OPTIMHO

Static Distance Protection Relays

Figure 1. Optimho (Type LFZP) relays

Features

Eight independent groups of

settings can be stored in the relay.

Full scheme distance relays with

18, 12, 9 or 6 measuring units.

A second blocking scheme is

available on selected models for
use with signalling equipment.

Phase and ground distance or

phase distance protection.
Single or multiple zones.
Optional directional earth fault
protection.
Typical operating time: one cycle
for three phase faults.
Optional fault location includes
mutual compensation on selected
models.
Optional data recording for post
fault analysis and instrumentation
functions.

Integral user interface for easy

access to relay setting and fault
records.
Provision for remote
communications via modems.

Benefits
Wide model range for accurate
matching to applications.
Remote interrogation reduces need
for site visits.

Precise fault location, even on

double-circuit lines together with
fault information reduces outage
time.
Accurate fault information provides
for in-depth fault analysis.
Changes to alternative groups of
settings can be accomplished with a
single command.
Self diagnosis reduces maintenance
costs.
Vertical case option eases retrofit
problems.
Will interface with existing scheme
logic.
Fulfils basic SCADA role at no extra
cost.

Summary Chart
Transmission and
sub transmission
main protection
LFZP Model

Sub-transmission
and distribution
main protection

Back
up
only

111

112

113

114

121

122

123

131

132

151

Phase distance

Ground distance

DEF

Fault location with mutual compensation

Overhead lines

Fault location

Underground cables

Independent zones Z1

Reach stepped zones

18

18

18

Open delta/3 limb VTs

No. of distance elements

12

12

12

12

Z1

Z1

Z1

Z1

Z1

Z1

Z1

Z2

Z2

Z2

Z2

Z1

Z1

Z2

Z2

Z3

Z3

Z3

Z3

Z3

Z3

Z3

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1X

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z1Y

Z2

Z2

Z2

Reversible zones

Z3

Single pole tripping

VT supervision

3 phase fuse blow supervision

Power swing blocking

Loss of load trip feature

No. of output contacts

24

24

24

24

16

16

16

16

16

Basic

Z1 Extension

Acceleration

Schemes

Distance
Characteristic

PUR

PUR Unblock

POR1

POR1 Unblock

POR2

POR2 WI Trip

POR2 Unblock

POR2 WI Trip Unblock

Blocking

Blocking 2

Z1, Z1X, Z1Y, Z2 Phase

Z1, Z1X, Z1Y, Z2 Ground
Z3 Phase

q/m

Q/L

D/N

Negative sequence volts

Zero seq current

Z3 Ground
DEF
polarising

m
q/m

Zero seq volts

Zero seq volts+current

N
N

= standard, = optional, m = shaped mho, f = fully crossed polarised mho,

q = quadrilateral, c = shaped mho for cables, D = offset quadrilateral, N = offset lenticular,
Q = D/rev q, L = N/rev m, P = N/rev f. For further information see Page 6.

Applications of Optimho
Optimho is produced in several models,
each suitable for a specific range of
applications. The more sophisticated
models have features and functional
abilities which can fulfil the most
exacting duties. These can include ehv
applications depending on the fault
clearance time required. The more basic
models have reduced hardware and
software to suit the simpler requirements
of sub-transmission and distribution
systems.
Optimho complements the well
established Micromho and Quadramho,
enhancing the already outstanding
family of distance protection available
from GEC ALSTHOM T&D Protection &
Control.
The range of applications includes:
main and back-up protection of
overhead lines and underground
cables including transformer feeders.
back-up protection of transformers,
auto-transformers and shunt reactors
(LFZP 151)
protection of solid or resistance
earthed systems.
Three-pole or single-and-three-pole
tripping, with or without the aid of a
signalling channel.
single zone relays used in multiple
zone schemes to provide ultra-high
reliability by additional redundancy of
protection (LFZP 121, 122 or 132
with one zone enabled).
on-site replacement of obsolescent
electro-mechanical or switched static
distance relays.
protection of systems with open-delta
line voltage transformers or
3phase 3limb line voltage
transformers (LFZP 131 or 132).
phase selection to allow, for example,
a power line carrier phase
comparison scheme (such as P10)
to carry out single pole tripping
(LFZP 114).

Principles of Operation
All models of Optimho are full scheme
distance relays which have a full set of
measuring elements for each main zone
of protection. Compared with the
switched type of scheme, the full scheme
system improves reliability by avoiding
4

the need to rely on phase selection

hardware or software and by removing
dependence on a single measuring unit.
Full scheme distance relays are better
able to cope with inter-circuit faults on
double circuit lines and evolving faults.
The measuring element uses a microcontroller to produce a direct software
equivalent of the hardware phase
comparator used in Optimhos
forerunners, Micromho and
Quadramho. This phase comparator
design is well tried, having accumulated
nearly ten thousand relay years of
successful operating experience over the
last decade at locations throughout the
world.
Many of the other hardware and
software features of Quadramho have
been retained and further enhanced in
Optimho, ensuring the highest standards
of reliability.

Optimised Performance with

Distorted Signals
The phase comparators and level
detectors use logic processing to
achieve immunity from maloperation
due to noise, such as harmonic
distortion, travelling wave effects, high
and low frequency capacitor voltage
transformer transients and current
transformer saturation. Operation of the
phase comparators and level detectors
can only occur if the input signals are
dominated by power frequency
components. Filters are used to ensure
this dominance and to optimise
operating times.

Hardware Structure
All models are built up from a small
range of standard printed circuit boards
used as modular building blocks.
All models use the same relay case,
power supply unit, and front panel.
The relay hardware is bus-structured to
allow printed circuit boards to be
plugged into the case in different
combinations. (See Figure 2).
The hardware uses multiple
microcontrollers to perform as
comparators, level detectors, etc. A
main microcontroller uses the digital bus
to read outputs from the subsidiary
microcontrollers, read signals from the
outside world via optically coupled
isolators, communicate with the user

interface and perform scheme logic,

serial communications, monitoring and
output contact functions. Settings,
indications, and fault records are stored
in a type of memory which is unaffected
by loss of dc supply. The layout of the
relay case follows the quiet region
arrangement introduced in Micromho
and Quadramho, with measurement
and control boards located in a
screened compartment and fed with
signals from the outside world via
screened isolation devices and filters.
See Figure 3.
A vertical aspect, panel mounted version
can be used for replacing obsolescent
electromechanical distance relays in
narrow panels, with the minimum of
panel disturbance.

