Print ISSN: 0976-7606

Online ISSN: 2230-7338

Journal of
Hill Agriculture
Volume 5, No. 2 July – December, 2014

Sharing Knowledge for Prosperity

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture,

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, Distt Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145 (INDIA)
Website: www.ishaindia.in
 INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)
URL: www.ishaindia.in
JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE (DOI: 10.5958/2230-7338)
Sharing Knowledge for
(Print ISSN 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)
Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of Hill
Agriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science that is of primary
interest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to the
members of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become the
annual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various types of articles,
i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers (full and
short) (iii) Research papers (iv) Short communications and (v) First Report. The manuscripts may be submitted through e
mail to editorinchiefjha@gmail.com or by online submission through ISHA’s website www.ishaindia.in or
www.indianjournals.com.

For print version of journal of hill agriculture, subscribers may write to the Business Manager / Editor-in-Chief
(JHA) and the Online version may be accessed through www.indianjournals.com

Editor-in-Chief
Dr SK Sharma, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA (editorinchiefjha@gmail.com)

Associate Editor (s)

Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA
Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA

Associate Editor & Business Manager

Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA (businessmanagerjha@gmail.com)

EDITORIAL BOARD (2014)

Dr Ajay Gupta, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA
Dr Amit Jasrotia, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA
Dr Asgar Ebadollahi, Ardabil, IRAN
Dr Bijayalaxmi Mohanty, National Univ of SINGAPORE
Dr Davide Spadaro, Univ of Torino, ITALY
Dr Gulzar Singh Sanghera, SKUAST(K) Anantnag, INDIA
Dr J P Sharma, SKUAST(J) Jammu, INDIA
Dr Pankaj Panwar, CSWCRTI, Chandigarh, INDIA
Dr Prashant Bakshi, SKUAST Jammu, INDIA
Dr Rakesh Sharma, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA
Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi, INDIA
Dr S K Maurya, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA
Dr VR Karoshi, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA
Dr Sucheta Singh, Haridwar, INDIA
Dr Udit Kumar, RAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, INDIA
Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh, INDIA
Dr Anchal Dass, IARI, New Delhi, INDIA
Dr Ashok Thakur, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA
Dr BM Pandey, VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand, INDIA
Dr HSR Kotturi, Univ Central Oklahoma, USA
Dr Lala Iswari Prasad Ray, CAU, Meghalaya, INDIA
Dr M Shakila Banu, Coimbatore, INDIA
Dr Rajesh Kaushal, CSWCRTI, Dehradun, INDIA
Dr Rakefet David-Schwartz, Volcani Center, ISRAEL
Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi, INDIA
Dr Sushil K Sharma, DSR, Indore, INDIA
Dr VP Zambare, SDSMT, South Dakota, USA
Dr Yun Kong, Beijing University of Agriculture, CHINA
Dr Tsering Stobdan, DIHAR, Leh (INDIA)
Dr Sanjai Kumar Srivastava, Pantnagar, INDIA

For any queries pertaining to Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) or Journal of Hill Agriculture
(JHA) please write to Secretary / Editor-in-Chief (JHA), Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Secretriat,
College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ. Agr. Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 249 199, India

Phone: +91 9412962535, 9412463923 E mail: editorinchiefjha@gmail.com, businessmanagerjha@gmail.com

URL : http://www.ishaindia.in or
http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jha&type=home
 Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014, Vol 5(2)

CONTENTS
Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of climate change GHANASHYAM MALLA 87-91
on hill agriculture in Nepal
Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides NIDHI • AK PANDEY 92-99
Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal KP ACHARYA • BK NIRMAL • B POUDEL • 100-105
S BASTOLA • MK MAHATO • GP YADAV •
K KAPHLE
Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) P LAKSHMANAKUMAR • SK GURU 106-113
under varying degree of shades
Effect of river mining on employment generation and farming systems MS PATHANIA • CHAMAN DIP SINGH 114-121
in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh
Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural feeding RAJAT BURAGOHAIN • GIRIN KALITA 122-127
management in Mizoram
Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes for SHALANI GUPTA • RASHMI GARG 128-133
drought tolerance using RAPD markers
Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour extracted from ALKESH • VS BARWAL • RAKESH 134-138
citrus peel SHARMA
Influence of planting geometry on performance of China aster genotypes NEERAJ PANDEY • VK RAO 139-143
under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand
Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality of orange SK SHARMA • SHASHIBALA JUYAL 144-149
juice and semi-concentrates during storage
Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative study of SWATI GOSWAMI • SK SRIVASTAVA 150-157
hill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India
Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different housing AMIT KUMAR • AK SINGH • NEELKANT 158-162
systems
Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield contributing PRABHAKAR JOSHI • SHANT LAL • 163-167
characteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat PANKAJ NAUTIYAL • MAHESH PAL
Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato (Solanum AK SHARMA • JAIPAUL 168-170
lycopericum L.)
Effect of different chemicals for management of Helicoverpa armigera SURENDRA PRASAD • RK JHA 171-173
(Hubner) in pigeonpea
Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms in SHALINI RAGHAV • SK SRIVASTAVA 174-178
Uttarakhand
Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type apple AK SHARMA • JAIPAUL 179-181
cultivars under high density plantation in Uttarakhand
Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by multiple criteria BIRENDRA PRASAD 182-185
Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other horticultural V SINGH • KH NASEERUDDIN • DK RANA 186-189
traits
Economics of income generating activities under SHG finance in JW MOMIN • DC KALITA 190-193
Meghalaya
Weed management strategies for better yield and economics of grain DK SHUKLA • BIRENDRA PRASAD • 194-197
amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in mountain agriculture TEJ PRATAP
Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties for making RTS CS CHOPRA 198-202
beverage
Genetic divergence in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown under valley KH NASEERUDDIN • V SINGH • SC PANT 203-206
conditions of Garhwal Himalaya • DK RANA
Effect of different herbicides on growth, yield and weed flora of onion UDIT KUMAR • BIRENDRA PRASAD • 207-210
(Allium cepa L.) GIRISH CHANDRA
First record on the occurrence of Meloidogyne graminicola on rice in SATYA KUMAR • GEETA SHARMA • 211-213
Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand SARVESH MISHRA • KPS KUSHWAHA
Guidelines to authors i-ii
Esteemed Referees of Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014 Vol 5(2) iii
Corrigendum iii
Membership of Journal of Hill Agriculture / Indian Society of Hill --
Agriculture
 INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)
URL: www.ishaindia.in
Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) was founded in 2010 having its
secretariat at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus,
Ranichauri, Distt Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India with the main objective to cultivate
and promote research, education and development of agriculture and allied branches of
science with special emphasis on development of hill and mountain regions of the world.
Sharing Knowledge for
Prosperity
OFFICE BEARERS
Chief Patron: Vice Chancellor, GBPUAT Pantnagar
President: Dr PS Bisht, Dean, Bharsar
Vice President (s): Dr AK Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr SK Thakur, CSKHPKVV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Dr VK Rao, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr PJ Handique, Guwahati, Assam
Dr MS Mir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Secretary: Dr VK Yadav, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Joint Secretary: Dr Sanjeev Sharma, CPRI, Shimla
Dr Sunil Kumar, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr OC Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Dr Vinod K Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr Mayank Rai, CAU, Manipur
Editor-in-Chief, J Hill Ag Dr Satish K Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Associate Editor (s) Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Associate Editor & Business Manager: Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Treasurer: Dr Chandra Dev, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

Members from India Dr Mangla Rai, Former, President NAAS and Former Secretary DARE, Govt. of India
Dr P L Gautam, Former, Chairperson, PPVFRA, Govt. of India
Dr Anwar Alam, Former Vice Chancellor, SKUAST(K), Srinagar, J&K
Dr KM Bujarbaruah, Vice Chancellor, AAU, Jorhat, Assam
Dr KR Dhiman, Former Vice Chancellor, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, HP
Dr Bhag Mal, Former South Asia Coordinator, Biodiversity International, New Delhi
Members from Abroad Dr JDH Keatinge, Director General, AVRDC, World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan
Dr Md. Yousuf Mian, Director General, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Dr C Kole, Clemson University, South Carolina, USA
Prof (Dr) FG Schroeder, Dresdan, Germany
Dr G Paliyat, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Dr Ramesh Thakur, Michigan Technical University, Houghton, USA

