International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 4, October 2014

ISSN: 2349-8862

Point Spread Functions Of Aberrated Optical Systems With

Annular Apertures
A. Narsaiah

D. Karuna Sagar

Lecturer In Physics, S. R. R. Govt. Degree & P.G. College,

Karimnagar

Department Of Physics, University College Of Science,

O.U., Hyderabad

T. Kiran Kumar
Research Scholar Department Of Physics, O.U., Hyderabad

Abstract: Annular apertures are derived for the

rotationally symmetric optical systems. Shaping the point
spread function in terms of the magnitude of the radius of its
first dark ring in comparison to that of Airy case is one of
the prime merit functions associated with super-resolved
point spread functions. Our studies entail in the estimation
of the radius of the first dark ring in the obtained diffraction
pattern of the obtained point image. Apertures shading with
amplitude filters have been considered. The influence of the
filter has been analyzed to estimate the optimum value of
apodisation for a given aperture in realizing the least
possible radius for the first dark ring which in turn
influences the resolving aspects of the optical imaging
systems.
Keywords: Rotationally Symmetric Systems,
Hanning amplitude filters, Super- resolution, Defect-offocus, primary spherical aberration.

I.

INTRODUCTION

the PSF has become an important method in the design and

testing of such systems [2].

II.

EXPERIMENTAL

The far-field diffraction characteristics due to a circular

aperture in an optical imaging system can be derived from its
amplitude response or the amplitude PSF. The diffracted light
amplitude associated with a rotationally symmetric pupil is
given by [3],
1

A( Z ) 2 f r J 0 Zr rdr

(1)

where f(r) is the pupil function of the optical system; Z is

the dimensionless variable which forms the distance of the
point of observation from the centre of diffraction head; and
J0(Zr) is the zero order Bessel function of the first kind; r is
the reduced co-ordinate on the exit-pupil of the system. The
expression for annular aperture can be written as
1

In the present era of superresolved optical images, where

there is a wide surge of advancement of optics penetrating into
all forms of technological development, especially in the field
of optical imaging and telecommunications, the suppression of
secondary side-lobes in the diffraction pattern also known as
point spread function (PSF) is highly desirable in certain
cases. By properly choosing the transmission function of the
pupil of the system, the intensity in the optical side-lobes of
the diffraction pattern can be totally suppressed or at least
considerably reduced without increasing the dimensions of the
pupil. Many apodisation filters have been proposed in
instrumental optics for various purposes [1]. In the present
investigation, the diffracted field characteristics of rotationally
symmetric optical systems shaded with the generalized
Hanning amplitude filters have been studied in terms of the
width of the central maximum and reduction in the secondary
maxima by shaping the circular aperture into annular aperture
with varying central circular obscuration. Hence, the study of
imaging properties of optical systems from the knowledge of
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A( Z ) 2 f r J 0 Zr rdr

(2)

A( Z ) 2 f r J 0 Zr e

Y
Y
i 2 14
r
r

rdr (3)

In the present study, we have considered the generalized

Hanning amplitude filter whose pupil function can be
represented by

f (r ) Cos

(4)
where is the apodising parameter controlling the nonuniform transmission of the pupil. Y and Y1 are the defocus
and primary spherical aberration parameters. The intensity
PSF B(Z) which is the real measurable quantity can be
obtained by taking the squared modulus of A(Z). Thus,

B( Z ) AZ

(5)

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 4, October 2014
ISSN: 2349-8862
III.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Expressions (2) (3)and (5) have been used to compute the

point spread functions of the apodised apertures for various
values of central obscuration parameter . Figure 1 depicts the
intensity distribution curves for various degrees of apodisation
parameter for circular aperture (=0) for the first order
Hanning amplitude filter (=1). Form the profile of the
intensity distribution curves it is evident that for = 0.50, i.e.,
for partial apodisation there appears to be a total elimination
of the optical side-lobes thus shaping the point spread function
to the desired profile. Table-1 provides the computed values of
the radius of the first, second and third dark rings for circular
aperture in the case of first order filter for different values of
.
1.0

0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

3.9463
4.1310
4.5124
5.3304
6.1977
3.3443
1.5484
2.1656
2.4560

7.0797
7.1928
7.4836
8.5378
9.6078
7.9745
6.7172
6.8507
6.9826

10.2179
10.2980
10.5218
11.7073
12.8801
11.3037
9.9824
10.0735
10.1631

Table 2 lists the tabulated values of the radius of the first,

second and third dark rings for annular aperture ( = 0.8) in
the case of first order filter for varied values of . Figure 2
illustrated the variation in the size of the central maxima as the
is varied from 0 to 1. There is a clear reduction in the width
of the central lobe for higher values of apodisation. This
feature of contraction in the diffraction pattern is also reflected
when is varied from 0 to 0.8.

