvHknDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f
ucsit f rsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif OD;'de&f wefukd rrSerf uef rw&m;pGypf u
JG m Edik if jH cm; owif;pmrsm;/
toHv$ifhcsufrsm;ESifhwuG jrefrmowif;pmrsm;ESifh ±kyfjrifoH=um; toHv$if hcsufwdk@wGif
az: jycJhygonf? xdkvkyf&yfudk oufqdkif&m ucsifjynfe,f trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@rS r[kwfrrSefa=umif; ajz&Sif;csuf
xkwfjyefcJhygonf? odk@aomf oufqdkif&mowif;Ïmersm;u wpfpHkwpf&m raz: jycJhay?
xdkjzpf&yfrSm OD;'def&wefESifhwuG wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk oduQmcs/ ao;odrfatmif
ðyvkyfjcif;tjzpf TnDvmcHrS oabmxm;a=umif; rSwfwrf;wifygonf?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcH
1990 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (8) &ufrS (10) &uf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 55

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

trsK;d om;y%mr!‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGu

J si;f yEdik af &;twGuaf qmif±u
G jf cif;

1990 jy!fh azazmf0g&Dv (8) &ufrS (10) &uftxd usif;ycJhaom wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcH

wGif yxrt}udrf obmywdpHknDtpnf;ta0;wGif wifoGif;cJhaom “trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;
pmwrf;” udpPudk jyefvnfaqG;aEG;=uaomtcg/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk rlvpDpOfo!fhtwdkif; 1990
arv a±G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSom usif;yoifha=umif;/ odk@&mwGif t&Sdeft[kefjzifh v#ifjrefpGm
ajymif;vJaeaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifh udkufnDatmif =um;cHtqifhwcktaejzifh trdsK;om;
y%mr!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk a±G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif usif;yoifha=umif; aqG;aEG; oabmwl
cJh=uygonf?

xdk qHk;jzwfcsufESifhtnD trdsK;om;y%mr!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;ya&;aumfrwDw&yfudk

UNLD tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh UNLD tzGJ@0if r[kwfao;aom jynfe,fwdkif;&if;om; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
yl;aygif;I zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ xdk !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJudk 1990 jy!fh {+yDvwGif usif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf?
trsdK;om;y%mr!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;ya&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm æ

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfru
S ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;

1? OD;at;az &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
2? OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf csif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
3? OD;apmoef;&Sdef u&ifjynfe,ftrdsK;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
4? OD;EdkifaiGodef; rGeftrdsK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
5? OD;Edkifcifarmif rGeftrdsK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
6? OD;armifqm watmif;(yavmif) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
7? OD;tm&fyDaomif; u,ef;trdsK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@
8? OD;at;omatmif &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;ygwrD sm;rSu,

kd pf m;vS,rf sm;

1? OD;ref;!Gef@armif jynfaxmifpku&iftrdsK;om;tzGJ@csKyf
2? OD;apmausmfa±$ jynfaxmifpku&iftrdsK;om;tzGJ@csKyf
3? OD;apm[m&dpD u&iftrdsK;om;'Drdkua&pDuGef*&uf
4? OD;*sL;vd,ufpfxuf u&iftrdsK;om;'Drdkua&pDuGef*&uf
5? OD;cGefxGef;OD; &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
6? OD;pdkif;tdkufaygif; &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

56 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

xdkaumfrwDrS zdwfac:urf;vSrf;csufwpfapmifudk xkwfjyef+yD; atmufyg ArmEdkifiHa&;

ygwDrsm;tm;qufoG,fcJhygonf?

1? 'Drdkua&pDESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (3-4-90)
2? 'Drdkua&pDygwD (4-4-90)
3? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (5-4-90)
4? 'Drdkua&pDr[mrddwfrsm;tzGJ@csKyf (5-4-90)
5? jynfaxmifpktrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD (6-4-90)
6? trdsK;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (12-4-90)
7? vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (6-4-90)
8? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (23-4-90)

xdk ArmEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh trsdK;om;y%mr!dSE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJ wckðyvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf

tóudjyifqifr_rsm; !SdE_dif;xm;&ef oGm;a&muf awG@qHkcJh=uygonf? xdkygwDrsm;ESifh !SdE_dif;csuft&
a,bk,stm;jzifh trdsK;om;y%mr!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckusif;y&ef oabmwlnDcsuf &cJh+yD;
usi;f yr!fyh o
kH ¾mefEiS hf tcsed t
f cgtajctaeudo k m vdt
k yfovdk jyefvnf!EdS id_ ;f =u&ef oabmwlnD
cJh=uygonf? odk@aomf aemufqHk;t}udrf (23-4-90)&ufae@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD;aemufydkif; a±G;aumufyGJ&uf eD;uyfvmaoma=umifh ygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ygwD
a±G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&a&;twGufom pdwf0ifpm; pnf;±Hk;aqmif±Gufvm=ujcif;/ tzGJ@csKyf
taeESifha&m tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;. a±G;aumufyGJpnf;±Hk;a&;umv ta&;w}uD; tcsdeftcg jzpfae
jcif;/ vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;jzpfysufajymif;vJr_tajctaet&wa=umif;/ trsdK;om;y%mr !SdE_dif;
aqG;aEG;yGJwck {+yDvtwGif; rusif;yEdkfifcJhyg?

trsdK;om;y%mr!SdEd_if;aqG;aEG;yGJudk pDpOfcJho!fhtwdkif; 1990 jy!fh {+yDvwGif usif;y

Edkifjcif; r&SSdcJhaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk@aom !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; vdktyfcJhyHkESifh ‚if;. &nf±G,fcsufrsm;udk
pmzwfolrsm;avhvmEdkif&ef UNLD . zdwfac:urf;vSrf;pmudk Tae&mwGif jyefvnf x!fhoGif;
az: jytyfygonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 57

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf

trSwf (393)/ Adv

k af tmifausmv
f rf;/ &efuek +f rdKŒ?

ae@pGJ? 2-4-1990?

ta=umif;t&m? ? trsdK;om;y%mr !SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJusif;y&ef zdwfac:urf;vSrf;jcif;?

1? 1350 jy!f h 'Dr d ku a&pD t a&;awmf yH k } uD ;onf jref rmEd k if iH awmf . 'k w d , t}ud r f
vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ}uD;yif jzpfayonf? ta=umif;rSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;
rSDwif;aexdkif=uukefaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; arG;&mygtcGifhta&;tjzpf &&SdcHpm;
xdkufo!fh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk rlvydkif&Sif jynfolvlxkvufxJodk@ jyefvnftyfESif;&ef óud;yrf;
aqmif±GufwdkufyGJ0ifaom ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfaoma=umifhyif jzpfygonf?

2? u|Ekfyfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf EkdifiHawmftm%mudk rlvydkif&Sifjzpfaom jynfolvlxk

vufxJodk@ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;/ t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh jyefvnfa&muf&Sdatmif vGwfvyf
oef@&Sif;I w&m;r#waom a±G;aumufyGJwGif vlxkqENcH,l+yD; wdkif;jynfESifh vlxktwGuf
toHk;awmfcH&ef óud;yrf;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yif jzpf=uygonf?

3? jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;onf (26)ESpf=um zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhaom rqv wygwD tm%m&Sif

pepf. cg;onf;r_'%fukd emusn;f pGm cHpm;+yD;jzpfI vlx.
k vGwv f yfa&;ESihf aumif;usKd ;csr;f omudk
aqmif±Gufay;r!fh 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;xHodk@ rdrdwdk@ arG;&myg EdkifiHawmf
tm%mrsm; toHk;ðycGifhudk qENrJay;I v$Jtyf=urnf[k tjy!fht0 ar#mfvifhygonf?

4? tem*gwf j ynf a xmif p k } uD ; onf 'D r d k u a&pD x G e f ; um;I +id r f ; csrf ; om,mzG H @ ®z;+yD ;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; udk,fh=urRmudk,f vGwfvyfpGm zefwD;cGifh&Sdaom EdkifiHawmf jzpfvm
a&;twGuf u|Efkyfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;t}uHxkwfI pkaygif;vkyfaqmif=u&ef txl;
vdktyfonf[k tav;teufcH,lxm;ygonf?

5? u|Ekfyfwdk@EkdifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifaom wdkif;jynfjzpf&m

vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ acgif;yHkjzwftjrwfxkwfjcif;/ EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;ESifh
tm%mcsdefcGifv#m rnDr#jcif; ponfrsm;&Sdaeygu vlrsdK;aygif;pHkcspf=unfaoG;pnf;aom
jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk xlaxmifEikd rf nfr[kwaf y? xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk vGwv f yfpmG
udk,fh=urRmudk,f zefwD;cGifh&&Sda&;/ EkdifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;/ nD&if;tpfudk
pd w f " gwf j zif h cspf = unf & if ; ES D ; a&;wd k @ tay: tajccH a om jynf a xmif p k } uD ; xl a xmif & ef
udk,fpGrf;Om%fpGrf;&Sdoa±G@ óud;yrf;aqmif±GufoGm;=u&ayrnf?

58 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

6? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh tjy!fht0&&Sda&;/ EdkifiHom;wdkif; 'Drdkua&pD

ESifh vlom;yDopGm touf&SifaexdkifcGifh &&Sda&;wdk@udk tjy!fht0 tmrcHcsufay;&ef EdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;yHkajccHOya'jzifh jyÏmef;umuG,fay;&ygrnf? xdk@a=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@ qifE$Jaeaom
'kwd,t}udrf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;. yef;wdkifonf
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opf}uD;udk
a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;yif jzpfygonf?

7? 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aom ppfrSefo!fh jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk

tajccHOya' a&;qGjJ yÏmef;Edik &f ef 'Dru
kd a&pDbufawmfom; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; pHn
k pD mG wufa&muf
aom trsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yf rusif;ycif/ trsdK;om;y%mr!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJw&yf usif;y&ef
av;eufpmG zdwaf c:tyfygonf? xdk !SEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGw
J iG f ppfreS af omjynfaxmifppk epfay:xGe;f a&;
twGuf t"duusaom tajccHrlrsm;udk tm;vHk;oabmwl csrSwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;
ygonf?

8? jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpk

pepf.tajccHrltjzpf atmufaz: jyyg tajccHrl (4) csufudk csrSwfxm;ygonf?

(u) Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m wnf;[laom

EdkifiHa&;tm%mtjy!fht0&&Sdo!fh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;udk zGJ@pnf;&rnf?
(c) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjynfe,frsm;udk yx0Dtaetxm;ay: tajccHzGJ@pnf;jcif;
rjzpfapbJ vlrdsK;udk tajccHaom trdsK;om;jynfe,frsm;om jzpfap&rnf?
vuf&dS Edik if aH &;tajctaet& trsKd ;om;jynfe,f(8)jynfe,fukd tajccHaom
jynfaxmifpkudkzGJ@pnf;&rnf?
(*) trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; EdkifiHa&;t&wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf
(txufv$wfawmf) ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf) [lI
v$wfawmf ESpf&yfxm;&Sd&rnf?
(C) vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmftrwfOD;a&
tnDtr# apv$w=f u&rnf? od@k ro S m jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwyl ;l aygi;f aom
jynfaxmifpkpepf[lo!fh tESpfom&ay:vGifrnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif
jynf e ,f r sm;rS vl O D ; a&tcsd K ;tpm;tvd k u f v$ w f a wmf t rwf r sm;ud k
apv$wf=u&rnf?

9? txuf a zmf j yyg jynf a xmif p k p pf p pf r l tajccH ( 4)csuf u d k jynf a xmif p k w d k i f ; &if ; om;
vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwD (19) ygwDESifh tzGJ@0ifrjzpfao;aom EdkifiHa&;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 59

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

ygwD (6)ygwwD ufa&muf=u+yD;/ 1990 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v

D (8)&ufrS (10)&uftxd usi;f ycJo
h !fh
wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHwGif wifjytwnfðy+yD;jzpfygonf?

10? xdktajccHrlrsm;udk nDaemifArmwdkif;&if;om; 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk

wifjy!‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG;I oabmwlncD su&f ,lEikd &f ef trsKd ;om;y%mr!SEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGu
J kd 1990
{+yDv oifhawmfaom ae@&ufwGif usif;y&ef jyifqifxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

odk@jzpfI 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh tem*gwfjynfaxmifpkta&;udk a&S@±Skaomtm;jzifh trsdK;om;

y%mr!SEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik &f ef vl}uD;rif;wd@k ygwt
D aejzifh u|Eykf w
f @kd EiS hf vufw+JG yD;
udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifOD;aqmifr_ay;yg&ef av;pm;pGm zdwfac:urf;vSrf;tyfygonf?

av;pm;pGmjzifh -
yHk§ -
qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
twGif;a&;rSL;ESifhrl0g'a&;&maumfrwDtzGJ@0if
jynfawmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

60 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tcef; (6)
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
(odkŒr[kwf)
EdkifiHawmftm%mudkt-urf;rzufaomenf;jzifhjyefvnf&,la&;vrf;pOf
jynfaxmufpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf UNLD onf “EdkifiHawmf
tm%mudk rlvydik &f iS jf zpfaom jynfov l xl v
k ufxo J @kd +idr;f csr;f aomenf; t=urf;rzufaomenf;jzifh
jyefvnfa&muf&dSatmif vGwfvyfoeff@&Sif;I w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGwGif vlxkqENudk cH,l+yD;
wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsKd;twGuf toHk;awmfcH&ef }udK;yrf;aom EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf; jzpfygonf?
od@k jzpfI yxrt}udrf obmywdpn kH t
D pnf;ta0;wGif wifoiG ;f cJah om a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f
yg0if,SOf+ydKifa&;rl pmwrf;tay: udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. aqG;aEG;qHk;jzufcsuft& tzJG@csKyftaejzifh
vnf;aumif;/ tzJ@G csKyf. tzJ@G 0ifEidk if aH &;ygwrD sm; taejzifv h nf;aumif;/ 1990 arvwGif usi;f y&ef
&nf&G,fcJho!fh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGwGif yg0if,SOfòydif&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? xdk@jyif 1990 jy!fh
azaz:0g&DvwGif usif;yo!fh yxrt}udrf wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHwGif UNLD tzJG@0ifrsm;ESifh
tzJG@0ifr[kwfao;aom jynfe,fwdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; yl;aygif;I “jynfe,frsm;
a&G;aumufyJG atmifEdkifa&;aumfrwDD” w&yf zJG@pnf;cJhygonf? xdkaumfrwD. &nf&G,fcsufrSm æ

(1) 'D r d k u a&pD b uf a wmf o m;rsm; tjywf t owf tEd k i f & &d S a &;twG u f pk a ygif ;
aqmif&Guf&ef/
(2) jynfe,frsm;wGif vlrsKd;pkEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tjywftowf tEdkif&&dSa&;twGuf
tcsif;csif;ulnDyHhydk;=u&ef/
(3) rJqENe,fwckwiG f Edik af jct&dq S ;kH vlrsK;d pkEikd if aH &;ygwD (0g) 'Dru
kd a&pD bufawmfom;
udk 0dkif;0ef;yHhydk; ulnD&ef/

xdkaumfrwDwGif atmufygyk*d~Kvfrsm; yg0ifygonf?

(1) OD;qrm;ausmfzg;aemf (ucsifjynfe,f)

(2) apm'ifeD,,fvf (u&ifjynfe,f)
(3) apm'l;=unf (u,m;jynfe,f)
(4) qvdkif;vsefr_ef; (csif;jynfe,f)
(5) Edkifwifaz (rGefjynfe,f)
(6) OD;at;omatmif (&cdkifjynfe,f)
(7) pdkif;tdkufaygif; (&Srf;jynfe,f)

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 61

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

xdka&G;aumufyJG atmifEkdifa&;aumfrwDrS atmufyga&G;aumufyJG atmifEdkifa&;

ausnmcsufwapmifudk xkwfjyefcJhygonf?

(u) jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.
a&G;aumufyaGJ tmifEidk af &; ausnmcsuf

1? jynfe,f (7)ckESifh wdkif;tcsKd@&dS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;ygwD (19)zJG@

pkpnf;xm;aom “ jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfEiS hf wuG tzJ@G csKyfo@kd
r0ifao;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;ygwD(6)zJG@wdk@ 1990 jy!fh
azaz:0g&Dv (8)&ufae@rS (10)&ufae@txd 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wla&; óud;yrf;r_ t&Sdeft[kef¹r‡ifhwif&ef “wdkif&ifom;nDvmcH” w&yfudk
usif;ycJhygonf?
2? xdknDvmcHrS vmr!fh 1990 jy!fh/ arv (27)&ufae@Y usif;yr!fh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxG
a&G;aumufyJG}uD;wGif 'Drdkua&pD tjy!fht0&&dSa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t&
wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&dSa&;twGuf a&S@wef;rS wufºuGpGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;aeaom
'Drukd a&pDbufawmfom; Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;ygwrD sm; tEdik &f &daS &;udk &nf&, G uf m “jynfe,f
aygif;pHk a&G;aumufyJG atmifEdkifa&;aumfrwD” w&yfudk zJG@pnf;cJhygonf?
3? vmr!fha&G;aumufyJGonf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;twGuf rvJGraoG ausmfjzwf&r!fh
t"duusaom ordkif;rSwfwdkifwcktjzpf tav;teufcH,lygonf?
4? u|Eyfk wf @kd onf vGwvf yfoef@&iS ;f I w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f jynfov
l xl qk ENuckd ,
H +l yD;
'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;aom ppfrSefo!hfjynfaxmifpk yef;wdkifqDodk@ csDwuf&ef pdkif;jyif;v#uf
&dSae=uygonf?
5? ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkonf atmufygt*F g&yfrsm;ESifh nD!Gwf&rnf [k u|Ekfyfwdk@ cH,lonf?
(u) Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m tjy!fht0&dSaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;ap&rnf?
(c) trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;+yD;/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk
zJG@pnf;ap&rnf?
(*) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf[lI v$wfawmf
ESpf&yfxm;&dSap&rnf?
(C) vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f tnDtr#
&dSap&rnf?
(i) jynfe,frsm;udk yw0Dtaetxm;tay: tajccHI zJG@pnf;jcif;rjzpfap&/ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;. trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;om jzpfap&rnf?
(p) vuf&dSjrefrmEkdifiH. EdkifiHa&;tajctaet& trsKd;om;jynfe,f(8)jynfe,fudk tajccH
aom jynfaxmifpkudk zJG@pnf;ap&rnf?
62 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

6? jynfaxmifpk wnfwcHh idk +f rJa&;onf vlrsK;d wrsK;d / vlwef;pm;w&yf. wm0efr#om r[kwaf pbJ/
u|Ekfyfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;. wm0efjzpfap&rnf? ta=umif;rSm u|Ekfyfwdk@.
bdk;bGm;ydkife,fajrwGif a&S;ya0o%Duyif twl,SOfwJGaexdkifvm=uaom vlrsKd;rsm; jzpf=u
onf? xd@k a=umifh u|Eyfk wf @kd tm;vH;k . arG;&myg wm0efjzpfonf[k tav;teuf cH,=l uonf?
7? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if oH nf wdik &f if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHak exdik af om Edik if jH zpfo!ft
h m;avsmpf mG
jynfaxmifpkt"Gef@&Snfwnfwef@a&;twGuf vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ wef;wlnDr#a&;ESifh
nD&if;tudkpdwf"gufjzifh cspf=unf&if;ESD;a&;wdk@udk tmrcHcsufay;Edkifr!fh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
jzifhom EdkifiHawmfudk zJG@pnf;xlaxmifEdkif&ef tpGrf;ukef }uKd;yrf;oGm;rnf?
8? 1947 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'. aysmhuGuf[muGufrsm;ESifhwuG vGwfvyfa&;
&+yD; r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'ESihf usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&;0g'rsm;tjyif *d% k ;f *%0g'pJG t,ltqpGJ
wdk@a=umifh jynfwGif; vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ}uD; oufqdk;&SnfcJh&ayonf? xdk jynfwGif;
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ}uD;. uGif;quftjzpf 'Drdkua&pD qdwfokOf;um wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf
}uD; pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_udk jynfolw&yfvHk; (26)ESpf=um cHcJh&ayonf? tESpf (40)ausmf=um
jynfwGif;yÉdyuQ}uD;udk tjrefqHk;csKyf+idrf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;enf;t& +idrf;csrf;I w&m;
r#waom tajccHtay: ndE‡ i_d ;f ajz&Si;f &ef trsK;d om;nDvmcHw&yf ac:,lusi;f yrnf[k u|Eykf w f @kd
cH,lxm;onf?
9? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf cspf=unf+idrf;csrf;om,maom jynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmif&ef ppfrSefaom
'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wltcGifhta&; &&dSa&;wdk@twGuf
a&S@wef;rS rm;rm;rwfrwff &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;aeo!fh u|Ekfyfwdk@tm; aoG;csif;om;csif;
wdik ;f &if;om;jynfov l xl k w&yfv;kH u u|Eykf wf @kd . v$waf wmf uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;udk qENraJ y;I
a&G;cs,fwm0efay;=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcH yef=um;tyfygonf?