EXECUTIVE COUNCILLORS
Dr AK Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Dr AK Singh, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr BL Attri, CITH (ICAR), Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand
Dr SP Uniyal, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr Vandana A Kumar, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr VK Joshi, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, Himachal Pradesh
Dr VK Sah, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand
Dr VK Wali, SKUAST (J), Jammu and Kashmir
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 87-91, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00845.3
POLICY PAPER
Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of
climate change on hill agriculture in Nepal
GHANASHYAM MALLA
Received: September 7, 2014; Revised: December 4, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT Agriculture plays an important role in
food and nutritional security of Nepal. Climate
change is negatively affecting agriculture especially
in hill agriculture of the country. Reviews showed
that increase in temperature in Nepal is higher (1.7oC
in 30 years, i.e. 0.06oC /year) than the global average.
In Nepal, both positive and negative impacts of
climate change have been observed on agriculture.
Frequency of negative impacts especially
hydrological drought has been increased in Hill
region. Thus, to mitigate negative impacts of climate
change and its threats; eco-friendly agricultural
adaptation measures like adaptation of stress tolerant
genotypes, integrated crop and livestock farming,
agro forestry, soil and nutrition conservational
practices, atmospheric nitrogen fixing practice,
proper management of biomass and livestock waste,
improving livestock and fisheries breeding and
sloppy land improvement etc. should be enhanced.
Similarly, climate change adaptation plans, National
Agriculture Program of Action (NAPA), Local
Agriculture Program of Action (LAPA) and other
effective policies should be in place for the
improvement of food security in the country.
KEYWORDS Adaptation, climate change, food
security and vulnerability
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is prime concern of human being
and it plays a vital role in terms of employment as
Malla Ghanashyam
Agricultural Environment Research Division, Nepal
Agricultural Research Council, Kathmandu - Nepal
Ghanashyam Malla ( ) events such as rainfall, drought, floods, cold waves
E mail: ghanashyam_99@hotmail.com
well as food security in the world. Nepal is
financially low resourceful and fourth most
vulnerable country to impact in world. Fragile
geology, inadequate human resources and poor
economy are major constraint for agricultural
development in the country. Climate change is
already affecting food security of Nepal and is
expected to have even greater impacts in coming
years. Therefore, to reduce food crisis all climate
zone, increasing productivity with relating climate
change; monsoon and temperature change is must.
Air temperature, carbon dioxide concentration in the
air, glacial run-off, precipitation pattern and their
interaction are the most important factors governing
agricultural productivity. In addition, also found that
household of poor people with small land holding
size and lack of access to information and basic
services are more vulnerable than household of richer
assets. Furthermore, poor people from Nepal are
more vulnerable to loss of physical, natural and
financial properties due to climate change. The World
Risk Index ranks it 99 out of 173 countries (6.2%) in
terms of overall risk – scoring ‘very high’ in terms of
vulnerability (61.7%) and ‘high’ in terms of
susceptibility (50.7%), lack of coping capabilities
(81.8%) and lack of adaptive capacities (52.5%); the
country is ranked twelfth out of 162 in terms of risk
of flooding (Anon 2011). The United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) estimates that
flooding in Nepal has on average killed almost 200
people, affected hundreds of thousands of lives, and
caused $35 million worth of damage every year since
1980. Furthermore, hill agricultural system of the
country is heavily depends on nature and natural
resources like: water, soil and forest and more
vulnerable by the occurrence of extreme weather
and relative humidity. National adaptation program
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 92-99, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00846.5
REVIEW PAPER
Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides
NIDHI • AK PANDEY
Received: April 25, 2014; Revised: June 12, 2014; Accepted: June 25, 2014
ABSTRACT The use of conventional pesticides lead
to a myriad of problems such as environmental
pollution, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreak and
many more. The present era is the era of new
technologies that are novel, sustainable and
environment friendly. Thus, when one talks about plant
protection, the techniques that fulfil the above criteria
are always welcome. One such technique is the use of
microbial insecticides against the major insect-pests.
The use of pathogenic microorganisms for pest control
is not a new concept, but there have been continuous
research and re-evaluations in the ongoing
technologies, so as to create more potent products. The
necessity of the baculoviruses is indispensable when it
comes to managing the pests. This can be proved by
the fact that a lot of countries including India have
successfully exploited this biopesticide against many
pests. The use of the contemporary technology, such as
gene incorporation and genetic engineering has made
the products much more effective. Baculoviruses are
relatively very safe as they cause diseases in the
arthropods only and no significant damage has been
noted in the non-target population. The prospects of
this emerging biopesticide are immense. The use of
baculoviruses as potential microbial insecticides is the
perfect choice under the current circumstances. Its use
will lead agriculture towards precision and
sustainability.
KEYWORDS Baculoviruses, microbial insecticide,
pest resurgence, secondary outbreak
Nidhi • Pandey AK
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, GB Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand – 263 145, India
Nidhi ( )
E mail: Nidhimie@gmail.com, drajay2002@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Microbial insecticides include microscopic living
organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or
nematodes) or the toxins produced by these organisms.
They are formulated to apply as conventional
insecticidal sprays, dusts, liquid drenches, liquid
concentrates, wettable powders or granules. Specific
properties of each product determine the ways in which
it can be used most effectively.
The deployment of pathogenic microorganisms
for pest control is not a new concept. Keenness in the
use of baculoviruses as pest-control agents dates back to
1527, when the baculovirus disease of insects was found
during studies of ‘jaundice disease’ of the silkworm.
The viral dimension of the disease was confirmed by the
year 1947 and it soon became evident that these viruses
are widespread in nature among economically important
insect-pests occurring in nature, and so could be
promising in pest-management in agricultural practices.
Fungal diseases have been used as a means of control
against a considerable number of economic insect pests
since the late 19th century (Charnley 1991). However,
in the 1940’s and 1950’s all forms of biological control
of insect-pests suffered a decline because research
shifted to synthetic chemical insecticides and their
products. The synthetic chemicals have grave social as
well as ecological implications (toxicity, secondary pest
outbreak, etc.) thus putting them at bay and coming up
with other sustainable alternatives is the need of the
hour (Yasuhisa 2007). Biopesticides pose less threat to
the environment and human health. They are generally
less toxic than chemical pesticides, often target specific,
have little or no residual effects and have acceptability
for use in organic farming (Rai et al. 2013).
Baculoviruses belong to a virus family, that is
pathogenic to arthropods with large circular, covalently
closed, and double-stranded DNA genomes that are
packaged into nucleocapsids. More than 700
baculoviruses have been isolated from insects of the
orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera
(Moscardi 1999). Baculoviruses as microbial
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 100-105, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00847.7
RESEARCH PAPER
Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal
KP ACHARYA • BK NIRMAL • B POUDEL • S BASTOLA • MK MAHATO •
GP YADAV • K KAPHLE
Received: September 6, 2014; Revised: December 8, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT Traditional livestock production
systems in highland areas of Nepal involve animals,
especially yak and yak cattle hybrids as a source of
food, prestige and security among the nomadic
communities. Yak, which is also known as 'the camel
of snow', is the livestock of choice among nomadic
communities and is considered as the symbol of
wealth. This study was done to document the present
status of yak husbandry system, problems and pros-
cons of transhumant pastoralism in the Mustang
District of Nepal. 32 yak herders and 15 key persons,
including the local leaders and traditional healers were
interviewed with semi-structured questionnaires during
February to May 2014. From this questionnaire survey
and field visits, it revealed that grazing system is the
only feeding system with little or no feed
supplementation. The population and herd size are
decreasing year by year. The herders are still following
the uncontrolled methods of breeding with one male
serving all the females, till its productive age, with a
high degree of inbreeding. Disease endemicity,
shortage of pasture, closure of Tibetan border for
pasturing, increased draught period, lack of technical
and veterinary facilities and low productivity are
compelling herders to abandon the yak farming. They
Acharya KP¹, Nirmal BK², Poudel B3, Bastola S1, Mahato
MK1, Yadav GP1, Kaphle K4
¹Department of Veterinary Medicine, 4Department of
Theriogenology, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science
(IAAS), Tribhuwan University (TU), Chitwan, Nepal
2
National Livestock Breeding Centre (NLBC), Pokhara,
Nepal,
3
Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Nepal
Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal
KP Acharya ( )
E-mail: kriaasedu@gmail.com
are usually following their indigenous knowledge in
the treatment of disease, pests and poisoning with very
little or no help from professional veterinarian.
Although single species transhumant pastoralist is
moderately efficient with the integration of local
knowledge in all aspects of animal husbandry, it needs
to be strengthened by integration of scientific method
in breeding and feeding of yaks. Immediate strong
extension programs, including the bilateral
coordination between yak herders and researchers
should be carried out, otherwise yak and their valuable
resources will be rooted out from this country
KEYWORDS Yak husbandry, transhumant,
inbreeding, feeding, health care
INTRODUCTION
Yak and yak hybrids are an important source of
livelihood of poor people living in the highland areas
of Nepal. These highland animals are confined at
altitude above 2000 m amsl (Joshi et al. 1994, Shrestha
et al. 1996, Neopane et al. 2005). In addition, yak is
equally important for milk and meat production for
livelihood of people of the Himalayas. Milk is used for
butter and cheese production and long hair are used for
making blankets, kamlo, ropes and clothings (Joshi et
al. 1982, Shrestha et al. 1996). Hide obtained from
animal is used for products of leather and dung is used
as fertilizer to enrich their cultivated lands. Most of the
people of lower, Mustang depend on yak and yak –
cattle hybrids for their livelihoods. There are 70,165
yak and yak hybrids in Nepal with 4,145 yaks/chauri in
Mustang district, Nepal (MoAD 2013, DLSO 2013).
Although it is not too much economically feasible to
raise yak and chauri they have no other alternatives
suitable to utilize their local indigenous knowledge
(Sherchand and Karki 1997). Similar to other yak
rearing mountainous region of the world, transhumant
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 106-113, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00848.9
RESEARCH PAPER
Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) under varying degree of shades
P LAKSHMANAKUMAR • SK GURU
Received: August 25, 2014, Revised: December 4, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT Light is the main environmental factor
which regulates growth and development of crop
plants. Decrease in light intensity due to shading
adversely affects plant growth and development. The
present study was conducted to analyze the effect of
varying degree of shades on growth characteristics and
yield of wheat crop. Two shading treatments were
applied i.e. 33 % shading (L1) and 66 % shading (L2)
with full sunlight as control (L0). The experiment was
conducted during the winter seasons of 2010–2011 in a
split-plot design with three replications with shading
treatments in the main plot and five varieties of wheat
in the sub plots. The findings of the study showed that
the mean crop growth rate, mean relative growth rate,
net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, leaf area index and
specific leaf weight were significantly influenced by
increasing shade. Grain yield of all the wheat varieties
decreased with increase in shading. Varietal differences
in grain under shading are discussed in relation to leaf
area index and crop growth rate.
KEYWORDS Light intensity, shading, crop growth
rate, leaf area index, specific leaf weight
INTRODUCTION
Light is the main environment factor which
determines the rate of crop development possibly
because all plants and their process of development are
Lakshmanakumar P1 • Guru SK2
1
Department of Agronomy, VIA, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu –
642 103, India
2
Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences
and Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India
P Lakshmanakumar ( )
E mail: laksh006@gmail.com
sensitive to it. Light plays an important role in many
plant processes like chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme
activation, photosynthesis governing growth and
development of plants. As a consequence of increase in
aerosols, air pollutants and population density,
dimming or shading (decrease in global radiation, i.e.
the sum of the direct solar radiation and the diffuse
radiation scattered by the atmosphere) have become
major challenges to crop production in many areas of
the world (Mu et al. 2010).
Dimming or shading not only reduce radiation
but also increase the fraction of diffuse light and alter
the spectral quality. Diffuse light is more efficiently
utilized by plants and can offset small decrease in
direct radiation and actually enhance the CO2 uptake,
photosynthesis and plant growth. Meanwhile, with
increasing intensity of shading, the fraction of blue
light (400-500 nm) increases while of red light (600-
700 nm) decreases, which might affect both
physiological parameters as well as plant morphology
i.e. main culm development, tillers appearance and
stomatal conductance (Li et al. 2010).
Agroforestry is very specially stated to be a
sustainable land management system (King and
Chandler 1978). But more recently, the rational of
developing agroforestry has been modified to include
three alternatives: a higher total, a more diversified
and/or a more sustainable production from available
resources than is possible with other forms of land-use
(Lundgren 1982). In any agroforestry system, tree-crop
interaction for solar radiation, moisture and mineral
nutrients results in changed microclimates, which in
turn affect the productivity of component crops. While
moisture and nutrient availability could be
agronomically managed, varietal selection is more
important for shade tolerance in such a system. Seed
germination and yield reduction in various grain crops
have been reported due to such interactions (Prasad et
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 114-121, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00849.0
RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of river mining on employment generation and
farming systems in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh
MS PATHANIA • CHAMAN DIP SINGH
Received: October 25, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT The sand and gravel are crucial
resources extracted from rivers for economic
development activities and their demand is increasing
due to economic development urbanization. The large
amount of boulders, cobbles and sand deposited in
riverbed in Himachal Pradesh are protecting natural
vegetation. The study was conducted in Neugal
catchment area of Himachal Pradesh (India). It was
concluded from the study that amount of river mining
materials extraction varies according to the season. The
employment per household generated from sand, stone
and bajri extraction and transporting these materials to
different destination was 1033 man days during the
year. The total variable expenditure incurred for
extraction of river mining materials was varied from Rs
95,178 in case of equines to Rs 2, 37,276 in case of
tractors. The net returns from river mining material on
total cost varied between Rs 20,167 to Rs 1, 55,837 per
annum, while on variable cost the net returns varied
between Rs 24,167 to Rs 2, 28,392 for different means
of transportation. The response of sample extractors
about the adoption of river mining occupation revealed
that poor family condition followed by no other
employment, marginal holding, etc. were the main
reasons. The indiscriminate sand and stone extraction
Pathania MS • Singh CD
Department of Agricultural Economics, CSK Himachal
Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
-176 062, India
MS Pathania ( )
E-mail: mspathania@hillagric.ac.in,
msp1960@rediffmail.com
from the rivers affect the water availability for irrigation
and thereby affecting the productivity of the crops. The
area under different crops in current season shifted from
more water requiring crops to less water requiring crops
due to less water availability in the irrigation channels.
The productivity of different crops and number of
irrigations used also changed over the period. So,
conservation of water and land is important for their
productivity. The study suggested that the prudent
efforts should be made by government agencies for
systematic/scientific extraction of mining materials so
that water table of rivers may not adversely affect
cropping system.
KEYWORDS Income and employment, cropping
system, irrigation, water level
INTRODUCTION
Land and water are basic natural resources for
agriculture. About 52% of the population in India
depends on agriculture for its livelihood. The proper
utilization of land and water resources halts the process
