Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
The textile industry has long been one of the largest water users and polluters. Wastewater released by textile
industries contains toxic refractory dye stuff at high concentration. Most of the dyes in the textile industry are nondegradable, therefore, effective treatment of dye waste efuent has not been achieved by ordinary processes. Ionizing
radiation has been considered a promising process for the treatment of textile dye waste efuents.
In this study, the possibility of using gamma rays to degrade or decolorize reactive dyes in water was investigated.
Two different reactive dyes (Reactive Blue 15 and Reactive Black 5) in aqueous solutions were irradiated at doses of
0.115 kGy, at 2.87 and 0.14 kGy/h dose rates. The change of absorption spectra, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD),
and the degree of decoloration (percent reduction in optical density) were examined in the presence of air and H2O2.
The absorption bands at 664, 640, 340, 260 nm and 596, 392, 312 nm for RB15 and RB5 decreased rapidly with
increasing irradiation dose. The degree of decoloration of each dye solution with irradiation dose appeared to be 100
percent for the lower concentration (50 ppm) dye solutions. The complete decoloration was observed after 1 and 15 kGy
doses for RB5 and RB15, respectively. pH of RB5 and RB15 solutions was decreased from 6.15 and 6.98 to 3.40 and
3.68 with the irradiation dose. The COD reduction for all the dye solutions was approximately 7680% at 1 and 15 kGy
for RB5 and RB15. The COD reduction and the change of pH for all the dye solutions were examined similar to each
other.
r 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
1. Introduction
Turkey is one of the exporters of textiles so that the
waste coming from textile industries has a major impact
on the environment. Wastewater released by those
industries contains toxic refractory dyestuff at high
concentration. Disposal of efuent from textile industries has become a serious environmental concern in
many countries. Most of the dyes used in the textile
industry are non-biodegradable, therefore, effective
treatment of dye waste efuent has not been achieved
by ordinary processes (Suzuki et al., 1978; Nagai and
Suzuki, 1978; Suzuki et al., 1975; Higashi et al., 1996).
Earlier studies have shown that most colored materials
undergo bleaching or color changes when exposed to
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-2992163; fax: +90312-2992163.
E-mail address: solpan@eti.cc.hun.edu.tr (D. S- olpan).
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2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Commercial textile dyes manufactured in Germany
were obtained from three major textile industries in
Turkey. For this particular study, two reactive dyes:
(Chrozol turquose Blue G) (Reactive Blue 15) RB15 and
(Chrozol Black 5) (Reactive Black 5) RB5 were used
without any further treatment. Deionized distilled water
was used in the preparation of dye solutions without any
contaminants.
Dyes:
(a) (Reactive Blue 15) (Chrozol turquose blue G)
RB15,
2.2. Methods
Deionized water was used to prepare four concentrations 50, 75, 100, 150 mg/l of the two reactive dyes. The
pH of the solutions was measured by a JENWAY 3010
model pH meter before and after irradiation. The UV
absorbance, at the wavelength of maximum absorbance,
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551
Fig. 3. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated RB15 aqueous solutions. Dye concentration: 50 mg/l, dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h,
dose (kGy): 0 (curve 1), 2 (curve 2), 4 (curve 3), 6 (curve 4), 10 (curve 5), 15 (curve 6).
Fig. 4. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated RB15 aqueous solutions. Dye concentration: 50 mg/l, [H2O2]=1.2 mM, dose
rate: 0.14 kGy/h, dose (kGy): 0 (curve 1), 1 (curve 2), 2 (curve 3), 3 (curve 4), 7 (curve 5), 9 (curve 6).
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Fig. 7. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated RB5 aqueous solutions. Dye concentration: 50 mg/l, dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h,
dose (kGy): 0 (curve 1), 0.1 (curve 2), 0.2 (curve 3), 0.3 (curve 4), 0.4 (curve 5), 0.6 (curve 6).
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553
Fig. 8. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated RB5 aqueous solutions. Dye concentration: 50 mg/l, [H2O2]=1.2 mM, dose
rate: 0.14 kGy/h, dose (kGy): 0 (curve 1), 0.1 (curve 2), 0.4 (curve 3), 0.6 (curve 4).
Fig. 9. Differences spectra of absorption between unirratiated and irradiated aqueous solutions. Dye concentration: 50 ppm, dose rate:
0.14 kGy/h, [DAbsDIrradiation doses (kGy)]: (1) (0.00.6), (2) (0.00.4), (3) (0.00.3), (4) (0.00.2), (5) (0.00.1).