(c) UNLD a&G;aumufyaGJ tmifEidk af &;

pnf;&H;k a&;c&D;pOfrsm;ESihf a[majymyJrG sm;

1? UNLD rSu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; pnf;&H;k a&;c&D;xGujf cif;

ytd@k (0f) nDvmcHwufa&mufjcif;

tzJ@G csKyf. obmywdtzJ@G 0if OD;apmoef;&deS Ef iS hf jyef=um;§qufo, G f wm0efcH OD;ombef;

wdk@onf 1990 ckESpf/ arv(8)&ufae@rS (10)&ufae@txd awmif}uD;òrd@wGif usif;yaom
pwkxWt}udrf jynfaxmifpkytdk@(0f)trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf?
wquf w nf; wG i f tif; trsKd; om;tzJ G @ csKyf ES if h &S rf ;jynf w d k if ;&if ;om;vl rsKd ;pk rsm;'D rd k u a&pD
tzJG@csKyfwdk@ESifh nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? qufvufI awmif}uD;òrd@rSwqifh u,ef;
trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G rS OD;rm&fub
kd ef;ESihf OD;ombef;wd@k onf tif;av; a'o
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 63
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tif;azgcHkodk@ oGm;a&muf+yD;/ tif;trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyfESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;/ vGdKifaumfòrd@wGif u,m;

jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhygonf?

&cdik jf ynfe,fo@kd pnf;&H;k a&;c&D;xGujf cif;

tzJG@csKyf. obmywdtzJG@0if OD;apmoef;&dSef/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@0if qvdkif;vsefr_ef;/

OD;at;omatmifwdk@onf arv (9)&ufae@wGif &cdkifjynfe,f&dS ppfawGòrd@/ 0g;bdk&Gm/ aygufawmòrd@/
ajrmufOD;/ rif;jym;/ ykÀm;u|ef;/ &aohawmifòrd@/ ausmufawmfESifh csif;jynfe,f/ yvuf0òrd@
rsm;odk@oGm;a&mufcJh=uygonf? xdkpnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;pOfwav#muf tzJG@0ifrsm;onf tzJG@csKyf.
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pD&&dSa&;/ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;wef;wla&;qdkif&m
tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;a[majymcJh=uygonf? xdk@jyiftzJG@0ifrsm;onf rdrdtzJG@csKyfESifh
wdkif;&if;om;ygwDrsm;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;ygwDrsm; a&G;aumufyJGtEdkif&&dSa&;twGufyg pnf;&Hk;
a[majymcJh=uygonf?

watmif;(yavmif) nDvmcHwufa&mufjcif;

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrS vkyfief;aumfrwD ODarmifqm

onf rwfv(7)&ufae@rS (10)&ufae@txd usif;yaom watmif;(yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzJG@csKyf. òrd@e,faygif;pHk yxrt}udrfnDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufcJhygonf? xdknDvmcHodk@ òrd@e,faygif;
(8)òrd@e,frS A[dktvkyftr_aqmifrsm;/ a&G;aumufyJGwGif yg0if,SOfòydif=ur!fh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;
rsm;ESihf ausmufròJ rd@ay:&dS òrd@ròd rd@zrsm; wufa&mufc=hJ uonf? xdnk v
D mcH}uD;Y arv (27)&ufae@wiG f
usif;yr!fh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGY tEdkif&&dSa&;twGuf wòrd@e,fESifh wòrd@e,f/ rJqENe,f wckESifh
wck wlnDaoma&G;aumufyJG pnf;&Hk;a[majymr_ pmwrf;rlw&yftjzpf nd‡Ed_if;ðypkI atmifEdkifa&;
“qig&ef *g;” pnf;&H;k a&;pmapmif xkwaf 0cJo h nf? a&G;aumufyGJ r0ifEikd af o;aom òrd@e,fa'orsm;udk
qufvufpnf;&Hk;I &nf&G,fcsufjcif; vkyfief;jcif;wlnDaom 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;taumiftxnfaz:oGm;r!fh udpP&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;
qHk;jzwf=uygonf?

2? UNLD pnf;&H;k a&; a[majymyJrG sm;

UNLD a&G;aumufyJG atmifEdkifa&;ESifh wuG/ ‚if;. rl0g'rsm;/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh

vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;jynfolvlxkxH wifjyEdkif&ef UNLD A[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;u
pnf;&Hk;a[majymcJh=uygonf? xdka[majymcsufrsm;teuf t+rJwef;obmywdtzJG@0ifjzpfaom
OD;Edik af iGord ;f u jrefrmh&yk jf rifo=H um;rSvnf;aumif;/ OD;at;omatmifu jrefrmhtoHrv
S nf;aumif;/
a[majym xkwfv$ifhcJh=uygonf? xdkpnf;&Hk;a[majymcsufpmwrf;udk e0w ppftpdk;&. “qifqm”

64 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tzJ@G u wcsK@d pmom;rsm; jzwfawmufomG ;cJyh gonf? ,ck az: jyyg pnf;&H;k a[majymcsuf pmwrf;onf
rl0g'a&;&maumfrwDu olwdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;a[majym&ef rlvjyifqifa&;om;xm;o!fhtwdkif;
rjzwfrawmuf az: jytyfygonf?

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJGŒcsKyf.
rl0g'oabmxm;/ &nf&, G cf suef ŒJ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
pnf;&H;k a[majymcsuf pmwrf;?

cspf=unfav;pm;tyfygaom aoG;csif;om;csif; wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; cifAsm; æ

jynf a xmif p k w d k i f ; &if o m;vl r sKd ; rsm;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf & J @ rl 0 g'oabmxm;eJ @
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk wdkawmif;wJhtcsdeftwGif;rSm tusOf;r# wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf[m u&if/ ucsif/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;/ ytdk0fh/
yavmif/ u,ef; po!fh aoG;csif;om;csif; wdkif;&if;om;ygwD(19)ygwDeJ@ yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh
tzGJ@csKyfjzpfygw,f?
tzGJ@csKyf0if ygwDawGuawmh æ
1? &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
2? rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
3? watmif; (yavmif) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
4? u&ifjynfe,ftrsdK;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
5? csif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
6? u,m;jynfe,fvlrsdK;aygif;pHk'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
7? &Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
8? &cdkiftrsdK;om;vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@
9? ZdkrD;trdsK;om;uGef*&uf
10? awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;ESifh &Srf;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
11? jynfaxmifpkytdk0fhtrsdK;om;tzG@JcsKyf
12? awmifydkif;csif;'Drdkua&pDygwD
13? ucsiftrsdK;om;vHk;qdkif&m uGef*&uf
14? +rdK (ac: ) crD trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@
15? awmifwef;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
16? u,ef;trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
17? ucsiftrsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
18? tif;trsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf
19? &cdkiftrsdK;om;vlr_b0¹rSifhwifa&;tzG@J (r&rm}uD;) wdk@ jzpf=uygonf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 65
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH[m wdkif;&if;om;vlrsddK;aygif;pHkaexkdif=uaom EdkifiHwEdkifiH

jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; aygif;pHk aexdkifwJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk;
yg0if+yD; aoG;pnf;cdkifrmwJh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufEkdifzdk@ vdktyfygw,f? trdsK;om;
nD!Gwfa&;udkwnfaqmuf&mrSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wla&;
tajccHay:rSm wnfaqmuf&ygr,f? vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ trsdK;om;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh wef;wla&;udk
tajccH+yD; trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udkwnfaqmufEdkifcJhovkd tJ'Dtiftm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l
cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm tkyfpdk;olawG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwf
vrf;!$ecf w hJ hJ tajccHral wGukd aoGz+D yD;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&J@ ud,k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGiEhf iS hf wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&;awGudk arS;rSdef ao;odrfapcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; wnfaqmufcJhwJh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;[m ysufjym;+yD; jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH[m
aemufqHk;rSm wygwDtm%m&Sifwdk@vufxJudk usa&mufcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGG@JcsKyf[m 'D ordkif;oifcef;pmawGudk,l+yD; rl0g'oabmxm;/
&nf ± G , f c suf / vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k csrS w f x m;jcif ; jzpf y gw,f ? 'D o abmxm; &nf ± G , f c suf
vkyfief;pOfawGuawmh æ

(1) 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wla&;/

(2) trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/
(3) ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;/
(4) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/
(5) jynfe,ftoD;oD; tcsdK;nD zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;rS jynfaxmifpk}uD; acwfrSDzGH@+zddK;
wdk;wufa&;/
(6) rnfo!fhtm%m&SifpepfrsdK;rS jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHrSm aemufxyfwzef
ray:xGef;a&;wdk@ jzpfygw,f?

'Drdkua&pDa&;ESSifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;wef;wla&;udk tenf;i,f&Sif;jy&rnfqdkv#if/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if [ H m wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS vGwv f yfpmG toufarG;0rf;a=umif;
jyKEkikd cf iG /hf yk*v
~ u d ykid q
f ikd cf iG /hf w&m;Oya't&mwGif wef;wlciG rhf sm;ESihf vGwvf yfpmG ,H=k unfu;kd uG,cf iG /hf
vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ pDwef;vS!fhvnf qENjycGifh/ toif;tzGJ@/ or*~/ ygwD
zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcGifh pwJh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;&J@ udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh/ udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifheJ@
wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm;yg qHk;±H_;cJh&ygw,f?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;[m a&S;ya0o%Dacwfuyif tcsdK@u xD;+ydKifeef;+ydKif
ya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm;udk xlaxmif tkyfpdk;cJh=uovkd/ tcsdK@uvnf; apmfbGm;/ apmfzsm;/ apmfuJ/ 'l;0g;/
awmifydkif/ awmiftkyfpo!fh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;ESifh udk,fhenf;ukd,fh[ef udk,fhpepfjzifh udk,fydkif
tkycf sKyfaexdik cf =hJ uygw,f? ol@u|eb f 0udk twlwal &mufc&hJ ovd/k u|ew f iG ;f rS vGwaf jrmuf&efvnf;
qdk;wlaumif;zuf vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumvrSmvnf; trsdK;om;

66 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

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w,f? trSefu wjynfaxmif pepfomjzpfygw,f? wygwDtm%m&Sifwdk@&J@ A[dkOD;pD;pepfatmufrSm
bmrSvkyfydkifcGifhr&SdwJh jynfe,fawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh trnfcHjynfaxmifpkomjzpfygw,f? ppfrSefwJh
jynfaxmifpkqdkwmu jynfe,f jynfr cGJjcm;r_r&SdwJh ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &cdkif/
&Srf; pwJh ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh tjy!fht0&SdwJh jynfaxmifpk jynfe,fawGudkaygif;+yD; A[dktpdk;&udk

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 67

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ygr,f? A[dktpdk;&tm%mESifh jynfe,ftpdk;&tm%mawGudk cGJa0owfrSwf

xm;&ygr,f? jynfe,ftpdk;&awGrSm A[dktpdk;&udk tyfESHxm;wJh tm%mrSvGJI useftm%mawGudk
Oya'jyÏmef;csufESifhtnD vkyfydkifcGifhawG&Sd&ygr,f? 'grS ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk jzpfygr,f?
ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;a&;[m jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhvnf; wenf;tm;jzifh
qufpyfaeygw,f? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;r_ &&Sdatmif tjrefqHk;}udK;pm;aqmif±Gufzdk@vdkygw,f? 'Dvdk
aqmif±GufwJhtcgrSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wla&; tajccHtay:rSm
EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;zdk@ vdktyfygw,f? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;r_r&SdwJhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_
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jynfolawG&J@ pm;& 0wf&r,fh aiGawG/ wenf;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynfzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmuf
&mrSm toH;k jyKr,fh aiGawGuðkd zef;wD;aeovd/k wdik ;f &if;om;nDtudak wG&@J toufaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm
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jzpfapwJh 'DvufeufudkifyËdyuQudk EdkifiHa&;enf;t& tjrefqHk;ajz&Sif;+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;r_&atmif
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jynfaxmifp}k uD;acwfrw
DS ;kd wufa&;

txufu wifjycJhovdk 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;vmr,f/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;vnf;

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ray:xGef;a&; jzpfygw,f?
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68 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

pepfrS rxGef;um;Ekdifatmif Oya't&vnf; jyXmef;&r,f/ wrsKd;om;vHk;vnf; 0dkif;0ef; }udK;yrf;

&ygr,f?
ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJ@ ajym&r,fqdk&if tckwifjycJhwJh tzJG@csKyf&J@ oabmxm;/ &nf&G,fcsuf/
vkyfief;pOfawG[m tvGef}uD;rm;wJhtwGuf 'gudk vlrsKd;wrsKd;/ wzJG@wygwDtaeeJ@ aqmif&Guf
jcif;xuf jynfaxmifpktusKd;/ trsKd;om;tusKd;udk vdkvm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; yl;aygif;vufwJGaqmif&GufoGm;=uygpdk@vdk@ wdkufwGef;&if; ed*Hk;csKyftyfygw,f?

(3) pnf;&H;k a&;c&D;pOfrsm;wGiaf [majymcsurf sm;

UNLD taejzifh jrefrmh&kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh jrefrmhtoHrsm;rSomru/ vludk,fwdkif

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pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;pOfwGif twGif;a&;rSL; qvdkif;vsefr_ef;u 1990 jy!fh arv (14)&ufae@wGif òrd@OD;òrd@Yf
a[majymcJhaom a[majymcsufudkyg Tae&mwGif jyefvnfwifjyygonf? qvdkif;vsefr_ef;.
a[majymcsufudk UNLD u vnf;aumif;/ csif;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfu vnf;aumif;
&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfuvnf;aumif; oHk;}udrfwdkifwdkif xkwfa0jzef@csdcJh+yD;jzpfygonf?

ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt
k a&;ESihf vlrsK;d pkjy\emrsm;

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vGwfajrmufzdk@ twlwuG vufwJGwdkufyGJ0if&ef qHkqnf;ae=uygw,f?
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wyg;udk jzKwfcs+yD;/ vlx}k udKufEpS of ufwhJ rif;wyg;udk ajymif;vJ wifa¹r‡muf±ekH @J r+yD;ygb;l ? usaemfw@kd
wduk yf [
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wdkufyGJr[kwfbl;? tm%m&Sifpepfudk awmfvSefjzKwfcszdk@ qifE$JwJhwdkufyGJjzpfw,f? pepfwckvHk;udk
awmfvSefajymif;vJwJh wdkufyJG jzpfw,f?
'Dvkd pepfwckv;kH udk awmfveS af jymif;vJww hJ ukd yf rGJ mS usaemfw@kd jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&J@ wdkufyGJaºuG;a=umfoH[m 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifhtwl wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
tm;vHk; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;udk w+ydKifeufxJ wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;r,fvdk@
aºuG;a=umfxm;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDr&SdwJhpepfuae 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;wJhpepf/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;r&SdwJhpepfuae wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&SdwJhpepfrsdK;udk &&Sdzdk@

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 69

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

qifEaJ$ ewJh wdu k yf jJG zpfw,f? 'Dwu kd yf [

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EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wla&;udkyg w+ydKifeufxJ az:aqmifoGm;rSmjzpfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifwJhEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wl&nfwla&;[m cGJr&
atmif qufpyfaevd@k ygy?J '*F g;wjym;&J@ acgi;f eJ@ yef;vdk qufpyfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESihf
wef;wla&;udk yxrwm0ef/ 'kwd,wm0efvdk@ cGJjcm;rxm;yJ w+ydKifeuf vkyfaqmif&r,fh trsdK;om;
wm0efjzpfw,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@cH,lxm;w,f?
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vlrsKd;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifwJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Dvdkvkyfvdk@ r&bl;qdkwm ordkif;oifcef;pm &dSygw,f?
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wwd,qdk+yD; aºuG;a=umfcJhw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS nDtpfudktcsif;csif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&J@
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vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; ,Hk=unfvufcHcJhw,f/ 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;om&w,f? usaemfwdk@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wltcGifhta&; &&dSovm;? udk,fhudk,fudkyJ qef;ppf=uyg?
usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wltcGifhta&; r&&dScJhvdk@/ vlrsKd;pkjy\emudk
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rvHkavmufbl;? wef;wla&;udkyg w+ydKifeufxJ az:aqmif&r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ cH,lxm;ygw,f/
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;oufoufeJ@om vHkavmuf&if EkdifiHawmf&J@ tcsKyftjcm
tm%m rlvydkif&SifjzpfwJh jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk@udk,fpm; EdkifiHawmftm%m toHk;ðycGifhay;wJh
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&ygw,f? 'gayrJh wef;wla&;jy\emuawmh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'eJ@ oufqdkif
aeygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDukd rnfo!fzh @GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@rqdk jyXmef;umuG,f taumiftxnfaz:
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jyXmef;umuG,fvdk@&ygw,f? Oyrmajym&&if tar&duefjynfaxmifpkvdk jynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@vnf;
jyXmef;umuG,fEdkif+yD;/ t*Fvef jyifopf pwJh wjynfaxmifpepfudk usifhoHk;wJhEkdifiHrSmvnf;