of degradation and increase crop productivity. The land
degradation may be due to improper agricultural
practices and mining. The indiscriminate sand and
stone extraction from the rivers affect the water
availability for irrigation and thereby affecting the
productivity of the crops (Selvakumar et al. 2008).
Increasing population, growing urbanization and rapid
industrialization combined with the need for raising
agricultural production generate competing claims for
land and water. The sand and gravel are crucial
resources for economic development activities and
increasing urbanization, but their conservation is also
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 122-127, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00850.7
RESEARCH PAPER
Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural
feeding management in Mizoram
RAJAT BURAGOHAIN • GIRIN KALITA
Received: September 1, 2014, Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The study was to assess nutritional
status of lactating dairy cattle in Mizoram. Information
on feeding management and feed-stuffs of lactating
cows were collected from randomly selected dairy
farmers of Bawngkawn, Durtlang and Shiphir areas of
Mizoram. Study revealed use of local forest grasses
and tree fodders (MGTF) with concentrate mixture
(CM) to dairy cows. The average dry matter (DM),
crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN)
intakes (kg/animal/day) were 13.72±0.27, 1.57±0.03
and 6.88±0.10, indicating inadequate intakes based on
body weight, milk yield and milk fat % of dairy cows.
The MGTF was found rich in macro and micro-
minerals. The digestibility of nutrients was poor
including crude protein (CP) 47.26±0.80 to 52.14±0.58
%, ether extract (EE) 43.49±0.93 to 49.33±0.61 %,
crude fibre (CF) 41.67±1.39 to 47.06±0.58. It was
concluded from the study that inadequate DM, CP and
TDN intakes and poor digestibility of nutrients might
be responsible for poor productivity of dairy cows
under rural feeding management in Mizoram.
KEYWORDS Lactating cattle, nutrient digestibility,
nutrient intake, Mizoram
INTRODUCTION
Crop husbandry, horticulture and livestock
rearing are integral parts of hill economy (Singh et al.
2011, Choudhary et al. 2012). Rural economy of
Buragohain Rajat1 • Kalita Girin2
1 together, and six representative samples of them were
Department of Animal Nutrition, 2Department of Livestock
Production and Management, College of Veterinary Sciences
and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University,
Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram - 796014, India
Rajat Buragohain ( )
E mail: drrajat57@gmail.com
Mizoram is agriculture and livestock based. However,
due to low fertility, soil erosion and soil acidity,
agricultural productivity is very low and farmers
mostly depend on livestock farming for their livelihood
(Sirohi and Chauhan 2010). The livestock sector
contributes 30 % of the value of output from
agriculture and its allied sector, whereas dairy animals
contribute 22 % of the value of output from livestock
sector in the state (Anon 2010).
The major constraint of dairy farming in the
state is shortage of nutritional feeds. Due to deficit
production of grains and more than 90 % of the feed
ingredients come from outside states. Nutritional
demands of the animals are met mainly by the crop
residues, natural grasses, tree leaves and shrubs
(Kumaresan et al. 2010). The farmers utilize
unconventional roughages with concentrate mixture for
feeding dairy animals. In the present study, an attempt
was made to appraise the existing feeding management
of dairy animals to assess their nutritional status in
Mizoram.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted during June to
September, 2013 in Mizoram. Ten dairy farmers were
randomly selected from each of the study areas i.e.
Bawngkawn, Durtlang and Shiphir of Aizawl district of
Mizoram for survey. The feed-stuffs i.e. concentrate
and roughages offered to the animals were collected at
weekly interval from all the selected farmers during
June to September. Weekly collection of concentrate
feed and roughages from each location were pooled
taken for analysis.
In the last week of every month, one farmer
from each location was randomly selected and records
of feed intake, feed refusal and faeces voided by the
animals were made. For every month, a separate
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 128-133, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00851.9
RESEARCH PAPER
Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
genotypes for drought tolerance using RAPD markers
SHALANI GUPTA • RASHMI GARG
Received: September 24, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT In the present study the genetic
diversity among different finger millet genotypes with
different responses to drought stress was assessed with
the help of RAPD markers. Initial screening involved
27 genotypes under drought conditions in laboratory
using PEG-6000 treatment. Molecular characterization
of these finger millet genotypes was done through
eighteen RAPD primers. In RAPD analysis the total
number of 25 bands was observed among the twenty
seven finger millet genotypes. The number of scorable
markers produced per primer ranged from 1 to 4 and
size of the products ranged from 250 bp to 1300 bp.
The PIC values, a reflection of allele diversity and
frequency among the varieties, was highest for 35 ME
10T 23 primer and ranged from 0.659 (OPK 11 F) to
0.966 (35 ME 10T 23) with an average of 0.812. The
resolving power varies from 0.370 (35 ME 10T23) to
4.07 (OPJ 13F) with a mean value of 2.89. The Genetic
similarity coefficient was highest (0.0.96) among four
genotypic pairs while the lowest similarity index (0.28)
was recorded by genotype PRM 8109 in pair with five
genotypes viz PRM 701, PRM 8122, PRM 8104, PRM
6112 and PRM 6122 indicating them to be quite
diverse. Cluster analysis by UPGMA method grouped
the twenty seven finger millet genotypes into two
distinct major clusters of 14 genotypes in one cluster
and rest of the genotypes in the other cluster
indicating presence of genetic diversity among the
genotypes at molecular level.
Gupta Shalani • Garg Rashmi
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering,
College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar
Pradesh -250 110, India
Shalani Gupta ( )
E mail: sgupta_mbge@yahoo.com
KEYWORDS Drought stress, finger millet, PEG-
6000, RAPD marker, drought tolerance index
INTRODUCTION
Finger millet also known as ragi is an important
nutricereal small millet grown in South Asia and East
Africa. The cultivated finger millet (Eleusine coracana
L.) is a tetraploid (2n=4x=36), belongs to family
poaceae and is considered to be a native crop of
Central Africa (Hilu and deWet 1976). Finger millet is
a hardy crop as it is well adapted to a wide range of
environmental conditions. Its wide adaptability to
diverse environments and cultural conditions makes it a
potential food crop. It is grown mainly by subsistence
farmers and serves as a food security crop because of
its high-nutritional value and excellent storage
qualities. To date most varieties of finger millet are
from germplasm selections as there are very few
breeding activities on the crop. Hybridization between
cultivated types or between wild and cultivated types
may have potential in improving finger millet. Pant and
Srivastava (2014) studied economics of finger millet
cultivation in hill area and found that Kumaon region
has vast potential to grow finger millet on commercial
basis.
DNA based molecular markers which have
proven to be powerful tools in the assessment of
genetic variation and genetic relationships within and
among species can be utilized for studying this crop
too. Molecular markers are characterized by their
abundance and are unaffected by environmental
influence (Ram et al 2007). They provide unambiguous
estimates of genetic variability of populations. This
information regarding genetic variability at molecular
level can help to identify and develop genetically
unique germplasm that complement the existing
cultivars (Chakravarthi and Naravaneni 2006).
Genetic improvement of the crop depends on
the amount of genetic variability present in the
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 134-138, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00852.0
RESEARCH PAPER
Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour
extracted from citrus peel
ALKESH • VS BARWAL • RAKESH SHARMA
Received: September 13, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT Efforts were made to optimize the
conditions for storage of carotenoids extracted from
citrus peel. The crude carotenoids pigment was treated
with different antioxidants viz. butylated hydroxyl
toluene (BHT) @ 0.015 per cent, ascorbic acid @ 500
ppm, tertiary butylhudroquinone (TBHQ) @ 0.02 per
cent and potassium metabisulphite (KMS) @ 1000
ppm and packed in transparent glass vials (TGV) as
well as amber glass vials (AGV) and stored at ambient
and refrigerated temperature for a period of 90 days.
During storage, it was found that BHT treated sample
had remained higher carotenoids content (192.6 mg/g)
even after 90 days of storage than those treated with
KMS and ascorbic acid (186.4 and 182.5 mg/g),
respectively. Further, the crude carotenoids pigment
packed in AGV and stored under refrigerated
temperature had retained significantly higher
carotenoids content and tintometer reading (yellow and
red units) compared to those packed in TGV which
were stored at ambient temperature. Conclusively,
carotenoids extracted from citrus peel treated with
BHT@0.015%, packed in AGV and stored under
refrigerated temperature were optimized.
KEYWORDS Citrus peel, carotenoids, temperature,
antioxidants, storage, packaging material
Alkesh1 • Barwal VS2 • Sharma Rakesh3
1
Punjab State Council for Science and Technology,
Chandigarh -160 019, India
2
Regional Horticulture Research Station, Bajaura, Distt
Kullu, Himachal Pradesh -175 125, India
3
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr YSParmar
University of Horticulture and Forestry, nauni, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh – 173 230, India
Rakesh Sharma ( )
E mail: drrakes@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Citrus fruits belonging to family Rutaceae
include several fruits such as orange, mandarin, lemon,
limes, tangerines, satsumas etc. Citrus group represents
the third most important fruit in India, next to mango
and banana. In India, citrus fruits are grown in
Maharastra, Andra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala,
Punjab and mid-hills and lower valley area of
Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Sharma et al. 2001
and 2004, Dasmohapatra et al 2011, Sharma 2012,
NHB 2013). The citrus fruit residues, remaining after
juice extraction, represent approximately one-fourth of
the whole fruit mass which impose heavy burden on
factories and cause enormous environmental problems
(El-Sharnouby et al. 2013). However, this waste is a
potential source of bioactive compounds like
carotenoid pigments. Such pigments have wide
application as natural colorants in various food
products (Khoo et al. 2011). Colour is one of the most
important factors affecting quality and palatability of
the foods among different consumers by maintaining
the original food appearance even after processing and
during storage (Chattopadhyay et al. 2008). In recent
years, there has been considerable concern about the
use safety of synthetic dyes used in processed foods,
which has necessitated the need to exploit food
colourants of natural origin (Prasad et al. 1993, Joshi et
al. 2012). Natural food colour is any dye, pigment or
any other substance generally extracted from biological
origin like fruits, vegetable, animal, mineral,
microorganisms, or any other source capable of
colouring food, drug, cosmetic or any part of human
body are called as ‘Biocolours’ (Pattnaik et al.1999,
Sharma and Guleria 2005, Joshi et al. 2012). Among
these, carotenoids have been found most suitable for
yellow, orange, and red colours, however, their
susceptibility to auto-oxidation has restricted their
usage in food products (Ting and Hendrickson 1969,
Joshi et al. 2012). Therefore, the study was conducted
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 139-143, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00853.2
RESEARCH PAPER
Influence of planting geometry on performance of China
aster genotypes under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand
NEERAJ PANDEY • VK RAO
Received: October 15, 2014; Revised: November 25, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The present investigations were carried
out to evaluate performance of three genotypes of
china aster (Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Purple,
Phule Ganesh Pink), planted at different geometry (30
cm x 30 cm, 40 cm x 40 cm, 50 cm x 50 cm) in a
randomized block design. Results indicate that all
vegetative and floral traits were significantly
influenced by treatment variables. Phule Ganesh Pink
recorded higher flower yield i.e. 126.23 g/plant which
differed significantly from Phule Ganesh Purple and
Phule Ganesh Violet. Flower yield component like
number of flowers was significantly higher in Phule
Ganesh Pink compared to other genotypes but number
of flowers per plant and number of flowers per 100 g
were significantly higher in Phule Ganesh Violet.
Among planting geometries, 50 cm x 50 cm recorded
significantly highest flower yield (109 g/plant).
KEYWORDS China aster, varieties, planting
geometries
INTRODUCTION
Flowers have always fascinated and dazzled
man from being an object of beauty and splendor.
Blooms are now rapidly emerging as a money spinning
commodity in the global trade. Fresh flowers are one of
the main components in floriculture trade as well as in
our lives (Sharma 2012, Wilson et al. 2013). China
aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.), belonging to
family Asteraceae is one of the important commercial
flower crops of our country and is native to China.
Pandey Neeraj • Rao VK
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture
GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India
VK Rao ( )
Email: vkraohort@gmail.com, nikki1986v@gmail.com
The genus Callistephus derived its name from
two greek words Kalistos and Stephos meaning ‘most
beautiful’ and ‘a crown’ respectively. Cassini described
the China aster as Callistephus hortensis. It was first
named by Linnaeus as Aster chinensis and Nees
changed this name to Callistephus chinensis. It is one
of the most important annual flower crops. Among
annual flowers, it ranks third next only to
Chrysanthemum and Marigold (Sheela 2008). Its
cultivation has become popular around the cities for its
extensive use as cut flower. It is used in making
bouquets, buttonholes and garlands. In ornamental
gardening, it finds use as a bedding plant, pot plant and
herbaceous border. The plants of China aster are erect
and attain a maximum height of 60-80 cm depending
upon the genotypes. Crop management involves
decision making on several cultural practices aimed to
maximize flower yield, like planting geometry. So,
yield of a crop is the result of final plant population.
Establishment of optimum plant population is essential
to get maximum yield. There have been many studies
to determine the optimum plant density for China aster.
However, there is no single recommendation for all
environmental factors as well as controlled factors such
as soil fertility, variety, planting date and planting
pattern. The practice of spacing varies with the habit of
the cultivars and also regions. High plant density brings
out various modifications in the growth of plants.
Increased flower production, quality of flowers and
perfection in the form of plants are the important
objectives to be reckoned in commercial flower
production.
Though, quality of cut flowers is primarily a
varietal trait, it is greatly influenced by climatic,
geographical, nutritional and plant density factors.
There is a vast scope of growing China aster in
Uttarakhand throughout the year except in severe
winters and scorching summer months for the purpose
of cut flowers and loose flower production. Since there
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 144-149, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00854.4
RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality
of orange juice and semi-concentrates during storage
SK SHARMA • SHASHIBALA JUYAL
Received: November 02, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT Effect of removal of reaction substrate
(amino acids) from sweet orange juice by using cation
exchange resin (CER) was studied for browning
reduction and retention of sensory quality
characteristics of single strength juice and semi-
concentrates of 15 and 30 oBrix during storage. Single
strength juice alongwith semi-concentrates of 15 and
30 oBrix were stored for a period of one month at three
storage conditions viz., refrigerated condition (6+2 oC,
92 % RH), ambient condition (room temperature i.e.
20+4 oC, 73% RH) and accelerated temperature (37+2
o
C, 65% RH). The concentrates prepared from cation
exchange resin treated juice exhibited higher sensory
scores w.r.t. colour, flavor and overall acceptability.
Overall acceptability of the product ranged between
8.08 and 7.27 on 9 point hedonic scale, at various
intervals upto 30 days of storage. Significantly higher
score was obtained by the products prepared from CER
treated juice (8.03) as compared to that of those
prepared from untreated juice (7.33). Concentrates
stored at lower temperatures experiences lesser
changes and thus better sensory scores at all storage
intervals.
KEYWORDS Sweet orange, non-enzymatic
browning, cation exchange resin, concentrates, sensory
quality
Sharma SK 1 • Juyal Shashibala2
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of
Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India
2
Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry and Hill
Agriculture, Ranichauri, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand
249 199, India
SK Sharma ( )
E-mail: sksharmajee@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
India is one of the leading producers of fruits
and vegetables in the world. In India, Citrus crops rank
next only to banana and mango in production.
However, among citrus fruits, sweet orange and
mandarin are most important, with an annual
production of 3.52 and 2.91 million tonnes respectively
(NHB 2013). In India, the main citrus producing states
are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana and
Rajasthan, However these crops are also cultivated in
hill states including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
and north-eastern states (Sharma 2012, NHB 2013).
Main varieties of sweet orange in India being
cultivated on commercial scale are Blood Red,
Mosambi and Satgudi, however, cv. ‘Malta Common’
is very popular in regions of Punjab, Haryana and
Uttarakhand (Chadha 2006, Sharma 2012). Sweet
orange juice is canned, frozen, converted into
beverages or chemically preserved either as natural
single strength juice or after concentration. But,
