Fukushima Up-Date

Tokyo Tech and Hitachi Nuclear Engineering Course in Malaysia (4th Term)
- Core Design and Plant Dynamics -
L1, Fukushima Ex-NPS up-date

September 22, First Period
Yoshiaki Himeno
Tokyo Institute of Technology
40 pages including cover
sheet and glossary
Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.
Contents
1. Accident, Quick Review
2. Ex-NPS Contamination
3. Environment Remediation
4. Post accident Safety grade-up for
the safest
2
Rare cases where natural disasters threatened

reactor safety
Fukushima Daiichi NPS, Japan,
Great tsunami, Severe Accident, March, 2011
Fort Calhoun NPS, USA,

Food but no accident, June 2011
Blayais NPS, France

Flood, 36 hours off-site power loss, December, 1999
Among many, only Fukushima Daiichi NPS

suffered deep flooding
Onagawa: 14.8m / 13m
Fukushima#1: 10m / 15m
Tokai No2: 8m / 5.4m
NPS: site elevation / tsunami height
NISA, March 31, 2011
Great earthquake and tsunami brought SBO & LOHS

nuclear reaction:
stopped as
designed
loss of off site

power, 4 lines
lost
loss of ultimate heat sink:

seawater pumps disabled
loss of emergency power

diesels & battery disabled by flooding
5
5 days after 3.11

No.1 NPP
No.1 NPP
14 hrs of no water supply
No.3 NPP
No.2 & No.3 NPPs

About 6 hrs of no water supply
TEPCO, Oct. 11, 2011.

Evacuation during 4-NPP accidents

Time, distance,
number of evacuees
1. 6hrs, 3km, 5,800
95hrs
Completed
2. 1hrs, 10km, 5,100

11:00, 3/15, 1F1
H2 explosion
3. 3hrs, 20km, 177,500
Site boundary
radiation level
Sv/h
vent
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
1.E-01
1.E-02
3/11
2030km,
Ordered to stay in house
3/12
3/13
3/14
Water
injection
by fire
engines
3/15
3/16
3/17
Made from TEPCO

released data of
3/28/2011, Y.Himeno.
To date, no health effects in any person as a result of radiation exposure.

Contents
the safest
8
Land contamination-1
Cs-134 & Cs-137
MEXT and JAEA, Feb. 10, 2012.
CsI and CsOH

are 9 times and 5
times heavier,
respectively,
than air, so they
tend to stay near
surface.
Precipitated along with Oou Mountains, Iitomi
Mountains, Echigo Mountains, Shimotuke
Mountains and Kantou Mountains
JAEAs Activities toward Environmental

Remediation in Fukushima, January 29th,
2013, by JAEA
Land contamination-2
release, 104 Tera Bq
Historical large
release accidents
Fkshm
1.E+04
Chernobyl
1.E+03
1.E+02
Fukushima
1.E+01
1.E+00
1.E-01
prepared from Windscale Accident 10 October 1957.John

Ainslie, Atomica, Chernobyl OECD/NEA 2002 Review,
JAEAs Activities toward Environmental Remediation in Fukushima,

January 29th, 2013, by JAEA
JAEA-INS. NISA H23.4.12, et al
10
Fukushima vs Chernobyl
Time of
large FP
release
Fkshm
Chrnbyl
<4 days.
CV partly
functioned
>10 days by
graphite fire.
No CV
Evacuation Started quickly. Started after
Core covered
Core opened
3 days
weather
Snow
Clear
Environ.
Radiation
monitoring
Systematically
conducted
unknown
Food
limitation
Immediately
Continued
drinking milk
for >3 days
Executive summary, assessment of radiological and health impact, 2002 update of Chernobyl, OECD/NEA. Health impact,
Chernobyl accident, Appendix, World Nuclear Assoc. Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and their remediation,
20 yrs of experience, UN Chernobyl Expert Group, Aug. 2005.
11
Residents exposure : Fukushima & Chernobyl
Chernobyl: Ten Years On, OECD/NA, 1996. Chernobyl, Health