Integral User Interface

All relay settings and records are
accessible from the integral user
interface shown in Figure 4.
The liquid crystal display (Icd) indicates
how the relay initiated the latest trip. The
faulty phase and zone are indicated for
trips initiated by the distance elements.
The latest alarm condition is also
indicated. If indications are present
when the supply is lost, they are
automatically reinstated when the supply
is restored.
The date and time of the fault, location
(if available), and more, are summoned
by pressing READ. After the indications
have been read, they can be cleared by
pressing RESET, and the READ key can
then be used to step through all the relay
settings displayed in sequence.
The cursor and SET keys, and the two
test sockets, are only accessible after
removing the transparent front cover.
The keys are used to select from a menu
of options displayed on the Icd in
English, and to enter new settings into
temporary memory. The menu has a
simple structure, allowing rapid
familiarisation.
The SET key is used to transfer
temporary entries to the permanent
memory which determines relay action.
Accidental changes are prevented by
allowing SET to be operative only at
certain points in the menu after
appropriate warnings have been
displayed.

Level detector board

+ AC supply supervision

Optional boards shown in

broken outline

Zone 1 and 2 board

(Alternatively zones 1, 2 and3)
+ Additional reach stepped zones

AC inputs
VA VB VC
VN

Analogue
input
module

A B C
N
p

User interface
7 Optical isolators

Zone 3 board
+ Power swing blocking

Status
inputs

Digital bus

Analogue bus

Settings from
digital bus

Quadrilateral
ground fault board

8 Output relays

DEF board

Fault location board

+ Fault data and instrumentation

8 Output relays

Main controller board

+ Schemes, settings,
comms, monitoring diagnostics

8 Output relays

Trips.
alarms,
etc.

RS232C serial link to remote terminal

Figure 2. Electrical structure of LFZP

Menu Options
The menu holds an extensive range of
options, including:

Fully screened
power supply
unit enclosure

Terminal blocks

Terminal block

Analogue
input module

viewing records of the Icd

indications from the last four faults.

Measurement
and control
boards in fully
screened
compartment

printing records or settings on a

portable printer plugged into the
parallel test socket
entering a relay identification code
for use on printouts.
comprehensive test options such as:
monitoring test points on the
parallel socket; blocking output
contacts (the relay inoperative
alarm contact closes when the
output contacts are blocked);
simplified on-load directional
testing; and closing selected output
contacts (for instance to carry out a
circuit breaker test)
setting up the baud rate and
protocol for the serial
communications.

Output auxiliary
relays and
status input
optical isolators

Figure 3. Mechanical layout of LFZP

2 x 16 character
liquid crystal display

TRIP

The setting options allow the user to

select functions to suit each
application. The available options
depend upon the model of Optimho,
but usually include:
which distance zones are enabled
(up to 5 zones)

Light emitting diodes

DISTANCE
PROTECTION

Settings

scheme type

User interface
on hinged front
panel

ALARM

RELAY AVAILABLE

SET
PARALLEL

RESET

ACCEPT/READ

7 Keys only RESET and ACCEPT/READ

accessible with front cover in place

SERIAL

Test sockets

whether ground fault time delayed

zones (if fitted) are enabled
Figure 4. User interface on front panel

X
Numbers are source impedance/relay setting ratios

12
24

60
R

Figure 5. Resistive expansion of partially cross-polarised mho under fault conditions for solidly grounded systems

direction of reach-stepped zones or

of Zone 3 (if fitted)

Distance Characteristics

whether start indications are required

for remote faults which do not result
in a trip.

The phase comparator is arranged to produce several types of distance

characteristics for the different models of Optimho. For further information see
Summary, Page 3.

eight independent groups of settings

which are stored in the relay memory
and are selectable from the menu.

Characteristic
type

Description

Partially cross polarised shaped mho with partial synchronous

polarising for 3-phase faults. Expansion under fault conditions
is more than adequate to cover arc and tower footing
resistance for most systems, with excellent phase selection.
See Figure 5.

Fully cross polarised (or quadrature polarised) mho with partial

synchronous polarising for 3-phase faults. Similar to type m
above but used where only phase fault protection is required.

Self polarised mho, with a small proportion of cross polarising:

used for ground fault protection of underground cables at high
and medium voltages.

Quadrilateral with adaptive reactance measurement to avoid

overreach or underreach for resistive faults with prefault load.
The directional measurement is partially cross polarised. The
resistive reach setting is variable up to 150 (1A relay) or 30
(5A relay). The quadrilateral is used instead of type m above to
cover ground fault resistance on overhead lines shorter than
15km, on resistance neutral systems, or on systems with high
ground resistivity. See Figure 6.

Offset quadrilateral: as type q but with reverse reach for busbar

back-up protection in Zone 3 time.

Offset lenticular with a variable aspect ratio set to avoid load

encroachment on long lines. A circular offset setting for shorter
lines is included. The reverse reach is used for busbar back-up
protection in Zone 3 time. Reach stepped zones whose timers
are started by Zone 3 automatically avoid load encroachment if
Zone 3 is shaped to avoid the load impedance. See Figure 7.

Selectable between type D and reverse type q.

Selectable between type N and reverse type m.

Selectable between type N and reverse type f.

The menu is adaptive; for example, if

Zone 2 is not required and has been
disabled, its time setting is
automatically removed from the menu.

Schemes Available
The scheme selection varies with the
model of Optimho. Most models have
basic distance with up to 3
independent zones available,
designated Z1, Z2 and Z3. Additional
zones 1X and 1Y are obtained, if
required, by stepping the reach of the
Zone 1 elements after time delays
started by the Zone 2 and/or Zone 3
elements. On some models Zone 2 is
obtained by stepping the reach of
Zone 1, while on some other models,
Zone 3 is omitted.
Models offering selectable, permissive
overreach and unblocking schemes are
complete with current reversal guard
logic and open breaker echo logic.
Models having independent Zone 1,
Zone 2 and Zone 3 have additional
permissive overreach and unblocking
schemes with weak infeed logic, also
the blocking scheme. These schemes
require Zone 3 to be set reverse
looking.
Single pole tripping logic is available
in some models.
Loss of load accelerated tripping
feature is available on some models
for use with 3 pole tripping.