browning of citrus juices and beverages during
preparation as well as storage has been recognized as a
big problem for the fruit processing industry (Sharma
et al. 2006). Browning not only affects the colour of
the product but also leads to undesirable changes in
sensory quality attributes i.e. taste, flavour, overall
acceptability etc., due to formation of various reaction
intermediates mainly furfuraldehyde, hydroxyl methyl
furfural (HMF) etc. (Sharma et al. 2001, 2004a, b,
2013, 2014)
Low temperature reduces changes in colour and
other sensory characteristics but it is commercially
unfeasible. Therefore an effort was made to retard such
changes in malta juice by removal of browning
reaction substrates (amino acids) by cation exchange
resin treatment as per standardized method (Sharma et
al. 2014, Juyal and Sharma 2014) as presented in Fig 1.
The present investigation was designed to
evaluate the effect of cation exchange resin treatment
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 150-157, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00855.6
RESEARCH PAPER
Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative
study of hill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India
SWATI GOSWAMI • SK SRIVASTAVA
Received: November 12, 2014; Revised: December 10, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to compare the
socio-economic status of farm households of hill and
plain regions of Uttarakhand, India. A multi stage
stratified random sampling technique was employed to
select 75 sample farmers. Analysis based on primary
data indicated that the average operational holding of
plain region (2.88 ha) was more than six times higher as
compared to hilly region (0.43 ha). Average household
size in the plain region (5.47) was more as compared to
hilly region (5.02). Man equivalent family size for
overall farm household of the hill region was 3.61 while
that in plains was 3.91. Man equivalent farm family size
was 3.73 for entire region including hills and plains.
The proportion of primary and middle education level of
farmers was high in plain region as compared to hilly
region, whereas the proportion of farmers educated up
to high school and intermediate is slightly higher in
hilly region as compared to plain region. In hills major
contribution to total income was from non-farm sector
(about 80 %) while, in plains on-farm enterprises played
the important role by contributing three forth of farm
household income. On overall basis in the state the
share of on-farm activities was about 48 % and rest
52 % contributed by non-farm sectors, in the farm
household’s total income.
KEYWORDS Socio-economic, hill altitude, on-farm
income, non-farm income, farm size group, plain,
operational holding
Goswami Swati • Srivastava SK
Department of Agricultural Economics, GB Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263
145, India
SK Srivastava ( )
E-mail: sks_pantnagar@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Uttarakhand is one of the hilly states in the
Indian Himalayas. Initially a part of Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand (formerly called Uttaranchal) was created
as the 27th state of the Indian Union on November 9th,
2000 by carving out the 13 districts (11 hill districts and
2-districts from adjoining plain region) of Uttar Pradesh.
It lies in the Northern part of India between the latitudes
28o43’-31o27’N and longitudes 77o34’- 81o02’E having
a maximum dimension of east - west 310 km and 255
km north - south covering an area of 53,484 km2 with
the elevation ranging from 210 to 7817 amsl. The state
shares international border with China (Tibet) in the
North and Nepal in the East and interstate boundaries
with Himachal Pradesh in the West, Northwest and
Uttar Pradesh in the South. The State of Uttarakhand
has high degree of agro-climatic diversity and economic
backwardness. Total area under agriculture in the state
is only 0.75 million ha which accounts to only13.3 % of
the total reported area (Raghav and Srivastava 2013).
People psyche is generally governed by social trap
where they can just visualize the immediate benefits and
not the temporal cost (Choudhary and Srivastava 2014).
The economic deprivation in region is not only
because of small land holdings but also because of
unproductive land use due to rainfed and operational
constraints faced due to harsh physical conditions. Land
being the most important natural resource deserves the
top priority in the study of agricultural development of a
country or a region (Srivastava 2011). Major operational
constraints include undulating nature of farm holding
coupled with inequitable agrarian structure, absence of
land consolidation, poor infrastructure and marketing of
agricultural products, and most importantly the
ecological handicaps incidental to mountainous area.
The farm households are mostly characterized by low
productivity of crop and livestock, poor income
unemployment, small and fragmented land holdings
(Raghav and Srivastava 2014) with most of the farmers.
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 158-162, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00856.8
RESEARCH PAPER
Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different
housing systems
AMIT KUMAR • AK SINGH • NEELKANT
Received: October 1, 2014; Revised: December 2, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The study was conducted on nutrient
and water intake in Murrah buffalo calves for period of
190 days to find out the different feeding regimes on
sixteen Murrah buffalo calves of pre-ruminant age i.e.
20 days age group, were divided into four groups i.e.
T1 and T2 animals fed (individually), where as T3 and
T4 animals fed to 100 % and 120 % ICAR
recommended level of nutrients, respectively. Along
with reared in individual and group feeding system.
There were four animals in each treatment group. The
feeds and fodders available were concentrate mixture,
berseem, sorghum, mustard and sugarcane top .The
average daily DM, CP and TDN intake per 100 kg
body weight and per kg W0.75 were significant (P<0.05)
between levels of feeding. The differences for these
parameters between rearing systems were found non-
significant. Average daily voluntary water intake and
total water intake were significantly (P<0.05)
influenced by levels of feeding.
KEYWORDS Nutrient, feeding regimes, buffalo
calves, housing systems
INTRODUCTION
Dairy farming is an important component in
Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Indeed of national economy especially with the
increasing human population. The growth and health of
Kumar Amit • Singh AK • Neelkant
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhanauri, Haridwar, Uttarakhand –
247 667, India
2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhakrani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand –
248 142, India
3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Distt Rudraprayag,
Uttarakhand – 246 439, India
AK Singh ( )
E-mail: awanish03@gmail.com
growing dairy animals affect the productivity and
reproductive efficiency in whole life. The feed and
water intake in dairy animals is influenced by several
factors such as body weight, age, sex, climate, feeding
pattern, physiological form fraction, level of
production, health and other managerial practices
(Johnson et al. 1963). Voluntary feed intake is most
important factors affecting the growth of calves. Dry
matter intake had positive correlation with water intake
(Radadia et al. 1980). Reduction in the growth
efficiency of animals influenced by integration of plant
nutrient sources either through green manures, crop
residues for sustaining fertility and productivity of soil
and crops that (Saraswat et al. 2010) produced quality
grains and straws for feeding and management
conditions is greatly compounded by change in feed
and water intake by the animals. The objective of this
experiment was to determine comparative merits of
feeding levels of individual and group stall feeding for
growing dairy animals during their early growth stages.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental design
Sixteen Murrah buffalo calves (n=16) of pre-
ruminant age (20 days) were divided into four groups
of four calves in each ,on the basis of their age and
body weight. Before starting the experiment an
adjustment period of 10 days was given to each calves
at CCS, HAU, Hisar. The calves were dewormed and
sprayed against external parasites before start of the
experiment. The T1 and T2 group buffalo calves were
fed individually, while T3 and T4 group buffalo calves
were fed in a group feeding system. The allowances of
feed mixture was fixed in T1 and T3 group of buffalo
calves provided normal requirement i.e. 100 % as per
ICAR feeding standard ,whereas T2 and T4 group
buffalo calves fed in addition to 20 % higher than
ICAR recommended levels of nutrients. All the
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 163-167, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00857.X
RESEARCH PAPER
Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield
contributing characteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat
PRABHAKAR JOSHI • SHANT LAL • PANKAJ NAUTIYAL • MAHESH PAL
Received: November 5, 2014; Revised: December 3, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to
evaluate effect of pruning on yield characteristics in
guava. The treatments were consisted of two plant
spacing (i.e. 2.0 x 1.0 m and 2.0 x 2.0 m) and three
pruning intensities i.e., one fourth, half and three fourth
shoot pruning with un-pruned treated as control. The
emergence of new shoots and flower buds per plant were
maximum at wider spacing (2.0 x 2.0 m) for winter
season crop. Three fourth shoot pruning proved
significantly superior over other pruning treatments for
emergence of new shoots and number of flower buds per
plant for winter season crop. The treatment consisted of
2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning
was found superior in this regard, significantly higher
fruit set (68.42 %) was recorded with treatment
combination of 2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three
fourth shoot pruning for winter season crop. Reverse
trend was observed in case of % flower/fruit drop during
both the years. Number of fruits and yield per plant
increased with increase in plant spacing. However, yield
on the basis of per hectare was found higher with closer
spacing (2.0 x 1.0 m). Treatment combination of 2.0 x
1.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning gave
maximum yield (238.75 q/ha) during winter
season.
KEYWORDS Guava, plant spacing, high density,
shoot pruning, winter season
Joshi Prabhakar • Lal Shant • Nautiyal Pankaj • Pal Mahesh
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, GB
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand – 263 145, India
Pankaj Nautiyal ( ) 2000). Similarly, growth of guava plant is also variable
E mail: pankajnautiyal2009@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Guava (Psidium guajava L.), the “poor man’s
fruit” or “apple of the tropics” is a popular fruit tree of
the tropical and subtropical climate and is native to the
tropical America stretching from Mexico to Peru. It is
the fourth most important fruit crop after mango,
banana and citrus in India and considered as one of the
exquisite, nutritionally valuable and remunerative crop.
The fruit is an excellent source of ascorbic acid (260
mg/100 g), pectin (1.15 %), minerals like phosphorous
(23-27 mg/100 g), calcium (14-30 mg/100 g) etc as
well as vitamins like vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin,
pantothenic acid and niacin (Sharma 2010, Bhatt et al.
2014). It is one of the most referred and legendry fruit
because of its hardy and prolific bearing nature even in
marginal lands (Singh et al. 2007). Guava is
successfully grown all over India. In India, it has
become fourth important fruit crop, contributing 3.9 %
of total fruit production with estimated production of
3318 thousand tonnes from 244 thousand ha (NHB
2013).
Although there was increase in area and
production of fruits during last decade in the country,
productivity did not show significant increase.
Generally guava is cultivated through traditional
planting system. In which it is very difficult to achieve
desirable level of production. Moreover, in this system
guava tree takes 4-5 years for coming into commercial
bearing and thus maximize the overall cost of
production per unit area, because large trees provide
low production per unit area. Guava is a pruning
responsive crop, shoot pruning have been reported to
be successful in regulating bahar in guava. Shoot
pruning is also helpful in reducing the tree size and
improving the fruit quality and provide opportunity to
increase the number of trees per unit area (Lal et al.
under different planting systems (Lal et al. 2007).
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 168-170, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00858.1
RESEARCH PAPER
Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato
(Solanum lycopericum L.)
AK SHARMA • JAIPAUL
Received: April 10, 2014; Revised: June 28, 2014; Accepted: July 10, 2014
ABSTRACT Heritability, genetic advance and
correlation of yield and its component was worked out
in 8x8 diallel set of tomato. Heritability estimates and
expected genetic advance (as percent of mean) were
found to be high for plant height, fruit weight, number
of fruits per cluster, yield per plant and severity of
Alternaria blight. There appeared a scope for selection
and breeding for improvement in all these characters.
Yield per plant was associated with plant height,
harvest duration, number of fruits per cluster. Pericarp
thickness was negatively associated with the number of
locules per fruit.
KEYWORDS Tomato, variability, correlation, diallele
cross, quality
INTRODUCTION
Tomato is becoming an important off-season
vegetable crop of the Uttarakhand hills. Firm fruited,
round and indeterminate plant type is the basic
requirement of tomato cultivars suited for the hill
farming. In the hilly tract of state, a large number of
hybrids are cultivated over areas during the summer or
rainy season. It was estimated that over an area of 4000
ha is under cultivation in the mid and high hill area of
the state.
1
Sharma AK • JaiPaul 2 A diallel cross of selected eight varieties/lines
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand
- 246 171, India
2
Department of Soil Science, GB Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -
263 145, India
AK Sharma ( )
E mail: directoraksharma@gail.com,
jaipaulsoils@rediffmail.com
Development of hybrid and selection of parents
for hybrids is guided by agro-climatic conditions of the
area, where these are required to be grown. Being off-
seasonal a large bulk of tomatoes are transported to the
plain areas during the rainy season. The genetic
improvement in yield of any crop is possible only if
enough genetic diversity exists. Genetic diversity
studies are being conducted in various crops to access
suitability of different varieties in specific agro-
climatic conditions (Chadha and Bhushan 2012, 2013,
Mishra et al. 2013, Rawat et al. 2014).
Yield is undoubtedly an important parameter for
selection of parents. This trait is in generally
polygenically controlled and highly influenced by
environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential to
partition the overall variability into heritable and non-
heritable components, which will enhance the precision
of selection. Again selection of one trait influence a
large number of associated traits, which makes it
necessary to find out interrelationship of various
components both among themselves and with the yield.
Therefore, present experiment was conducted with the
objective to ascertain variability and correlation
parameters to facilitate breeding of modern varieties /
hybrids of tomato suited for hill farming.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
viz. Solan Vajr, Arka Saurabh, V-16, H711492, Pepsi-
92, Magna, AC-402 and LA-2992 representing
considerable spectrum of variation for different
quantitative characters were used in the present set of
experiment. All the eight parents and twenty eight F1
were frown in randomized block design (RBD) with
three replication during summer month at VCSG
College of Horticulture, Bharsar, Pauri, Uttarakhand.
Transplantation of seedling was carried out in second
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 171-173, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00859.3
RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of different chemicals for management of Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner) in pigeonpea
SURENDRA PRASAD RK JHA
Received: September 13, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT Field experiments were carried out at
ten locations of Manjhi block of Saran District (Bihar)
during 2011 and 2012 on pigeonpea crop cv NDA-1 to
find out the efficacy of different chemicals against pod
borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The
investigation revealed that technology option first
comprised of spraying of spinosad 45.1 SC @ 0.33
ml/litre water followed by technology 2nd spraying of
imidacloprid 14.8 SC @ 0.33 ml/litre water at ten
locations were most effective against pod borer. The
maximum grain yield was observed in technology first
16.2 and 18.4 q/ha, respectively which was
significantly superior over all the treatments. The
studies conducted on impact of various technology
options showed that net return was also higher in
technology first (Rs. 56608 and Rs. 56660) during both
years.
KEYWORDS Pigeonpea, pod borer, chemicals,
economics
INTRODUCTION
Pigeonpea is one of the most important pulse crops in
India. Despite the fact that a large number of high
yielding varieties have been released, productivity of
this crop remains stagnant at around 500-700 kg/ha
as compared to its potential yield (1500-3000 kg/ha,
early – long duration) for the past 3-4 decades, largely
Prasad Surendra Jha RK
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Manjhi, Saran, Rajendra Agricultural
University, Pusa, Bihar – 841 313, India
Surendra Prasad ( )
E mail: spd06_bhu@rediffmail.com
due to insect pest damage (Sharma and Pampapathy,
2004). It is attacked by more than 250 species of insect,
of which pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is
the a major pest in most parts of the country (Shanower
et al 1999). Excessive and indiscriminate use of
pesticides to control these pests has resulted in
undesirable ecological changes (Mahappatro and Gupta
1998). In view of the above, evaluation and adoption of
different chemicals for management of pod borer in
holistic manner incorporating judicious use of newly
introduced modern pesticides seem to be best
alternative. Hence, the present investigation was
carried out to study the effectiveness of different
chemicals against pod borer in Saran district of Bihar.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiments were carried out at ten
locations of Manjhi block near Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Manjhi (Bihar) for two consecutive years of 2011 and