70 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

'Drdkua&pDtxl;xGef;um;atmif az:aqmifEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh wef;wla&;udkawmh r&bl;?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&dSa&;udk wjynfaxmifpepfeJ@
taumiftxnfraz:Edkifbl;? wef;wla&;jy\emudk wjynfaxmifpepf Unitary eJ@ ajz&Sif;vdk@
r&bl;? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ wef;wla&;jy\em/ vlrsKd;pkjy\emudk Unitary pepfeJ@ vHk;0
ajz&Si;f vd@k r&bl;? ppfreS w f hJ jynfaxmifppk epf/ zuf'&,fpepfe@J yJ ajz&Si;f Edik rf ,f? taumiftxnfaz:
Ekdifr,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf wdk@&J@ wef;wla&;yef;wdkif[m ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@ EdkifiHawmfudk
zJG@pnf;xlaxmifa&;yJ jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm ar;cGef;wck ar;Edkifygw,f? ar;vnf;ar;cJh=uw,f? cifAsm;ajymaewJh
jynfaxmifpk[m b,fvdkjynfaxmifpkvJ/ jrefrmEdkifiH[m 1947 zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
t&a&m/ 1974 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya't&a&m/ jynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@yJ zJG@pnf;xlaxmifcJhw,f
r[kwfvm;qdk+yD; ar;cGef;xkwfae=uygw,f? rSefygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm emrnfa0g[m&tm;jzifh
“jynfaxmifp”k udk zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcyhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS zJ@G pnf;cJw h hJ jynfaxmifp[ k m
twkta,mifjynfaxmifpk/ tvdrftnmjynfaxmifpkawGyJ jzpf=uw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh
jynfaxmifpkpepf&JŒt*F g&yfeJ@ rnD!Gwfvdk@ygyJ? jynfaxmifpkpepft& jynfe,frsm;&&dScHpm;oifhwJh
EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm; r&&dScJhzl;/ jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;& tm%mcJGa0a&;rSmvnf;
vHk;axG;aew,f? jynfaxmifpkpepft& usaemfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; cHpm;oifh cHpm;xkdufwJh
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ udk,fhuH=urRmudk vGwfvyfpGm zefwD;cGifhr&&dScJhygbl;? &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;r&&dScJhygbl;? wef;wla&;r&dSwJh
jynfaxmifpk[m ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk rjzpfEdkifbl;?
'Dae&mrSmtvsOf;oifhvdk@ usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; bmjzpfvdk@wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&; &&dSoifhovJqdkwm tenf;i,f ajymvdkygw,f? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif
=uwJh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;[m e,fcs@J t*Fvyd v f ufatmufo@kd rusa&mufcif oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwhJ
vlrsKd;rsm;om jzpf=uw,f? cifAsm;wdk@ &ckdifvlrsKd;ESifh rGefvlrsKd;rsm;[mvnf;/ Armbk&if vufatmuf
odk@ rusa&mufcif/ udk,fpepfeJ@udk,f oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh vlrsKd;rsm; jzpf=uw,f? 'Dvdk oD;jcm;
vGwfvyfwJh vlrsKd;rsm;[m e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfvufatmufodk@ twlwuG u|efcH=u+yD; u|efb0u
vGwfajrmufzdk@twGufvnf; twlwuG vufwJG wdkufyJG0ifvm=uw,f? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG
umvrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufoGm;wJhtcg oD;jcm;
EdkifiHawG rxlaxmifyJ/ wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;wJh jynfaxmifpkudk twlwuG xlaxmifzJG@=uzdk@
usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;udk zdwfac:urf;vSrf;cJhw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ zdwfac:
urf;vSr;f csuu f kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;u vufc, H =kH unf+yD;/ yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k cJw
h ,f?
usaemfwdk@ tzdk;tzGm;rsm;u yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhvdk@om usaemfwdk@wawG 'DEdkifiH
twGif;rSm twlwuG pkaygif;aexdkifjcif;jzpfw,f? rnfo!fhvlrsKd;/ rnfo!fhyk*~dKvf ur# vufeufeJ@
wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufu|efðyvdk@ 'DEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;rSm usaemfwdk@ aexdkifjcif;r[kwfbl;/ usaemfwdk@
bdk;bGm;ydkife,fajrtoD;oD;udk rdrdwdk@ qENtavsmufyl;aygif;+yD; 'Djynfaxmifpk}uD;udk zJG@pnf;
xlaxmifjcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Djynfaxmifpk}uD;&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnf+rJa&;/
vGwfvyfa&; t"Gef@&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&; pwJh EdkifiHawmfwm0ef[m vlrsKd;wrsKd; vlwef;pm;w&yf

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 71

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

uom aqmif&Guf&r!fhtvkyf r[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ arG;&mygwm0efjzpfw,f?

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwl aqmif&Guf&rJh wm0efjzpfw,f? 'DjynfaxmifpktwGif;rSm
&dSae=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;[m tcGifhta&;t&omru/ wm0ef,lr_tydkif;rSmvnf;
wef;wl&nfwl jzpf&r,f? 'DvdkrsKd; wef;wla&;udk usKyfwdk@ vdkcsifaeygw,f? tcGifhta&;vnf;r&dS
wm0ef,lydkifcGifhvnf; r&SdwJh b0[m u|efb0 tppfyJ?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymwkef;uawmh cifAsm;wdk@ awmifay:om;awGudk t*Fvdyf
u|efb0rSm raeapcsifovdk/ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ u|efb0rSmvnf; raeap&bl;? wef;wl&nfwl
qufqHyghr,f? Armwusyf&&if &Srf;vnf; wusyf&ap&r,fvdk@ ajymcJhw,f? Armwusyf&&if
&Srf;vnf;wusyf &ap&r,f qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ pum;udk ,HkcJhrdvdk@ yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; 'Djynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh wu,fwrf; vGwfvyfa&;
&wJhtcgusawmh AdkvfcsKyfajymwJh Armwusyf/ &Srf;wusyf “rl” [m b,fvdk jzpfoGm;ovJqdkawmh
Armwusyf &Srf;wusyf/ Armwusyf csif;wusyf/ Armwusyf &cdkifwusyfeJ@ 'DvdkjzpfoGm;+yD;/ Arm
(7) usy&f wJt h cg tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ; (7) rsKd ;[m wusypf yD J &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEdik if rH mS
vlrsdK;a&;wef;wlr_/ EdkifiHa&;wef;wlr_qdkwm r&Sdbl;? jynfaxmifpkae@rSm ArmtuwrsdK; wifquf
wJhtcg tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;u tuwrsdK;pD wifqufujyazsmfajzcGifh&wmudkyJ
wef;wla&;tppftrSefvdk@ xifae=uw,f?
'DvdkrsdK; wef;wla&;udk usKyfwdk@vdkcsifaewm r[kwfbl;/ ,Ofaus;r_wef;wla&;/ vlr_a&;
wef;wla&;udk usKyfw@kd ajymaewm r[kwb f ;l / ordik ;f tpOftvmrwlwhJ vlrsKd ;ESprf sKd ;/ bmompum;ESihf
udk;uG,fr_tajccHcsif;rwlwJh vlrsdK;ESpfrdsK;[m b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS ,Ofaus;r_t&vnf;aumif;/
vlr_a&;t&vnf;aumif; wef;wl rjzpfEdkifbl;? xyfwlvnf; rusEdkifbl;? [m;cg;+rdK@eJ@ &efukef+rdK@[m
b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS xyfwrl usEikd b f ;l / 'gukd usKyfw@kd em;vnfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ArmvlrsKd ;eJ@ csi;f vlrsd K;[m
EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&r,f/ w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufrSm wef;wl&r,f? EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wla&;udkyJ
usaemfwdkΠajymaejcif; jzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&;t&wef;wlcGifhudk usaemfwdk@ awmif;qdkaeygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;t& b,fvdkwef;wl&rvJqdkwm rajymcif/ b,favmuf wef;wl&nfwl
rjzpfcJhovJqdkwmudk t&ifajymcsifygw,f? yxrqHk; 1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
tm;enf ; csuf u d k a jymr,f ? 1947 zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k t ajccH O ya'[m t"d u tm;enf ; csuf
oHk;csuf&Sdw,fvdk@ oHk;oyfrdw,f? yxrtm;enf;csufuawmh jynfe,frsm;udkukd,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh
Ek d i f i H a &;tm%mtjy!f h t 0 ray;wJ h t csuf j zpf w ,f ? uk d , f y k d i f j yÏmef ; cG i f h tjy!f h t 0&S d w J h
EdkifiHa&;tm%mqdkwm Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@yJ
jzpfygw,f? 'Dtm%moHk;&yfpvHk;r&Sd&if udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh/ ukd,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifhqdkwm
rjy!fhpHkEdkifbl;? ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; b,fvdk tvdrftnmcH
cJhovJqdkawmh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk EdkifiHa&;tm%mvdk@ tvdrfnmcHcJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,frSm
&Srf;wa,mufu tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdvkyf+yD; tkyfcsKyf±HkeJ@/ &ckdifjynfe,frSm &cdkifwa,mufu
tkycf sKyf±ekH @J / Edik if aH &;tm%m ay;xm;w,f/ uk, d yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf ay;xm;ygw,fv@kd vdrn f mcJyh gw,f?
trSefrSmawmh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mqdkwm EdkifiHa&;tm%mtpdwftydkif;wckr#omjzpfw,f?
EkdifiHa&;tm%mrSm ta&;}uD;qHk;[m Oya'jyKtm%myJ jzpfw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mqdkwm

72 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

a&;qGJjyÏmef;+yD;om; Oya'twdkif; waoGrwdrf; vdkufempDrHjcif;yJ jzpfw,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;

tm%mvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ jzpfw,f? twnfjyKjyÏmef;+yD;om; Oya'twdkif;om w&m;pD&if&w,f?
'ga=umifh Oya'jyKtm%m[m tc&myJ/ Oya'jyKtm%mr&SdwJhvlrsdK;/ Oya'jyKtm%mr&SdwJh
jynfe,f[m udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh EkdifiHa&;tm%mr&SdwJhvlrsdK;yJ jzpfygw,f?
1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& jynfe,frsm;[m EdkifiHa&;tm%m tjy!fht0
r&Sd=ubl;? jynfe,frsm; EdkifiHa&;tm%m tjy!fht0r&wJhtjyif/ usaemfwdk@ csif;vlrsdK;rsm;[m
jynf e ,f a wmif r &yJ csif ; 0d a oowd k i f ; qd k + yD ; txl ; wd k i f ; tjzpf owf r S w f j cif ; cH & ygw,f ?
usaemfwdk@udkay;xm;wJh xl;jcm;wJh0daoorsm;uawmh txl;tESdrfcHjcif;/ txl;acwfaemufus
apjcif;/ tcGifhta&;rsm; txl;ydwfyifjcif;rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? cifAsm;wdk@&ckdifusawmh b,favmuf
tcGifhta&;&cJhovJrodbl;/ jynfe,f&oifhygvsuf r&&SdyJ &cdkifwdkif;tjzpfeJ@ auseyfcJh&w,fvdk@
od&ygw,f? wu,fwrf; qef;ppf=u!fh&if wdkif;yJac:ac:/ 0daoowdkif;yJac:ac:/ jynfe,fyJac:ac:
ukd,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhEdkifiHa&;tm%mr&SdwJhjynfe,fwdk@/ wdkif;wdk@qdkwm a0g[m&om uGJjym;w,f/
tESpfom&uawmh twlwlygyJ? tJ æ ay;urf;pGef@}uJcJh&wJh ae&mrSmawmh enf;enf;yg;yg;
uG m jcm;rSm aygh? bmyJj zpfj zpf ol r sm; ay;rS u rf ;rS pm;&wJ h Ed k if iH a&;ol awmif ;pm;b0ygyJ?
ukd,fhuH=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifhr&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;olawmif;pm;b0udk EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
tm;enf;csufa=umifh usaemfwdk@ a&mufoGm;cJhygw,f?
1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' 'kwd,tm;enf;csufuawmh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfwJh ArmvlrsdK;rsm;udk jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;apjcif;r&SdapyJ/ jynfr}uD;vdk@ac:ap+yD;awmh
jynfaxmifpktm%mwckvHk;udk yHktyfay;vkdufjcif;yJ jzpfw,f? 'Dvdk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;u jynfaxmifpk
}uD;&J@ A[dktpdk;&tm%mudk csKyfudkifxm;+yD;/ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;usawmh bm tm%m
rSr&SdwJh wdkif;wkd@ jynfe,fwdk@ zJG@pnf;wJhtcg bmjzpfoGm;vJ? usaemfwdk@wawG[m ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&J@
udkvdkeDe,f/ udkvdkeDu|efb0udk a&mufoGm;wmaygh? usaemf 'Dvdkajymvdkufawmh Arm&Jabmf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u vufrcHcsif=ubl;? bmjzpfvdk@ vufrcHovJqdk wm usaemfpOf;pm;vdk@r&bl;?
trSefw&m;udk vufcH&Jzdk@ olwdk@rSm t&rf;udk owWdenf;oGm;=u+yD? jynfaxmifpkqdk+yD; vlrsdK;wrsdKK;u
A[dt k pd;k &&Sd tm%mwckv;kH udk csKyfuikd x
f m;w,f? usew f v hJ rl sKd ;rsm;[m A[dt k pd;k &rSm bmtm%mrS
r&Sdzl;? jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;wJ@tcgusawmhvnf; EdkifiHa&;tm%mtjy!fht0r&SdwJh jynfe,fr#om
jzpfjyefw,f? 'Dvdk tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;[m jynfe,frSmvnf; udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh EdkifiHa&;
tm%mr&Sd/ A[dktpdk;&udkvnf; ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;uom csKyfukdifw,fqdk&if usefwJhvlrsdK;rsm;[m
udkvdkeDtppftrSefawGyJaygh? 'g trSefw&m;yJ? trSefw&m;udkowWd&Sd&Sd vufcH&JrS taumif;qHk;udk
zefwD;edkifr,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ tem*gwfuH=urRmudk taumif;qHk; zefwD;csif&if twdwf
ordik ;f udk trSetf wdik ;f vufc&H &J r,f? 'Dvkd trSew f &m;udk vufc&H w J o
hJ wWrd &S&d ifawmh jrefrmEdik if &H @J
tem*gwftwGuf taumif;qHk; ar#mfvifhvdk@ r&ao;bl;qdkwm &J&J}uD;ajym&Jw,f?
1947 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&J@ wwd,tm;enf;csufuawmh vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfudk
jynfaxmifppk epf twdik ;f r[kwyf J wjynfaxmifpepfusio hf ;kH wJh t*FvefEikd if u H House of Lord
udk yHkwlul;cswmyJ jzpfw,f? jynfaxmifpkpepft& txufv$wf awmfvkd@ac:wJh vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf
rSm jynfe,ftvdkuftrwfOD;a& tnDtr# apv$wf=u&rSm jzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh 1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 73

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

t& vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfukd jynfo@l vw $ af wmfvykd J vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;tvdu k f v$waf wmftrwfO;D a&
a±G;cs,af pv$ww f thJ cgusawmh vlO;D a& tqrwefrsm;jym;wJh ArmawGu jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS a&m/
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfrSmyg v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fvdk@&oGm;w,f? 'Dvdk ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;xJu v$rf;rdk;csifwdkif;
v$rf;rdk;/ cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif; cs,fvS,fvdk@&r,fhtwlwl bmjzpfvdk@ jynfaxmifpkac:ao;vJ/ Arm
jynfaxmifqdk+yD; wjynfaxmifpepfvkyfygvm;? tJ æ tJ'Dvdk wjynfaxmifpepfeJ@yJjzpfjzpf/
jynf a xmif p k p epf E S i f h wjynf a xmif p epf a &mxm;wJ h twk t a,mif j ynf a xmif p k e J @ jzpf j zpf /
'Dwdkif;jynfudk zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfaeoa±G@ usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; b,fenf;eJ@rS wef;wl
tcGifhta&;r&Edkifzl;qdkwm rSwfxm;yg? udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh/ ukd,fhuH=urRmudk,f zefwD;cGifh r&Edkifzl;
qdkwmrSwfxm;yg? usaemfwdk@&J@ b0tmrcHcsuf vHk;0r&Sdawmhzl;qdkwm rSwfxm;yg? 'Dvdk Oya'jyK
tzGJ@}uD;jzpfwJh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfrSm vlrsdK;wrsdK;xJuom v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,faer,fqdk&if
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[pfwvmvdk tm%m&Siw f a,mufay:cJ&h if [pfwvmu *sL;vlrsK;d tm;vH;k udk oufapqd+k yD;/ 'kw, d
urBmppftwGif; *sL;vlrsKd; (6)oef; towfcH&ovdk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&dSwJh csif;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk
owfapqdk+yD;/ v$wfawmfrSm w&m;0if tqdkwifoGif;cJh&if usaemfwdk@ bmeJ@umuG,frvJ?
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS a&m vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfrmS yg oH;k yHk ESpyf rkH [
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csif;vlrsKd;v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;wuf+yD; rJay;umuG,f&ifvJ tvum;yJ/ nDtudk
wdik ;f &if;om; ucsi/f u&if/ &cdik /f &Sr;f pwJh wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;u csi;f zufu umuG,rf aJ y;&ifvJ
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tumtuG,fray;Edkifbl;? tjyXmef;cHb0rSm usaemfwdk@ a&muf&dSoGm;cJhw,f?
usaemfu [pfwvmudk Oyrmay;+yD; 'DvdkajymwJhtcgusawmh Arm&JabmfwcsKd@u
ArmjynfrSm 'grsKd;rjzpfEdkifbl;vdk@ acsyajymqdk=uw,f? odyfudk jzpfEdkifw,f? jzpfvJjzpfcJh+yD;+yD? ygvDref
'Drdkua&pDacwfvdk@ac:wJh OD;EkacwfrSmjzpfcJh+yD? OD;Eku bmvkyfovJqdkawmh Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmf
bmomtjzpf v$wfawmfrSm Oya'eJ@ jyXmef;cJhw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwdk@ jynfe,fom;awG
Ak'<bmom0ifawGr[kwfwJh jynfe,fom;awGu b,fvdkyJ uef@uGufrJay;ay;/ yifv,fxJudk
a&wpufusoavmufawmif t&mrxifcJhbl;? vlOD;a&enf;yg;wJh usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;udk ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'DawGu tEdkifusifhcJhw,f? 'Dvdk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t&
wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;ray;yJ vlOD;a&ydkrsm;wJh ArmvlrsKd;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpktm%m wckvHk;
yHkatmay;cJhwm[m 1947 zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'&J@ t"dutm;enf;csufjzpfygw,f?
1974 ck E S p f zJ G @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya' tm;enf ; csuf u d k a wmh txl ; rajymvd k y gbl ; ?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh 1974 zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'[m tajccHtm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpepfr[kwfbJ
wjynfaxmifpepfomv#if jzpfw,f? wjynfaxmif pepf&J@ tESpfom& The essential Quality
of Unitary State &J@ yxrtcsuf[m The supremacy of the central parliament
jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,tcsuf[m The absence of subsidiary sovereign bodies jzpfw,f? 1974
zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'[m txufyg tcsuf (2)csupf vH;k eJ@ jy!fph w kH ,f? 'ga=umifh wjynfaxmifpepf