Remote Communications
X

The facility to bulk transfer settings,

event records and metering
information (providing a fault locator
is fitted) is available using
GEC ALSTHOM T&D Protection &
Control pc based software Opticom

Zone 1
Direction

al line
Zones 1

Zone 3 reverse

X
Zone 3

Aspect ratios a/b

1.00

a
0.41

R8521
R8532

OptiCom 100/140
Settings Database
and File Transfer

0.67

The KITZ103 and the LFZP act as a

single slave device over K-Bus,
see Figure 8.

KITZ 103
K-Bus to Optimho Interface

R
&2

Figure 6. Quadrilateral ground fault characteristics

From the same PC, Opticom 100

(version 5.0 and higher) and any
Courier based Access Software
packages can be used to communicate
with the Optimho.

KITZ 101/102
Interface Unit

RH Resist

Zone 2

By using KITZ103 interface unit, the

Optimho can be interconnected to
relays in the GEC ALSTHOM K range.
The interconnection is via a shielded,
twisted wire pair known as K-Bus. Up
to 32 relays may be connected in
parallel across the bus. The K-Bus is
connected through a second KITZ
protocol convertor either directly or
via a modem to the RS232 port of the
PC. The K-Bus is RS485 based and
runs at 64 kbits/s

For more detailed information on the

application of Optimho over K-Bus,
including modem connections, baud
rates, bit framing and the exploitation
of Courier features, reference should
be made to the following service
manuals:

ive reach

ive reach

Zone 3

LH Resist

All the options available on the menu

are also available from a local or
remote terminal via an RS232C serial
communication port. Sockets are
provided on both the front and the
rear of the relay for temporary or
permanent connection respectively.
The socket on the rear can also
interface with a modem for
communication over a suitable link,
for instance a telephone line.

Load
area
R
Zone 3
reverse

Figure 7. Lenticular Zone 3

R5928

Polarising
The partial cross polarising signal
used in various distance
characteristics is a square wave

derived from a healthy phase

reference and 16% of the amplitude
of the prefault voltage. This wave is
added to the faulty phase voltage,
and dominates it for close-up
unbalanced fault conditions. This
provides a clear directional reference
even in the presence of capacitor
voltage transformer transients.

The partial synchronous polarising is

similar to partial cross polarising but is
effective for 3-phase faults.
Synchronous polarising is derived from
prefault voltage and is available for 16
cycles after fault incidence to cover
breaker failure protection time.

Auxiliary
supply
voltage

KITZ101/102
+ KBUS/IEC870 Interface

Typical K
series relay

150R
2 TX
3 RX
7 Signal GND
1 Protective GND

Screen

When Fitted

Typical K
series relay

Terminals
54

Terminals
54

56

56

Screen Link
All

points are internally connected

LFZP 100 (Optimho) Relay

Auxiliary
supply
voltage

(Rear Port)
2 TX
3 RX
7 Signal GND
1 Protective GND

IBM or compatible
P.C.
(For pin assignment
numbers see table)

KITZ103 KBUS
LFZP 100 (Optimho)
Interface *

+
_

150R

All

Table showing connections between KITZ103 serial

port and LFZP 100 (OPTIMHO) rear serial port
(For reference only. Please refer to PC user manual
where available.)

KITZ103
25 pin D male connector (DTE) KITZ103
1 - Protective ground
2 - Transmitted data
3 - Received data
7 - Signal ground
Connector shell to cable screen

2
3
7
1

Screen

points are internally connected

LFZP 100 (OPTIMHO)rear serial port type

25 pin D male connector (DTE)
1 - Protective ground
3 - Received data
2 - Transmitted data
7 - Signal ground
Connector shell to cable screen

Figure 8. Typical application diagram: KBUS/LFZP 100 (Optimho) Interface Type KITZ103

Several cycles must elapse from

system energisation before
synchronous polarising is available,
so switch-on-to-fault logic is arranged
to provide protection for close-up
3-phase faults during this initial period.

Directional Earth Fault

Protection
(not available in all models)
The directional earth fault protection
(DEF) has these features selectable via
the user interface:
time delayed tripping, either definite
time or inverse definite minimum
time using a selection of built-in IEC
or American curves. See Figure 9.
instantaneous high-set tripping,
available if the model of Optimho
has no Zone 1 instantaneous
ground fault elements fitted.
aided tripping via permissive
overreach, unblocking, or blocking
schemes (depending on the model),
which work in conjunction with the
distance scheme, sharing the same
signalling channel.
choice of polarising for the
directional element:
negative sequence voltage derived
from internal filters (compared
against negative sequence current).
zero sequence current from a
8

separate current input

zero sequence voltage (in some
models) derived internally from VA,
VB and VC.
dual zero sequence current and
voltage (some models only).
The overcurrent elements use zero
sequence current as the operating
quantity irrespective of the type of
polarising used for the directional
element.
The negative sequence filters are selfadaptive to system frequency,
allowing greater sensitivity than is
possible with fixed filters tuned to the
nominal system frequency.
A magnetising inrush current detector
is provided to prevent maloperation
when energising in-zone transformers.
The circuit uses the principle of
detecting zeros in the current lasting
for a quarter-cycle or more. This
method is inherently unaffected by
current transformer saturation, unlike
second harmonic restraint.

Fault Location, Fault Data

Recording and Instrumentation
(not available in all models)
The fault location algorithm includes
compensation for infeed into a resistive
fault from remote source with prefault
load flow. Readout of the fault location

can be selected to be in kilometres,

miles or percent of line length.
Some versions of the fault locator can
be mutually compensated if required.
This feature can not be used if zero
sequence current polarising is
required for the DEF.
The fault location board also
computes prefault and fault voltages
and currents phase-by-phase. These
values, together with negative and
zero sequence current and voltage
can be read out to allow analysis of
the power system network as it was at
the time of fault. The duration of the
fault is also determined.
At any time under healthy live line
conditions, the line voltages, currents,
watts and vars can be calculated on
demand. These values can be
compared with other instrumentation
for accuracy.
As the fault location hardware is
largely separate from that of the
distance measuring elements,
protection accuracy can be crosschecked with fault location accuracy
during secondary injection tests.
All voltages and currents are given
with phase angle relative to prefault
VA, and rms amplitudes in primary or
secondary terms.