2012. The trials were laid out in randomized block
design with ten replications in 170 sqm plot size.
Narendra Arhar-1 was sown in first week of July with a
spacing of 100 x 25 cm. All the agronomical practices
recommended to raise the good crops followed.
Spraying of spinosad 45.1 SC @ 1 ml/3 litre of water
and imidachloprid 17.8 SC @ 1 ml / 3 litre of water i.e.
first and second technology option with compared to
farmers practices (spraying of dimethoate 30 EC 1
lit/ha) on farmer field at 50% flower were initiated.
After treatments ten plants were randomly selected and
tagged in each plot. Observations were made on related
problem addressed to average numbers of infested pod
per plant and average number of infested grain per pod
at 170 and 190 days after sowing, Weight of healthy
grain per square meter, 1000 healthy grain weight and
yield q/ha were calculated. Gross return Rs./ha, net
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 174-178, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00860.X
RESEARCH PAPER
Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms
in Uttarakhand
SHALINI RAGHAV • SK SRIVASTAVA
Received: November 12, 2014; Revised: December 10, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014
ABSTRACT The main aim of the study was to find
out the various factors (technological, institutional and
infrastructural) affecting the adoption of existing
farming systems on tribal farms. The study was carried
out in the tarai region of Uttarakhand. Udham Singh
Nagar district of Uttarakhand had been selected to
represent the tarai region of the state. Various
constraints perceived by the tribal farmers in adopting
different farming systems (crop+livestock,
crop+livestock+orchard, only crop and only livestock
farming systems) were identified. The data were
collected through interview schedules from 60 tribal
farmers of the study area. It was found that lack of
adoption of improved seed and its practices, disease
incidence, high cost of farm input, fragmented land,
lack of credit facility, poor linkage with extension
agencies, lack of input supply at proper time, lack of
efficient marketing and lack of knowledge were the
major constraints in crop based farming systems. Low
availability of quality fodder, low milk yielding breed,
lack of suitable animal house, high cost of inputs,
inadequate pasture, poor linkage with extension
agencies and lack of knowledge are the major
constraints operating under all the farming systems
except crop farming system. Due to high cost of inputs
Raghav Shalini1 • Srivastava SK2
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh - 221 005, India
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, GB Pant University
of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -
263 145, India
SK Srivastava ( )
E-mail: sks_pantnagar@yahoo.com,
raghav.shalini9@gmail.com
they didn’t use plant protection, chemical, fertilizers,
etc. in sufficient quantity in case of crop production
and orchard enterprise. Therefore, agricultural
extension services should be improved for the tribal
farms in the study area to educate the tribal farmers in
using new agricultural technology. Input supply system
also needs to be improved for supply of agro-inputs at
reasonable prices. Improvement in the economic well-
being of farmers can be made through the adoption of
improved breed of livestock.
KEYWORDS Tribal farmers, farming system,
constraints, adoption, crop, livestock
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is a critical sector of the Indian
economy. India accounts for only about 2.4 % of
world’s geographical area and 4 % of its water
resources but has to support 17 % of world’s human
population and 15 % of the livestock. Though
agriculture sector’s contribution to the overall Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of India has fallen from about
30 % in 1990-91 to less than 14 % in 2012-13, a trend
that is expected in the development process of any fast
growing economy, agriculture is still of paramount
importance for economic development of the country.
Furthermore, the share of agriculture in India’s exports
was around 18-20 % in 1990s which has now
decreased to around 10-12 %. However, half of the
India’s population still relies on agriculture as it is the
principal source of their income and an important
source of raw material for a large number of industries.
Land being the most important natural resource
deserves the top priority in the study of agricultural
development of a country or a region (Srivastava
2011).
Agriculture including crop and animal
husbandry, fisheries, forestry and agro processing
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 179-181, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00861.1
RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type
apple cultivars under high density plantation in
Uttarakhand
AK SHARMA • JAIPAUL
Received: May 2, 2014; Revised: August 16, 2014; Accepted: August 25, 2014
ABSTRACT Two year experiment on pruning
intensity of six new and spur cultivars of apple (Gale
Gala, Early Red One, Super Chief, Red Fuji, Oregon
Spur-II and Red Chief) was conducted at Govt
Horticulture Orchard, Chaubattia, Almora, Uttarakhand
to evaluate the performance of five year old cultivars
raised on clonal rootstocks. Significant differences
were recorded among growth parameters in all tested
cultivars during both years. Gale Gala out-yielded
other cultivars with maximum production of 19.52
tonnes/ha in 2010, closely followed by Red Chief and
Oregon Spur.
KEYWORDS Apple, clonal rootstocks, delicious
group, spur type cultivars, high density plantation
INTRODUCTION
Apple is an important fruit occupying a major
place in economy of Uttarakhand (Sharma 2012). The
yield levels of apple are low due to inadequate use of
planting material and imbalanced nutrition of crops,
apart from other factors. In the hilly tracts, fruit
cultivation on sloppy areas causes many production
problems, influence tree growth and productivity. The
productivity of apple in different hill state ranges from
3.5 tonnes/ha to 12 tonnes/ha, which is much less as
Sharma AK1 • JaiPaul2
1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand
- 246 171, India
2
Department of Soil Science, GB Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-
263 145, India
AK Sharma ( )
E mail: directoraksharma@gmail.com,
jaipaulsoils@rediffmail.com
compared to the world average of 30 tonnes/ha. The
major constraints of low productivity can be
enumerated as changing climate, unhealthy soil, steep
slopes, irrigation facilities, traditional orchard
practices. The growth and productivity of apple in
Indian conditions can be optimized by adopting the
improved high yielding cultivars and standard clonal
rootstock and management practices (Sharma and
Chauhan 1990). Although apple plantations have been
raised on seedling rootstocks in various states of the
country, use of clonal rootstocks can increase crop
productivity, and influence scion vigour is well
(Sharma et al. 2013). The productivity of temperate
fruits can be increased by high density planting, which
is possible by use of size controlling clonal rootstocks.
The idea of present investigation was to evaluate the
influence of different stock-scion combinations on the
growth, cropping parameters and to find out best
stock-scion combination suited to agro-climatic
conditions of Uttarakhand.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Govt.
Horticulture Orchard Chaubattia, Uttarakhand. The
orchard is located at an elevation of 7160 feet above
mean sea level. Five years old healthy and uniform
plants were selected for the experiment. Apple
cultivars Gale Gala, Early Red One, Super Chief, Red
Fuji, Organ Spur-II, Red Chief and rootstock EMLA-
27 were used in experiment design. The experiment
was laid in RBD with three replications and three
plants in each replication. The planting density in
mother orchard was 1600 trees/ha.
Tree volume (m2) was calculated for the data on
height and spread measurement according to formula
suggested by Westwood (1993). The trunk girth (cm)
was measured with help of measuring tape at height of
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 182-185, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00862.3
RESEARCH PAPER
Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by
multiple criteria
BIRENDRA PRASAD
Received: September 1, 2014; Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The parental lines PC-23 R, 2219 A
and 2219 B were used to produce the forage sorghum
hybrid, PCH-106 under 5 different planting ratio of
seed and pollen parent viz 4:2, 6:2, 8:2, 10:2 & 12:2
and also with 3 times of staggered sowing of R line
each after 7 days under 4:2. The impact of hybridity in
F1 seed was highly significant and positive over
parental lines. The hybrid seed, produced through
different planting ratio and staggered planting under
test were significantly vigorous over parent with
respect to most of the vigour test except PC-23 R,
result at par with hybrid seed in first count and speed of
germination. The influence of planting ratio and
staggered planting of pollen parent in hybrid seed
production with respect to seed vigour was non
significant.
KEYWORDS Heterosis, seed vigour, forage
sorghum, hybrid, parental lines
INTRODUCTION
Sorghum is not only a grain crop but also an
important fodder crop in the country. It is being the
most important fodder crop of both summer and
kharif seasons and with proven potential for yields,
may realm as the guiding element in the present
scenario of fodder deficit. Heterosis studies conducted
on grain sorghum hybrids for stover yield and
Prasad Birendra
Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, GB
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand 263 145, India
Birendra Prasad ( )
E mail: prasadbsst@gmail.com
morphological traits generated the idea of developing
forage sorghum hybrids (Giriraj and Goud 1981,
Kulkarni and Shinde 1985). To exploit the fodder yield
heterosis, the development of multicut sorghum
hybrids between sorghum (S. bicolor) and sudan grass
(S. sudanense) is an important area of research to
achieve the quantum jump in fodder yield. In hybrid
seed production involving CGMS lines, effective
pollen spread from the male parent and pollination are
important to determine the seed setting and yield
(Prasad et al. 2005). The differential behaviour of
parental lines in flowering habit result in non
synchronization of parents giving rise to poor seed set.
Therefore, knowledge of the behaviour of parental
lines for the flowering habit is not only essential but
also very useful for careful planning of suitable
staggering to ensure nicking and thereby ensuring
maximum seed set.
Seed vigour has been recognized as one of the
important aspects of the seed quality and provide a
reproducible results which is more closely correlated
with emergence in the field (Kumar and Chandra
2014). It is an examination of seed under specific
environment conditions so as to provide means of
evaluating the heterotic potential of hybrid seed over
parental lines in the laboratory. Seed vigour is an
inherent character and an important attributes of seed
quality indicating the degree of aliveness. The
differential behaviour of seed vigour for F1 hybrid seed
over parental lines is attributed to its heterotic
potential. Through seed vigour studies level of
heterosis of hybrid seed may presume in laboratory
before planting in the field. Therefore, the present
investigation was carried out to know the heterotic
potential with respect to seed vigour in F1 forage
sorghum hybrid, PCH-106 produced through different
planting ratio, staggered planting over parental lines.
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 186-189, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00863.5
RESEARCH PAPER
Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other
horticultural traits
V SINGH • KH NASEERUDDIN • DK RANA
Received: November 21, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 10, 2014
ABSTRACT Sixteen diverse genotypes of tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum L.) were evaluated to study the
genetic variability, heritability and genetic advanced at
Horticultural research farm, Department of Applied
Plant Science (Horticulture), Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedker University, Lucknow (India) during rabi
season 2011-12. Ten plants were randomly selected
from each plot and tagged for recording data on 19
characters. The analysis of variance revealed
significant differences among genotypes for all the
traits. Both genotypic as well as phenotypic
coefficients of variations were high for number of
cluster/plant, number of flower/plant, fruit
weight/cluster and number of fruits/plant. Heritability
in broad sense was high for plant height, number of
leaves/plant, number of cluster/plant, number of
flower/plant, number of locules and pericarp thickness.
Genetic advance in % of mean was maximum for
number of cluster/plant followed by number of
flower/plant, fruit weight/cluster and number of
fruits/plant.
KEYWORDS Tomato, genotype, variability,
heritability, genetic advance
Singh V1 • Naseeruddin KH2 • Rana2
1
Department of Applied Plant Science (Horticulture),
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedker University, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh – 226 025, India
2
Department of Horticulture, HNB Garhwal University,
Srinagar, Uttarakhand – 246 174, India
V Singh ( ) coupled with high yield potential. Under such
Email: bibek007singh@gmail.com, drdkrana@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Solanum lycopersucum L.), 2n=24, is one
of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in the
world. It is a versatile vegetable for culinary purpose. Ripe
tomato fruit is consumed fresh as salad and utilized in the
preparation of range of processed products such as
powder, puree, ketchup, sauce, soup, canned fruit. Unripe
green fruits are used for preparation of pickles and chutney.
Tomatoes are important source of lycopene (antioxidant)
vitamin A, vitamin C and minerals.
The role of genetic variability in a crop is of
paramount importance in selecting the best genotypes
for making rapid improvement in yield and related
characters as well as to select most potential parents
for making the hybridization programme successful.
The success of breeding programme depends on the
availability of genetic variability present in the
available germplasm (Prasad et al. 2012). The study of
biological parameters is often considered to be useful
step in the study of genotypic variability. Since most of
the plant characters of economic importance are
polygenic in nature and are highly influenced by
environment, it is necessary to work out whether the
observed variability is heritable or due to environment.
This suggests the imperative need to work out the
phenotypic variation into heritable and non heritable
components. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of
variability help to access the divergence of the
characters (Uniyal et al. 2013). Selection would be
more meaningful for characters which exhibit high
variability and heritability along with moderate to high
genetic gain. Realizing the importance of the crop,
there is urgent need to isolate such breeding lines
having desirable horticultural trails, better quality
situation, an attempt was made in the present
investigation to analyse genetic components and
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 190-193, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00864.7
RESEARCH PAPER
Economics of income generating activities under SHG
finance in Meghalaya
JW MOMIN • DC KALITA
Received: October 5, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014, Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted in
West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya covering four
blocks viz. Rongram, Dadenggre, Gambegre and
Selsela. A sample size of 200 SHG beneficiaries was
selected by using multiple stage random sampling
method. Field level data was elicited for the year
20010-11 through personal interview method. For
analyzing the data, tabular analysis was employed. The
main income generating activities of SHG beneficiaries
were agricultural and plantation crops, livestock
farming and business and cottage industries. The cost
of Income Generating Activities (IGAs) was estimated
based on establishment and maintenance cost. The
results revealed that per farm total cost of IGAs was
estimated to be Rs. 28088.51 in the average farm
situation. The net return over total cost in these major
IGAs was Rs. 77637.55 in the average farm situation.
Return per rupee of expenditure was found to be the
highest in agricultural and plantation crops. The IGAs
taken up by the sample SHG beneficiaries under SHG
finance were profitable in the area.
KEYWORDS Economics, SHGs, IGAs, agriculture,
plantation crops, livestock
INTRODUCTION
The SHG finance is one of the most crucial
inputs for economic activity, growth and development.
In rural areas, women living below poverty line are
unable to realize their potential. SHG programmes are
Momin JW • Kalita DC
Department of RDAP, North Eastern Hill University, Tura
Campus, Tura, Meghalaya 794 002, India
JW Momin ( )
E mail: wmjames09@gmail.com
currently being promoted as a key strategy for
addressing poverty alleviation and women’s
empowerment simultaneously (Puhazhendi and
Satyasai 2001, Das 2012). The participation of women
in SHGs made significant impact on their
empowerment both in social and economic aspects
(Boraian 2008). The SHG and economic empowerment
of rural women variables used to influence the types of
development on income generating activities of farm
and non-farm sectors in the area. It is because, the
activities vary in their level and types of resource
requirement like land, labour, capital and the
managerial skill which is indirectly against the
outcome of level of income generation. One of the
benefits of joining SHG is the accessibility to credit
sources. SHG has created faith among the users to
disburse loan to the poor in groups. The members of
SHGs have taken loans from formal sector for either
production or consumption or both purposes, which are
not possible without SHG (Christuraj and Saraswathy
2009). The income generation activities of rural poor
enhance the better standard of living where it creates
more income and employment opportunities among
rural women. In the present study, an attempt is made
to present the results of the cost and return from
investment per farm in various income generating
activities such as agricultural and plantation crops,
livestock farming and business and cottage industries
of the sample beneficiaries. The agricultural and
plantation crops cover the crops such as areca nut,
cashew nut, tea, orange, other minor agricultural and
plantation crops like squash, pear, rubber, large
cardamom, black piper, etc. and jhum. The cost and
return from investment in livestock farming include
piggery, poultry, dairy and other farming such as
goatary, fishery, etc. The cost and return from
investment in business and cottage industries include
