Biology 101: Qs & As

Exam 3: Wednesday, April 4

21. March 5th

Biological Molecules

1. All molecules are composed of:

- Atoms

2. All organisms contain the

following elements:

- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen

3. The strongest chemical bonds are:

- Covalent Bonds

4. Non-polar molecules:

- Hydrophobic

5. All organic molecules contain

_____ atoms.

- Carbon

6. The many small steps involved in

biological reactions allows:

- Each step requires an enzyme.

* A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
- Biological reactions would occur too slowly without enzymes.

7. When many identical or similar

sugar monomers are linked:

- A type of polymer called carbohydrates are formed. They can

be used for structural, energy, or storage purposes.

8. Molecules built from amino acids

are known as:

- Proteins

22. March 7th

Energy from Food

1. What is produced when there is not enough oxygen for

respiration?

- Glycolysis takes an alternate pathway.

- Body produces lactic acid after
glycolysis.
* Note: ATP is only produced when there
is oxygen present

2. The complete breakdown of glucose during respiration

leaves us with what molecules?

- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

- Water (H2O)

3. The overall efficiency of the process of respiration is

approximately:

- 40%

4. An important contribution to digestion made by chewing

food is to:

- Increase Surface Area

- Enzymes break down carbohydrates

5. Glycolysis takes place in the:

- Cytoplasm

6. The two primary systems of the Carbon Cycle are:

- Photosynthesis
- Respiration

7. Electron acceptors include:

- Oxygen (O2)
- Hydrogen (H)

8. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are involved in:

- The Process of Respiration

23. March 9th

Energy From the Sun

1. Photosynthesis is comprised of _____&_____

reactions.

- Light & Dark Reactions

2. In what part of the leaf does photosynthesis

occur?

- Mesophyll

3. CO2 enters leaves through pores called:

- Stomata

4. Sugars are produced in plants by

combining____from the air &____from the soil.

- CO2
- H2O

5. Why is green the least effective color for

photosynthesis?

- Because plants do not use the green wavelength of

the visible spectrum of light, therefore its reflective.

6. The energy that pulls water up the plant in

water transportation is:

- Transpiration

7. The oxygen in the atmosphere originally

came from_____?

- Photosynthesis
- Photolysis
- Tiny organisms

8. The original source of the energy to make

sugars in plants comes from:

- The Sun

24. March 12th

Regulatory Systems

1. Which biological control system evolved after

pheromones:

- Hormones

2. The regulation of the internal environment different

from the external environment is known as____.

- Homeostasis

3. Hormones are:

- Chemical messengers produced in one part of

the body with action in another.
- Found in plants & animals
- Causes stimulation/inhibition

4. The specific amounts of an hormone produced is

determined by_______.

- The endocrine system (feedback control)

5. Nerve signals travel across a synapse between

neurons as:

- Neural Connections
* Signal carried across synapse as a chemical
messenger.

6. A bundle of axons is called:

- Nerves (Discrete units)

7. Integration in a nerve is achieved by connections

that are arranged so that:

- Summation (Integration)
* Spatial & temporal
- Neural-Level Integration
* Sharpens edges
* Detects movement
* Recognizes objects

8. Which of the following is a homeostasis control

system in animals?

- Animals have two systems to maintain bodys

environment:
* Nervous system - rapid
* Hormone system gradual,but long lasting
effect

25. March 14th

Defense Systems

1. Phagocytosis involves:

- White blood cells eating up damaged and

invading cells
- Aggregate in large numbers. Form pus.
- Problem: self recognition.

2. ___ are proteins produced by the immune

system.

- Antibodies

3. Vaccines contain a harmless ___ which

stimulates the body to produce ___.

- Antigen
- Antibodies

4. Viruses are removed by ____.

- Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

* Do not attack invading cells.
* Attack virus infected cells, cancerous cells and cells
without proper recognition sites.
* Granules of NKC cause membrane damage to cell
upon contact.

5. A second exposure to a foreign invader will

produce a ___ response.

- Faster

6. The HIV virus infects & destroys ___ cells.

- HIV (Virus) attacks T-Cells (Thymus):

* Weakens or eliminates immune system.
* Leaving you susceptible to many diseases.

7. Autoimmune diseases are caused by:

- Anti-self cells attacking bodys own healthy cells

8. The first vaccine was for the treatment of:

- Smallpox

26. March 16th

Cell and Life Cycles

1. The cell cycle results in:

- Cell Cycle

* Stages in the division and growth of a cell to form two

identical cells.
- Endless process.
* Growth.
* Chromosome & organelle replication.
* Nucleus & cytoplasm division.
- If stopped cell death.
- Almost all cells.
* Except nerve, skeletal muscle in adult animals. Numbers
stay the same.
2. How do cancer cells differ from normal
cells?

- What occurs when cell cycle gets out of control.

* Cells divides continuous.
* Normal cells divide 20-50 times.

3. A typical cell cycle in humans takes place

in about:

- 18 1/2 to 24 3/4 hr

4. Homologous chromosomes are:

- Each pair (except last) are similar in length.

* Each pair are homologous chromosomes.
* Each pair has one chromosome from mom and other
from dad.
* Held together by centromeres.

5. Human sperm & eggs have ___ the

amount of genetic material as you.

- Half

6. The process of meiosis results in:

- Meiosis.
* One nucleus divides and becomes four nuclei. (Four
haploid (1N) cells)
* Genetically different.