100

50

50

10

10

Operating Time t (seconds)

Operating Time t (seconds)

100

Curve 4

Curve 1

Curve 5
Curve 6
Curve 7

0.5

0.5

Curve 2

Curve 8
Curve 3

0.1

0.1
10
5
Current (Multipule of s)
IEC curves

Curve 1 Standard inverse:

Curve 2 Very inverse:

50

100

t = 0.14
0.02 1

t = 13.5
1

Curve 3 Extremely inverse:

t = 80
21

5
10
Current (Multipule of s)
American curves

50

100

Curve 5

US moderate inverse

Curve 6

US standard inverse

Curve 7

US very inverse

Curve 8

US extremely inverse

Curve 4 Longtime earth fault: t = 120

1

Figure 9. DEF Protection time delay trip times

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

Source impedence
Relay setting = 30

Source impedence
=1
Relay setting

Maximum
Mean

Maxim

um

0.02

0.01

0.00

0.02

Mean
Minimum

20

Minimum

0.01

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

0.00

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

Figure 10. 50Hz operating times (MHO characteristic)

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

Source impedence
= 30
Relay setting

Maximum
Mean
Minimum

0.02

Maximum

0.02

0.01

0.00

Source impedence
=1
Relay setting

Mean
Minimum

0.01

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

0.00

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

Figure 11. 60Hz operating times (MHO characteristic)

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

0.04
Source impedence
Relay setting

Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

= 30

Maximum

Mean

0.02

=1

imum
Max
Mean

0.02

Minimum

Minimum

0.01

0.01

0.00

Source impedence
Relay setting

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

0.00

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

Figure 12. 50Hz operating times (quadrilateral characteristic)

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

0.04
Operating
Time
(s) 0.03

Source impedence
= 30
Relay setting
Maximum

Mean

0.02

Minimum

Mean
Minimum

0.01

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

Figure 13. 60Hz operating times (quadrilateral characteristic)

10

Maximum

0.02

0.01

0.00

Source impedence
=1
Relay setting

0.00

20

40
60
80
Fault location (% of relay setting)

100

Self-Monitoring and Voltage

Transformer Fuse/MCB
Supervision

START

Optimho has comprehensive

continuous self-monitoring. If a failure
occurs, an alarm is issued by closing
the relay inoperative alarm contact
and extinguishing the relay available
led. Diagnostic information is
automatically displayed if the failure is
such that it does not disable the main
processor and Icd.
Monitoring of the analogue circuits
includes (i) the dc supply and all
internal dc power supply rails, and (ii)
the ac supplies and internal analogue
voltage and current circuits (the latter
only if the model of Optimho has
voltage transformer supervision).
The VT supervision logic can be set to
block relay operation in the event of
failure of a VT fuse. The VT supervision
logic can be selected via the menu to
self reset, or to remain sealed in until
the reset button is pressed. All models
have an optically coupled isolator to
monitor the auxiliary contact of a
miniature circuit breaker if the VT
supplies are protected by an MCB
instead of fuses. Energising the optical
isolator blocks relay operation.

Ground Fault Distance?

Underground
cables?

In models with quadrilateral ground

fault characteristics, remedial action is
performed if the quadrilateral
measuring circuits fail. The alternative
shaped mho ground fault measuring
elements, located on a different
board, are automatically brought into
action to restore the ground fault
protection. On power systems where
most faults are ground faults, this
capability considerably increases the
overall availability of the relay.

Either of the following:

*voltage transformer supervision?
*power swing blocking?

Yes

Yes
No

Go to
chart 2

No

DEF Scheme?

Any of the following:

*week infeed POR unblocking scheme?
*blocking scheme?
*back-up for reverse faults?

Yes

No

Yes

No

LFZP 131
With DEF
OK for open-delta
Or 3limb VTs
Optional fault locaton

LFZP 132
With DEF
OK for open-delta
Or 3limb VTs
Optional fault locaton

Any of the following:

*single pole tripping?
*permissive undereach scheme (PUR)?
*permisssive overreach Scheme (POR)?
*unblocking scheme?
*power swing blocking?

In addition, an optional external

device for monitoring 3 phase fuse
blow via the RELAY BLOCKED optoisolator is available.
Monitoring of the digital circuits
includes (i) bus communications
(ii) checking of RAM and EEPROM
and (iii) watchdog circuits for every
microcontroller. In the event of failure,
trip signals originating from the
affected part of the relay are blocked.

No

Yes

No

Yes
Quadrilateral ground
fault elements?

Quadrilateral ground
fault elements?
No

Yes
LFZP 111
Optional DEF.
Optional fault location

Yes

No

LFZP 121
Optional fault
location

LFZP 122
Optional fault
location

Any of the following?

*weak infeed POR/unblocking scheme?
*blocking scheme?
*backup for reverse faults?
*power swing blocking?
Yes

No

LFZP 112
Optional DEF.
Optional fault locator

LFZP 114
Optional DEF.
Optional fault locator

In some models specified above, it will be necessary to disable unwanted zones

and facilities with settings on the menu.

Selection Chart 1

11

Contact Arrangements
Most models are pre-programmed to
give a choice of at least two output
contact arrangements. One of these is
arranged to give direct access to the
relays measuring units via the output
relay contacts, so that a customers
existing protection scheme can be
operated in conjunction with Optimho
if required. The other arrangements
take advantage of the Optimhos own
integral scheme logic.

START
Underground cables?

Any of the following?

*single pole tripping? *blocking scheme?
*PUR scheme?
*power swing blocking?
*POR scheme?
*capacitor voltage
*unblocking scheme?
transformers?

Other Options
To be specified with order.
A facility to control the setting group
selected via five optical isolators is
available on all models.