Impact, WNA, Nov. 2009. Chernobyl, 2002 update, Ten Years
On, OECD/NEA. Kenmin Kenkou Chousa-shiryou, Fukushima-Pre.,
in Japanese H24.4.21. from those prepared by Y.Himeno,.
Chernobyl
1Infant thyroid (0-7 years old) : About 4,000
thyroid cancers. 15 death.
2External exposure: 3,000 people exposed
10,000 mSv.
3External exposure of people for 20 years in
the specially controlled areas.
4: External exposure of people for 20 years in
the contaminated areas.
Due to unaware of the accident for 3 days,
children stayed outside and infants
continued to drink contaminated milk.
Fukushima
A: External exposure <25mSv.
B: Internal exposure: 3mSv including infants
and children.
No health effect due to radiation.
12
Cs137 is becoming dominant contributor to

every contaminations
I1318d, Cs1342y,
and Cs13730y
Cs134 and Cs137
Calculated based on the measured data by Hiroshima

Univ., Kyoto Univ. and Nihon Univ., on March 28, 2011.
13
Cs-137 transfer processes to plants

agricultural products
Through leaves
Through root
Transfer and distribution of radioactive materials in agricultural products, in Japanese, H. Tsukuba, Institute for
Environmental Sciences Japan, April 4, 2012
14
Cs-137 transfer from soil to rice

Concentration in soil1
Concentration in white rice1/1,000
rice is not easily contaminated
Japan has a long history of research

on radioactive contamination of rice
and wheat since 1960s.
After 3.11, the government

prohibited planting of rice
in the highly contaminated
areas on April 29, 2011.
Transfer and distribution of radioactive materials in
agricultural products, in Japanese, H. Tsukuba, Institute for
Environmental Sciences Japan, April 4, 2012
15
Historical land contamination and

contaminations of rice and wheat
Historical Cs137 on land
Cs137in white rice and white wheat

Wheat,
mBq/kg
1.0E+05
1.0E+04
Fukushima
Chernobyl
1.0E+03
1.0E+02
1.0E+01
rice ,
mBq/kg
1.0E+00
1955
Meteorological Research Institute , Japan, Dec. 2011.

Data presented are at Tokyo and Tsukuba.
Fukushima data are at Tsukuba and are tentative.
1Bq/kg=50Bq/m2
Not exceeded the

past maximum .
1975
1995
Fukushimas
highly
contaminated
area: rice, 5401540 Bq/kg .
TsukubaFukushima:
2015
200 km
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan, 2011.

Data of rice are from Pacific Coast Regions. Data of wheat are
average ones across Japan. Fukushima data are at Tsukuba.
16
The 4th question

Will Cs-137 in contaminated soil be washed out by rain?
If so, farming lands and residential areas will be recontaminated by water from forests and mountains.
Doesnt Cs-137 in contaminated soil move toward deep in land?
If so, underground water for drinking and for farmers will be
soon in danger.
To give those answers : experimental studies by many institutes
Conclusions
1. Cs-137 is quickly and tightly combined with soil.
2. Cs-137 doesnt move toward deep in land.
17
Cs137 contents in land surface before 3.11

- stayed within 20cm depth for more than 35 years or more Mongolia,
dry soil,
in 2003
nuclear tests in
atmosphere
between 1945-1996
is 528:
US:215, USSR:
219, UK: 21,
France:50,
China:23.
Tsukuba,
forest,
in 1999
Aomori,
Uncultivated land,
in 2003
Cs137 : 1Bq =
3x10-13 g,
From Atomica.
18
Particle size of
soil
Why Cs is strongly combined with

clay soil of granite main component?
Negatively charged soil absorbs
cation. Soil absorbs Cs+ more
strongly than K+ and NH3+ .
200
20200m
220m
2m
0
100
200
Absorbed Cs in soilkBq/kg
Decontamination of firming land, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries of Japan, Nov. 2011., K. Ishii, Regular Mtg of Atomic
Energy Commission, Japan, Sept. 6, 2011., Cs behavior in Soil,
Japan Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2011.
19
Contents of radioactive material in

food and their regulatory limits
Before 3.11
tested by local governments. Also selfimposed tested by producers and sellers.