grocery, tea stall, vegetable vendors, tailoring,
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 194-197, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00865.9
RESEARCH PAPER
Weed management strategies for better yield and economics
of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in
mountain agriculture
DK SHUKLA • BIRENDRA PRASAD • TEJ PRATAP
Received: November 02, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014, Accepted: December 6, 2014
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to
find out suitable weed management strategies for
higher yield of grain amaranth under rainfed condition
of Uttarakhand hills. Weed free treatment recorded
significant improvement in plant height, yield attributes
viz. number of fingers per inflorescence, inflorescence
length and yield of grain amaranth (1117 kg/ha)
followed by two hand weedings at 3 and 5 week after
sowing (WAS). Among the herbicidal treatments,
oxyfluorfen 50g/ha pre-emergent + one hand weeding
(5 WAS) recorded higher seed yield (950 kg/ha) but
the results were statistically indifferent from two hand
weedings at 3 and 5 WAS. Weed control treatments
had significant reduction in total weed dry weight and
weed count over weedy check. Two hand weedings at
3 and 5 WAS had lowest weed count (30.67 / m2) and
weed dry matter (11.0 g/m2) followed by oxyfluorfen
50g/ha pre-emergent + one hand weeding (5 WAS).
Weed control efficiency (86 %) and B:C ratio (1.52)
was also higher in two hand weeding at 3 and 5 WAS
followed by oxyfluorfen 50g/ha pre-emergent + one
hand weeding (5 WAS).
KEYWORDS Weed management, grain amaranth
yield, economics, mountain agriculture
Shukla DK1• Prasad B2 • Pratap T1
1
Department of Agronomy, 2Department of Genetics and
Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University
of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -
263 145, India
DK Shukla ( )
E mail: shukladk1974@rediffmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Amaranth is one of the important underutilized
crops in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa and often
referred to as pseudo-cereal (Prasad et al. 2013). Grain
amaranth occupies a unique position in mountain
agriculture for being a high value cash crop and
nutritious grains and leaves that provide livelihood and
nutritional security to resource poor farmers of
Himalayan region (Kumar 2010, Prasad et al. 2012). It
is commonly known as Ramdana, Chuha and Marsa in
north India. It is grown in kharif season in hills. In
India, it is cultivated in the hilly regions as well as in
the plains, covering the entire Himalayas region,
southern India and in some parts of a Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Orissa and Eastern UP (Bhag 1994). In
plains it is grown particularly in southern India and in
some part of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa and Eastern
Uttar Pradesh. In Uttarakhand, this crop occupies
6,572 ha area, with production of 3,285 tonnes and
productivity of 500 kg/ha (FAI 2012). Green leaf of
amaranth is used as vegetable for human being and
fodder for animals. The grains of this crop are used in
quality human diet. Protein content in grains varies
from 11-13 % and the quality of protein is equivalent
to fish protein. Lysine which is a nutritionally critical
amino acid content ranging from 0.73 to 0.84 %
(Bressani et al. 1987). Its grain flour has 10 times
higher calcium, 3 times higher fat and 2 times higher
iron than wheat flour (Dutta and Yadav 2009, Shukla et
al. 2012). The grain is high in fiber and low in
saturated fats, which enables its use by the health food
market in a big way (Pratap and Dutta 2010).
Amaranth grains can be used as popcorn, making
sweets, biscuits, pastry etc.
It has important place in making good quality
infant food. This crop grows slowly in the first weeks
after germination and hence is very susceptible to weed
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 198-202, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00866.0
RESEARCH PAPER
Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties for
making RTS beverage
CS CHOPRA
Received: December 05, 2014; Revised: December 11, 2014; Accepted: December 15, 2014
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to
evaluate nine cultivars of mango for preparation of
ready-to-serve beverage (RTS). The cultivars differed
significantly in terms of fruit weight, length, breadth,
specific gravity and content of flesh, peels and stone.
Variations in pH and content of TSS, moisture, acidity,
vitamin C, ash; reducing, non-reducing and total sugars
in flesh were statistically significant, Fazli recorded
highest fruit weight, length and breadth while these
were minimum with Alphanso. Fazli having maximum
flesh also had highest acidity while Pant Sindoori and
Dashehari recorded minimum flesh and acidity,
respectively. Dashehari, Langra and Chausa varieties
were selected for making RTS of composition 10%
pulp, 10% TSS and 0.30% acidity, on the basis of their
higher overall acceptability score (8.67, 7.89 and 7.33,
respectively).
KEYWORDS Mangifera indica L, RTS, beverage,
chemical quality, sensory quality
INTRODUCTION
Mango is greatly relished for its succulence,
exotic flavour and delicious taste in most of the
countries of world (Bhatanagar and Subramanyam
1973). Mango is also an important nutritious fruit as it
-carotene (a potent precursor of
vitamin A) and vitamin B and C. In India both raw as
Chopra CS
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of
Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India
CS Chopra ( )
E-mail: cs_chopra2000@yahoo.co.in
well as ripe mangoes are used for making various
products like pickle, bar, canned slices, canned pulp,
nectar, squashes, ready-to-serve beverage, juice, jam,
osmotically dehydrated pieces etc. (Ramteke et al.
1999). Meena et al. (2011) standardized recipe for
making low calorie read-to-serve mango beverage by
employing stevia, a natural sweetener. Bhatt and
Chopra (2012) determined physico-chemical
characteristics of mango fruits of variety Langra
dropped at different physiological stages so as to
exploit their potential in processing industry. Mishra
and Chopra (2006) standardized recipe to produce
mixed fruit jam containing bael and mango.
Fruits and vegetables are processed into various
types of intermediate and finished products but among
these, beverages are becoming increasingly popular.
Giese (1992) ascribed the increased consumption of
beverages like iced tea and non carbonated fruit
beverages with exotic flavors such as mango and lime
as the major cause of changes in the consumption
pattern. Fruits, vegetables, and their products have
gained considerable importance by contributing
significantly to the nutrition and economy of many
countries in the world.
Type of variety is considered one of the most
important factors to influence quality of processed
product. Iyer (1987) stated that the characteristics of
each variety vary widely and the ultimate quality of the
mango products largely depends on the selection of
suitable variety. Several varieties of mango were
screened for extracting juice (Awasthi and Pandey
1979), making production of canned juice (Doreyappa
Gowda and Ramanjaneya 1995) and making processed
products such as necter (Kalra et al. 1994), Sahni and
Khurdiya 1989), canned nectar (Roy et al. 1972),
nectar and RTS drink (Jain et al. 1996), beverages
(Chakraborthy et al. 1991), squash (Palaniswamy et al.
1974) and squash and jam (Dhar et al. 1976).
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 203-206, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00867.2
RESEARCH PAPER
Genetic divergence in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown
under valley conditions of Garhwal Himalaya
KH NASEERUDDIN • V SINGH • SC PANT • DK RANA
Received: September 1, 2014; Revised: December 1, 2014, Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT During the present investigation, an
attempt was made to analyze the relatedness and
distance among 20 genotypes of radish (Raphanus
sativus L.) using 19 quantitative and qualitaive traits.
The experiment was conducted at Horticultural
Research Centre, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar
(Garhwal), Uttarakhand (India) during rabi season
2010 which was laid out in Randomized Block Design
with three replications. The analysis of variance
revealed highly significant differences among
genotypes for almost all the traits. Based on this
analysis using various quantitative and qualitative
traits, all the genotypes were grouped into 4 different
clusters i.e. Cluster I, II, III and IV. The maximum
intra-cluster divergence was observed for cluster II and
least for cluster III. As far as the inter cluster
divergence is concerned cluster II and IV were highly
divergent, and least inter cluster divergence was
recorded for cluster I and III. The genotypes from these
clusters may be used as potential donors for future
hybridization programme for genetic improvement in
radish.
KEYWORDS Radish, D2 statistics, cluster, genetic
divergence
INTRODUCTION
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a popular
vegetable which is grown from temperate to tropical
regions. It is one of the important root vegetables.
Naseeruddin KH • Singh V• Pant SC • Rana DK
Department of Horticulture, Chauras Campus, HNB Garhwal
University, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand - 246 174, India
KH Naseeruddin ( )
E mail: naseer.ahmed56@gmail.com, drdkrana@gmail.com
Radish is a good source of vitamin C (ascorbic
acid), and supplies a variety of minerals. The edible
portion of radish root develops from both the primary
root and the hypocotyls. It is a favorite’s crop of the
kitchen garden as it is easily grown and is ready for use
within 3 to 6 weeks from the time of seed sowing. In
India, radish is cultivated on 170000 ha with a total
production of 2410000 MT (NHB 2013). The genetic
improvement in yield of any crop is possible only if
enough genetic diversity exists. Genetic diversity
studies are being conducted in various crops to access
suitability of different varieties in specific agro-
climatic conditions (Chadha and Bhushan 2012, 2013,
Mishra et al. 2013, Rawat et al. 2014). The more
diverse parents, within over all limits of fitness. The
greater are the chance of obtaining in a higher amount
of heterotic response in F1 and broad spectrum of
variability in segregating generations. The concept of
D2 as measures of divergence was first introduced by
Mahalanobis (1928). Mahalanobis D2 statistic has been
widely used determine the extent of genetic diversity in
the material irrespective of the number of populations.
The genotypes grouped in one cluster are narrow
divergent than the one which fall into different cluster.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate
variability and relatedness in 20 genotypes based on 19
quantitative traits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental materials constituted a
germplasm collection of 20 genotypes of radish
(Raphanus sativus L.). The experiment was conducted
in Rabi season, 2010-11 at Horticultural Research
Centre of HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar -
Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The experiment was laid
out in Randomized Block Design with three
replications. The entire experimental field was divided
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 207-210, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00868.4
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Effect of different herbicides on growth, yield and weed
flora of onion (Allium cepa L.)
UDIT KUMAR • BIRENDRA PRASAD • GIRISH CHANDRA
Received: November 10, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 11, 2014
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to
compare various weed management practices in onion
at Dholi farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, RAU,
Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. The study revealed that
effective weed control was recorded under application
of Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2ml/L before planting and
Quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 3.5 ml/L at 30 DAT. The
treatment Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2ml/L before
planting and one hand weeding at 40-60 DAT recorded
significantly highest plant height (58.33cm) and
number of leaves (9.87) than rest of the treatments.
Significantly highest total bulb yield was recorded in
Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2ml/L before planting and
Quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 3.5 ml/L at 30 DAT followed
by combined spray of Pendimethalin 30EC @ 2.5 ml/L
and Quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 1.75ml/L at the time of
planting and at 30 DAT. The result indicated that
significantly highest weed population (104.68 /m2) was
recorded in weedy check plot while Minimum weed
population was recorded in the treatment with the
application of Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2 ml/L before
planting and Quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 3.5 ml/L at 30
DAT (46.01). The WCE varies from 80.56 to 73.88.
Maximum WCE was recorded in Oxyflurofen 23.5EC
@ 2ml/L before planting and Quizalofop ethyl
Kumar Udit1 • Prasad Birendra2 • Chandra Girish2
1 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Rajasthan.
Department of Horticulture, Tirhut College of Agriculture,
RAU Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar – 848 125, India
2
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of
Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India
Udit Kumar ( )
Email: udithort@gmail.com
5EC @ 3.5 ml/L at 30 DAT (80.56). The BC ratio
estimated in different weed treatment practice over
weedy check indicated maximum BC ratio of 2.11 in
Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2 ml/L before planting and
Quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 3.5 ml/L at 30 DAT.
KEYWORDS Onion, growth, yield, weed flora,
herbicides
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important export
oriented vegetable among the cultivated Allium in India
and also one of the most important vegetable crops in
India for thousand of year. Onion can be successfully
grown on any type of soil that is fertile and well
drained (Kumar and Maurya 2013). Clay, alluvial,
sandy loam and muck soils are the best soil types
suited for onion cultivation (Kumar and Singh 2010). A
soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is recommended for the successful
production of onion crop. It is mainly used for cuisine
and culinary purpose, it also relished in from with
meals as salad. Onion is earning valuable foreign
exchange for the country (Ray and Gupta 1980). Onion
is the second only to tomato in their importance as a
vegetable in the tropics. Onion (Allium cepa L.)
belonging to family Alliaceae. India is next to China in
area and production of onion. Among the different
states Maharashtra is leading state in terms of area
(26.74 %) and production (28.44 %) with an average
yield of 13.94 tonnes ha-1. Other major onion growing
states are Gujarat, Karnataka, Orissa, Utter Pradesh,
The yield level of onion is very poor in the state of
Bihar. The reason for low productivity could be
ascribed to a number of factors which can be related to
production. Due to frequent irrigation, providing
congenial condition for weed growth. Weed problem in
onion is very serious. High reduction in bulb yield of
onion was observed due to weeds infection. Hand
Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 211-213, July – December 2014
DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00869.6
FIRST REPORT
First record on the occurrence of Meloidogyne graminicola
on rice in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
SATYA KUMAR • GEETA SHARMA • SARVESH MISHRA • KPS KUSHWAHA
Received: September 1, 2014; Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014
ABSTRACT The plant parasitic nematodes are
posing a serious threat to the cultivation of many field
crops including cereals. Amongst them, the rice is also
suffering from a variety of nematode infection. Thus,
the investigation was planned to assess the prevalence
of root knot nematode from the Tarai region of
Uttarakhand state, especially in district Udham Singh
Nagar. The results showed that root knot nematode,
Meloidogyne graminicola, was found from all the
samples collected from rice fields of seven different
places of the district, which may pose a serious threat
to the rice cultivation of the state. This is the first
report of such infestation in Udham Singh Nagar
district of Uttarakhand.
KEYWORDS Meloidogyne graminicola, rice, Udham
Singh Nagar
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in
Asia where more than 90 % of the world’s rice is
grown and consumed. It is the crop of kharif season
accounting for more than 54 % of total area under
cereals in Uttarakhand state. The annual rice
production of the Uttarakhand is around 5.5 lakh
tonnes from an area of about 2.80 lakh ha. However,
rice is cultivated in all the thirteen districts of the state
Kumar Satya • Sharma Geeta • Mishra Sarvesh •
Kushwaha KPS
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, GB
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
Distt US Nagar, Uttarakhand – 263145, India
Satya Kumar ( ) Uttarakhand and CSA University of Agriculture and
E mail: skumar8326@rediffmail.com
but maximum area (33 %) is in District Udham Singh
Nagar.
A number of ecto-and endoparasitic nematodes
of root, stem and foliar parts of the rice plants e.g.
Aphelenchus besseyi, Ditylenchus angustus,
Meloidogyne graminicola, Hirschmanniella sp.,
Helicotylenchus sp., Xiphinema sp. and Trichodorus
sp. have been reported from different parts of India and
cause damage to the tune of 10.54 % in rice alone
(Patnaik 1969, Jain et al. 2007, Kamalwanshi and
Kumar 2004, Pankaj et. al. 2011).
The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne
graminicola, a serious pest of upland rice, was reported
to cause up to 21 % yield loss in rainfed and well
drained soils throughout the country (Rao and Biswas
1973, Prasad et al. 1987). On upland rice, the nematode
was reported to cause 16-32 % loss in grain yield due
to incomplete filling of kernels (Biswas and Rao 1971,
Rao and Biswas 1973). The one more species of
Meloidogyne i.e. M. incognita was also reported to
cause serious losses in various crops and can be
effectively controlled by using neem based pesticidal
formulations (Kumar et al. 2013).
Based on these observations, investigations
were conducted on the prevalence of root knot
nematode on paddy in Udham Singh Nagar district of
Uttarakhand. Representative samples were collected
from T Block, Beni (Variety-P R-113), Siklai, Sainik
Farm, Patharchatta, Pantnagar (Variety-N D R- 359)
and Chatarpur village of Udham Singh Nagar (Variety-
H K R- 47). The identification of the nematodes was
done in the Namatology laboratory of the Department
of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, GB Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
 i