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Fig. 10. Differences spectra of absorption between unirratiated and irradiated aqueous solutions. Dye concentration: 50 mg/l,
[H2O2]=1.2 mM, dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h, [DAbsIrradiation doses (kGy)]: (1) (0.00.6), (2) (0.00.4), (3) (0.00.1).
Fig. 11. Degree of decoloration as a function of irradiation dose (kGy) at various concentrations of RB15 in the absence and presence
of 1.2 mM H2O2. Dose rate: 2.87 kGy/h, dye concentration: 50, 75, 100, 150 mg/l. (Solid symbols are used for RB15 concentrations
containing H2O2.)
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Fig. 12. Degree of decoloration as a function of irradiation dose (kGy) at various concentrations of RB15 in the absence and presence
of 1.2 mM H2O2. Dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h, dye concentration: 50, 75, 100, 150 mg/l. (Solid symbols are used for RB15 concentrations
containing H2O2.)
Table 1
Degree of decoloration as a function of irradiation dose (kGy)
at various concentrations of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in the
absence and presence of 1.2 mM H2O2. Dose rate: 2.87 kGy/h
Table 2
Degree of decoloration as a function of irradiation dose (kGy)
at various concentrations of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in the
absence and presence of 1.2 mM H2O2. Dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h
Dose
(kGy)
Dose
(kGy)
Concentration (mg/l)
50
75
100
150
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0
80
94
96
96
96
0
74
80
85
85
88
0
60
65
68
70
70
0
52
56
60
60
62
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
Concentration (mg/l)
50
75
100
150
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
0
54
64
72
86
90
93
93
0
50
54
62
76
80
85
88
0
46
50
57
67
70
80
85
0
38
46
50
57
60
76
80
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
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Fig. 13. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the degree of decoloration. Irradiation dose: 10.0 kGy, RB15 concentration: 50 mg/l, dose rate:
0.14, 2.87 kGy/h.
Fig. 14. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the degree of decoloration. Irradiation dose: 1.0 kGy, RB5 concentration: 50 mg/l, dose rate:
0.14, 2.87 kGy/h.
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Table 3
Change of pH as a function of irradiation dose (kGy) at various
concentrations of Reactive Blue 15 (RB15) in the absence and
presence of 1.2 mM H2O2. Dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h solution
Dose
(kGy)
Concentration (mg/l)
50
75
100
150
0.0
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
10.0
15.0
6.70
4.25
3.80
3.70
3.70
3.88
3.88
6.96
4.20
4.00
3.98
3.60
4.10
4.10
6.98
4.90
4.46
4.60
4.38
3.90
3.98
6.98
4.90
4.90
4.45
4.40
4.40
4.20
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
15.0
of 1.2 mM
6.98
4.90
4.46
4.40
4.38
3.98
4.10
4.10
Table 4
Change of pH as a function of irradiation dose (kGy) at various
concentrations of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in the absence and
presence of 1.2 mM H2O2. Dose rate: 0.14 kGy/h solution
Dose
(kGy)
Concentration (mg/l)
50
75
100
150
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
6.15
4.20
4.20
4.00
3.84
3.80
3.80
3.70
6.05
4.40
4.20
4.20
3.90
3.90
3.80
3.80
6.05
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.20
3.95
3.86
3.80
5.85
4.90
4.40
4.40
4.30
4.25
3.90
3.86
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
of 1.2 mM
5.85
4.40
4.40
4.20
3.80
3.90
3.90
3.86
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Table 5
Changes of COD by irradiation
Reactive dyesa
Dose (kGy)
[H2O2]=0 mM
Reactive Blue 15
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
10.0
15.0
46
48
62
62
70
59
65
78
80
82
Reactive Black 5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
1.0
46
48
50
58
66
52
54
60
64
68
4. Conclusions
The decoloration and degradation of reactive dyes in
aqueous solutions by gamma irradiation has been
demonstrated. The dye solutions are easily decolored
by gamma irradiation, which may be, therefore,
promising for the treatment of textile dye wastewater.
Decoloration and degradation of textile wastewater can
be carried out but necessary dose varies with the types of
the waste. The destruction of the skeleton of the dye
molecule, or decoloration and degradation of the
reactive dyes in aqueous solutions can be achieved by
gamma irradiation alone or by gamma irradiation of
aqueous dye solutions that contain H2O2 at lower dose
rate.
References
does. Increasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration
above 1.2 mM resulted in a decrease in the degree of
degradation. As the hydrogen peroxide concentration
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- olpan, O. Guven