ch1 PDF

Operating System Course
Dr. Abeer Mohamed El-Korany

Computer Science Department
Faculty Of computer and Information
a.korani@fci-cu.edu.eg
Dr.Abeer El-korany 2009
Outline Course Overview

Course Description
Assessment
Course Text
1.2
Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009
Course Description
Part 1: Overview
z
Introduction
Operating-System Structures
Part 2: Process Management

z
Processes
Threads
CPU Scheduling
Part 3: Memory Management

z
Main Memory
Virtual Memory
During Lab time, teaching operating system concepts is done through Linux.
KNOPPIX is used as a productive Linux system for the desktop

1.3
Grading System
Grades will be based on 100 possible points, using
the following distribution schedule:

Assignments: 15%
Mid-term Exam : 10%
Final Project: 10 %
Term Report : 5%
Final Exam: 60%
1.4
References
Text Book:
1. Operating System Concepts, 8th
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009
2. Modern Operating Systems, A.
Tanenbaum:Prentice-Hall, 2nd Edition, 2008
1.5
Chapter 1: Introduction
Computer System Overview
Computer-System Structure
What is an Operating System?
Computer-System Organization
Operating-System Operations
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
1.6
Computer System Structure
1.7
Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components
Hardware provides basic computing resources

CPU,
memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls
and coordinates use of hardware among various

applications and users
Application programs define the ways in which the

system resources are used to solve the computing problems of
the users
Word
processors, web browsers, database systems, video

games
Users
People,
machines, other computers
1.8
Computer Abstraction Layers
A computer system consists of
hardware
system programs
application programs
1.9
What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user
of a computer and the computer hardware.

OS is a control program
z
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors

and improper use of the computer
The one program running at all times on the computer
is the kernel. Everything else is either a system

program (ships with the operating system) or an
application program
1.10
Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator
z
Allow multiple programs to run at the same time
Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources
Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways:

In
time
In
space
OS is a control program
z
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use

of the computer
Control Resources among:

Users; Programs; Processors;

Control means: sharing/multiplexing, monitoring, protection,
report/payment
1.11
Operating System Objectives

Operating system goals:
z Convenience
Makes
the computer more convenient to use
z Efficiency
Allows
computer system resources to be

used in an efficient manner
1.12
Operating System (cont.)

The two Views of an Operating System
z
TopTop-down View:
An Extended Machine
Hides
the details which must be performed
Presents
user with a virtual machine, easier to use
BottomBottom-up View:
A Resource Manager
Each
program gets time with the resource
Each
program gets space on the resource
1.13
Role Of Operating system (User View)

Program execution
the O/S loads programs and data into memory, initializes I/O devices
and files, schedules the execution of programs
Access to I/O devices

the O/S hides I/O device details from applications (direct I/O access is
forbidden) and offers a simplified I/O interface
Controlled access to files

the O/S organizes data into files, controls access to the files (create,
delete, read, write) and preserves their integrity
Communications
the O/S allows exchange of information between processes, which are
possibly executing on different computers
Error detection and response

the O/S properly handles hardware failures and software errors with the
least impact to running applications (ending, retrying Or reporting)
1.14
Computer System Organization

Computer-system operation
z
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through

common bus providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for

memory cycles
1.15
Hardware Elements
Processor
Main Memory
z
z
referred to as real memory or primary memory

volatile
I/O modules
z
secondary memory devices
communications equipment
terminals
System bus
z
communication among processors, memory, and I/O

modules
1.16
Computer-System Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently.
Each device controller is in charge of a particular
device type.
Each device controller has a local buffer.
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local
buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller.
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt.
1.17
Computer-System Operation
Computer Startup
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or
reboot
Typically
stored in ROM or EEPROM,

generally known as firmware
Initialized
all aspects of system
Loads
operating system kernel and starts

execution
1.18
Processor
1.19
Instruction Cycle
The processor fetches the instruction from memory
Program counter (PC) holds address of the instruction to be
fetched next
Program counter is incremented after each fetch
Fetched instruction is placed in the instruction register

Types of instructions
z
transfer data between processor and memory
data transferred to or from a peripheral device
arithmetic or logic operation on data
1.20
Interrupts
An interruption of the normal sequence of execution
Most I/O devices are slower than the processor
(writing to a line printer)

z
Processor must pause to wait for device
Interrupts allow the processor to execute other
instructions while an I/O operation is in progress

Process being interrupted must be suspended in
such a way so that it can be resumed once the

operation is complete
Improves processing efficiency
1.21
Interrupt Cycle
1.22
Interrupt Cycle
zInterrupt
transfers control to the interrupt

service routine generally, through the interrupt
vector, which contains the addresses of all the
service routines.
zInterrupt
architecture must save the address of

the interrupted instruction.
zAn
operating system is interrupt driven.
1.23
Interrupt Handling
A program that determines nature of the interrupt and performs
whatever actions are needed

The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing
registers and the program counter.

Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
z
Program
arithmetic
overflow
division
by zero
execute
illegal instruction
reference
outside users memory space
I/O
Hardware failure
Control is transferred to this program
1.24
I/O Structure
After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O
completion.
z
Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
Wait loop (contention for memory access).
At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no

simultaneous I/O processing.
After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for
I/O completion.
z
System call request to the operating system to allow user to

wait for I/O completion.
Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device

indicating its type, address, and state.
Operating system indexes into I/O device table to determine

device status and to modify table entry to include interrupt.
1.25
Device-Status Table
1.26
Input Device example

Device controller

Status register
(ready,

busy, interrupt, )
Data registers
A simple mouse design

z
Put (X, Y) in data registers on a move
Interrupt
Input on an interrupt
z
Read values in X, Y registers
Set ready bit
Wake up a process/thread or execute a piece of code
1.27
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Structure

I/O exchanges occur directly with memory
Processor grants I/O module authority to read from
or write to memory
Processor is free to do other things
Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer
storage directly to main memory without CPU

intervention.
Only one interrupt is generated per block, rather than
the one interrupt per byte.
1.28
Storage Structure
Main memory only large storage media that the
CPU can access directly.

Secondary storage extension of main memory that
provides large nonvolatile storage capacity.

Magnetic disks rigid metal or glass platters covered
with magnetic recording material

z
Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are

subdivided into sectors.
The disk controller determines the logical interaction

between the device and the computer.
1.29
Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy.
z
Speed
Cost
Volatility
Decreasing cost per bit

z
Increasing capacity
Increasing access time
Decreasing frequency of access of the memory by the processor
Caching copying information into faster storage
system; main memory can be viewed as a last cache for

secondary storage.
1.30
Storage-Device Hierarchy
1.31
Caching
Important principle, performed at many levels in a
computer (in hardware, operating system, software)

Information in use copied from slower to faster storage
temporarily
Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if
information is there
z
If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
If not, data copied to cache and used there
Cache smaller than storage being cached

z
Cache management important design problem
Cache size and replacement policy
1.32
Cache Memory
A portion of main memory used as a buffer to temporarily
to hold data for the disk

z
Disk writes are clustered
Some data written out may be referenced again. The data are
retrieved rapidly from the software cache instead of slowly from
disk
1.33
Performance of Various Levels of Storage

Movement between levels of storage hierarchy can be explicit or
implicit
1.34
Operating-System Operations
Interrupt driven by hardware
Software error or request creates exception or trap
z
Division by zero, request for operating system service
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying
each other or the operating system

Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system
components
z
User mode and kernel mode
Mode bit provided by hardware

Provides
ability to distinguish when system is running user

code or kernel code
Some
instructions designated as privileged, only

executable in kernel mode
System
call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets

it to user
1.35
Transition from User to Kernel Mode

Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources
z
Set interrupt after specific period
Operating system decrements counter
When counter zero generate an interrupt
Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate

program that exceeds allotted time
1.36
Types of O/S
Mainframe systems
Desktop & laptop systems
Parallel system
Real-time systems
1.37
Types of Operating Systems

Mainframe systems
Characteristics of mainframe systems
The first computers used to tackle various applications and still
found today in corporate data centers
room-sized, high I/O capacity, reliability, security, tech support
mainframes focus on I/O-bound business data applications

(supercomputers focus on CPU-bound scientific calculations)
Mainframes provide three main functions
batch processing: insurance claims, store sales reporting, etc.
transaction processing: credit card, bank account, etc.
time-sharing ( sessions): multiple users querying a database
1.38
Parallel systems
1.39
Real-time systems
systems controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging
systems, industrial control systems, some display systems
Hard real-time: critical tasks are guaranteed on time
secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
conflicts with time-sharing systems and virtual memory delays
Soft real-time: critical tasks just get higher priority

more useful in applications requiring tight but not strict response
times ( multimedia, virtual reality, robotic exploration)
1.40
OS - Main Components
Process management
z
process creation; deletion; suspension
process synchronization; communication
Main-memory management
z
Manage used parts and their current users
Select processes to load
Allocate memory to running processes
Secondary storage management

z
Free-space management
Storage allocation
File system management

z
File + directory creation; deletion
File manipulation primitives
Mapping files onto secondary storage
1.41
OS - Main Components (cont.)

I/o system management
z general device-driver interface
z
Drivers for specific hardware devices
Protection system
z Distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage
z
Provide means of enforcement
Command-interpreter System
z
Control statements that deal with process creation and

management + I/o handling + file-system access + protection +
networking
1.42

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Operating System Course

Dr. Abeer Mohamed El-Korany

Dr.Abeer El-korany 2009

Outline Course Overview

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Part 2: Process Management

Part 3: Memory Management

KNOPPIX is used as a productive Linux system for the desktop

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

the following distribution schedule:

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Computer System Structure

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Computer System Structure

Hardware provides basic computing resources

memory, I/O devices

and coordinates use of hardware among various

Application programs define the ways in which the

processors, web browsers, database systems, video

machines, other computers

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Computer Abstraction Layers

A computer system consists of

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

What is an Operating System?

of a computer and the computer hardware.

Controls execution of programs to prevent errors

The one program running at all times on the computer

is the kernel. Everything else is either a system

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Operating System Definition

Allow multiple programs to run at the same time

Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources

Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways:

Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use

Control Resources among:

Users; Programs; Processors;

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Operating System Objectives

the computer more convenient to use

computer system resources to be

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Operating System (cont.)

the details which must be performed

user with a virtual machine, easier to use

program gets time with the resource

program gets space on the resource

Operating System Course

Dr.Abeer El-koranyl 2009

Role Of Operating system (User View)

Access to I/O devices