74 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

Unitary ppfppfjzpfw,f? emrnfa0g[m&tm;jzifh b,fvdkyJ jynfaxmifpkajymajym vdrfnmr_

oufoufyJjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 1947 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& zJG@pnf;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpk[m
twkta,mifjynfaxmifpkjzpf+yD;/ 1974 zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& zJG@pnf;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpk[m
tvdrftnmjynfaxmifpk}uD; jzpfw,f? usaemffwdk@[m ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif tvdrfnmcHcJh&+yD? tck
wwd,t}udrf tvdrftnmcH&&ifawmh vdrfnmoltjypfr[kwfyJ tvdrfnmcH&ol usaemfwdk@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ tjypfjzpfygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@wawG ordkif;w&m;cHrjzpfzdk@
trsm;}uD;owdxm;&r,f? }udK;pm;&r,f? ZJ&G &Sd r,f? owW&d &Sd r,f? yef;wdik u f kd ra&mufa&mufatmif
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udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjy!fht0&dS+yD; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&; &&dSa&;udk tmrcHcsuf
ay;Edkifr!fh jynfaxmifpkpepf wnfaqmufa&;yJ jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfeJΠa&;qGJjyXmef;a&;yJ jzpfygw,f?
usaemfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfu vufcHxm;wJh
jynfaxmifppk pfppfrx l u J t"duuswhJ tcsK@d tcsurf sm;udk wifjyvdyk gw,f? usaemfw@kd vufcx H m;wJh
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl yxrtcsufuawmh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;udk
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trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;udk Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@udk
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tpdk;&udk vJ$tyfxm;wJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;/ aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;
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tm%m Residual Power rsm;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&xH tyfESif;xm;&r,f?
'kwd,tcsufuawmh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifjynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;wJhtcg yx0D
taetxm;ay: tajccHI zJG@pnf;jcif; rjzpfapyJ/ vlrsKd;udk tajccHwJh jynfe,frsm;om jzpf&r,f?
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jynfe,f/ ppfawGjynfe,f/ awmif}uD;jynfe,f ponftm;jzifh emrnfudkyg ajymif;vJypfzdk@
}uHpnfae=uw,f? 'g[m usaemfwdk@&J@ trsKd;om;a&; vuQ%m National Identity ESihf oD;jcm;
vlrsK;d wrsK;d tjzpf &yfwnfjcif;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; &du
k cf sK;d jcif;yJ jzpfw,f? r[mArmv$r;f rd;k a&;
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omru trsKd;om;vuQ%m National Identity az:xkwfzdk@ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
vkyfaewJh tzJG@tpnf;trsm;}uD; &dSae=uw,f/ olwdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD; awmufavmifae
w,fqdkwm arhae=uw,f xifw,f? usaemfwdk@[m rdrdwdkŒtrsKd;om;vuQ%m National
Identity udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fzdk@ aemufqHk;xGufouftxd wdkufyJG0ifoGm;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f/
usKyfwdk@udk vlrsKd;wrsKd;tjzpf todtrSwfrjyKwJh r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;udk eHygwfwpf&efoltjzpf
owfrSwfwdkufcdkufoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 75

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

usaemfwdk@&J@ eHygwfoHk; wwd, “rl” uawmh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk trsKd;om;

jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;+yD;rS zJG@pnf;a&;yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk zJG@pnf;wJhtcg jynfaxmifpk
v$wfawmfrSm vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf (txufv$wfawmf)ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf)
qdk+yD; v$wfawmfESpf&yf xm;&dS&r,f? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfrSm trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;u v$wfawmf
trwfOD;a& tnDtr# apv$wf=u&r,f? jynfe,f b,favmuf}uD;}uD;/ b,favmuf ao;ao;/
vlOD;a& b,favmufrsm;rsm;/ b,favmufenf;enf; v$wfawmftrwfOD;a& tnDtr# apv$wf
=u&r,f? 'grSom trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;wJh jynfaxmifpkqdkwJh tESpfom&
ay:vGifrSm jzpfygw,f? jynfol@v$wfawmfrSmusawmh vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk t*F g&yfeJ@ jy!fhpHkwJh jynfaxmifpkpepf
wnfaqmufa&;[m usaemfwdk@&J@yef;wdkif jzpfygw,f?
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76 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
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qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 77

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

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5? u|Efkyfwdk@onf }uHKcJhzl;aom ordkif;oifcef;pmudk tav;teufxm;+yD; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD

tzGJ@csKyf. atmifyGJudk}udKqdk&ayrnf? ,cktcg e0w ppftpdk;&onf jynfolvlxk a±G;cs,f
wifa¹r‡mufxm;aom jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHodk@ EdkifiHawmftm%m v$Jajymif;
ay;&ef zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' r&Sdao;yg[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh jiif;qefaeygonf?
xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&;
twGuf tvGet f rif; qENapm+yD;/ wdik ;f jynf. uH=urRmudk tqH;k tjzwfay;r!fh t"dujy\em

78 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

jzpfaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;udk owdvufvGwfrjzpfoifhay? ordkif;

oifcef;pmt& jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. vlrsdK;qdkif&m
tcGifhta&; tjy!fht0 &&Sda&;udk tmrcHcsufay;Edkifo!fh ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepf
jzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;onf t"du ta&;}uD;qHk; jy\emjzpf
ygonf? xdkenf;wl jynfol@qENESifhtnD/ jynfolvlxku a±G;cs,fwifa¹r‡ufxm;aom jynfol@
udk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm; vufxJodk@ EdkifiHawmftm%m v$Jajymif;ay;a&;onfvnf;
,ae@wdkif;jynf. vufiif;jy\em}uD; jzpfaeygonf?

6? tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;ESifh ywfoufI u|Efkyfwkd@. oabmxm;rSm 1990 jy!fhESpf ar(27)&uf

ae@wGif usif;yaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGonf EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcm
tm%m. rlvydkif&Sifjzpfaom jynfolvlxku rdrdwdkŒ. arG;&mygtcGifhta&;tjzpf ydkifqdkif
xm;aom EdkifiHawmftm%mudk rdrdwdk@udk,fpm; toHk;ðycGifhay;o!fh jynfol@v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpf&m jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfpGm a&G;cs,fxm;aom
jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk@ydkifqdkifxm;aom tcsKyftjcm
tm%mudk =unfjzLpGm toHk;ðycGifh ay;xm;onfh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHodk@
e0w ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHawmftm%mudk tjrefqHk;v$Jtyfay;&efrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&dSyg?
EdkifiHawmftm%mwGif Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@ yg0if
onfjzpfI vlxkxHrS EdkifiHawmftm%m vJ$tyfjcif;cH&aom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;onf zJ@G pnf;yHt
k jccHOya'a&;qJcG iG Ehf iS w
hf ygwnf; wdik ;f jynf. tkycf sKyfa&;,E &W m; tm;vH;k udk
udkifwG,f aqmif&GufydkifcGifh&dSonf[k tav;teuf ,Hk=unfygonf?

7? ,ae@u|Ekfyfwdk@ qifEJGaeaom 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;. yef;wdkifonf wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;.

tem*gwfuH=urRmudk tmrcHcsufay;r!fh 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;
Edik if aH &;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGithf a&;&&do
S !fh ppfreS af om jynfaxmifppk epf wnfaqmufa&;
yif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@. yef;wdkifudk rsufajcjywf rcHbJ tm%mvJ$ajymif; &,l+yD;rS
zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJonfjzpfap/ zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ+yD;rS tm%mv$Jajymif;
&,lonfjzpfap/ topfa&;qJGjyXmef;r!fh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf atmufyg
t*F g&yfrsm;ESifh nD!Gwfap&rnf[k av;eufpGm cH,lxm;ygonf?

(u) 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk tjy!fht0 jyXmef; umuG,f&rnf?

(c) jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f &dS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tm;vH;k udk Edik if aH &;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGit
hf a&;
&&dSap&rnf?
(*) ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfay:wGif tajccHaom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
jzpf&rnf?
(C) jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if jynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;aomtcg yx0Dtaetxm;ay: tajccHI
zJG@pnf;jcif; rjzpfapyJ/ vlrsKd;udk tajccHaom jynfe,frsm;omjzpf&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 79

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;om jzpf&rnf?

(i) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh EdkifiHa&;tm%m
tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'ðytm%m
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@udk tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf?
xdk@jyif wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif&Guf&ef jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm; v$Jtyfxm;
aom vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm;rSty ºuGi;f useaf om vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf m%m Residual Power
rsm;udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf?
(p) trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zJG@pnf;&rnf?
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm; wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif&Guf&r!fh EdkifiHawmf
umuG,fa&;/ aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;ESifh tjcm;
,m,Dv$Jtyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHawmf
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Yom wnf&dSap&rnf?
(q) jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfwiG f vlrsK;d pkvw
$ af wmf (txufvw $ af wmf)ESihf jynfo@l vw
$ af wmf
(atmufv$wfawmf) [lI v$wfawmfESpf&yf xm;&dS&rnf? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif
jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtr# apv$wf=u&rnf? odk@rSmom
wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;. trsKd ; om;jynf e ,f r sm; wef ; wl & nf w l yl ; aygif ; aom
jynfaxmifpq k okd !fh tESpo f m&ay:vGirf nf? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f vlO;D a&tcsK;d tpm;
tvkduf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf=u&rnf?

8? 'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&dSo!fh

ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfudk wnfaqmufEdkifrSom jynfwGif;ppfudk trSDðyI &Sifoefaeaom
tm%m&SifpepfcsKyf+idrf;um 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; yGifhvef;aom acwfrSDEkdifiHawmfudk
xlaxmifEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif; wifjyvdkufayonf?

“'Drdkua&pDESifh wef;wla&;wdkufyJG rkcsatmif&rnf”

80 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.

jynfe,faygi;f pHk a&G;aumufyGJ atmifEikd af &;aumfrwD

(1) ucsifjynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f qrm;ausmfzg;aemf

(2) u&ifjynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f apm',fe,fvf
(3) u,m;jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f apm'l;=unf
(4) csif;jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
(5) rGefjynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f Ekdifwifaz
(6) &cdkifjynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f OD;at;omatmif
(7) &Srf;jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f pdkif;tdkufaygif;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 81

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcef; (7)
tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;jy\em
('kw,
d t}udrw
f ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;nDvmcHrS awmif;qdck surf sm;)
1990jy!fh arv(27)&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa±G;aumufyJG
}uD;onf EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qJGjyXmef;Edkifa&;twGuf Oya'ðytm%m wckwnf;
udkom tyfESif;r!fh “wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyJG” r[kwfcJhacs? EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'a&;qJG jyXmef;a&;tygt0if Edik if aH wmftyk cf sKyfa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; ,E &W m; tm;vH;k yg0ifo!fh
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udkyg usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&dSaom “jynfol@v$wfawmf
a&G;aumufyJG}uD;” jzpfcJhygonf?

odk@&mwGif e0w ppftpdk;&onf olwdk@udk,fwdkifa&;qJGjyXmef;cJhaom “a&G;aumufyJG

aumfr&SifOya'” udk t&Sufta=umufuif;rJhpGm csKd;azmufI tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udk enf;rsKd;pHk
ta=umif;jyI jiif;qefv#uf&dSaeygonf? xdkodk@ e0w ppftpdk;&. tm%mv$Jajymif;a&; aESmifhaES;
=uef@=umr_udk wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh a&G;aumufyJGt+yD;wGif ausnmcsufwapmif xkwfjyefcJh
o!ft h jyif (txufwiG af z: jy+yD;) tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&;udpEP iS hf tjcm;tjcm;aom vufiif;Edik if aH &;
jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;oHk;oyfI tajz&Sm ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef 'kwd,t}udrf wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHudk
1990jynfhESpf ZGefv (29)&ufae@rS Zlvdkifv (2)&ufae@txd &efukefòrd@&dS YMCA cef;r}uD;wGif
usif;ycJhygonf?

xdn D mcHwiG f UNLD tzJ@G 0ifrsm; tygt0if tzJ@G csKyf. tcsed jf y!ft
k v h zJ@G 0if r[kwaf o;
aom jynfe,fwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk zdwf=um;I a&G;aumufyJGt+yD;
vufiif;&ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk pmwrf;rsm;jzifh wifoGif;I
aqG;aEG;cJh=uygonf? xdknDvmcHwGif UNLD rS a&G;aumufyJGt+yD;wGif xkwfjyefcJhaom
“jynfaxmifpk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHk oabmxm;ausnmcsuf” (txuf
tcef;-6 wGifaz: jy+yD;) udk pdkif;tdkufaygif; (&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf) u zwf=um;
wifoGif;I w&m;0if twnfðycJhygonf?

xdn
k v
D mcHwiG f wifoiG ;f aom tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;/ tcef;tem; obmywd. tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f
ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk r[mrdwfEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS ay;ydk@aom o0%fv$mrsm;udk tjy!fhtpHkjzifh
Tae&mwGifjyefvnfaz: jywifquftyfygonf?

82 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(u) o0%fv$mrsm;

trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf
trSwf/ 97 (c) taemufa&$*Hkwdkifvrf;/ A[ef;òrd@e,f/ &efukefòrd@

pmtrSwf? ? 559§ pnf; § 90

ae@pJG? ? 29-6-90

jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &ygwt

D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;.'kw, d t}udrn
f v
D mcHo@kd
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf A[dtk vkyt f r_aqmiftzJ@G rS ay;yd@k aom o0%fvm$

1? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfxGef;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkopf

wnfaqmufa&;udk a&S;&_@I jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &;ygwD tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;wGif
jyif;jyxufoefaomqENrsm;jzifh yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh=uonf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@ tav;teuf ,Hk=unf
ygonf?

2? usif;y+yD;pD;cJhaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;wGif jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;

vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfeJ@twl wufºuGpGm
yg0if,SOfòydifcJh=uI atmifyJGtoD;oD; &&dScJh=uonfudk awG@jrifcJh=u&ygonf?

3? rdbjynfolrsm;u wcJeufqENrJay;I 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;wm0efudk

tyfEiS ;f vdu
k jf cif; cHc&hJ aom jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &; ygwt
D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf a&S@tzdk@wGif qufvufI aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGm vufwJG
aqmif&GufoGm;=u&ef wm0efrsm;pGm&dSae=uonf[k cH,lygonf?

4? jynfaxmifpwk ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &;ygwt

D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;. 'kw,
d t}udrf nDvmcHonf
ra0;awmho!fh tem*gwfwGif ay:xGef;vmr!fh 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkopf}uD;twGuf
t}uH^m%faumif;rsm;udk nd‡Ed_if;az:xkwfEdkif=uygapa=umif; qkrGefawmif;vsuf trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfu vd_ufvSJpGm *k%fðy }udKqdktyfyga=umif; az: jyvkdufygonf?

yHk§ æ æ æ æ æ

A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 83

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

trsK;d om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk

(jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if )H
trSwf (34) a&$awmif=um;vrf;/ A[ef;òrd@e,f/ &efukefòrd@/ zHk;- 31971?
odk@ -
obmywd
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;. 'kwd,t}udrf nDvmcH?
aeŒpGJ? 30-6-90?
ta=umif;t&m? ? jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;.
'kwd,t}udrf nDvmcHodk@ ay;ydk@aom o0%fv$m?

av;jrwfpGm o0%fv$myg;tyfygonf æ
1? ,ae@tajctaeonf ygwpD t kH axGaxG a&G;aumufy+GJ yD;p jynfo@l vw $ af wmf}uD; ac:qdu
k si;f y&ef
wmqlaeqJESifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfw&yfa&;qJG&ef ygwDrsm;
jynfolrsm;onf tm&Hkðypl;pdkufaeaom umvjzpfayonf? TtajctaersKd;wGif jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;udk usif;yI vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tem*gwf
uH=urRmzefwD;a&;twGuf nD!GwfpGm aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;jcif;onf tajctaetcsdeftcgESifh
tvGeu f u
kd n
f aD om ajcvSr;f w&yfjzpfI u|Eykf w f @kd trsK;d om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; 'Drd u kd a&pD
wyfaygif;pkrS v_dufvSJpGm *k%fðyóudqdktyfygonf?
2? jynfaxmifpkwnf+rJa&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;/ tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;onf
t"duaomhcsut f m;jzifh vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vH;k at;twl yltr# wcJeufaoG;pnf;Edik af &;tay:wGif
wnfaeayonf? xdkokd@aoG;pnf;nD!GwfEdkifa&;onfvnf; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfudk
xlaxmif&mwGif vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vHk; rnfokd@rnfyHk wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;tusKd;cHpm;cGifh/
wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;wm0ef,laqmif&GufEdkifcGifh/ wef;wl&nfwl tjyeftvSef ylaygif;ulnDcGifh
}uD;yGm;cGifhwdk@&rnfenf; [lo!fh tajccHrlrsm;tay:wGif t"du&yfwnfaeayonf?
3? xdo k @kd aom jy\em}uD;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f &mwGif zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opf a&;qJ&G aomumvwGif
u|Efkyfwdk@onf yuwd jzLpifaom jynfaxmifpktjzpfrsKd; tawG;tac:rsKd;jzifhom atmifjrifpGm
aqmif&GufEdkifayrnf? vlrsKd;a&;/ *dk%f;*%0g'a&;wdk@ESifh aqmuf&Gufygu qef@usifbuf
qdk;usKd;rsm;om ay:xGufvmvdrfhrnfom jzpfayonf?
4? odk@ygI u|Efkyfwdk@ trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; 'Drdkua&pD wyfaygif;pkonf nDtudkawmf
vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh xm0pOf aoG;pnfnD!GwfpGm wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
oGm;rnfom jzpfyga=umif; tcdkiftrm uwday;vkdufygonf?

“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfopf xlaxmifa&; atmif&rnf”

yHk§ æ æ æ æ æ
A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@?
84 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

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qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 85
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

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86 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

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tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfygonf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 87
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

1990 jy!fhESpf arv(27)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom a±G;aumufyGJonf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk

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v$wfawmfa±G;aumufyGJr[kwfay? jynfolvlxkydkifqdkifaom EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%m
tm;vHk;udk v$Jtyf&ef EdkifiHawmf.tjrifhqHk;tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfo!fh jynfol@v$wfawmf
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aESmifhaES;jcif;onf roifhavsmfay?