No

Yes

Go to chart 1

Yes

No

LFZP 113
Optional fault location
Optional DEF

LFZP 123
Optional fault location
No DEF

In some models specified above, it will be necessary to disable unwanted zones

and facilities with settings on the menu.

Selection Chart 2

A facility to control the setting group

selected via three optical isolators is
available on all models. Full scheme
options are provided and three setting
groups are available.

START
Single Zone Distance?

No

Yes

Go to chart 1

Any of the following:

*ground fault distance?
*voltage transformer supervision?
*power swing blocking?

No

Yes
Any of the following:
*single pole tripping?
*power swing blocking?
*DEF?

Offset characteristic?

No

Yes
Either of the following:
*offset characteristic?
*power swing blocking?

LFZP 131
with DEF.
Optional fault
location

LFZP 132
with DEF.
Optional fault
location

Offset characteristic
Yes

LFZP 112
Optional DEF.
Optional fault
location

No

LFZP 114
Optional DEF.
Optional fault
location

Yes

No

LFZP 151
No fault
location

LFZP 122
Optional fault
location

In some models specified above, it will be necessary to disable unwanted zones

and facilities with settings on the menu.

Selection Chart 3

12

Direction of power flow for operation

P2

A
B

P1

S2
C

B
Phase rotation

A B

MMLG
Test block or
Equivalent

2A1

2A2

2A3

2A4

2A5

2A6

2A7

2A8

2A9 2A10
2A11 2A12

a b

2A21 2A22

2A23 2A24

LFZP 111
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Fuses
or MCB

2B21 2B22
2B23 2B24
2B25 2B26
2B27 2B28
2A25 2A26

S2

S1

P2

2A27 2A28

15
16
17
18
27
28

P1
DEF current polarisation when required

+
2A13 2A14 A13

2B13 2B14

CRX

2B9 2B10 17

19 74

COX

2B7

2B8

13

15 70

RZ1X

2B1

2B2

CB AUX 2B5 2B6

11 66

MCB
IPD

2B11 2B12
2B3

2B4

R1

58

78

21

62

23 82

External resistor box

required for 220/250V
supply only
2A17

2A 18

49

2B17

2B18

77

DC supply

Signal receive
Channel out of service
Rest zone 1 extension
Breaker open
Relay blocked
Inhibit PSB, DEF, WI.
Reset indications

Signal send

14

2A16 2A15

2B16 2B15

76
72
60
68
80
64
84

51

2A 20

2A 19

79

2B20

2B 19

Any Trip

Optoisolator inputs when required:

a
b
c

CRX

Open contact from signalling channel

COX

Close contact from signalling channel

RZIX

Open contact from autoreclose relay

CBAUX Closed circuit breaker contacts connected

in series to indicate all poles open. Required
with busbar VT or if the weak infeed or echo
feature of POR scheme are required

Fuses
or MCB

Alternative voltage
transformer connection
for LFZP 131 & 132
15
16
17
18

Test block

LFZP

MCB

Closed contact from minature circuit breaker

required when no VT fuses are used

RI

Open contact to reset visual indications

IPD

Open contact from autoreclose relay

required with single phase tripping if PSB
or DEF options are used. Opto must be
energised during single pole dead times

For the unblocking mode of operation use CRX for

the unblock frequency (trip frequency) and RZIX
for the block frequency (guard frequency)

Figure 14. Case connection diagram for relay inputs

13

Technical Data
Ratings
AC voltage Vn:

100 to 120V rms phase-phase

AC current n:

1A or 5A rms per phase

Frequency fn:

50Hz or 60Hz

Operating frequency range:

47 to 51Hz or 56.4 to 61.2 Hz

DC Supply Vx(1):

For switched mode dc/ac/dc power

supply unit, available in three
versions:
Nominal
range

Operative
withstand

Maximum

48/54V

37.5 to 60V

64.8V

110/125V

87.5 to 137.5V

150V

220/250V

175 to 275V

300V

There is negligible change of accuracy with change of

voltage within the operative range of the relay.
DC supply Vx(2):

For optically coupled isolators. Supply options are the

same as Vx(1). External resistor box provided for
220/250V version (see Figure 16).

Maximum overload ratings

AC voltage:

1.2Vn for measuring accuracy

1.5Vn continuous withstand
2.5Vn withstand for 10s.

AC current:

2.4n continuous withstand

100n withstand for 1s (n = 1A)
80n withstand for 1s (n = 5A)

Burdens
AC voltage circuits:

0.1 VA per phase at Vn

AC current circuits:

0.08 VA per phase (n = 1A)

0.5 VA per phase (n = 5A)

DC supply (1):

18W under healthy live line

conditions at Vx(1) 28W maximum

DC supply (2):

10mA per energised optically coupled

isolator at Vx(2).

Distance Elements
Range of positive sequence settings referred to line VT and CT secondaries:
All employed zones except reverse Zone 3:
0.2
to 250 (n = 1A)
0.04 to 50 (n = 5A)
Underground cable models 0.1
to 125 (n = 1A)
0.02 to 25 (n = 5A)
Overhead line models

Reverse Zone 3
0.04 to 250 (n = 1A))
0.008 to 50 (n = 5A)
Underground cable models 0.02 to 125 (n = 1A)
and LFZP 151
0.004 to 25 (n = 5A)
Overhead line models

14

Reach setting method is by digitally controlled analogue attenuators. Attenuation

factors KZPh and KZN operate on current signals and are common to all zones.
Attenuation factors KZ1, KZ1X, KZ1Y, KZ2, KZ3 and KZ3 operate on voltage
signals and are specific to Zone 1, Zone 1X, Zone 1Y, Zone 2, Zone 3 forward
and Zone 3 reverse respectively. The positive sequence reach for Zone 1 is given
by:
Zone 1 = KZ1. KZPh.5/In for overhead line models.
Zone 1 = KZ1. KZPh. 5/21n for underground cable models.
Either KZ1 or KZPh is set to 1.000. To obtain the formula for each of the other
zones employed, replace KZ1 by the appropriate attenuation factor for the zone.
Extra settings for ground fault distance:
Residual compensation factor:
KZN = ZL0 - ZL1
KZPh
3ZL1
Where ZL0 and ZL1 are the phasor values of zero and positive sequence
impedance of the protected line.
Quadrilateral resistive reach settings:
Right hand reach = KR.5/n

