Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Abstract
Degradability of four textile dyes was investigated in deionized water solutions during 520 kHz ultrasonic irradiation. It was
found that for all dyes, the rate of color decay was rst order in the visible absorption of the dye, and related to the type of
functional groups that characterized the chromophore in the dye molecules. The destruction of aromatic/olenic carbons in azo dyes
was slower than that of colorto be attributed to the priority of hydroxyl radical attack on the N@N bonds, and to the formation
of numerous oxidation intermediates of organic character during the course of dye degradation. Toxicity analysis of the dye solutions prior to sonolysis revealed that reactive dyes were non-toxic, but basic ones were toxic at the test concentrations
employed in the study. Signicant degrees of toxicity reduction were accomplished along with color and aromatic carbon degradation.
2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Toxicity; Microtox; Azo; Oxazine; Ultrasonic cavitation; UV254
1. Introduction
Euents of textile dyeing processes are intensely
colored and contaminated with high concentrations of
chemical oxygen demand, suspended and dissolved salts
and traces of recalcitrant material [1,2]. If improperly
processed, these euents not only deteriorate the aesthetics of receiving waters and may hinder the penetration of oxygen, but also pose signicant threat to life
forms upon hydrolysis of some dyes in the wastewater to
form toxic products [3]. The reason for the presence of
dye residuals in wasted euents is that some dyes have
poor exhaustion capacities such that an important
fraction of them is ultimately discharged with spent
dyebaths.
Among such poorly exhausting dyes, those with azo
bonds have the largest consumption in textile dyeing
processes owing to their brilliant shades. Hence, much
research has been conducted on methods of azo dye
destruction, many of them being centered on advanced
oxidation processes (AOP). Treatability of azo dye so*
1350-4177/03/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S1350-4177(03)00089-0
236
Table 1
Physicochemical and commercial properties of the test dyes
Chemical structure C.I./symbol
Vis-ABS/type functional Gr
MW (g mol1 )
Source/purity
1791
BASF 75%
991.8
DYESTAR-HOECHST 8085%
461.4
Aldrich 40%
654 nm oxazine
359.9
Aldrich 50%
237
238
12
10
Dye
8
-1
0.14
Wml
-3
-1
k x10 (min )
14
4
0
0.08
(b)
10
20
30
40
(a)
50
10
60
40
70
P(W)
RR141
RBk5
BBr4
BBl3
70
80
100
90 100
power(W)
1.4
k=-0.014
k=-0.012
k=-0.011
1.2
A 596
20 mg l-1
30 mg l-1
40 mg l-1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
time (min)
Fig. 2. Selection of the working dye concentration based on color
decay rates. The solid lines represent the t of Eq. (1) to each data set
with regression coecients P0.98.
A254
k 103
(min1 )
Reduction in
4h
82.9%
81.1%
86.3%
99.8%
14.8
13.9
15.6
53.7
11.2%
18.8%
49.0%
92.7%
0.11
0.05
Avisible
Reduction in 2 h
239
RBk5
RR141
1.5
0 min
0.8
1
0.5
120 min
Absorbance
Absorbance
0 min
0.6
0.4
120 min
0.2
0
200
400
600
Wavelength (nm)
0
200
800
0.6
120 min
400
600
Wavelength (nm)
800
Absorbance
Absorbance
0.4
0 min
0
200
800
BBr4
BBl3
3
2
400
600
Wavelength (nm)
0 min
0.2
120 min
0
200
400
600
Wavelength (nm)
800
Fig. 3. Spectral changes in 20 mg l1 of the test dyes during 1 h exposure to ultrasonic irradiation.
Fig. 4. Relative proles of color, organic carbon and toxicity degradation in 20 mg l1 of CI Basic Blue3 and CI Basic Brown4 during 4 h exposure to
ultrasound.
4. Conclusions
Textile dyehouse euents are of signicant environmental concern, due to the presence of dye residuals in
240