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(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
mutation;
(ii)
environmental factors;
crossing over;
random assortment of chromosomes;
2
[7]
2.
(a)
(i)
A;
(ii)
D;
(iii)
E;
(b)
(c)
(d)
replication of DNA;
ATP production;
synthesis of proteins/spindle/replication of centrioles;
max 2
[7]
3.
(a)
asexual / vegetative;
(b)
(c)
[5]
4.
(a)
DCBEA;
(b)
A - pulled/moved to poles;
C - coiling/condensing/shortening;
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(c)
(i)
separation of cells;
(ii)
2
[5]
5.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
max 2
max 2
uncoiling / elongation;
(DNA) replication;
formation of another chromatid
max 2
[6]
6.
(a)
(b)
max 3
max 2
[5]
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7.
(a)
(b)
(ii)
T8
U 16
(No)
Both derived by mitosis / clones;
From same cell;
U has two of each allele, but these are identical.
24
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
[8]
8.
(a)
(i)
Metaphase;
(ii)
Centromeres divide;
Chromatids separate / pulled apart;
By spindle fibres;
(iii)
(b)
Three chromosomes;
One of each homologous pair;
2 max
2
[7]
9.
(a)
(b)
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2 max
(c)
2
[5]
10.
(a)
prophase;
(b)
(c)
(d)
2 max
6;
1
[6]
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
6; 6
12
(i)
(ii)
1 max
2 max
1 max
[7]
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12.
(a)
(b)
Mitosis
chromosome number remains same
/ cells produced diploid
cells produced identical / no
variation in cells produced
only one division/2 cells produced
somatic/ body cell formation/ used
in AR/growth
Meiosis
chromosome number halved / cells
produced haploid
cells produced not identical / variation in
cells produced
two divisions / 4 cells produced
used in gamete formation / reproductive
cell formation / occurs in gonads/named
gonad (reject occurs in gametes)
Accept
no pairing of chromosomes
no chiasma/crossing over
pairing of chromosomes
chiasma/crossing over (may occur)
2 max
[6]
13.
(a)
(b)
(c)
1 max
(i)
(ii)
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14.
(a)
(b)
(i)
A anaphase;
(ii)
(C) B,A,D;
(iii)
(i)
it has doubled/now 8;
(ii)
1
[6]
15.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
prophase;
chromosomes thickening/becoming visible;
anaphase;
chromatids/chromosomes moving to opposite poles/
ends of spindles;
DNA replication;
synthesis or proteins/build-up of energy stores/growth/increase in
cytoplasm;
replication of organelles/named example;
2 max
[6]
16.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
4 chromosomes;
1 from each homologous pair;
2 max
[6]
17.
(a)
(b)
mitosis;
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(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
[7]
18.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
anaphase;
(ii)
(i)
interphase;
(ii)
(iii)
1.2;
1
[7]
19.
(a)
mitosis;
genetically/ genes /genotype identical;
(b)
(c)
(different)
environmental conditions/named environmental factor/mutation;
2
[5]
20.
(a)
(b)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
chromosomes shorten/thicken/supercoiling;
chromosomes (each) two identical chromatids/strands/copies
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4 max
3
4
5
6
7
8
(c)
(due to replication);
chromosomes/chromatids move to equator/middle of the spindle/cell;
attach to individual spindle fibres;
spindle fibres contract / centromeres divide / repel;
(sister) chromatids/chromosomes (separate)
move to opposite poles/ends of the spindle;
each pole/end receives all genetic information/
identical copies of each chromosome;
nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes/
chromatids/at each pole;
7 max
2
[13]
21.
(a)
produced by mitosis;
genetically identical;
(c)
2 max
[5]
22.
(a)
(i)
(D) B E A C;
(ii)
metaphase;
(b)
interphase/S phase;
(c)
(i)
0.06 100;
6(%);
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(ii)
(iii)
more(cancer cells) killed, cancer cells divide more (often) (so are
more likely to be killed, more susceptible);
2
[8]
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