Range of factors:

Left-hand reach

= KR.6/n (LFZP 111)

Left-hand reach

= KR.5/n (LFZP 121)

KZPh

0.040 to 1.000 in steps of 0.001

KZN

0.000 to 1.360 in steps of 0.001

KZ1
KZ1X
KZ1Y
KZ2
KZ3

1.00 to 49.98 steps of 0.02

KZ3

0.2 to 49.9 in steps of 0.1

KR

1 to 30 in steps of 1

Range of setting of Zone 3 lenticular aspect ratio:

a/b = 1.00, 0.67 or 0.41
Characteristic angle settings:
U Ph - arg ZL1 to nearest available setting.
U Ph = 50 to 85 in 5 steps (overhead line models)
U Ph = 45 to 80 in 5 steps (LFZP 113 only)
U Ph = 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60 or 70
(LFZP 123 only)
Vectorial residual compensation for ground fault distance:
U N = arg (ZL0 - ZL1) to nearest available setting
U N = 50 to 85 in 5 steps (overhead line models)
U N = --45, 35 and 25 to 80 in 5 steps
(LFZP 113 and 123 only)
Note: LFZP 113 is not designed to be used with a ground fault loop setting
(2ZL1 + ZL0) /3 with an argument less than 30.

15

Minimum operating values of the distance measuring elements for all types of fault:
Voltage: zero
Current: 0.05n/KZPh.
Accuracy:

Reach: 5% at 2n and 20C

Dynamic range:

up to 25n for fault

locator and instrumentation up to
56n for distance protection

Characteristic angle: 2
Resetting ratio:

105%

Timer ranges:

Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone

1X timer
1Y timer
2 timer
3 timer

each timer 0.10s to 9.98s

in steps of 0.02s

Scheme co-ordination timers used in permissive overreach,

unblocking and blocking schemes:
TP
TD
TDW

0 to 98ms in steps of 2ms

Timer accuracy:

1% of setting and 3ms.

Operating time:

Typical relay operating times for Zone 1 are shown in

Figures 10 to 13.
Mho characteristic (type m, f or c)

50Hz minimum: 14ms

typical: 18ms
60Hz minimum: 12ms
typical: 16ms

Quadrilateral characteristic (type q) 50Hz minimum: 16ms

typical: 23ms
60Hz minimum: 15ms
typical: 20ms
Reset time:

The trip contacts are sealed in for 60ms following the initial
contact closure. Thereafter, the maximum reset time is 35ms.

Power swing blocking

Power swing detected by transit time of impedance between Zone 6 and either
Zone 2 or Zone 3 as selected. Zone 6 is offset mho or offset lenticular, with the
same range of forward and reverse reach settings and aspect ratios as Zone 3.
Zone 6 timer range: 20ms to 90ms in steps of 5ms
Power swing detection regimes:
(i) detection disabled.
(ii) detection indicated only.
(iii) indication plus blocking of any one or more selected
zones.
Blocking disabled if a ground fault or (if DEF fitted) a phase fault occurs during a
power swing.

16

Directional earth fault

Directional measuring elements: one forward-looking, one reverse-looking:
Current sensitivity determined by current level detector:
0.05n to 0.80n in steps of 0.05n
Sensitivity of polarising quantity is 1V residual voltage of
1.5% polarising current, as appropriate, depending upon
the type of polarising selected.
Characteristic angle UG = 10 to 80 in 10 steps.
Instantaneous trip (available only if no Zone 1 ground fault distance elements fitted):
Setting range: 0.2n to 30n in steps of 0.05n
Accuracy: 5% at fn, 20C
Aided tripping
scheme:

Scheme co-ordination timers:

TPG
0 to 98ms in steps of 2ms
TDG
High set current level detector 0.05n
to 0.80n in steps of 0.05n

Time delay trip:

Setting s = 0.05n to 1.20n in steps of 0.05n

Time curves: eight curves and three definite time ranges
shown in Figure 9.
Time multiplier: *t = 0.025 to 1.000 in steps of 0.025
Accuracy at fn, 20C, *t = 1, s = 0.05n to 0.80n:
Current: +10% 0%
Operating time: definite time 3% over 1.3s to 31s
curves 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 5% over 2s to 31s
curve 3

7.5% over 2s to 20s

Fault location and instrumentation

Fault location positive sequence settings referred to line VT and CT secondaries:
Range:

0.2 to 200 (n = 1A)

0.1 to 100 (n = 1A) (113/123)

0.04 to 40 (n = 5A)

0.02 to 20 (n = 5A) (113/123)

Setting:

Zone F = KZF. KZPh.5/n for overhead line models.

Zone F = KZF. KZPh.5/2n for underground cable models.

KZPh and residual compensation are common to the distance measuring elements.
KZF range:

1.00 to 40.00 in steps of 0.01.

Line length setting (in miles or km or %)

0.00 to 99.99 in steps of 0.01
100.0 to 999.9 in steps of 0.1
KZM and UM are provided for mutually compensating the fault locator if required:
KZM range:

0.0 to 1.36 in steps of 0.001

UM range:

50 to 85 in steps of 5

Accuracy

2% at 2n, fn, 20C.

Settings to allow for transformer ratios for instrumentation functions:

CT ratio: 1:1 or 10 to 5000: 1 in 10:1 steps
VT ratio: 1:1 or 10 to 9990: 1 in 10:1 steps

17

Block or enable auto-reclose logic

A normally-open or normally-closed contact is supplied on most models to block or
enable autoreclose respectively.
The menu allows the following choices of logic:
Auto-reclose blocked or enabled on:
Zone 1 or aided trip caused by 2 or 3 phase fault
Zone 1 or aided trip cased by 3 phase fault
Zone 1X and/or Zone 1Y and/or Zone 2 time delayed trip
Channel out of service
DEF instantaneous and/or aided trip and/or delayed trip.
Voltage transformer (fuse fail) supervision
The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) operates when zero sequence voltage is
detected without the presence of zero sequence current, by means of the low set
neutral level detector. The VTS does not limit the distance relay current sensitivity or
operating times for line faults even when the VTS is set to block relay tripping.
Nominal Vo detector setting 9.5V
The blocking action of the VTS on distance comparators can be removed by menu
selection via the user interface.
Switch-on to fault logic
Menu choices allow instantaneous trip and alarm and indication for faults occurring
on line energisation, whether busbar or line voltage transformers are used:
SOTF enabled either 0.2s or 110s after line de-energised
(110s prevents SOTF action on auto-reclosure).
SOTF trip via measuring elements.
SOTF trip via current and voltage level detectors.
Output contacts
Some of the available arrangements are shown in Table 1.
Ratings:
Make and carry 0.2s

7500VA subject to a maxima of 30A,

300V, ac or dc.