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of Hill
Agriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science (as mentioned below)
that is of primary interest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The
publication is open to the members of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all
authors become the annual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various
types of articles, i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review
papers (full and short), (iii) Research papers and (iv) Short communications (v) First Record. The manuscripts should be
submitted to the Editor-in-Chief (JHA) by e-mail (editorinchiefjha@gmail.com) as MS Word file or by online submission
through our website www.ishaindia.in or through indianjournals.com. The status of manuscripts can also be checked online.
Each manuscript must be typed doubled spaced on one side of an A4 size page. Clearness, brevity and conciseness are
essential in form, style, punctuation, spelling and use of English language. Manuscripts should conform to the SI system for
numerical data and data should be subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. On receipt of an article at the Editorial Office,
an acknowledgement giving the manuscript number is sent to the corresponding author. This number should be quoted while
making any future enquiry about its status.

MAJOR FIELDS/SUBJECTS COVERED UNDER JHA

a) Plant Improvement with reference to genetics, plant breeding, production, cytogenetics, physiology,
biotechnology and biochemistry of various crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, medicinal plants and forest
plants.
b) Plant Protection including entomology, plant pathology, nematology, microbiology and agro-chemicals
c) Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences including Natural Resource Management, Soil Sciences, Water
Management, Environmental Sciences, Agronomy, Seed Science, Meteorology and Agroforestry.
d) Animal Sciences including Veterinary Science and Fishery
e) Agricultural Engineering including Farm machinery, Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Energy
Management, Postharvest Technology, Food Technology and Dairy Processing
f) Social Sciences including Statistics, Economics, Extension, Home Sciences, Nutrition, Research Management