New regulatory limits of radioactive material contents in foods, in
Japanese, Effective from Apr. 1, 2012, Ministry of Health, labor and welfare.
Radioactive materials in foods and their influence
to our health, in
Japanese, Food Safety Commission of Japan, Jan. 2012.
20
Cs137 in agricultural products across

East Japan after 8 months from 3.11
After 2
years ,
Cs-137 in
all
agricultural
products
came down
within the
regulatory
limit.
prepared from Radioactive materials contained in foods, in Japanese, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Feb.2012.
21
Contents
the safest
22
First thing to do was to find out

decontamination methods for wide areas
Before 3.11: we had a lot of laboratory
and plant scale decontamination
experience.
After 3.11: decontamination for wide

open field are urgently needed.
from Cabinet Office, Ministry of Environment,

JAEA
Called for candidate technology from

industries, academia, and government
sectors across the country. Then, those
selected were subjected to the
demonstration test named Pilot Project,
Nov. 2011- Mar. 2012.
23
Government policy for those decontaminations

Principles set by ICRP
100
Emergency situation:
mSv/y Need emergency measures
To reduce <20 mSv/y

20
Existing exposure situations
mSv/y
To reduce close to 1 mSv/y
Who is responsible for

decontamination?
Government.
(long term efforts will be
made)
Local governments.
with government financial
& technical support
1 mSv/y
JAEAs Activities toward Environmental Remediation in

Fukushima, January 29th, 2013, by JAEA
24
Children first
top priority was decontamination of school
The most of Cs: within
5cm from the land surface
Many volunteers having

experience gathered &
helped those activities.
Cs reduction rate:
8095
From Results of model demonstration test of decontamination,
in Japanese, Cabinet Office, Ministry of Environment and JAEA,
March 26, 2012. Totani, JAEA, October 16, 2011
25
Decontamination of
road & farming land
(Total area of contaminated
firming land in Fukushima) =
22 (area within Tokyo
Yamanote Line)
Farming land
From Cabinet Office, Ministry of Environment and JAEA,

March 26, 2012. Totani, JAEA, October 16, 2011
26
Decontamination of forest
Could
be long
term
source
leaves
Evergreen:
Cs137
continued
stay on
leaves
litter
Decontamination:
remove leaves and litter,
prevention of surface soil
loss.
Cs flow from forest to farming land

& residential area was a big threat.
Fortunately, monitoring showed Cs137 loss from forest was 0-0.5%.
JAEA, 2014.
From Forestry Agency, April, 2012.

27
After the pilot project,

decontamination expanded & accelerated
Quick & Easy find out hot-spot by -ray

camera,
by Fukushima-Pref. & Ministry of
Environment
JAEAs Activities toward Environmental Remediation in

Fukushima, January 29th, 2013, by JAEA
28
Decontamination:
current status as of October 2014
<20 mSV/y
Evacuation orders
soon be lifted.
329,000 persons
11/2011
6/2012 11/2012
Summary of Pilot Project

reduced <20 mSv/y
some areas were unable to
reduce <50 mSv/y, due to
nearby forest
20-50 mSv/y
not permitted to live.
233,000 persons
<20 mSV/y
Evacuation
orders lifted on
April 1, 2014
>50 mSv/y
For long years,
prohibited to
return to live.
247,000 persons
Evacuation
orders lifted on
Oct. 1, 2014
29
Contents
the safest
30
Sequence of Fukushima accident

and lesson learned
anti-Tsunami measures
protected off-site & on-site power as well as
core cooling system to avoid core damage
System to prevent CV over-pressure in
order to prevent CV failure
System to reduce FPs releases into air
Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Japan, 2013
31
lesson learned: reinforced preparedness

for L-4 & L-5 in defense in depth
mitigation
Abnormal
transient
Accident
core
Shut down
systems
Severe
Accident
Reactor safety
systems
Engineered
safety
features
DBA
Accident
management
Off-site
emergency
response.
BDBA
32
New regulatory requirements

Political decision:
Make regulatory body independent

33
Example of reinforced or newly

introduced safety measures
Preparedness for beyond DBA: L-4
& L-5 events; in defense in depth
becomes mandatory.
In the past, those were voluntarily
carried out by the plant owners.
To prevent SBO, LOHS
Water proof
Raise
embankment
Protect pump
against flooding
Alternative
onsite AC
power (power
vehicle)
34
Example of newly introduced measures

to prevent core damage
Protected off-site power
supply (redundant,
diversity, robustness, ).
Protected Ultimate Heat
Sink (protected seawater
pump, ).
35
Example of newly installed measures to

prepare for severe accident
Spray to depressurize CV
& reduce FPs releases
To reduce
released FPs
into the
environment
Water injection
system to prevent
thermal failure of
CV by molten core
Nuclear Regulatory Authority of