Carry continuously

5A ac or dc.

Break

ac: 1250VA
dc: 50W resistive
25W L/R = 0.04s
Subject to a maxima of 5A and 300V

Durability
Loaded contact

10,000 operations minimum

Unloaded contact

100,000 operations minimum

High voltage withstand

Dielectric withstand
IEC 255-5:1977
BS 142:1982 section 1.3
ANSI C37.90:1978

2kV rms for 1 minute between all

terminals and case earth.
2kV rms for 1 minutes between terminals
of independent circuits, with terminals on
each independent circuit connected
together.
1.5kV rms for 1 minute across normally
open contacts

18

High voltage impulse

IEC 255-5:1977
BS 142:1982 section 1.3

Insulation resistance
IEC 255-5:1977

Three positive and three negative

impulses of 5kV peak, 1.2/50s, 0.5J
between all terminals and all terminals
and case earth.
>100M when measured at 500V dc

Electrical environment
DC supply interruption
IEC 255-11:1979

High frequency disturbance

IEC 255-22-1:1988 Class III
BS 142:1982 section 1.4
ANSI C37.90.1:1989
Electrostatic discharge
IEC 255-22-2:1989 Class III
Fast transient disturbance
IEC 255-22-4:1992 Class IV
IEC 801-4: 1988 Level 3
ANSI C37.90.2:1987
Radio frequency interference
EMC Compliances
89/336/EEC
EN50081-2:1994
EN50082-2:1995

10ms interruption in the auxiliary

supply under normal operating
conditions, without de-energising.
2.5kV peak between independent
circuits and case.
1.0kV peak across terminals of the
same circuit.
8.0kV, discharge in air with cover
in place
4.0kV, 2.5kHz applied directly to
auxiliary supply
2.0kV, 5kHz applied directly to
all inputs
Compliance to the European
Commission Directive on EMC is
claimed via the Technical Construction
File rout. Generic Standards were used
to establish conformity.

Atmospheric environment
Temperature
IEC 255-6:1988

Storage and transit -25C to +70C

Operating -25C to +55C

IEC 68-2-1:1990

Cold

IEC 68-2-2:1974

Dry Heat

Humidity
IEC 68-2-3:1969
BS 2011 Part 2.1 Ca

56 days at 93% RH and 40C

Enclosure protection
IEC 529:1989
BS 5490

IP50 (dust protected)

Mechanical environment
Vibration
IEC 255-21-1:1988
BS 142:1982 section 2.2
Category S2
Seismic
IEC 255-21-3:1993

Response Class 1

Class 1

19

Table 1. Standard output contact case terminal connections

Terminal

LFZP 111, 112, 113, 114(Note 1)

LFZP 121, 122, 123

LFZP 131,132

29-31

RIA

97Y

RIA

97Y

RIA

97Y

RIA

97Y

29-33

VTS

97X

VTS

97X

Def Trip

67N

VTS

97X

29-35

Dist Trip

21

Z1

Dist Trip

21

Trip

94T

37-39

Trip A

94A

Trip

94T

Trip

94T

Trip

94T

41-43

Trip B

94B

Trip

94T

Trip

94T

Trip

94T

45-47

Trip C

94C

Trip

94T

Trip

94T

Trip

94T

49-51

Signal Send

85X

Signal Send

85X

Signal Send

85X

Any Trip

94

53-55

SOTF

98

SOTF

98

SOTF

98

Start

99

30-32

Time delayed

21/67N(T)

Z1X + Z1Y(T)

Z1X/Z1Y(T)

Z1X + Z1Y + Z2(T)

Z1X/Z1Y/Z2(T) (Note 2)

30-34

DEF Trip

67N

Z2(T)

Z2(T)

Z3(T)

Z3(T) (Note 3)

30-36

Aided Trip

94Y

Z3(T)

Z3(T)

Def(T)

67N(T)

38-40

Trip A

94A

Aided Trip

94Y

Aided Trip

94Y

42-44

Trip B

94B

Trip

94T

Any Trip

94

46-48

Trip C

94C

Any Trip

94

Signal Stop

85Y (Note 4)

50-52

Bar

96

Bar

96

Bar

96

54-56

Start

99

Start

99

Start

99

57-59

Trip A

94A

57-61

Trip B

94B

57-63

Trip C

94C

65-67

Trip A

94A

69-71

Trip B

94B

73-75

Trip C

94C

77-79

Any Trip

94

81-83

PSB

95

Notes:
1.

When 3 pole tripping scheme is used, 94A, 94B, 94C and 94 all respond as 94T.

2.

Z1X/Z1Y(T) in LFZP 132.

3.

Z2(T) in LFZP 132.

4.

Trip 94T in LFZP 132.

Key to contact functions.

97Y

Relay inoperative alarm.

94Y

Aided trip.

97X

Voltage transformer supervision

94

Any trip

95

Power swing blocking.

94A

Trip pole A of breaker.

21

Distance trip.

94B

Trip pole B of breaker.

67N

DEF trip.

94C

Trip pole C of breaker.

98

Switch on to fault trip.

94T

Trip all poles of breaker.

Z1

Zone 1 trip.

96

Block autoreclose.

Z1X(T)

Zone 1X time delay trip.

85X

Signal send.

Z1Y(T)

Zone 1Y time delay trip.

85Y

Signal stop.

Z2(T)

Zone 2 time delay trip.

99

DEF element operated

Z3(T)

Zone 3 time delay trip.