0.8

v/s RADIUS OF FIRST DARK RING

0.6

0.4
RADIUS

0.2

0.0
-10

-5

10

Figure 1: Intensity Distribution Curves For = 1

1
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00

0.00
0.10

First
Second
Minima Minima
Position Position
2.6665
6.1205
2.6674
6.1226
2.6705
6.1298
2.6772
6.1455
2.6934
6.1835
2.7707
6.3623
2.5314
5.8117
2.6176
6.0065
2.6369
6.0514
2.6477
6.0765
2.6565
6.0971
Table 1

Third
Minima
Position
9.5949
9.5976
9.6092
9.6349
9.6969
9.9808
9.1137
9.4102
9.4821
9.5227
9.5565

First
Minima
Position
3.8317
3,8581

Third
Minima
Position
10.1728
10.1833

Second
Minima
Position
7.0154
7.0300

Figure 2: Variation Of The Radius Of First Dark Ring

Figure 3 shows the reduction of the optical side-lobes for
= 0.50 when = 1 for various values of central obscuration
parameter. The PSF thus produced by the optical system for
= 0.4 exhibits super-resolving nature of the impulse response
of the system. Figure 4. Show the variations in the width of
the central lobe for second order filter. The width of the
central lobe decreases for higher values of apodisation.
However, there is an enlargement in the central maximum for
apodisation values ranging from = 0.6 to = 0.8. In this
range of apodisation there is a degradation of the resolution of
the optical system.

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 4, October 2014
ISSN: 2349-8862

0.030

Figs. 4 and 5 depict the intensity distribution profiles for

annular apertures for central obscuration parameter for =0.1
and =0.3 when the optical system is under extreme influence
of primary spherical aberration and defect of focus. The
chosen amplitude filter is effective in suppressing the optical
side-lobes so that the impulse response (PSF) of the optical
system results in a well tailored distribution of the intensity.

B(Z)

0.025

0.020

0.015

IV.

0.010

0.005

0.000
-10

-5

10

Figure 3: Intensity Distribution Curves For = 0.5.

=0.0
Y1=2
Y=2

--------------------B(Z)----------------->

0.10

0.08

The process of apodising the optical system with

generalized Hanning amplitude filter, suppresses fully or
partially the optical side-lobes. For = 0.5 these side-lobes are
totally eliminated for all the four orders of the optical filter
considered. Central obstruction reduces the radius of the Airy
disc below the classic limit of 3.8317. The radius of the first
dark ring for clear annular apertures gets reduced by about one
third for large obstructions ( = 0.8). Energy is transferred
from the Airy disc to surrounding rings, resulting in the
increases in the strength of the optical side-lobes. The
employed Hanning amplitude filters are effective in shaping
the point spread function of the given optical systems.

0.06

REFERENCES

0.04

0.02

0.00
-10

-5

10

<----------------------Z----------------->

Figure 4: Intensity Distribution Curves For Annular

Aperture With =0.1

Y1=2
Y=2

0.10

-------------B(Z)------------------>

CONCLUSIONS

0.08

0.06

[1] Jacquint P and Roizen-Dossier B 1964 Progress in Optics

ed. E. Wolf (North-Holland Publishing Company,
Amsterdam) Vol III, Chapter 2.
[2] T.R.Corle and G.S.Kino, Confocal scanning Optical
Microscopy and Related Imaging Systems, Academic
Press, San Diego, 1996.
[3] A.Boiivin, Theorie et calcul des Figures de Diffraction de
Revolution, Gauthier villars, Paris, 1964.
[4] D. Karuna Sagar, Ph.D. Thesis, Osmania University,
Hyderabad, India, 2003.
[5] Abdul Muhith and D. Karuna Sagar, Defocused point
spread functions of two annulus apertures apodised with
Hanning amplitude filters, J. P. A. P. Vol.21, No.3, JulySept., 2009, pp 493-495.

0.04

0.02

0.00
-10

-5

10

<-------------- Z --------------->

Figure 5: Intensity Distribution Curves For Annular Aperture

With =0.3

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