Japan, 2013
36
M9 earthquake of 3.11
validated seismic design
Onagawa NPS, i.e., closest to the epicenter, experienced
the strongest ground shaking of any plants affected by the
M9 earthquake of 3.11and some flooding from the tsunami.
Onagawa- :130km,
Fukushima-200km,
Tokai-
240km.
IAEA sent a team of experts to the 3-units Onagawa NPS

after the 3.11 on March 11, 2011.
They concluded the impact of the earthquake on the NPS
"remarkably undamaged".
Tokai No.2 was also in safe.
(IAEA,Aug.10,2012)
Validated the seismic design of NPP.
NRA is further reevaluating the site specific design

basis earthquake and corresponding tsunami.
Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters ,

Government of Japan, June, 2011.
37
NPPs applied for relicense, as of April, 2014

Tomari #1, #2, #3
Application accepted July 2013.
NRA,2014
Higashidori #2
Application accepted Dec. 2013.
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa #6, #7
Application accepted Sept. 2013
Onagawa #2
Hamaoka #4
Application accepted Feb. 2014
Tokai #2
Application accepted May 2014.
Ohi #3, #4
Takahama #3, #4
Shimane #2
Ikata #3
Genkai #3, #4
Sendai #1, #2
Preliminary approval: July 2014
Applied NPPs: 33% of total installed NPP

capacity of 46GWe in Japan
Sendais next stage: construction permit,

30-day technical public comment, &
regional approvals.
38
Thank you for your attention
39
Glossary
ATWS: anticipated transient without
scrum
BDBD: beyond design basis accident
CD: control rod
CV: containment vessel
DBA: design basis accident
DBEQ: design basis earthquake
DBT: design basis tsunami
ECCS: Emergency Core Cooling
System
FA: fuel assembly
FPs: fission products
LOCA: loss of coolant accident
LOHS: loss of heat sink accident
NPP: nuclear power plant
NPS: nuclear power station
NRA: Nuclear Regulatory Agency,

Japan
SA: severe accident
3.11: Great East Japan Earthquake on
March 11, 2011.
SBO: station blackout, i.e., loss of
both off-site and on-site power
TMI: Three Mile Island NPP, USA,
that went into core melt accident
Ural Accident: Hydrogen explosion of
high level radioactive storage tank in
reprocessing plant in Ural, the former
Soviet Union.
Windscale: British air cooled graphite
moderated small military reactor that
went into fuel melt accident.
40

Fukushima Up-Date

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Fukushima Up-Date

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Tokyo Tech and Hitachi Nuclear Engineering Course in Malaysia (4th Term)

- Core Design and Plant Dynamics -

L1, Fukushima Ex-NPS up-date

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Rare cases where natural disasters threatened

Fort Calhoun NPS, USA,

Blayais NPS, France

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Among many, only Fukushima Daiichi NPS

Fukushima#1: 10m / 15m

Tokai No2: 8m / 5.4m

NPS: site elevation / tsunami height

NISA, March 31, 2011

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Great earthquake and tsunami brought SBO & LOHS

loss of off site

loss of ultimate heat sink:

loss of emergency power

5 days after 3.11

No.2 & No.3 NPPs

TEPCO, Oct. 11, 2011.

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Evacuation during 4-NPP accidents

1. 6hrs, 3km, 5,800

2. 1hrs, 10km, 5,100

3. 3hrs, 20km, 177,500

Made from TEPCO

To date, no health effects in any person as a result of radiation exposure.

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

MEXT and JAEA, Feb. 10, 2012.

CsI and CsOH

JAEAs Activities toward Environmental

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

release, 104 Tera Bq

prepared from Windscale Accident 10 October 1957.John

JAEAs Activities toward Environmental Remediation in Fukushima,

JAEA-INS. NISA H23.4.12, et al

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Evacuation Started quickly. Started after

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Residents exposure : Fukushima & Chernobyl

Chernobyl: Ten Years On, OECD/NA, 1996. Chernobyl, Health

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Cs137 is becoming dominant contributor to

Cs134 and Cs137

Calculated based on the measured data by Hiroshima

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Cs-137 transfer processes to plants

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Cs-137 transfer from soil to rice

Japan has a long history of research

After 3.11, the government

Historical land contamination and

Cs137in white rice and white wheat

Meteorological Research Institute , Japan, Dec. 2011.

Not exceeded the

National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan, 2011.

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

The 4th question

Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Cs137 contents in land surface before 3.11