88 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
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wGif jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;onf wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk rvdkvm;rESpfoufa=umif; 1988 ckESpf
wGif toufaygif;rsm;pGm paw;I qENjycJhovdk ,ckwzef 'Drdkua&pD t&yfom;tpdk;& csufcsif;
zG@J pnf;ay;&ef vdv k m;a=umif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDt&yfom;tpd;k &xHo@kd Edik if aH wmftm%mtjrefq;kH v$t J yf&ef
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a±G;aumufyGJwGif jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk@qENrSefudk azmfxkwf+yD; rdrdwdk@. w&m;0ifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
udk a±G;cs,fxm;+yD;jzpf&m e0w ppftpdk;&onf uwd&Sdo!fhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmftm%m. rlvydkif&Sif
jynfolvlxk. w&m;0ifukd,fpm;vS,frsm;xHodk@ tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;&efrSwyg; tjcm;aom
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zG@J pnf;a&;udk ta=umuftuefjiif;qdck +hJ yD; wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmfa±G;aumufyt JG qifu h ykd ifausmI f
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ay;rnf[k ryg&SdcJhay? e0w OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif. 1990 arv(10)&ufae@ rdef@cGef;
wGifvnf; “rdrdwdk@. &nfrSef;csufrSm a±G;aumufyGJudk owfrSwfxm;o!fhtwdkif; usif;y&efjzpfI
tajccHOya'udpPudk rpOf;pm;Edkif” [k twdtvif; ajym=um;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf?
tcsKyftm;jzifq h akd omf e0w ppftpd;k &onf =um;jzwftpd;k &zG@J pnf;a&;ESihf wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK
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jynfol@v$wfawmfonf EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%m rlvydkif&Sifjynfolvlxk. ukd,fpm;vS,f
tppftrSefrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfI jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%mwGif
Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@yg&Sd&m jynfol@v$wfawmfonf
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jynfol@v$wfawmfudk tjrefqHk;ac:,lusif;yay;+yD; jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zG@Jpnf;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 89

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tyfaom jynfo@l tpd;k &xHo@kd tjrefq;kH tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&ef av;eufpmG wdu k wf eG ;f tyfygonf?
,ae@ trsdK;om;a&;wm0eftjzpf e0wppftpdk;&u atmufygvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
txl;OD;pm;ay; aqmif±Gufoifhonf[k u|Efkyfwdk@cH,layonf?
(1) vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;Ek/ OD;wifOD;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEdkif/
!dkxGef;wkd@tygt0if wm;qD;jcif;ESifh zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&aom EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;udk
csufcsif;v$wfay;&ef/
(2) wdkif;jynf. tem*gwfat;csrf;om,ma&;udk a&S@±_I tm%m acsmarmvsifjrefpGm v$Jajymif;
Edkifa&;twGuf tEdkif&ygwDESifh w&m;0if aqG;aEG;&ef/
(3) jynfol@v$wfawmftjrefqHk;ac:,lusif;yay;&ef/
(4) tm%mudk +idrf;csrf;pGmjzifh tjrefqHk;v$Jtyf&ef/
txufygvkyfief;pOfav;&yfudk ,ae@ trsdK;om;a&;wm0eftjzpf e0w ppftpdk;&u
uwd&Sdo!fhtwdkif; vsifjrefpGm aqmif±Gufay;&ef jynfe,f(7) ckrS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;taygif;wdk@u
av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;a=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ayonf?

“'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&; rkcsatmif&rnf”

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a±G;aumufyGJt_yD; EdkifiHa&;oHk;oyfcsufESifh &yfwnfcsufpmwrf;
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J si;f ya&;ESihf
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EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;ay:xGufvm=uayonf? 'Drdkua&pDa&;aºuG;a=umfoHESifhtwl aygufzGm;
vmaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. &nf±G,fcsuf a&SŒvkyfief;pOfESifh ausnmcsufrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppf
=u!fhaomtcg yifvHknDvmcHuJhodkŒaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;ya&;udk ygwDwdkif;u
aºuG;a=umfcJh=uygonf?
jynfaxmiffpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf 1989 ckESpf ZGefv (26-
27)&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom rE Wav;nDvmcHwGif trsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;ya&;udk “rl”
w&yftjzpf qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfEdkifcJhonf? xdk “rl”udk yxrt}udrfobmywdpHknD tpnf;ta0;ESifh
yxrt}udrfwdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHwdk@wGif pmwrf;wapmif a&;om;wifoGif;+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufudk
90 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

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vnf; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhonf?
trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. xl;jcm;aom EdkifiHa&;vuQ%mw&yf
jzpfayonf? vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv(12)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom
yifvHknDvmcH}uD;onf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifaom EdkifiHwck urBmajray: Y 0ifhºuGm;pGm
aygufzGm;oef@pifay;EdkifcJhayonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmedkifiHtwGif; pkpnf;
aexdik =f uaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k . vlrsKd ;qdik &f mtcGithf a&;ESihf trsKd ;om;vuQ%mrsm;udk
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfESifhtnD jyÏmef;umuG,f&ef tmrcHcsufay;onfomru jynfaxmifpkzGm;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;udk e,fcsJ@vufatmufu|efb0rS vGwfajrmufapcJhygonf?
,ae@ u|Eyfk w f @kd qifEaJ$ eaom 'Dru
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tm%mudk &&Sda&;twGuf qifE$JcJhaom wdkufyGJjzpfI/ 'kwd,t}udrf qifE$Jaeaom vGwfvyfa&;
wdkufyGJonf tm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh jynfolw&yfvHk;u vufvGwfqHk;±H_;v#uf&Sdaeaom jynfolydkif
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk jynfol@vuf0,fokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sda&;twGuf qifE$Jaom wdkufyGJ
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vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ tppftrSef jzpfayawmhonf?
'kwd,t}udrf vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ rkcfOD;odk@ a&muf&Sd+yD; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. oD;jcm;
vuQ%mudkaqmifaom wdkufyGJumvtawG@t}uHKrsm;udk tav;teufxm;+yD; oifcef;pm,l&
ygrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifaom wdkif;jynfjzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpk
}uD;. ta&;udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfrnfqdkygu wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;. ta&;udk rcsefrvSyf
pOf;pm;&ayrnf? trSefpifppf trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;yjcif;. &nf±G,fcsufrSmvnf; wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pHknDpGmjzifh jynfaxmifpk}uD;. yHko¾mefudk oGef;avmif;yHkaz: jcif;yifjzpfonf? xdkŒa=umifh
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jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGg;&jcif;. ta=umif;tjzpf yg0ifaeayonf?
yxrvGwfvyfa&;umvwGif ajyvnfpGmajz&Sif;oifhaom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk
ajyvnfpmG ajz&Si;f Edik jf cif;r&Sad oma=umifh Edik if aH &;jy\emudk ppfa&;jzifh ajz&Si;f vmum jynfwiG ;f ppf
aygufzGm;vmcJh&ygonf? jynfwGif;ppfudktm;jyKI &Sif oefvmaom ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 91

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

ppftm%m&SifpepfrS toGiful;ajymif;oGm;aom wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfwdk@a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH.

vGwfvyfa&;onf tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif oD;yGifh&SifoefEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhay? xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@
qifE$Jaom 'kwd,t}udrfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJodk@ tiftm;}uD;rm;jyif;xefpGm OD;wnfaecsdefwGif
}uHKcJhbl;aom ordkif;oifcef;pmrsm;udk tav;teufxm;I jynfaxmifpk}uD;.yHko¾mefudk
pif=u,fpGm oGef;avmif;&ef trsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk rvGJraoG usif;y&ayrnf?

rnfoOl ;D aqmifrnfenf; ?

1990 jy!fh arv (27)&ufwGif usif;yaom a±G;aumufyGJonf jynfolvlxk.

uk, d pf m;vS,tf jzpf tppftrSerf sm;udk w&m;0ifa±G;cs,jf cif;yifjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfou
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udk,fpm;jyK&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;pGm&Sdo!fhteuf vlxkudk trSefwu,f
udkf,fpm;jyKaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk qefumwif a±G;xkwfaomyGJvnf; jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh
a±G;aumufyGJwGif jynfolvlxk. w&m;0ifaxmufcHr_ trsm;qHk;&&Sdaom trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfu ,ae@wdkif;jynf. r[mvdktyfcsufudk jz!fhqnf;aomtm;jzifh trsdK;om;nDvmcH}uD;udk
OD;aqmifusif;yoifhygonf? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh wGJzufI rdrdwdk@ vlrsdK;toD;oD;.
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EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; pkpnf;xm;o!fh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfu
yl;wGJwm0ef,loifhayonf/

rnfoal wGwufa&mufrnfenf; ?

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uukefaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk

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r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'orm;wdk@ ajymqdkouJhodk@ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;w&mhig;q,fausmfr&Sdyg?
,if;oabmxm;onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk aoG;cGjJ cif;yifjzpfygonf? e,fcs@J t*Fvyd w f @kd yifv#if
xdkr#aoG;cGJjcif;r&SdcJhyg? ,ckrl rdrdwdk@ tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf udk,fhtcsif;csif;awmif r!Smwm
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onf? xdkwrsdK;wnf;aom csif;vlrsdK;xJwGif ZdkrD;/ vdkifrD;/ crD;/ rD;Zdk/ csdK; tp&Sdaom rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;
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r&m/ rwl/ ZdkwHk;/ ZdkzJ/ qifwef;/ rD;tJ/ vdkifZdk/ Zma[m/ cGgvfqif; po!fh aqGrsdK;pkrsm;yg0if=uonf?
ucsiEf iS hf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;wGiv
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xdkuJhodk@ vlrsdK;pkrsm;/ vlrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;/ aqGrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;/ rsdK;wlpkrsm; uGJjym;r_ t+rJwrf;&Sdonf?
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tqifhrsm;udk ausmfvGefI vlrsdK;jcm; trsdK;om; (National) tqifhodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;=uygonf?
xkd@a=umifh vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;omjzpf+yD; ordkif;wdk;wufr_aemufusjcif;a=umifh vlrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;
92 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

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ygonf?
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tydkif;ydkif;cGJum oyfo#dKae=uygonf?
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(1) tm%m&Sifpepf t+yD;owfcsKyf+idrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtkwfjrpf tcdkiftrm
csxm;a&;/
(2) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/
(3) ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
txufazmfjyyg EdkifiHa&;jy\em (3)&yfonf cGJr&atmif qufpyfae=uygonf?
xd@k a=umifh trsKd ;om;nDvmcH}uD;wGif xkEd ikd if aH &;jy\em (3)&yfukd tav;teufxm;I aqG;aEG;=u
&ayrnf?

1? tm%m&Sipf epfcsKyf+idr;f a&;/ 'Dru

kd a&pDpepfxal xmifa&;

(26)ESpf=um tkyfcsKyfrif;rlcJhaom wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;

tm;vH;k udk 'Dru
kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;,E ,W m;jzifh tpm;xd;k &ayrnf? xdo k @kd tpm;xd;k &mwGif qENapm+yD;
ajcvSrf;ru|Ha&;ESifh ajcvSrf;aESmifhaES;+yD; aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_r&Sdap&ef owdxm;&ayrnf? vkyfoifh
vkyxf ukd af omtvkyrf sm;udk vkyo f ifoh !fth csed w
f iG f t+yD;tpD;vkyEf ikd &f rnf? 'Dru
kd a&pD tkycf sKyfa&;
,E W,m; acsmarG@pGmvnfywfEdkifa&;udk ppftpdk;&u 'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpdk;&xHodk@ tm%m
v$Jajymif;ay;a&;jzifh tpjyK&ayrnf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 93
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

2? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;

,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGifjzpfyGg;aeaom jynfwGif;ppfonf atmufygtajccH(2) &yfa=umifh

jzpfyGg;&jcif;jzpf.? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1) EdkifiHa&;0g' vGwfvyfcGifhr&Sdjcif;/
(2) vlrsdK;a&;jy\em wdk@a=umifhjzpfonf?
0g'a&;a=umifh jzpfyGm;&aom jynfwGif;ppfonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifh
ta&; yGifhvef;&Sifoef+yD; t,l0g'aygif;pHk/ ,Hk=unf&m EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfrsdK;pHk +idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ
aexdkifcGifh &Sdrnfqdkygu +idrf;csrf;rnfomjzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh 0g'a&;udktajccHaom jynfwGif;ppf
csKyf+idrf;&ef/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcsuf&&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
vlrsdK;a&;tajccHa=umifh jzpfyGm;aom jynfwGif;ppf +idrf;owf&ef jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
twGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;ay;xm;&ef vdkygonf?
EkdifiHa&;wef;wlcGifhudk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifhom az:aqmifEdkifayrnf? xdk@a=umifh
topfa&;qGJjyÏmef;r!fh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh
EdkifiHa&;tm%mtjy!fht0&&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh a&;qGJjyÏmef;&ayrnf?
jynfwGif;ppft+yD;owfcsKyf+idrf;a&;twGuf trsdK;om;nDvmcH}uD;wGif atmufygtwdkif;
tpDtpOfcsrSwf aqmif±Gufoifhygonf?
(u) trsKd ;om;nDvmcH}uD;wGif 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; Edik if aH &;t&
wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&Sdaom jynfaxmifpk}uD;wnfaqmufEdkif&ef EdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJaomtcg tajccH&r!fh vrf;!$eftajccHrlrsm;udk
csrSwfxm;&rnf?
(c) EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJaomtcg tajccH&r!fh vrf;!$ef
tajccHrludk vufudkifjyKI (tajccHI) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk
ac:,lusif;y&rnf?

3? Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHt

k ajccHOya'a&;qGjJ yÏmef;a&;

,ae@ qifE$Jaeaom 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;. yef;wdkifonf 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;+yD;

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&Sdaom ppfrSefo!fh jynfaxmifpk
pepf j zifh Ed ki fi Ha wmfz G J@ pnf; yHk t ajccH Oya'a&;qG J j yÏmef ;a&;yif j zpf ygonf ? topf a&;qG J r!fh
EdkifiHawmfzG@Jpnf;yHktajccHOya'}uD;onf atmufygt*F g&yfrsm;ESifh nD!Gwfap&rnf[k u|Efkyfwdk@
tav;teuf,Hk=unftyfayonf?
(1) ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfay:wGif tajccHaom zG@Jpnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpf&rnf?
(2) 'Drdkua&pDESifhvl@tcGifhta&;udk tjy!fht0 jyÏmef;umuG,f&rnf?
(3) jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd rsm;udk Edik if aH &;t& wef;wl&nfwt
l cGit
hf a&;
&&Sdap&rnf?
(4) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;udk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg yx0Dtaetxm;tay:
94 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tajccHIzGJ@pnf;jcif;rjzpfap&? vlrsdK;udktajccHaom trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;om

jzpfap&rnf? vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;tajctaet& &Sd&if;pGJjynfe,f(7) ckESifh Armjynfrudk
jynfe,fwckjzifh zGJ@pnf;I trsdK;om;jynfe,f (8)jynfe,fudk tajccHaom
jynfaxmifpkudk zG@Jpnf;&rnf?
(5) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh EdkifiHa&;
tm%m tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf? qdkvkdonfrSm jynfe,frsm;udk Oya'jyK
tm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdkŒudk tyfESif;xm;&rnf?
xdk@tjyif wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif±Guf&ef jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk
v$t J yfxm;aom vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mrsm;rSty ºuGi;f useaf omvkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf m%mrsm;
(Residual Power) udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf?
(6) trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;
aomtcg jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm; wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif±Gufr!fh
EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;/ aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;ESifh
tjcm;,m,Dv$Jtyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf?
xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Yom wnf&Sdap
&rnf?
(7) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf (txufv$wfawmf) ESifh jynfol@
v$wfawmf(atmufv$wfawmf) [lI v$wfawmf(2) &yfxm;&Sd&rnf? vlrsdK;pk
v$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtr#
apv$wf=u&rnf? odk@rSom jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpk
qdo k !fh tESpo f m& ay:vGirf nf? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;tvdu k f
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf=u&rnf?

tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifaom wdkif;jynf

jzpfaoma=umifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzG@Jpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ
jyÏmef;Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk ajyvnfpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwfay? vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk
ajyvnfpGmajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;r&Sdygu jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfay? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
r&&Sdygu 'Drdkua&pDESifhvl@tcGifhta&; yGifhvef; &SifoefEdkifrnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;/
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ
jyÏmef;Edkifa&;wdk@twGuf ,ae@wdkif;jynf. r[mvdktyfcsufjzpfaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk
rvGJraoG usif;y&efvdktyfa=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ayonf?

“'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifhwef;wla&; rkcsatmif&rnf”

rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 95

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(i) rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD0if Edik w f ifaz wifoiG ;f aom

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf.
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh
EdkifiHawmfzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJjyXmef;a&;twGufvufcHxm;aom
vrf;!$eftajccH“rl” rsm;pmwrf;

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifhtwl
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; edkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;udk w+ydKifeufwdkufyGJ0if&ef
oH"dÏmefcsxm;aomvlrsdK;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tzG@JcsKyfjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; EdkifiHa&;t&
wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;onf ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. zG@Jpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'}uD;udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;yifjzpfonf?
,cktcg ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJ usif;y+yD;pD;+yDjzpfI 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ.
ta&;}uD;aom tqifhwckudk atmifjrifpGmausmfv$m;Edkif+yD[k ,lqoHk;oyfEdkifygonf? 'Drdkua&pD
usifhpOfw&m;rsm;udk e0w ppftpdk;&u av;pm;vdkufemrnfqdkygu a±G;aumufyGJwGif tjywf
towftEdkif&&Sdaom trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfxHodk@ EdkifiHawmftm%mudk ¹cGif;csufr&Sd
v$Jtyf&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@ tm%mv$Jtyf+yD;aomtcg tm%m& 'Drdkua&pD t&yfom; tpdk;&u
wdik ;f jynf. tem*gwu f =H urRmudk jyÏmef;umuG,rf !fh Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHu
k dk a&;qG&J rnfjzpfygonf?
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf pwifzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifo!fh
tcsdefrS 'Drdkua&pDta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ukd,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh&&Sda&;ESifh edkifiHa&;t& wef;wl
tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;wdk@udk tjy!fht0 tmrcHcsufay;Edkifr!fh ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJjyÏmef;Edkifa&;udk tpOfwpdkuf}udK;yrf;vmcJhygonf? 1989 ck
ZGefv (25)&ufrS (26)&uftxd rE Wav;+rdK@Y usif;ycJhaom vlrsdK;pkEdkifiHa&;ygwD (13)ygwD wuf
a&mufo!fh tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzG@Jpnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'(rl=urf;)w&yfukd }udKwifjyifqifa&;qG&J ef tm;vH;k oabmwlq;kH jzwfcyhJ gonf? xdk qH;k jzwfcsuf
twdkif; 1989 ck/ Edk0ifbmv(21)rS (23)&ufae@txd usif;ycJhaom jynfaxmifpk wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf yxrt}udrf obmywdpn kH tD pnf;ta0; (nDvmcH) wGif jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfrljzifh a&;qGJxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'rl=urf;wapmifudk a&;qGJwifoGif;EkdifcJhygonf? xdk
nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;twnfjyKxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;pmwrf;udk jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@0if EdkifiHa&;ygwD(19)ygwDESifh tzJG@r0if&ao;aom
vlrsdK;pkedkifiHa&;ygwD(6)ygwD wufa&mufo!fh 1990 jy!fh/ azazmf0g&Dv (8)&ufae@rS (10)&uf
txd usif;ycJhaom yxrt}udrf wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcH}uD;wGif xyfrHwifoGif;I twnfjyK
EdkifcJhygonf?
yxrt}udrf wdik ;f &if;om;nDvmcHwiG f twnfjyKxm;aom zG@pJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya'rl=urf;
pmwrf;rS t"dusaom tajccHrl(4)&yfudk aumufE_wfI xdk rl(4)&yftay: tajccH+yD; Arm
96 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

ygwDrsm;jzpf=uo!fh 'Drdkua&pDdygwD/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@csKyf('D§+idrf;)/ 'Drdkua&pD

r[mrd w f r sm;tzG J @ csKyf ( 'rz)/ trsd K ;om;jyef v nf w nf a qmuf a &;'D r d k u a&pD w yf a ygif ; pk /
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ trsdK;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;!SdE_dif;r_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhygonf? xkdtajccHrl(4)&yfrSm æ
(1) Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m wnf;[laom
edkifiHa&;tm%m tjy!fht0&Sdo!fh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;jynfe,f
rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;&rnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if jynfe,frsm;udk yx0Dtaetxm;tay:tajccHI zGJ@pnf;jcif;
rjzpfapyJ/ vlrsdK;udktajccHaom jynfe,frsm;om jzpfap&rnf? vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;
tajctaet& trsdK;om;jynfe,f(8)jynfe,fudk tajccHaom jynfaxmifpkudk
zGJ@pnf;&rnf?
(3) trsdKom;jynfe,frsm; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;udk
zG @ J p nf ; aomtcg jynf a xmif p k v $ w f a wmf w G i f vl r sd K ;pk v $ w f a wmf (txuf
v$wfawmf) ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf) [lI v$wfawmf(2)&yf
xm;&Sd&rnf?
(4) vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmftrwfOD;a& tnDtr#
apv$wf=u&rnf? odk@rSom jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpk
qdko!fh tESpfom& ay:vGifrnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;
tvdkuf v$wfawmftrwfrsm;udk apv$wf=u&rnf?
[laomtcsufrsm;yifjzpfygonf?
,cktcg EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mudk rlvydkif&Sifjzpfaom jynfolvlxk}uD;.
w&m;0ifukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a±G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;+yD;jzpf&m EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
a&;qGJjyÏmef;a&;onfvnf; jynfolvlxk. w&m;0ifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;tyfo!fh
jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif tjy!fht0 wm0ef&Sdaeyg+yD? xdkrSwyg; tEkdif&ygwDjzpfaom trsdK;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'}uD;udk OD;aqmifa&;qGJ&ef }uD;av;pGm wm0ef&Sdae
ayonf? xd@k a=umifh TnDvmcHwiG f Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'( rl=urf;) w&yfukd wifoiG ;f jcif;
rjyKawmhyJ u|Efkyf wdk@ jynfe,fwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; tav;teufvdkvm;awmif;qdkaom
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlrsm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;Edkifa&;twGuf
vufcHxm;o!fh vrf;!$eftajccHrlrsm;udkom atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf?

Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHt

k ajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif tajccH&r!fv
h rf;!$et
f ajccHrrl sm;

1? ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfay:wGif tajccHo!fh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpf&rnf?

2? 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk tjy!fht0 jyÏmef;umuG,f&rnf?
3? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;
&&Sdap&rnf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 97

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

4? jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;udk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg yx0Dtaetxm;tay: tajccHI

zG@J pnf;jcif; rjzpfapbJ/ vlrsKd ;udtk ajccHaom trsKd om;jynfe,frsm;omjzpf&rnf? vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;
tajctaet& &Sd&if;pGJ jynfe,f(7)ckESifh Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;I trsdK;om;
jynfe,f(8) jynfe,fudk tajccHaom jynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;&rnf?
5? jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;. trdsK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhEdkifiHa&;
tm%m tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'jyKtm%m/
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m wdk@udk tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf? xdk@tjyif
wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif±Guf&ef jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk v$Jtyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifh
tm%mrsm;rSty ºuGif;usefaomvkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm; (Residual Power) udk tyfESif;
xm;&rnf?
6? trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;&rnf?
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm; wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif±Gufr!fh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;/
aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;/ EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;ESifh tjcm;,m,Dv$Jtyfxm;aom
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%monf
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Yom wnfap&rnf?
7? jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf (txufv$wfawmf) ESifh jynfolŒv$wfawmf
(atmufv$wfawmf) [lI v$wfawmfESpf&yfxm;&Sd&rnf? vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif jynfe,frsm;rS
v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,Of ;D a& tnDtr# apv$w=f u&rnf? od@k ro
S m jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl
yl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpkqdko!fh tESpfom& ay:vGifrnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif vlOD;a&
tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf=u&rnf?

jynfe,frsm;zG@J pnf;a&;

txufazmfjyyg vrf;!$eftajccHrltwdkif; jynfe,frsm;udk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg yx0D

taetxm;tay: tajccHaom jynfe,frsm; rjzpfapbJ vlrsdK;udktajccHaom trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;om jzpf&rnf? ta=umif;rSm T EdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkif
aomedkifiHjzpfI ‚if;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdk;toD;oD;. vlrsdK;a&;vuQ%m (0g) trsdK;om;vuQ%m
(National Identity) vHk;0 rxdyg; rcsdK;azgufoifhay?
,cktcg tcsdK@aom r[m0g'Dorm;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;[laom
ta=umif;jycsufjzifh vlrsdK;a&;vuQ%mESifh vlrsdK;*k%fudk raz:bJ/ yx0DudktajccHaom jynfe,f
rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;oifhonf[k t}uHay;ae=uonf? ,if;onf vlrsdK;}uD;u vlrsdK;i,fudk 0g;rsdKa&;0g'
jzpfI u|Efkyfwdk@ vHk;0 vufrcHEdkifay? trsdk;om;a&;vuQ%mudk xdyg;+yD; vlrsdK;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk ±dkufcsdK;ydwfyif [ef@wm;r_rSefor#udk u|Efkyfwdk@ vufrcHEdkifay? rdrdwdk@vlrsdK;yaysmufa&;t}uH
udk rnfolr# vufoifhcHrnfr[kwfay? rdrdvlrsdK;oduQmudk ¹r‡ifhwif+yD; rdrdvlxk aumif;pm;a&;udk
aqmif ± Gu fv dk = uygonf ? xd kr S w qif h wef ;wl n D r#r_ u d k tajccH o !f h aoG ;pnf ;nD ! G w f a&;
wnfaqmuf=u&ayrnf? xdkodkΠcdkifrmI nD!$wfr#wo!fh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;

98 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

nD!$wfa&;udk aqmif±GufEdkif&ef jynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd rnfo!fhvlrsdK; (0g) trsdK;om;jynfe,fudkr#

tcGifhxl;ray;a&;ESifh rnfo!fhvlrsdK; (0g) trsdK;om;jynfe,fudkr# tcGifhta&;rydwfyifa&; “rl”udk
+rJ+rHpGm qkyfudkifxm;&ygrnf?
,ae@jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tajctaet& t"duvlrsdK; (8)rsdK;udk tajccHaom trsdK;om;
jynfe,f(8) jynfe,fudk zGJ@pnf;&rnf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1) ucsifjynfe,f/
(2) u,m;jynfe,f/
(3) u&ifjynfe,f/
(4) csif;jynfe,f/
(5) Armjynfe,f
(6) rGefjynfe,f/
(7) &cdkifjynfe,f/
(8) &Srf;jynfe,f wdk@jzpfygonf?

ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf&a'orsm;zG@J pnf;a&;

1989 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGifusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD

tzG@J csKyf nDvmcHwiG f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;a&;&mESiyhf wfoufaom tajccHrpl mwrf;udk wifoiG ;f I
twnfjyKEdkifcJhygonf? xdkpmwrf;wGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk trdsK;om;jynfe,frsm;/
ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf&a'orsm; (Autonomous Regions) / trsdK;om;e,fajrrsm; (National
Areas) ponfjzifh vlrsdK;udk tajccHI tqifhqifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fy,frsm;udk owfrSwfzG@Jpnf;
&rnf[k az: jyxm;ygonf? (,if;tkycf sKyfa&;e,fy,frsm;onf vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;. trsKd ;om;jynfe,fukd
tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m; vG,fulacsmarG@ap&ef tkyfpk/ +rdK@e,f/ c±dkif/ wdkif; ponfjzifh cGJjcm; owfrSwf
xm;aom pepfrsdK;ESifh roufqdkifay)? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;tajctaet& trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;&ef t*F gpHkvifaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk csufcsif;vufiif;jynfe,frsm; zGJ@pnf;apv#uf
aemifwiG f jynfe,ftqifo h @kd ul;ajymif;Edik o
f !fh tvm;tvm&Sad om vlrsKd ;rsm;udk uk,
d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyf&
a'orsm; zGJ@pnf;ap&rnf[k az: jyxm;cJhayonf?
xdk@a=umifhu|Ekfyfwdk@onftrdsK;om;a&;vufiif;wm0eftjzpf jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh
ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&a'orsm; zGJ@pnf;jyÏmef;a&;udk rvGJraoG aqmif±Guf=u&ayrnf? odk@aomf ,ae@
EkdifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;aygif;pHkESifh &ifqdkifae&aom tcgor,wGif rsm;jym;vSaom vlrsdK;rsm;.
jyef@usJpGm aexkdifr_udkvdkufI trsdK;om;e,fajrrsm;owfrSwfa&;rludk csufcsif;vufiif; aqmif±Guf
EdkifzG,f&m r&Sdao;yg? jynfe,ftqifhodk@ ulajymif;Edkifaom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&a'orsm; zG@Jpnf;a&;
udkom pOf;pm;EdkifayOD;rnf?
uk,
d yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf&a'orsm;udk trsKd ;om;jynfe,fwck. Oya'jyKtm%mv$r;f +cHKEdik af om
e,fedrdwftwGif;&Sd oD;jcm;vlrsdK;twGuf oufqdkifap&rnf? Oyrm - &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd ytdk0fh/
yavmif/ 0 po!fh vlrsdK;rsm;/ xdk udk,fydk iftkyfcsKyf&a'orsm;onf oufqdkif&mjynfe,f.

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 99

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jynfe,fOya'udk vufcHusifhoHk;&rnf? odk@&mwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh rdrdvlrsdK;wkd@. ±dk;&m

"avhxHk;pH (Customary Law) t& w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwdk@udk tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf?
xdk@tjyif oufqdkif&mjynfe,fOya'jyKtzG@Jjzpfaom jynfe,fv$wfawmfESifh jynfe,fudk,fpm;jyK
jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfrsm;wGif vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
apv$wfydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf?
vuf&SdEdkifiHa&; tajctaet& tcsdK@jynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&a'orsm;
zGJ@pnf;oifhaom vlrsdK;rsm;rSm ytdk0fhvlrsdK;rsm;/ yavmifvlrsdK;rsm;/ 0vlrsdK;rsm;/ u,ef;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
em*vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k oHk;oyfrdygonf?

jynfe,frsm; topfz@G pJ nf;a&;ESihf jynfe,fe,ferdwrf sm;owfrw

S af &;

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. yxrt}udrfnDvmcHESifh

yxrt}udrf wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;aom “zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'(rl=urf;) pmwrf;”
ESifh yxrt}udrf wdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;aom “jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&r!fh rl/ pmwrf;wdk@wGif jynfe,fopfrsm; zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh jynfe,fe,fedrdwf
owfrSwfa&;wdk@udk tus,fw0ifhazmfjyxm;cJhygonf? odk@&mwGif tcsdK@tcsuftvufrsm;
usef&Sdaeaoma=umifh atmufygtwkdif; jyifqifwifjytyfygonf?
1? jynf a xmif p k v $ w f a wmf o nf wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sd K ;wrsd K ;. trsd K ;om;jynf e ,f o pf u d k
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,ftjzpf 0ifcGifhjyKEdkifonf? (odk@) wnfaxmifEdkifonf? xdkodk@
0ifcGifhjyKaomtcg (odk@) wnfaxmifaomtcg atmufygtwdkif;aqmif±Guf&rnf?
(u) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if oD;jcm;jynfe,fwcktjzpf rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkifxif&Sm;csuftwdkif;
aexdkifvdkaom qEN&Sda=umif;/ oufqdkif&mvlrsdK;. oHk;yHkESpfyHku jynfol@qENcH,lyGJjzifh
qENcH,l/ qENrJay;awmif;qdk&rnf?
(c) ouf q d k i f & mvl r sd K ;. oH k ; yH k E S p f y H k u jynf o l @ qEN c H , l y G J w G i f axmuf c H q EN r J a y;I
jynfe,fopfz@JG pnf;&ef awmif;qdyk gu jynfe,fopfz@JG pnf;a&;tqdu k kd vlrsKd ;pkvw$ af wmfo@kd
wifoGif;&rnf? vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfu oHk;yHkESpfyHkrJjzifh jynfe,fopfzGJ@pnf;a&;udk
axmufcHygu jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu twnfjyKay;&rnf?
(*) jynfe,fopfudk ,cif&Sd+yD;om; jynfe,fwckckrS e,fajrrsm;cGJxkwf (odk@) zJhxkwfI
zG J @ pnf ; Ed k i f o nf ? (od k @ r[k w f ) ,cif & S d + yD ; om; jynf e ,f w ck . e,f a jrwcsd K @ES i f h
tjcm;,cif&Sd+yD;om; jynfe,fwck. e,fajrwcsdK@ cGJxkwf(odk@) zJhxkwfaygif;pnf;aom
e,fajrrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;Edkifygonf? xdkodk@jynfe,fopfrsm;twGuf e,fedrdwfowfrSwf&ef
xdke,fedrdwftwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom (jynfe,fawmif;qkdaom vlrsdK;rsm;omru)
jynfolvlxktm;vHk;. xuf0ufausmfrJjzifh twnfjzpfap&rnf?
2? jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjynfe,frsm;. e,ferdwfrsm;udk wdk;Edkifonf(odk@) av#mhEdkifonf?
xdo
k @kd jynfe,f e,ferdwrf sm;udk wd;k aomtcg (od@k ) av#mah omtcg jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfonf
atmufygtwdkif; aqmif±Guf&rnf?

100 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(u) jynfe,fe,fedrdwfwdk;ay;&ef (odk@) av#mhay;&ef oufqdkif&ma'o (e,fedrdwfwdk;r!fh -

odk@- av#mhr!fha'o) rS vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fu vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif
tqdkwifoGif;&rnf?
(c) jynfe,fe,fedrdwfwdk;ay;&ef (odk@) av#mhay;&ef vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf. oHk;yHkESpfyHkrJjzifh
axmufcHqENrJay;ygu jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu oufqdkif&ma'owGif jynfol@
qENcH,lyGJ usif;yay;&rnf?
(*) jynf o l @ qEN c H , l y G J w G i f ouf q d k i f & ma'otwG i f ; aexd k i f = uaom jynf o l v l x k .
xuf0ufausmfu (odk@) 50µ u axmufcHrJay;o!fhtwdkif; (0g) uef@uGufrJ ay;o!fh
twdkif; jynfol@v$wfawmfu twnfjyKay;&rnf?
3? ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&a'ozGJ@pnf;xlaxmifa&;ESifh e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;udk jynfe,fopfrsm;
zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifa&;ESifh e,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&; tajccHrltwdkif; yHkpHwljzpfap&rnf?
u|Eykf w
f @kd onf jrefrmEdik if . H zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk ud,
k yf idk jf yÏmef;cGihf tjy!ft h 0&&S+d yD;
Edik if aH &;t& wef;wlciG &hf adS om ppfreS o f !fh jynfaxmifppk epfjzifh a&;qGjJ yÏmef;Ekid rf o S m wdifk ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;tm;vHk;. b0uH=urRmonf om;pOfajr;quftxd tmrcHcsuf&SdEdkifrnf[k tav;teuf
,Hk=unftyfygonf? xdkodk@ ,Hk=unfo!fhtwdkif; ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh edkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opf a&;qGJjyÏmef;Edkifa&;twGuf rrSdwfrokef aemufrqkwfwrf; wdkufyGJ0if
oGm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ayonf?

“'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifhwef;wla&; rkcsatmif&rnf”

rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

(p) obmywdtzGŒJ 0if OD;at;az wifoiG ;f aom

vlrsdK;pka&;&m0g'aumfrwDzGJŒpnf;a&;pmwrf;
1? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk pkaygif;aexdkifaom wdkif;jynfjzpfonfomru ordkif;a=umif;
t&vnf; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;onf oD;jcm;a'orsm;wGif rdrdwdk@ ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
pepfwdk@jzifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifcJhaom tpOftvm&SdcJhayonf? TtpOftvmudk
tav;*±kjyKaomtm;jzifh yifvHkpmcsKyf tydk'f(5)wGifvnf; wduspGm az:!$ef;xm;cJhavonf?
wwdik ;f jynfv;kH udv
k ekd u
D |eb
f 0od@k a&muf&cdS +hJ yD;aomtcg aoG;cGpJ epfjzifh tkycf sKyfccH &hJ aoma=umifh
wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif;ydkItaea0;um pdwf0rf;uGJjym;+yD; wtlwHkqif; nD&if;tudkb0udk
arhaysmufcJh=uavonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 101

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

2? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;vH;k ol@u|eb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf 0dik ;f 0ef;}udK;yrf;=u&mwGif

e,fcsJ@orm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tcsdK@udk aoG;xdk;a¹r‡mufyifhI qufvufu|efjyKa&;/
e,fajrtcsdK@tm; cGJjcm;xm;a&;twGuf enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh }udK;yrf;cJh=uao;onf? odk@&mwGif
tar#mftjrif}uD;rm;r_ tqHk;tpr&Sdaom ZGJvHk@vwdk@jzifh trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmif q ef ; ES i f h wd ki f; &if ; om;acgif ;aqmif rsm;onf wd k if ;&if ;om;vl rsKd ;rsm;tm;vH k ;ES i fh
wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;tm;vHk; wòydifwnf; vGwfvyfa&; &&dS&ef óud;yrf;cJh=uaoma=umifh
vGwfvyfaom “ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf” onf urBmhtv,fwGif xnf0g0ifhºuGm;pGm
ay:xGef;vmcJhavonf?
3? Todk@ “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf” tjzpf wpnf;wvHk;wnf; ay:aygufvmjcif;udk
wenf;tm;jzifh pwkwˆjrefrmEdkifiHawmf [lIvnf;aumif;/ yxr orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmf [lI
vnf;aumif; ac:qdkEdkifayonf? wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwdk@. e,fajra'orsm;udk tiftm;
awmifhwif;cdkifrmaom trsKd;om;EdkifiHawmftjzpf pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;cJh=u&mwGif yxrjrefrm
EdkifiHawmfonf ESpfaygif;oHk;&mausmf wnfwHhcdkif+rJcJhI/ 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf ESpfaygif;
ESpf&mausmf wnfwHhcdkif+rJcJh+yD;/ wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf ESpfaygif; w&mhoHk;q,fausmfom
wnfwHhcdkif+rJcJhavonf?
4? EdkifiHwck. ordkif;wGif ESpfaygif;oHk;&mausmfr#aomumvonf rajymyavmufatmif tcsdef
wdak wmif;vSayonf? yxr/ 'kw, d ESihf wwd, jrefrmEdik if aH wmfrsm;udk pnf;&H;k odr;f oGi;f cJph Ofu
vufeufEdkifiHawmftjzpfom odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhI wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfr_udk rxlaxmifEdkifcJhaoma=umifh =um=umrcHyJ tvGefwdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif;
òydvyJ supf ;D cJo
h nfukd awG@jrif=u&ayonf? trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;onf
T ordkif;a&;oifcef;pmrsm;udk aumif;pGmoabmaygufI vufeufEdkifiHxlaxmifa&; (0g)
vufeuftm;udk;jzifh pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;a&;udk tm;ray;bJ ESvHk;&nfjzifh ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;udk wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm;tay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;&if; pwkwˆ
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfavonf?
5? ordkif;udk av;eufpGm oabmaygufaom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
wef;wla&;tajccHay:wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk
wnfaqmuf+yD; t=urf;rzuf vufeuftm;rudk;bJ ESvHk;&nfoufoufjzifhom t"Gef@&Snf
wnfwHhcdkif+rJaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk awG@jrifvdkvSaomfvnf; ol usqHk;
+yD;aemuf wef;wla&;tajccHrlrsm; uG,faysmufum wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; ppfrSefaom
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;rSmvnf; tdyfrufyrm t&mrxifjzpfcJh&avonf? ,ae@ jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. trSefwu,fjzpfysufaeaom yuwdtajctaeudk a0zefoHk;oyf&aomf
“tiftm;csdeJ@vsuf&dSaom vlrrm}uD;” uJhodk@ ',drf;',dkifjzifh vJusysufpD;awmhr!fh
tajctaeyifjzpfayonf?
6? jreffrmEdkifiH. ordkif;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_udk av;av;eufeuf oabmayguf=uonfomru
urBmhrsufarSmuftajctaersm;udk rsufjcnfrjywf avhvmv#uf&dS=uaom u|Efkyfwkd@onf
,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHonf tvGefta&;}uD;aom vrf;qHkvrf;cGodk@ a&muf&dSaeonf[k avhvmrd

