Digital Modulation Techniques

Iwao Sasase
Department of Information and
Computer Science, Keio University
http://www.sasase.ics.keio.ac.jp
Email:sasase@ics.keio.ac.jp

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Digital Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
M (Multi)-ASK ,M-FSK, M-PSK
QPSK, /4shift QPSK
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and GMSK

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Amplitude

Waveform and Spectrum

Baseband pulse waveform has low
frequency components

T
V

-T/2

time

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T/2

Spectrum

By modulating the carrier

depending on the input
data, we can transmit the
data in RF frequency

1/T

2/T
3/T
Frequency

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Principle of Modulation
Depending on the information of the baseband signal,
amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier is
changed.
cos t
c

amplitude
Modulation

S (t ) = A(t ) cos cc t

frequency

S ( t ) = cos{ c + ( t )}t

phase

S (t ) = cos c {t + (t )}

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Classification of Modulation
Techniques
Analog
Modulation

Digital
Modulation

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AM (Amplitude Modulation)

A(t )

FM (Frequency Modulation)

(t )

PM (Phase Modulation)

(t )

ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

A(t )

FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)

(t )
(t )
PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
A(t )
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
(t)
Modulation )
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ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

Accomplished by changing an amplitude of carrier,
depending on the input digital signal
ASK is also called as On-Off-Keying

SASK (t) = a(t)cos2 f c t

a(t) amplitude
f c carrier frequency

In
Inbinary
binarysignal
signalcase
case(2ASK),
(2ASK),
a(t)
a(t)isiseither
either1
1or
or0.
0.

As
Asshown
shownininFig.
Fig.1,1,carrier
carrier becomes
becomes
on
onand
andoff
off

Binary OOK modulation waveform

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Non-Coherent Detection
Envelope Detection of ASK
Th

Bandpass
filter

Rectifier

Lowpass
Filter

Decision

Threshold Voltage

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Coherent detection
Coherent Detection of ASK

Bandpass
Filter

cos t
Carrier
Recovery
Circuit

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Lowpass
Filter

Decision

Threshold Voltage

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FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)

Accomplished by changing an instantaneous
Frequency, depending on the input digital signal

S FSK

A cos( 2 f 1t + 1 )
(t ) = {
A cos( 2 f 2 t + 2 )

Carrier frequency fand

f2 respond to 1 and
0, respectively

Input waveform

FSK

Binary FSK modulation waveform

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

Accomplished by changing a phase of carrier,
Depending on the input digital signal
S PSK (t) = A cos(2 f c t + i )

A amplitude
i phase

PSK

Binary PSK modulation waveform

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Error Performance

ASKcoherent

Bit
Bit error
error probability
probability

PSK
FSK

Pe =

1
erfc( E / 4 N 0 )1/ 2
2

1
erfc( E / N 0 )1/ 2
2
1
E 1/ 2
Pe = erfc(
)
2
2N0
Pe =

BER (bit error rate) Pe

ASK

ASKnoncoherent

PSKcoherent

FSKcoherent

FSKnoncoherent

PSKdifferential

erfc complementary error function

E energy per bit
N power spectrum density (psd) of noise

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SNR (Signal-to-noise ratio in dB)

BER Performance
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Characteristic of PSK
PSK has better power and frequency efficiencies
compared to ASK and FSK

PSK achieves small bit error rate (BER) for the same C/N
carrier-noise ratio)

PSK has constant envelope (no information in amplitude ),

and is robust to time-varying fading channel.

PSK is popularly used in many communication systems

such as satellite and mobile communication systems.

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Multilevel Amplitude Shift KeyingM-ASK

MASK refers to ASK that transmit
more bits by using multilevel
amplitude a(t) of baseband
waveform. MASK is usually called
as Multilevel ASK, or MASK,
where k =log 2 M bits of
information are transmitted by
using M-level amplitude.
Waveform of MASK signal
In MASK, band, 1/k of occupancy bandwidth can be conserved
while transmitting k bit information. That is, by using multilevel
amplitude, the bit rate can be increased without the bandwidth
expansion. Larger transmission power is required.
Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Multi-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)

In MPSK, signal amplitude is constant. Each signal
constellation point is placed on the circumference where
the center equals to origin.
Q

-ary PSK

-ary PSK

-ary PSK

Phase allocation of MPSK signal

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

The transmitter consists of two quadrature modulation components
cost and sint to transmit 2 bits/symbol

Input data

Serial/Parallel

cost

sint
QPSK modulator
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QPSK Demodulation
Quadrature Detection

BPF

LPF

Signal phase

cost

sint

In-phase component
LPF input

LPF

Quadrate component
Signal phase
LPF input

QPSK receiver
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Quadrature Detection
In quadrature detection, for symbol detection, plus and minus
of in-phase and quadrate components can be decided independently.
Quadrate Q

Quadrate Q

Decision
boundary

In-phase I

In-phase I

QPSK

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Quadrature detection of
cos component

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/4 shift QPSK
adopted in mobile phonePDC
2bits/symbol
8 signal points are allocated
on the circumference
In each symbol transmission, QPSK
signal points are shifted by /4.
Since there are no phase transition
crossing origin, the signal envelope
does not become zero, and thus,
envelope fluctuation is smaller
compared to the conventional QPSK.

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

Q
I

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM )

QAM changes both amplitude and phase.
Quadrature multilevel ASK using two orthogonal carriers
sin and cos of the same frequency

sQAM (t ) =

2 Emin
2 Emin
ai cos( 2f ct ) +
bi sin( 2f ct )
Ts
Ts
0 t T i = 1,
2,....., M

16QAM
4bits/symbol
Compared to QPSK, frequency
efficiency is improved to be
double.
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16QAM signal points

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MSK
MSK is continuous phase FSK with minimum
frequency shift

f1 = f c + 1 / 4T , f 2 = f c 1 / 4T

sMSK (t ) =

2 Eb
t
cos 2f ct m(t )mQ (t )
+ k
2T b
Tb

Feature of MSK
continuous phase FSK with constant envelope
digital FM with modulation index 0.5
good spectral efficiency
Iwao Sasase, Keio University

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GMSK
GMSK has advantages of MSK, and achieves narrow spectrum.
NRZ Data

Gaussian
Low pass
filter

GMSK Output
FM transmitter with
modulation index 0.5

GMSK transmitter

Input NRZ pulse sequence is band-limited by Gaussian LPF.

GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communication
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunication)
CT2
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