TYPES OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JHA

a. Strategy paper. These papers are invited exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence to give their
opinion on the trends of agricultural development and future of various sectors of agriculture and allied disciplines and
related development issues all over the world especially in hill and mountain regions.
b. Review paper It should be comprehensive, critical and updated on a recent topic of importance. The maximum page limit
is of 14 double spaced typed pages including Tables and Figures. It should cite latest references and identify some gaps for
future. It should have a specific Title followed by the Name(s) of the author(s), Affiliation, Abstract, Key words, main text
with subheadings, Acknowledgements (wherever applicable) and References.
c. Research paper. The paper describes new and confirmed findings, not generally exceeds 12 typed pages including
Tables/Figures etc and has the following features. Please consult previous issues of JHA for your reference and help.
Title followed by author (s) and affiliation: address of the institution (s) where the research was undertaken and e
mail address of corresponding author.
Abstract: Entire work along with the highlights of the findings must be given concisely in 200 to 300 words.
Key words: About 5- 6 keywords to be indicated.
Introduction: This must highlight importance of the problem and its relevance to hill agriculture including pervious
work done and gaps thereof.
Materials and Methods: Describe the materials used in the experiments, year of experimentation, site etc. Describe
the methods employed for collection and analysis of data in short.
Results and Discussion: This segment should focus on the fulfillment of stated objectives as given in the
introduction and contain findings presented in Tables, Figures and photographs. Data should be statistically
analyzed following suitable experimental design. Same data should not be presented in the table and figure form.
Avoid use of numerical values in findings, rather mention the trends and discuss with the available literatures. At
the end give short conclusion.
Acknowledgements: (wherever applicable).
References: Reference to literature should be arranged alphabetically as per author's names, should be placed at the
end of the article. Each reference should contain the names of the author with initials, the year of the publication,
title of the article, the abbreviated title of the publication according to the World List of Scientific Periodicals,
volume and page(s). In the text, the reference should be indicated by authors’ name and year of publication in
brackets. eg. (Smith 1979, Sharma and Nautiyal 2009, Raghav et al. 2010). If there are more than two or more
references mentioned together in one bracket they should be written in chronological order.
d. Short communication: The text including Table(s) and Figure(s) should not exceed 5 pages. It should have a short title,
followed by name of author(s) and affiliation and References. There should be no subheadings, i.e. Introduction, Materials
and Methods etc. The manuscript should be in paragraphs mentioning the brief introduction of the of the topic and relevance
of the work, followed by a short description of the materials and the methods employed, results and discussion based on the
data presented in 1 or 2 table(s)/figure(s) and a short conclusion at the end. References should be maximum seven at the end.
e. First Record: This mentions the occurrence of disease or pest incidence in a particular area for the first time, reported in
any publication. Paper contains generally text only, without subheadings in 2-3 pages.
 ii

Standard Reference Writing Pattern for Journal of Hill Agriculture (w.e.f 1 Jan 2015)

Research and Review Papers

Sharma KD, Kumar R, Kaushal BBL 2004. Mass transfer characteristics, yield and quality of five varieties of osmotically
dehydrated apricot. Journal of Food Science and Technology 41(3): 264-274.
Ponnuswami V, Kumar AR 2009. Crop improvement and management strategies in paprika – a review. Journal of Hill
Agriculture 5(1): 460-466.
Books and Book Chapters
Sharma SK 2010. Postharvest Management and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables – Instant Notes. New India Pub
Agency, New Delhi, 395p.
Babu A, Gupta HS 2006. Approaches to improvement in maize. In: Sustainable Production from Agricultural Watersheds in
North West Himalaya. Gupta HS, Srivastava AK, Bhatt JC (eds). Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan
Sansthan, Almora, Uttaranchal, pp 124-138.
Symposium / Seminar/ Conference Publications
Dhillon BS, Rana JC 2004. Temperate fruits genetic resources management in India – issues and strategies. In: Proceedings
of the Seventh International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Jindal KK,
Sharma RC, Rehalia AS (eds), International Society of Horticultural Sciences, Belgium, pp 139-146.
Mohsin F, Singh O 2010. Studies in intercropping of cash crops in Populus deltoides plantation. National Symposium on
Conservation Horticulture, 21-23 March, 2010, Dehradun, India, Book of Abstracts, pp 131.
Arora VPS 2010. Indian horticulture – marketing and export issues. National Symposium on Conservation Horticulture. 21-
23 March, 2010, Dehradun, India, Souvenir, Singh SS, Singhal V, Pant K, Dwivedi SK, Kamal S, Singh P (eds),
pp 80-87.
Patent
Schmidt GR, Means WJ 1986. Process of preparing algin/calcium gel-structured meat products. US Patent 4 603 054.
Thesis
Bisht R 2007. Studies on the multiplication and utilization of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia D.Don), M Sc Thesis, GB
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand, India.
Website
Kumar S 2009. Rearing rabbits in the mid hills of Himalaya. http://www.rabbitrearing.com/. Accessed March 10, 2009.

General instructions to the authors

All the manuscript should be typed double spaced on one side of A4 size paper with proper margin of 1 inch on all 4
sides.
Generic & specific names should be italicized throughout manuscript. Similarly, the vernacular/ local names are to be
italicized.
Tables should be typed on separate sheets, each with a heading. Tables should be typed with the first letter (T) only
capital. All Tables and Figures should be properly numbered. All measurements should be in metric units.
Each illustration must be referred to in the text.
On the first page address of the corresponding author and E-mail Id. etc. may be specified.
Revised manuscript is acceptable only as soft copy (attached file in MS Word) of the corrected version through e mal
sent to Editor-in-Chief.
The paper after publication shall be sent as pdf file version of the whole issue of the journal to the authors.
Article forwarded to the Editor-in-Chief for publication is understood to be offered to JOURNAL OF HILL
AGRICULTURE exclusively and not for any other journal.
It is also understood that the authors have obtained a prior approval of their Department, Faculty or Institute in case
where such approval is a necessary.
Submission / Acceptance of a manuscript for publication in Journal of Hill Agriculture shall automatically mean
transfer of all types of copyrights to the Indian Society of Hill Agriculture. The authors shall also have to provide a
copy of the Copyright Transfer Statement duly signed by all or the corresponding author on behalf of all the authors.
The Editorial Board takes no responsibility for the fact or the opinion expressed in the Journal, which rests entirely with
the author(s) thereof.
All the authors of a paper have to become annual/life member of the ISHA for publication of paper.
All papers should be sent to Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Hill Agriculture, through e mail as attached file to
editorinchiefjha@gmail.com

Check List
1. Complete manuscript in MS Word format
2. Names and details (including complete postal address alongwith Phone No. and e mail) of at least three potential
referees who might be interested to review your paper.
3. Copyright transfer statement on separate page. Download from http://www.ishaindia.in/downloads.php
4. Membership Number (if fee is paid already)/ Membership fee http://www.ishaindia.in/types-of-membership.php
and http://www.ishaindia.in/Downloads/MembershipForm.pdf and
 iii

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE

above mean sea level amsl Limited Ltd

at the rate @ litre or liter L
centimeter,centimeter cm Messrs M/S
degree centigrade °C meter, metre m
et caetera, et coetera or et cœtera etc milligram mg
exampli gratia e.g. parts per million, parts per ppm, ppb
billion
Figure Fig per cent %
Gram g per ha or per litre or per kg ha-1 or l-1 or kg-1
Hectare ha second(s) sec
hour(s) hr square meter, cubic meter etc m2, m3 etc
international unit IU such as i.e.
it is or that is i.e. volume by volume v/v
Kilogram kg weight by volume w/v
kilometer, kilimetre km weight by weight w/w
lesser than, greater than <, > tonne(s), ton t

ESTEEMED REFEREES OF JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE, 2014 Vol 5(2)

Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Pantnagar

Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh
Dr Anil Dixit, CIPHET Ludhiana
Dr Anil Kumar GBPUAT Pantnagar
Dr Birendra Prasad. GBPUAT Pantnagar
Dr Deepji Bhat, SKUAST, Jammu
Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Dr Lakshmikant Sharma, KVK, Bajaura, Kullu, HP
Dr Manisha Mangal, IARI, New Delhi
Dr Om Chand Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, J&K
Dr Rakesh Sharma, Solan Himachal Pradesh
Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi
Dr Sangita Bansal, CIPHET Ludhiana
Dr Sanjay Srivastava, GBPUAT Pantnagar
Dr Sanjeev Sharma, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi
Dr SK Maurya, GBPUAT Pantnagar
Dr Vijay Yadav IGFRI, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
Dr Vinod Sharma, Katrain, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Dr VK Rao, GBPUAT, Pantnagar

CORRIGENDUM
Joshi AK, Chauhan VK, Mittal Pankaj 2012. Evolving nursery production technology for summer vegetables
under foggy conditions. J Hill Agr 3(1): 24-28.
may be read as
Joshi AK, Chauhan VK, Mittal Pankaj, Chauhan Neena 2012. Evolving nursery production technology for
summer vegetables under foggy conditions. J Hill Agr 3(1): 24-28.
 MEMBERSHIP OF INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE

Membership of the society shall be open to individuals from all nations and shall consist of the following
categories of members with qualifying criteria as indicated against each. Membership can be obtained by filling a
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alongwith membership fee (effective from 1st Jan, 2015) as detailed ahead
(i) Ordinary Members (annual Membership)
This membership shall be offered to the individuals interested in promotion of Hill Agriculture and its allied branches.
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 Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014, Vol 5(2)
CONTENTS
Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of climate change GHANASHYAM MALLA 87-91
on hill agriculture in Nepal
Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides NIDHI • AK PANDEY 92-99
Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal KP ACHARYA • BK NIRMAL • B POUDEL • 100-105
S BASTOLA • MK MAHATO • GP YADAV •
K KAPHLE
Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) P LAKSHMANAKUMAR • SK GURU 106-113
under varying degree of shades
Effect of river mining on employment generation and farming systems MS PATHANIA • CHAMAN DIP SINGH 114-121
in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh
Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural feeding RAJAT BURAGOHAIN • GIRIN KALITA 122-127
management in Mizoram
Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes for SHALANI GUPTA • RASHMI GARG 128-133
drought tolerance using RAPD markers
Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour extracted from ALKESH • VS BARWAL • RAKESH 134-138
citrus peel SHARMA
Influence of planting geometry on performance of China aster genotypes NEERAJ PANDEY • VK RAO 139-143
under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand
Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality of orange SK SHARMA • SHASHIBALA JUYAL 144-149
juice and semi-concentrates during storage
Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative study of SWATI GOSWAMI • SK SRIVASTAVA 150-157
hill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India
Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different housing AMIT KUMAR • AK SINGH • NEELKANT 158-162
systems
Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield contributing PRABHAKAR JOSHI • SHANT LAL • 163-167
characteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat PANKAJ NAUTIYAL • MAHESH PAL
Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato (Solanum AK SHARMA • JAIPAUL 168-170
lycopericum L.)
Effect of different chemicals for management of Helicoverpa armigera SURENDRA PRASAD 171-173
(Hubner) in pigeonpea
Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms in SHALINI RAGHAV • SK SRIVASTAVA 174-178
Uttarakhand
Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type apple AK SHARMA • JAIPAUL 179-181
cultivars under high density plantation in Uttarakhand
Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by multiple criteria BIRENDRA PRASAD 182-185
Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other horticultural V SINGH • KH NASEERUDDIN • DK RANA 186-189
traits
Economics of income generating activities under SHG finance in JW MOMIN • DC KALITA 190-193
Meghalaya
Weed management strategies for better yield and economics of grain DK SHUKLA • BIRENDRA PRASAD • 194-197
amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in mountain agriculture TEJ PRATAP
Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties for making RTS CS CHOPRA 198-202
beverage
Genetic divergence in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown under valley KH NASEERUDDIN • V SINGH • SC PANT 203-206
conditions of Garhwal Himalaya • DK RANA
Effect of different herbicides on growth, yield and weed flora of onion UDIT KUMAR • BIRENDRA PRASAD • 207-210
(Allium cepa L.) GIRISH CHANDRA
First record on the occurrence of Meloidogyne graminicola on rice in SATYA KUMAR • GEETA SHARMA • 211-213
Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand SARVESH MISHRA • KPS KUSHWAHA
Guidelines to authors i-ii
Common Abbreviations used in Journal of Hill Agriculture iii
Esteemed Referees of Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014 Vol 5(2) iii
Corrigendum iii