102 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

onf? rdrdvlrsKd;/ rdrde,fajra'otwGuf uGufI aqmif&Gufrnfavm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;

tm;vHk; (0g) jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;twGuf aqmif&Gufrnfavm rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;wrsKd;wnf;twGuf
uGufI toD;oD;aomvlrsKd;rsm;u aqmif&GufcJh=uaomf tcsif;csif; tay;t,l r#wEdkifyg
rnfavm rdrv d rl sK;d twGuf ud, k =hf urRmud,k f zefw;D Edik cf iG hf r&dv
S #if wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d toD;oD;.
wef;wl&nfwt l cGit hf a&;onf &dES ikd yf grnfavm po!fh tar;ykpm> rsm; ay:ayguv f #u&f aSd csonf?
TwGif tpGef;w&m;ESpfyg;udk owdcsyf&ayrnf? twWvGefuJr_ESifh y&vGefuJr_wnf;[laom
tpGef;w&m;ESpfyg;udk a&SmifI rdrdvlrsKd;tusKd;ESifh jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk r#wpGm aqmif&Gufzdk@
tvGefta&;}uD;vSayonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiH. jy\emonf twWvGefuJr_ESifh y&vGefuJr_
'GefwJGvGefqJGaeaom jy\emjzpfonf? tcsKd@rSm twWvGefuJum rdrdvlrsdK;twGuf oufouf
0uGufI aqmif±Gufvdk=u+yD;/ tcsdKŒu y&vGefuJum jynfaxmifpktusKd;oufoufudkom
ajymae=uonf? trSefrSm jynfaxmifpk.tusKd; qdkonfrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;.
tusKd;yifjzpfawmhonf? toD;oD;. tusKd;onf tvHk;pHk. tusKd;yifjzpfonf?
7? wdkif;&if;om;toD;oD;onf a&ajrobm0uGmjcm;r_/ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pH uJGjym;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;
zG@H òzd;wd;k wufr_ rnDr#rr_ sm;a=umifh wOD;ESihf wOD; pdr;f ae=uaomfvnf; trsK;d om;Edik if w H ckwnf;.
EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpf=uonfudk tpOft+rJowd&aeoifhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&dSordkif;a&;
tajctaet& vlrsKd;(8)rsKd;/ trsKd;om;jynfe,f (8)jynfe,fudk aygif;pyfI trsKd;om;EdkifiHwck
xlaxmifxm;+yD;jzpfonfuv kd nf; rarhoifah y? trsK;d om;Edik if H ta&;ESihf trsKo d m;jynfe,frsm;.
ta&;udk oifhwifhr#wpGm aqmif&Gufwwf&efESifh trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;twGif; wef;wl&nfwl
tcG i f h t a&;&&d S & ef txl ; vd k t yf v S a yonf ? wef ; wl & nf w l t cG i f h t a&;rsm;onf v nf ;
“olawmif;pm;. cGufxJodk@ pGef@}uJusa&mufvmr!fh tojyma=u;jym;uJhodk@ r[kwfbJ
tay;t,l=unfjzLr#wpGm &,lcHpm;tyfaom t&mom jzpf&ayrnf? wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&;rsm; trSefwu,f&&dSrSom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;
nD!w G rf w_ nf;[laom aq;pGr;f aumif;jzifo h m jynfaxmifpv k rl rm}uD;udk ukpm;Edik af yvdrrhf nf?
8? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;&&dSI ppfrSefaomaoGpnf;nD!Gwfr_
jzpfay:vma&;twGuf wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f opPm&d&S /Sd rSerf eS u f efuef aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifnE‡d i_d ;f I
aqmif&Guf&ef tvGefta&;}uD;ayonf? rdrdwOD;wnf;. tcGifhta&;twGuf jzm;a,mif;
aoG;aqmifra_ emufo@kd vdu k I f aomfvnf;aumif;/ +cdr;f ajcmufru _ kd a=umufIaomfvnf;aumif;
tjcm;aomvlrsKd;rsm;. ta&;udk ypfy,fcJhaomf a&&SnfwGif tusKd;xuftjypfom ydkI rsm;Edkif
ayonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tcsif;csif; ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfvufwJGI r&dStwl &dStwl
at;twlyltr# cHpm;pHpm;=u&if; }udK;yrf;aqmif&GufrSom wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm;onf
w+ydKifwnf; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvm+yD; tcsif;csif;vnf; tpOfxm0& aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_
&&dSEdkifayrnf?
9? ,ae@tcsd e f t cgonf tcG i f h t a&;a=umif h a omf v nf ; aumif ; / b,mab;a=umif h a omf
vnf;aumif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; aoG;uJGcJhaomf wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm;vnf;
&&dSvmrnfr[kwfbJ/ ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udkvnf; wnfaqmufEdkifrnfr[kwfay?
wd k i f ; &if ; om;tcsif ; csif ; ppf r S e f a om aoG ; pnf ; nD ! G w f r _ u d k rwnf a qmuf E d k i f c J h a omf

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 103

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

“jynfaxmifpk vlrrm}uD;twGuf uk&mewWd aq;r&dSjzpfum a&wdrfwGif epf&ayawmhrnf?

xdk@a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; opPm&dS&dS rSefrSefuefuef nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyifI wnD
w!Gwfwnf;aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom tcsdeftcgodk@ a&muf&dSaeay+yD?
10?trSefrSm ,ck tcsdeftcgor,udk ordkif;a&;&_axmifhrS &_jrifoHk;oyfcJhaomf u|Efkyfwdk@onf
“jynfaxmifpkvlrrm}uD;” udk usef;rmoefpGrf;vmatmifuko&if; “qÏrjrefrmEdkifiHawmf”
odk@r[kwf “wwd,orRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf” udk 0dkif;0ef;I }udK;yrf;wnfaqmufaeaom
umvjzpfayonf? Todk@ taumiftxnfaz:Edkifa&;twGuf atmufygtajccHrlrsm;udk
csrSwfaqmif&Gufv#uf&dSonf?
(1) 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;wef;wla&;/
(2) trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/
(3) ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;a&;/
(4) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;r_ &&dSa&;/
(5) jynfe,ftoD;oD; tcsKd;nD zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;rS jynfaxmifpk}uDudk acwfrSDwdk;wufo!fh
EdkifiHtjzpfwnfaqmufa&;/
(6) rnfo!fh tm%m&SifpepfrsKd;rqdk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aemufxyfray:aygufvma&;twGuf
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; wdk@yifjzpfayonf?
11? wwd,orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk t"Gef@&SnfwnfwHcdkif+rJa&;twGuf wef;wla&;tajccH
tay:wGif ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&ef txl;vdktyfvSayonf? wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&;rsm; zJG@pnf;jzpfay:vma&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; opPm&dS&dS
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfum rSefrSefuefuef yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef txl;vdktyfvSayonf? T
vdktyfcsufudk jz!fhqnf;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD
w&yfzJG@pnf;a&;udk aqmvsifpGm aqmif&GufoifhvSayonf? TaumfrwDwGif atmufyg
yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifoifhayonf?
(1) tcsdefjy!fhwm0ef,lxrf;aqmifEdkifr!fh vlrsKd;pkygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
(2) jynfe,fESifhvlrsKd;udk tajccHI zJG@pnf;xm;aom ygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
(3) vl r sKd ; pk ygwD tzJ G @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; rS a&G ; cs,f w if a jr‡ m uf j cif ; cH & aom v$ w f a wmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/

“'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&; rkcsatmifyJGcH&rnf”

rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

104 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

tcef; (8)
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;ausnmcsuf
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if .
H vufiif;Edik if aH &;tajctaersm;ESihf pyfvsO;f I
jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; 'Drukd a&pDtzJŒG csKyf (UNLD) ESihf
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJŒG csKyf (NLD) wdkŒ.
oabmxm;ausnmcsuf

Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wJGausnmcsuftrSwf (1)

1352 ckESpf awmfovif;vqef; (10)&uf
1990 jy!fhESpf/ =o*kwfv (29) &uf?

1? ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;ya&;aumfr&SifwGif w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zJG@pnf;

xm;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwD (21)ygwD (aemufqufwJGpm&if;wGif&_) udk
pkpnf;xlaxmifxm;o!fh jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;. vlrsK;d pka&;&m
rl0g'aumfrwDEiS hf trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf/ A[dt
k vkyt f r_aqmiftzJ@G . ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJ@G
onf 1990 jy!fEh pS f Zlvikd v
f (5)&ufae@wiG f &efuek òf rd@ ausmufww H m;òrd@e,f/ Advk af tmifausmf
vrf;&dS jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf (XmecsKyf) &Hk; Y y%mrnd‡Ed_if;
aqG;aEG;yJG usif;ycJh=uygonf?

2? ,if; y%mrnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yJGrS oabmwlnDcsuft& jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. vlrsKd;pka&;&mrl0g'aumfrwDESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf A[dk
tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@. yxrqHk;t}udrf pHknDtpnf;ta0;udk 1990 jy!fhESpf/ Zlvdkifv (12)
&ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@/ A[ef;òrd@e,f/ a&$*Hkwdkifvrf;&dS trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf/ XmecsKyf&Hk;Y
usif;ycJhygonf?

3? ,if; pHknDaqG;aEG;yJGrS oabmwlnDcsuft& jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD

tzJG@csKyf qufoG,f!‡dE_dif;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf A[dktvkyf
tr_aqmiftzJG@. udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@ (tzJG@csKyf. vlrsKd;pkqdkif&mtzJG@) onf jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. vufiif;EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I yHkrSefaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udk (3) }udrf
qufvufusif;ycJhygonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 105

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

4? ,if; yHkrSefaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;rS nd‡Ed_if;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;teuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf.

avmavmq,fEiS hf a&&Snt f usK;d pD;yGm;wd@k ukd a&S@&v
_ #u/f ESpOf ;D ESpb
f uf wlnaD om oabmxm;
rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ylwJGa=unmtyfygonf?

(u) 1990 jy!fhESpf ZGefv (29)&ufrS Zlvdkifv (1) &ufae@txd &efukefòrd@/ r[mAE<Kvvrf;&dS/
0dkiftrfpDat cef;rwGif usif;ycJhaom 'kwd,t}udrf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf obmywdpHknDtpnf;ta0;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;
ygwDaygif;pHk 'kwd,t}udrf tpnf;ta0;rS vufiif; &ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;jy\em
qdik &f m qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf 1990 jy!fEh pS f Zlvikd v
f (28)&ufEiS hf (29) &ufae@u &efuek òf rd@/
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;/ *ENDcef;raqmifwGif usif;ycJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
A[dkOD;pD;tzJG@ESifh tzJG@csKyfjynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. yxrt}udrf y%mr
nd‡Ed_if;tpnf;ta0;rS wnDw!Gwfwnf; twnfðycJho!fh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf
woabmwnf;&dSa=umif; xkwfaz:=uygonf?

‚if;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm æ

(1) usif;y+yD;pD;cJhaom ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGt+yD; jynfol@

v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyJGOya' tcef; (2)/ yk'fr (3) t& jynfol@v$wfawmfudk
1990 jy!fhESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; ac:,lzJG@pnf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yf
ydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@odk@ awmif;qdka=umif;?
(2) ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGwGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; trsm;pktEdkif&&dS
cJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf tm%mydkifudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@ESifh e0w
tm%mydkif udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwdk@ tjrefqHk;awG@qHknd‡Ed_ifa&;twGuf wdkufwGef;
a=umif;?
(3) jrefrmEdkifiH. avmavmq,ftusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh a&&Snftem*gwftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk
a&S@&_I trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf OuUX OD;wifOD;/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhwuG EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; vGwfajrmufa&;udk
apmvsifpGm aqmif&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@odk@
wdkufwGef;a=umif;?
(4) 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm; &&dSa&;ESifh jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifh uef@owfxm;r_rsm;udk
&kyfodrf;ay;a&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@odk@ awmif;qdk
a=umif;?

txufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfaz:&ef/ EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_

wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@odk@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwdk@u xyfavmif;wdkufwGef;onf?

106 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

(c) jynfol@v$wfawmf ay:aygufvm+yD;v#if jynfol@v$wfawmfu wifa¹r‡mufaom tpdk;&

zJG@pnf;+yD; tvsiftjrefqHk;aom umvtwGif; jynfol@v$wfawmf. OD;aqmifr_jzifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh yg0ifoifhyg0ifxdkufaom tzJG@tpnf;rsm;§vlyk*~dKvfrsm;
yg0ifo!fh trsKd;om;nd‡Ed_if;r_nDvmcH}uD;wpf&yf usif;yI jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifa&;
twGuf vrf;!Gefr_rsm; csrSwfrnf? ,if; vrf;!Gefr_rsm;ESifhtnD jynfol@v$wfawmfu
a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJr!fh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opfw&yfudk a&;qJGjyXmef;
twnf ð y&rnf [ k jynf a xmif p k w d k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sd K ;rsm;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf E S i f h
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzJG@csKyfwdk@u wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uonf?

(*) wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;onf vl r sKd ; a&;wef ; wl n D r #r_ / Ed k i f i H a &;wef ; wl n D r #r_ E S i f h
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynft0 &dSap&r!fhtjyif/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
tmrcH c suf & d S a om jynf a xmif p k u d k wd k i f ; &if ; om;tm;vH k ; aoG ; pnf ; nD ! G w f p G m
xlaxmif&ef vdktyfa=umif;/ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwdk@ wnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uonf?

5? jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwdk@onf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. vufiif;EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udk
qufvufusi;f yoGm;&efEiS hf 'Dru
kd a&pDbufawmfom; tjcm;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESiv hf nf; aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;twGuf qufvuf}udK;yrf;oGm;&ef oabmwl=uonf?

6? T yl;wJG a=unmcsuu f kd &efuek òf rd@ ausmufww

H m;òrd@e,f/ Adv
k af tmifausmv
f rf;/ trSw(f 393)&dS
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf (XmecsKyf&Hk;) tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pD tzJG@csKyfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;I yl;wJGxkwfjyefausnmvdkufygonf?

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&tzJG@csKyf
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf

aemufqufwpGJ m&if;

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf jynfe,f(7)ckESifhwuG/
wdkif;tcsKd@rS ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGaumfr&SifwGif w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zJG@pnf;
xm;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;ygwDrsm;udk pkpnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom
wyfaygif;pkw&yfjzpf+yD; atmufyg tzJG@tpnf; ygwDrsm; yg0ifonf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 107

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(1) &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(2) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(3) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf
(4) u&ifjynfe,f trsKd;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(5) csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(6) u,m;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(7) &Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(8) ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf
(9) awmifolv,form;/ u'l;/ ueef;ESifh &Srf;trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(10) ucsiftrsKd;om;vHk;qdkif&muGef*&uf
(11) òrd (ac: ) crD trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@
(12) u,ef;trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@
(13) ucsifjynfe,f trsKd;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
(14) tif;trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
(15) &cdkiftrsKd;om;vlr_b0 jr‡ifhwifa&;tzJG@ (r&rm}uD;)
(16) jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0f; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(17) u&iftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD uGef*&uf
(18) r&mjynfol@ygwD
(19) vDql;trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;cdkifrma&;tzJG@
(20) “0” trsKd;om;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(21) vm;[l trsKd;om;zG@Hòzd;wdk;wufa&;ygwD

jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfwGif tzJG@0iftjzpf ryg0if

ao;aomfvnf;/ rl0g'a&;&mrsm;ESifh tusKd;wlvkyfief;rsm;wGif ylaygif;vufwJGyg0ifv#uf&dSaom
wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
(1) &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyf
(2) ucsifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDuGefu&uf
(3) em*awmifwef;a'o wdk;wufa&;ygwD

xdk@jyif csif;jynfe,f/ [m;cg;òrd@e,frJqENe,f wpfoD;yk*~vtrwf OD;vseftkyfESifh

xefwvefòrd@e,frJqENe,f wpfoD;yk*~vtrwf a'gufwmr_xefwdk@vnf; yl;wJGyg0ifv#uf&dSonf?
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf txufaz: jyyg EdkifiHa&;
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh wpfoD;yk*~vrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyygonf?