7. Two ways genetic variation is produced

during meiosis:

- Diploid (2N): Includes both set of homologous

chromosomes. Before meiosis.
- Haploid (1N): One set of homologous chromosomes.
After meiosis.

8. The diploid part of the human life cycle

is called:

- First Meiotic Division

* When fertilization occurs: fusion of two haploid cells,e.g.
egg and sperm, will form one diploid cell.

27. March 19th

Inheritance

1. Spermists differed from Ovists in their

view of heredity by:

- Two theories in 16th and 17th Century:

* Ovists: Baby preformed in egg. Fathers
spermawakened baby.
* Spermists: Baby preformed in sperm (=humunculus) and
deposited in mothers egg where it grew to term.

2. What advantages did Mendel see in using

peas for his studies?

- Many varieties available.

- Peas breed true: Easy to control pollination and
hybridization.
- Either Or character.

3. The initial reaction of the scientific

community to Mendels paper was:

- Not accepted in his lifetime.

- Pangenesis was favored.
- In 1900 his paper was rediscovered and translated.
- Important in understanding mechanism for evolution
proposed by Darwin.

4. Mendels three laws or principles

included:

- Dominance
- Segregation
- Independent assortment

5. Which of the following didnt Mendel

know about when he studied peas?

- Chromosomes
- Homologous pairs
- Meiosis

6. When two alleles for the same trait differ

one is ____ & the other _____.

- Dominant
- Recessive

7. ____ is the reason that all recessive

alleles dont disappear.

- Hardy-Weinberg Law.
* If Natural Selection is not involved.

8. Traits like flower color are called ____

while the genetic makeup is called ____.

- Phenotype
- Genotype

28. March 21st

Genes and Chromosomes

1. Alleles are:

- Alternative traits (tall vs short).

2. The phenotype of an organism is:

- Phenotype are visible traits

* Eye Color
* Hairy chest
* Determined by environment, genetics or both.

3. A Punnett Square is:

- A table/chart showing:
* Different combination of crosses/probabilities
* Different genotypes!

4. If a husband and wife are

heterozygous for polydactyl, the
probability is that:

- Polydactyl: 3/4 offspring

- Normal: 1/4 offspring
* Ratio: 3:1

5. The study of factors affecting gene

- Population genetics
& genotype frequencies in populations
is the field of:
6. Incomplete dominance is the term

- Traits

for:
7. Determination of eye colour is:

- Genes
* Based on gene sequences.

8. A person with homologous sex

chromosomes that are XY and has the
outward appearance of a woman is
said to be:

- CAIS, XY
* A person who has CAIS (Complete Androgen Insensitivity
Syndrome). This person is sterile, having no uterus and
undescended gonads, as well as no body or facial hair. In
addition, they are taller than average.

29. March 23rd

DNA: The Code of Life

1. Before 1950 scientists thought that genetic

information was stored as:

- Proteins.

2. The principle that genetic information is contained

in linear sequences of nucleic acid bases is known as:

- DNA
* Principle of Colinearity
- States the Obvious:
* We can express composition of DNA as linear
sequence of nucleotides,i.e. GATCTTC:
* Same linear sequence is maintained when
mRNA copies it for protein synthesis.
* Nucleotide sequence determine order of amino
acids that make up different proteins.
* Great deal of heredity is expressed as proteins.
* Colinear literally means same order!

3. Genetic information is expressed by the

biosynthesis of:

- Translation of mRNA.
* Synthesis of protein.
- Genetic information is stored in the DNA.

4. The 1962 Nobel Prize went to ________ for the

discovery of the structure of DNA.

- Watson, Crick, & Wilkins.

* Franklin was excluded.

5. How many different nucleotide bases are there in

human?

- 4 (Thymine, Adenine, Cytocine, & Guanine).

6. What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

- Double helix

7. Errors during the process of replication can be:

- Accuracy of replication:
* In Bacteria, 1 error in 1 billion bases.
* 1 error in 100 replication.
- Central Dogma of DNA:
* Transcription of DNA.
- Segment of DNA unwinds.
* Sequence of unwound DNA copied.

* Copy of sequence is mRNA.

* Sequence is used to make protein.
8. Huntingtons Disease is:

- Hereditary, degenerative brain disorder.

- Caused by a dominant gene.
- Symptoms appear gradually. Diminishes
persons ability to:
* Walk, think, talk and reason.
* Typically begins at mid-life, 35-40.
* Death usually follows due to complications,
such as choking, heart failure or infections.
* No Treatment or cure!

30. April 2nd

Making Proteins from the Code

1. During the process of transcription ____ is

transcribed from ____.

- DNA
- mRNA

2. How does RNA differ from DNA?

- Differs in several ways. Sugar is ribose instead of

deoxyribose.
-Thymine base is absent. In its place is uracil (U),
another nitrogenous base.
- Composed of a single strand instead of double
strand

3. Amino acids are transferred by ___ to

ribosomes to form ____.

- tRNA
- Anticodons

4. The genetic code is formed by three adjacent

bases, in mRNA called:

- Codon.

5. The 3 base units on tRNA are called:

- Anticodon.

6. How long does it take to make a typical

protein?

- 60 nucleotide per sec: takes 20 sec for average

protein

7. The disease called sickle-cell anemia is the

result of:

- Errors in protein, which comes from a single base

change.

8. mRNA is edited to remove non-coding sections

called:

- Introns