21/67N(T) Any time delay trip.

20

(forward or reverse) or any

Zone 1, 2 or 3 element.

LFZP 151

177.00

Ribbon cable
1
2
3
4

Input/
Output

84

57 T.B.
29

Hinged
panel

11 9 7 5
10 8 6

Processing

56

T.B.

25 way 'D'
connector

414.00

AC
input

13

Power supply
M4 earth
connections

12

T.B.

Front view

Front view

10.00

168.00
159.00

4 Holes
4,4

Rear view
32.00

Board
Ref
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
7
or
or

312.00
411.00 362.60

157.00
24.20

14

25

13

Description

Board No.

Opto isolator
Output relay
Output relay
Output relay
Assy fault locator module
3 Zone gnd fault quad
See below
Level detector
Directional earth fault
1 Zone offset lenticular
Processor
AC input 2
AC input 1
2 Zone mho ph & gnd
1 Zone mho reversible
Zone 3 ph (2 channel)

ZJ0133
ZJ0140 003
ZJ0140 001
ZJ0140 002
GJ0277 000
ZJ0132

28

27

Terminal block detail

25 way 'D' connector detail

Bottom view

Panel cut-out detail

ZJ0136
ZJ0139
ZJ0131
ZJ0138
ZJ0135
ZJ0134
ZJ0130
ZJ0146
ZJ0129

28 way max
Each way accepting:2M4 Ring terminals
or
24,8 x 0,8
Snap-on terminals
or
1 Ring+
1 Snap-on terminal

Figure 15a. Arrangement and outline Optimho panel mounting vertical

Board
Ref
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
7
or
or

Hinged panel
414.00

32.00

312.00

177.00
(4U)

157.00

10.00

Front view

Side view

M4 earth connection

1 2

Ribbon
cable

3 4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13

57

T.B. T.B.
56

Input/
Processing
AC
Output
Input
Front view (panel removed)

24.20

29

T.B.

Power supply
Rear view

Board No.

Opto isolator
Output relay
Output relay
Output relay
Assy fault locator module
3 Zone gnd fault quad
See below
Level detector
Directional earth fault
1 Zone offset lenticular
Processor
AC input 2
AC input 1
2 Zone mho ph & gnd
1 Zone mho reversible
Zone 3 ph (2 channel)

ZJ0133
ZJ0140 003
ZJ0140 001
ZJ0140 002
GJ0277 000
ZJ0132
ZJ0136
ZJ0139
ZJ0131
ZJ0138
ZJ0135
ZJ0134
ZJ0130
ZJ0146
ZJ0129

25 way 'D'
connector

411.00
362.60

4 Holes 4,4

84

Description

159.00 168.00

14

13

25

25 way 'D' connector detail

27

28

28 way max
Each way accepting:2M4 Ring terminals
or
24,8 x 0,8
Snap-on terminals
or
1 Ring+
1 Snap-on terminal

Terminal block detail

Panel cut-out detail

Figure 15b. Arrangement and outline: Optimho panel mounting horizontal

21

Board
Ref
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
7
or
or

483.00
34.00

465.10
177.00
(4U)

312.00

157.00

101.60

Hinged panel

37.70

Front view

Fixing slot
10,6 long x 7 wide
1 2

3 4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13

Input/
Processing
AC
Output
input
Front view (panel removed)

10.00

Side view

M4 earth connection

T.B.

Power supply

T.B. T.B.

Rear view

25 way 'D'
connector

14

13

25

25 way 'D' connector detail

Description

Board No.

Opto isolator
Output relay
Output relay
Output relay
Assy fault locator module
3 Zone gnd fault quad
See below
Level detector
Directional earth fault
1 Zone offset lenticular
Processor
AC input 2
AC input 1
2 Zone mho ph & gnd
1 Zone mho reversible
Zone 3 ph (2 channel)

ZJ0133
ZJ0140 003
ZJ0140 001
ZJ0140 002
GJ0277 000
ZJ0132

27

28

ZJ0136
ZJ0139
ZJ0165
ZJ0138
ZJ0135
ZJ0134
ZJ0130
ZJ0146
ZJ0129

28 way max
Each way accepting:2M4 Ring terminals
or
24,8 x 0,8
Snap-on terminals
or
1 Ring+
1 Snap-on terminal

Terminal block detail

Figure 15c. Arrangement and outline: Optimho rack mounting

Channel used when

mounted in Midos
scheme. (See note)
M4 tapped panel fixing holes
screws not provided

10

28 way max
Each way accepting:
2 - M4 ring terminals
or
2 - 4,8 x 0,8 Snap-on terminals
or
1 - Ring + 1 - Snap-on terminal
M4 earth connection

120
2

155
121

27
15
36.3
Terminal screws: M4 x 8 brass cheese head
with lockwashers are provided

Figure 16. Outline - external component box

22

Perforated cover
NOTE: Where the box is to be fitted into a
Midos scheme it should be positioned
between relays, not at a teir end.
Rack mountying schemes require the
addition of joining strips and spacers.

28

Cases
The relay is housed in a multi-module
MIDOS case suitable for rack or panel
mounting, as shown in Figure 15.
Weight: 15kg.

Other Information
An LFZP accessory kit is available to
facilitate commissioning and test.

Information Required with

Order
LFZP model required (see Summary
Chart page 3)
Whether DEF required (if optional for
model selected)
Whether fault location required (if
optional for model selected)
Nominal current rating n: 1A or 5A
Frequency fn: 50Hz or 60Hz
Voltage of dc supply Vx(1): 48/54V,
110/125V or 220/250V
Voltage of dc supply Vx(2): 48/54V,
110/125V or 220/250V
Mounting arrangements: rack,
panel horizontal, panel vertical,
semi projection
Whether the block auto-reclose
contact 961 is to be a normally-open
or normally-closed contact
Whether the signal send contact
85X-1 is to be a normally-open or
normally-closed contact
Advice is available when the
information requested above is
difficult to specify
Requests for advice should include:
- current and voltage transformer
ratios
- positive and zero sequence
impedances of the protected feeder
or full details of the feeder lengths
and construction
- source impedances or fault levels for
both minimum and maximum plant
conditions

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