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Chapter XI
SLEEP AND CREATIVITY: A QUANTITATIVE REVIEW
RUI MARGUILHO 1, SAUL NEVES DE JESUS 2, JOO VISEU 3,
CLAUDIA LENUA RUS 4, NATHLIA BRANDOLIM 5
Universidade do Algarve, Portugal, rui.marguilho@gmail.com
Universidade do Algarve, Portugal, snjesus@ualg.pt
Universidade do Algarve, Portugal, joaonrviseu@gmail.com
Babe-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Ramania, klau_dia1907@yahoo.com
Universidade Metodista de So Paulo, Brasil, nathalia_brandolim@msn.com
Abstract: Sleep has been a widely studied topic by psychology or by medicine, due to its
impact on behavior, and homeostatic physical wellbeing. Somehow avoided by researchers,
due to its complexity and difficulty in establishing strict criteria, creativity research has
evolved significantly in recent years. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analytic
study relating sleep and creativity. No similar studies were found in the literature. This metaanalysis includes nine independent samples (representing 5826 participants) that met the
inclusion criteria. The results showed the expected positive relationship between the amount
of sleep and creativity (r = .35, 95%; CI = [.31; .40]). The homogeneity tests showed that
there is no influence of moderators in this respect. Also indicated a weak relationship between
sleep quality and creativity, but influenced by moderators. Although we have not conducted
an analysis of moderators due to few number of studies, we conclude that the influence of
sleep on creativity is more than a simple linear relationship.
Keywords: Creativity, meta-analysis, sleep.
Sleep has been a widely studied topic either
in psychology or in medicine, because of its
impact on behavior, physical and
homeostatic welbeing.
Sleep is a complex behavioral stage and one
of the great mysteries of modern
neuroscience (Rechtschaffen & Bergmann,
2002), yet the latest research and
techniques are already able to describe and
interpret many of the biological
mechanisms of sleep (Carter et al, 2012.;
Siegel, 2011), advancing not only in the
description of the sleep pathologies, but
also on processes that lead to a good quality
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the global scientific
production has evolved exponentially. This
level of productivity resulted from the
continued interest in the development of
new technologies. Over two decades ago
meta-analysis was proposed as a procedure
that combines results from multiple studies
to make a reproducible and quantifiable
data synthesis. This methodology allows, in
cases of apparently conflicting results, an
overview of the situation (Boissel, 1994;
D'Agostino & Weintraub, 1995).
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2. Objectives
In the light of the necessity to integrate the
existing literature, them of this study is to
summarize the empirical research on the
effects of various factors associated with
sleep in creativity using meta-analytic
techniques. The analysis focused on studies
that have assessed the influence of factors
related to sleep on creativity.
2.1 Hypotheses
According to the existing literature, we
present the following assumptions:
(H1) Sleep has positive influence on
creativity;
(H2) Sleep has negative influence on
creativity; and
(H3) Sleep has no influence on creativity.
3. METHODS
3.1 Search Criteria
The relevant articles were included and
identified by electronic search using a
systematic search in the following
databases: (a) EBSCO; (b) Scopus; and (c)
Web of Science (WoS). The terms used for
the research were: (a) "sleep and
creativity"; (b) "sleep and creative"; and (c)
"sleep intervention and creativity." This
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different studies and are a key tool in metaanalysis. They are standardized measures
(ie, independent from what the variable
expresses and sample size) for assessing the
size of the impact of one variable over
another (eg, the size of the difference
between groups or the size of association
between two variables ) according to the
formulas presented by Hunter and Schmidt
(2004) and Morris and Deshon (2002). A
positive value indicates that the quality of
sleep influences creativity. In studies in
which there are no values for the effect size,
it will be calculated from the given mean
(using a weighted mean).
Since the analyzed studies have
experimental design, the value used for the
the effect size is "r", which represents the
relationship between sleep and creativity of
the experimental group and the control
group using the method of Hunter and
Schmidt (1990, 2004 ). A positive value
will mean that the sleep quality increases
the results of creativity and a negative value
reflects that quality of sleep decreases
creativity.
Based on the random effects model, it was
assumed that the effect size is variable
rather than constant (Hunter & Schmidt,
2004; Kisamore & Brannick, 2008).
When the effect size was not mentioned in
the study, mean and standard deviation
were used to calculate it, according to
Hunter and Schmidt (2004).
First, the correlation was calculated (r 0) of
the weighted means. The weighting
variable in our study was the sample size
(N) (Brannick Yang, & Cafri, 2011). This
procedure gives a greater weight to
correlations that are less susceptible to
sampling error (Hunter & Schmidt, 2004).
Only the correlation weighted average
value was calculated, as more than half of
the selected studies did not report
instrument used to measure the reliability of
5. RESULTS
The aim of the study was to analyze the
relationship between the quality/quantity of
sleep and creativity through meta-analysis
techniques. First, we present the results of
the meta-analysis for the correlations
between the amount of sleep and creativity,
including the main effects (Table 1),
followed by the moderator effects (Table
2).
Table 1 contains the results of the Metaanalysis of the effects correlation between
the amount of sleep and creativity. The data
reflect the number of independent samples
investigated each one (k), the total number
of participants in the sample under
examination (N), given that the size of the
sample weighted means the effect size (r 0).
Table 2 includes the estimated standard
deviation (SD), the 95% confidence
interval (CI 95%), the percentage of
variance explained by the sampling error
(%) and the . test.
Table 1. Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-analysis of Sleep and Creativity quantity
correlation (N = 4)
Reference
N
Sample type
1. Brand et al. (2011)
5580
Students
2. Cai, Mednick, Harrison,
77
General Population
Kanady, & Mednick (2009)
3. Horne (1988)
24
Students
4. Wimmer, Hoffman, Bonato,
25
Students
& Moffitt (1992)
Note. N = sample; r = Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Study design
Correlational
Experimental
r
.35
.10
Experimental
Experimental
.66
.25
k
4
N
5706
0
.35
SD
.0
95% IC
[.31; .40]
% Explained var.
< 75%
(k-1)
.00
p value
1.00
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Table 3. Features of the studies included in the meta-analysis Correlation of Sleep Quality and
Creativity (N = 5)
Reference
1. Brand et al. (2011)
2. Chivers & Blagrove (1999)
sample 1
3. Healey & Runco (2006)
4. Lewin & Glaubman (1975)
5. Randazzo, Muehlbach,
Schweitzer, & Walsh (1998)
6. Sladeczek & Domino (1985)
N
Type of sample
5580
Students
32 General population
Study design
Correlational
Correlational
r
.18
-.08
60
12
16
Students
Students
Students
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
-.31
.37
.33
60
Students
Experimental
.17
k
6
N
5852
0
.17
SD
.0
95% IC
-
% explained var.
>75%
(k-1)
.00
p value
1.00
122
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