108 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyfrS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
pOf? trnf tzJG@tpnf;wm0ef vufrSwf
1? OD;atmifa&$ A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzJG@0if
2? OD;=unfarmif -?-
3? OD;cspfcdkif -?-
4? OD;vGif -?-
5? a': jrifhjrifhcif -?-
6? OD;a&$ -?-
7? OD;cifarmifaqG -?-
*? OD;pdk;odrf; (armif0Ho) -?-
9? OD;ausmfrif; -?-
10? OD;csrf;at; -?-
11? OD;}uD;wl&def (ucsif) A[dkOD;pD;tzJG@0if
12? OD;wifOD; (u,m;) -?-
13? OD;oef;Edkif (u&if) -?-
14? OD;pDAif}uL; (csif;) -?-
15? OD;&JxGÉf (rGef) -?-
16? OD;xGef;atmifausmf (&cdkif) -?-
17? OD;tkef;armif (&Srf;) -?-

jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
1? OD;aiGodrf; t+rJwrf; obmywd aumifpDtzJG@0if
2? OD;pDauwdkufuJGvf -?-
3? OD;at;az -?-
4? OD;apmoef;&dSef -?-
5? OD;',feD&,fatmif -?-
6? OD;at;omatmif twGif;a&;rSL;tzJG@0if
&? cGefwifa&$ -?-
8? qvdkif;vsefr_ef; -?-
9? Edkifatmifjrifh -?-
10? a'gufwmatmifwifOD; -?-
11? cGefxGef;OD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pka&;&m aumfrwDESifh vkyfief;aumfrwD0if
12? pdkif;tdkufaygif; -?-
13? Edkifcifarmif -?-
14? OD;ombef; -?-
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 109
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

tcef;(9)
ppfrSefaomz,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkqDodkŒ
wwd,t}udrn
f v
D mcHEiS hf Edik if aH wmfzŒGJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'(rl-urf;)

'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh wef;wla&;wdkufyGJ tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD

tzGJ@csKyfESifh vufwGJyl;aygif;I “Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;ausnmcsuf”udkxkwfjyefcJh+yD;aemufydkif;/
UNLD udk e0w ppftpdk;&u ,cifuxuf ydkrdkjyif;xefaom xdk;ESuf wdkufcdkufr_rsm; jyKvkyf
vmcJhygonf? UNLD .t+rJwrf;obmywdtzGJ@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ rl0g'a&;&m
aumfrwD0ifrsm; ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;udk t}udrf}udrf zrf;qD;ac:,lar;jref;jcif;/
tusOf;cs csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwfjcif;rsm; udk tvl;tvJ cHcJh&ygonf?

xd@k tjyif e0w ppftpd;k &u rw&m;aomtrde@f tm%mrsm;ESihf Oya'trsKd ;rsKd ;udk xkwI
f
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;omru 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD; evHxlI r&atmif ESdyfuGyfESdrfeif;cJhygonf?
xdk@a=umifh xdkumv EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk oHk;oyfI 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJtwGuf tiftm;
jyefvnfpkpnf;Edkif&ef/ UNLD wwd,t}udrf t+rJwrf;obmywdpHknDtpnf;ta0; (nDvmcH)
udk 1990jy!fh Edk0ifbmvtwGif; &efukef+rdK@ UNLD ±Hk;csKyfwnf&Sd&m Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGif
ac:,lusif;ycJhygonf?

xdknDvmcH. xl;jcm;csufrSm rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD/ EdkifiHawmfzG@Jpnf;yHktajccHOya'

a&;qGJa&;tzG@Ju “EdkifiHawmfzG@Jpnf;yHktajccHOya'(yxrrl=urf;)” udk tjynfhtpHk a&;om;wifjy
Edkifjcif;jzpfygonf?

xdknDvmcHwGif tjcm;EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pmwrf;rsm;udkyg wifoGif;aqG;aEG;cJhaomfvnf;

,cktajctaewGif ‚if;pmwrf;rsm;udk jyefvnf&SmazGwifjy&ef rjzpfEdkifao;acs?

xdk@jyif xdknDvmcHwGif wifoGif;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (yxrrl=urf;)

udvk nf;/ us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJ+h yD;jzpfI Tae&mwGif jyefvnfyEkH ydS af zmfjy&ef vdt
k yfrnf[k
r,lqacs? odk@&mwGif xdk zGJ@pnf;yHk(rl=urf;). tESpfom&tm;vHk;udk xif[yfay:vGifapo!fh
“EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm”udkrl pmzwfolrsm;avhvmI
'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&;wdkufyGJtwGuf tiftm;,lEdkif&ef jyefvnf az: jywifquftyfygonf?

110 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

UNLD .
Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD
tpD&ifcpH m

jynf a xmif p k w d k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sd K ;rsm;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J @ csKyf o nf / 'D r d k u a&pD a &;ES i f h
wef;wla&;wdkufyGJtwGuf pkpnf;xm;aomjynfaxmifpkbGm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdk@.
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; yGifhvef;&Sifoef+yD;/
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; vlrsdK;a&;t& wef;wlnDr#r_/ EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wlnDr#r_ESifh ukd,fh=urRm
udk,f vGwfvyfpGmzefwD;cGifh/ udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhtjy!fht0&Sdaom ppfrSefo!fh jynfaxmifpkpepf
wnfaqmufa&;onf tzGJ@csKyf. t"du&nf±G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf?

xkkd &nf±G,fcsufudk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv (27)

&ufwGif rE Wav;òrd@Y usif;yaom (14)ygwDwufa&mufo!fh tpnf;ta0;wGif jynfaxmifpk
wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;'D r d k u a&pD t zJ G @ csKyf u Ed k i f i H a wmf z J G @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k t ajccH O ya'ud k
}udKwifjyifqifa&;qJG&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? xdk qHk;jzwfcsufESifhtnD tzJG@csKyf. yxrt}udrf
nDvmcHESifh 'kwd,t}udrfnDvmcHwdk@wGif EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' (rl=urf;)/
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh ywfoufI tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk wifjyo!fh pmwrf;rsm;udk
wifoGif;EdkifcJhygonf? 1990 jy!fh ZGefv (29) &ufrS Zlvdkifv (2)&ufae@txd YMCA cef;rY
usif;yaom nDvmcH}uD;wGif EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' a&;qJGa&;twGuf vrf;!Gefr_
(7)csufudk twdtvif; jyXmef;ausnmEdkifcJhygonf?

EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;twGuf vrf;!Gefr_ (7)csufrSm æ

(1) ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfay:wGif tajccHaom zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'jzpf&rnf?
(2) 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjy!fht0 jyXmef;umuG,f&rnf?
(3) jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;
&&dSap&rnf?
(4) jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifjynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;aomtcg yx0Dtaetxm;ay: tajccHI zJG@pnf;
jcif; rjzpfap&/ vlrsKd;udktajccHaom trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;omjzpf&rnf? vuf&dSEdkifiHa&;
tajctaet& &dS&if;pJG jynfe,f(7)ckESifh Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwcktjzpf zJG@pnf;apI
trsKd;om;jynfe,f (8)jynfe,fudk tajccHaom jynfaxmifpkudk zJG@pnf;&rnf?
(5) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh EdkifiHa&;tm%m
tjy!fht0 tyfESif;xm;&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm jynfe,frsm;udk Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mwd@k ukd tyfEiS ;f xm;&rnf? xd@k jyif wEdik if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmjzifh
aqmif & G u f & ef jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &ud k vJ $ t yf x m;aom vk y f y d k i f c G i f h t m%mrsm;rS t y
ºuGif;usefaomvkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm; (Residual Power) udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf?

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 111

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

(6) trsKd;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zJG@pnf;aomtcg

jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm; wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif&Gufr!fh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;/
aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;ESifh tjcm;,m,DvJ$tyfxm;aom
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;xm;&rnf? xdk@jyif EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%monf
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Yom wnf&dSap&rnf?
(7) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf (txufv$wfawmf) ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf
(atmufv$wfawmf) [lI v$wfawmf(2)&yf xm;&dS&rnf? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwGif trsKd;om;
jynfe,frsm;rS v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a& tnDtr# apv$w=f u&rnf? od@k ro S m jynfe,frsm;
wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f o!fh jynfaxmifpq k okd !fh tESpo
f m& ay:vGirf nf? jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfwiG f
vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf =u&rnf?

txufyg vrf;!$eftajccHrl(7)csufESifh yxrESifh 'kwd,t}udrfnDvmcHrsm;wGif

wifoGif;aomrl=urf;rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;qdkif&mpmwrf;rsm;/ nDvmcHodk@
wufa&mufvm=uaom udk,fpm;vS,f}uD;rsm;. aqG;aEG;csuf/ t}uHay; a0zefoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk
tajcjyKI TzG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya' (yxrrl=urf;) udk a&;om;jyKpkjcif;jzpfygonf? ,ck wifjy
aomrl=urf;udk nDvmcHwufa&mufvm=uukefaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkEdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;rS
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u aocsmpGm/ aphpyfpGm/ pdwf&SnfpGmjzifh aemif om;pOfajr;quftxd tusdK;
jzpfxGef;r!fh a&&SnftusdK;udk ar#mf=u!fhI aqG;aEG;t}uHay; a0zefoHk;oyf=uyg&ef av;jrwfpGm
arwWm&yfcHvdkygonf? xdk aqG;aEG;t}uHay;csufrsm;tay: tajccHI 'kwd,rl=urf;/ wwd,rl=urf;
ponfjzifh EdkifiHawmftwGuf taumif;qHk;aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'w&yf ay:xGef;
jyÏmef;Edkifonftxd }udK;yrf;oGm;&rnfjzpfygonf?

Ty%mrrl=urf;tay:tajccHI t"duxm;I aqG;aEG;oifhr_[laom tcsuftvuf

tcsdK@udk xkwfE_wfI wifjyvdkygonf? ta=umif;rSm ,ck xkwfE_wfwifjyo!fh ta=umif;tcsuf
rsm;onf T zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'}uD;. av;eufr_/ t"dy`g,fjy!fh0pHkvifr_ESifh tESpfom&rsm;udk
az:aqmif&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh xdkta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm; vrf;a=umif;rSm;I rjzpfay?
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. t"duta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm; vrf;a=umif;vGJrSm;
oGm;ygu/ EdkifiHawmftxl;epfemayrnf? jynfolvlxkepfem=uayrnf? u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm; epfem=uayrnf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynf.uH=urRmudk tqHk;tjzwfay;r!fh txl;}uD;av;
aom wm0efw&yftjzpf udk,fpGrf;^m%fpGrf;&Sdor#jzifh pdwf&SnfZGJ&SdpGm aqmif±Guf=u&ef vdktyfvS
ayonf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif
a&;qGJcJhaomfvnf; t"duta&;}uD;aomtcsufrsm; vrf;a=umif;vGJrSm;cJh aoma=umifh ,ae@wdkif
vGwfvyfa&;toD;tyGifhudk jynfolvlxku tjy!fht0 rcHpm;Edkifao;aom cg;oD;emusnf;bG,f
twdwfoifcef;pmudk &if0,fydkufI/ ypPKy`efESifh tem*gwf aumif;usdK;twGuf aqmif±Guf=uygpdk@[k
wdkufwGef;tyfayonf?

112 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;wdu
k yf u
JG mvtwGi;f UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;

T zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' (yxrrl=urf;) wGift"duxm;I wifjyaom

tcsufrsm;rSm æ

1? Edik if aH wmfEiS yhf wfoufIwifjycsurf sm;

- vGwfvyfItcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaomEdkifiHjzpfonf?
- EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk EdkifiHom;wdk@u ydkifqdkifonf?
- EkdifiHom;tm;vHk; vlom;yDopGm touf&SifaexdkifcGifhudk tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;aom
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHjzpfonf?
- TEdik if o
H nf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;aom Edik if jH zpfonf?
- xdk@a=umifh edkifiHawmf.zGJ@pnf;yHkpepfrSm ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzpfonf?

2? Edik if aH &;pepfEiS yhf wfoufIwifjycsuf

ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD pepfudk tajccHaom ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfjzpfonf?

3? Edik if aH wmfp;D yGg;a&;pepfEiS yhf wfoufI wifjycsuf

vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfjzpfonf? vGwfvyfaompD;yGg;a&;pepfudk æ
(1) yk*~vduydkif
(2) zufpyf
(3) or0g,rESifh
(4) edkifiHydkif - wdk@jzifh taumiftxnfaz:rnf?

4? jynfaxmifpv
k w
$ af wmfEiS hf ywfoufIwifjycsuf

jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif æ
(1) orRw
(2) vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf (txufv$wfawmf)
(3) jynfol@v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf) wdk@yg0if&rnf[k wifjyonf?
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;rS v$wfawmftrwfOD;a& tnDtr#
apv$wf=u&rnf? odk@rSom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl
yl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfqdko!fh tESpfom& ay:vGifxif&Sm;Edkifayrnf? xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpk
}uD;. tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf tmrcHcsufay;r!fh
Oya'udk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk qENoabmxm;wlnDpGm/ cspf=unfaoG;pnf;pGm/ wef;wl
nDr#pGmjzifh jyÏmef;&efvdktyfayonf? xdk@a=umifh vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf. tcef;u¾udk tav;xm;I
wifjyxm;ygonf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 113
+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfudk EdkifiHawmfOya'jyKtzGJ@. t"dur¾dKif}uD;wcktjzpfjzifh rD;armif;

xdk; wifjyovdk/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudkvnf; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf. tESpfom&rsm;udk az:aqmif
r!fh v$waf wmftjzpf wifjyxm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm jynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f trsm;pktEdik &f &Sad om
edkifiHa&;ygwDu jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh jynfol@v$wfawmfonf
EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m;}uD;udk t"duudkifwG,faqmif±Guf&r!fh v$wfawmf}uD;jzpfygonf?

5? Edik if aH wmforRwa±G;cs,yf ekH nf;pepfEiS yhf wfoufaomwifjycsuf

jynfol@v$wfawmfa±G;aumufyGJwGif trsm;qHk;tEdkif&&Sdo!fh EdkifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmifudk

EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a±G;cs,fcef@tyfjcif;onf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf. }uD;av;aom
tESpfom&jzpfygonf? xdkenf;wl wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;aom jynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;. txGwftxdyfae&mudk&&Sdo!fh EkdifiHawmforRw a±G;aumuf
wifa¹r‡mufjcif;onfvnf; ta&;}uD;vSygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf a±G;aumufwifa¹r‡mufovdk vlxk
trsm;pk. }udKuf&mrJjzifh a±G;cs,fIr&yg? EdkifiHawmforRwonf EdkifiHom;jynfoltrsm;pk.
acgif;aqmifomrubJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;(vlrsdK;)tm;vHk;. t}uD;tuJ
acgif;aqmifjzpfonf[laom tESpfom&vnf; ay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHawmf
orRwudk a±G;cs,f&mY wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;u qENoabmwl a±G;cs,fjcif; (wenf;) vlxk
trsm;pk. omrefrJqENjzifh a±G;cs,fonfqdkaom t"dy`g,fxuf/ vlrsdK;trsm;pk. oabmwlnD
aom qENrjJ zifh a±G;cs,of nfqakd om t"dyg` ,f ay:vGix
f if&mS ;ap&ef/ vlrsKd ;pkvw
$ af wmftrwfrsm;u
EdkifiHawmforRwudk a±G;cs,fwifa¹r‡muf&rnf[k wifjyxm;ygonf?

6? jynfaxmifpOk ya'jyKcGit
hf m%mESihf jynfe,fOya'jyKcGit
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udk tjy!fht0&&Sdjcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu Oya'jyKcGifh&Sdaom udpP&yfrsm;
(Oya'jyKpm&if;) ESihf jynfe,fvw $ af wmftoD;oD;u Oya'jyKcGi&hf dS aom udp&P yfrsm;(Oya'jyKpm&if;)/
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$ af wmf yl;wGJ Oy'jyK&r!fh pm&if;rsm;udk wOD;wnf;jzifh
tao;pdwfaz: jy&ef tcuftcJ&Sdygonf? ,ckwifjycsufrsm; ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf t±dk;pGJae+yD
jzpfo!fhtwdkif; jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfOya'jyKpm&if; rsm;aernf xifygonf? nDvmcH
wuf a &muf v m=uo!fh udk , f p m;vS , f rsm;u tao;pd w f qef ;ppf o H k ;oyf + yD ; cG J j cm;ay;&ef
vdktyfygonf? xdkenf;wlpGm jynfaxmifpktpdk;& vkyfief;cGiftm%mESifh jynfe,ftpdk;& vkyfydkifcGifh
tm%mvnf; tao;pdwf pdppfcGJjcm;&ef vdktyfayonf?

114 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf

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,ck wifjyaomrl=urf;wGif jynfe,frsm;. &&SdcHpm;xdkufaom tcGifhtm%mESifh

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jy!fhpHkaumif;rGefrnf[k ,lqygonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfe,ftoD;oD;u rdrdjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;yHk
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f iG ;f az: jyoGm;rnf
jzpfygonf?

8? jynfe,fopfu¾udk wifjycsuf

,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfe,fopfzGJ@pnf;&ef *k%ft*F gESifhjy!fhpHkaom vlrsdK;rsm;

&Sdae=uygonf? xdk nDaemifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;udk rqHk;±H_;
repfemapbJ tjrefqHk;&&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef jynfe,fopfzJG@pnf;a&;u¾udk wifjyxm;ygonf?

9? ud,
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f yk cf sKyf&a'oESihf trsKd ;om;e,fajrrsm; owfrw
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aom 'Drdkua&pDESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm; tjy!fht0 cHpm;Edkif&efjzpfonfESifhtnD/ jynfaxmifpk
}uD;udk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg jynfe,frsm;tjyif/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf&a'orsm;ESifh trsdK;om;e,fajrrsm;
udyk g owfrw S jf yÏmef;&ef rl0g' csrw S x f m;ygonf? xd@k a=umifh TzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' (yxrrl=urf;)
wGif xduk ¾udk tav;teufxm;I wifjytyfygonf? xdo k @kd wifjy&mwGif tajccHrt l jzpf 1947-
ck/ arvwGif usif;yaom zqyv tzGJ@csKyf y%mrjyifqifr_nDvmcH}uD;wGif ocifatmifqef;
udk,fwdkifwifoGif;cJhaom rlrsm;udk tajccHxm;ygonf? ,ckwifjycsufonf jynfhpHkjcif; r&Sdao;yg?
udk,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD;rsm;u tao;pdwf wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef yef=um;vdkygonf?

“a&mr+rdK@udk wae@wnf;wGif rwnfaqmufEdkifyg” qdkaompum; &SdonfESifhtnD/

EdkifiHawmfwck. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'}uD;udkvnf; w}udrfwcgwnf;jzifh jy!fhpHkvHkavmuf
aumif;rGefpGm a&;om;jyKpkEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;yg[lI ±dk;om;pGm 0efcHvdkygonf? aemiftem*gwf
om;pOfajr;quftxd wdkif;jynf. uH=urRmudk taumif;tqdk; zefwD;&ef tqHk;tjzwfay;r!fh
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJjcif;onf jynfaxmifpk}uD;. yHko¾mefudk yHkoGif;xkvkyfjcif;

qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf 115

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkΠ(yxrwGJ)

jzpfI txl;pdwf&Snf&ef vdktyfayonf? tar#mftjrif}uD;&ef vdktyfayonf? vwfwavm

EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;wckudk ajz&Sif;±Hkr#twGuf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;
jcif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;tESpf(40)ausmfae+yDjzpfaomfvnf;/ ,ae@wdkif
vGwfvyfa&;toD;tyGifhudk wdkif;&if;om;jynfolvlxk cHpm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdao;ay? xdk@a=umifh ,ae@
u|Ekfyfwdk@ acwfwGifvnf; ordkif;w&m;cHrsm; rjzpf&avatmif tar#mftjrif}uD;pGm/ ZGJowWd&SdpGm/
av;eufwnf=unfpGmjzifh vHk@vpdkufI EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyÏmef;Edkif&ef
}udK;yrf;=uygpdk@[k wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ayonf?

T zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'(yxrrl=urf;) udk jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;

'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wm0efay;csuft&/ atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifaom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya' a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwDu a&;om;jyKpkI 1990 jy!fEh pS /f ed0k ifbmv (21) &ufae@wiG f usi;f yaom
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf wwd,t}udrfnDvmcH}uD;odk@ wifoGif;
tyfygonf?

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm æ

1? OD;at;az (t+rJwrf;obmywdaumifpD)
2? Edkifcifarmif (rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD )
3? OD;vseftkyf (wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pka&;&m rl0g'aumfrwD)
4? Edkifwifaz (aqmf=oa&;rSL; - rl0g'a&;&maumfrwD)
5? OD;ombef; (jyef=um;a&;aumfrwD)
6? qvdkif;vsefr_ef; (twGif;a&;rSL;) wdk@jzpfygonf?

(rSwfcsuf ? ? 1990 jy!fh Edk0ifbmv (21) &ufwGif TtpD&ifcHpmudk UNLD

wwd,t}udrfnDvmcHodk@wifoGif;cJhygonf?)

116 qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf